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De Roos AJ, Fritschi L, Ward MH, Monnereau A, Hofmann J, Bernstein L, Bhatti P, Benavente Moreno Y, Benke G, Casabonne D, Clavel J, Cocco P, Huynh T, 't Mannetje A, Miligi L, Piro S, Rothman N, Schinasi LH, Vajdic CM, Wang SS, Zhang Y, Slager SL, Cerhan JR. Herbicide use in farming and other jobs in relation to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) risk. Occup Environ Med 2022; 79:795-806. [PMID: 36207110 PMCID: PMC9669193 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given mixed evidence for carcinogenicity of current-use herbicides, we studied the relationship between occupational herbicide use and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in a large, pooled study. METHODS We pooled data from 10 case-control studies participating in the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium, including 9229 cases and 9626 controls from North America, the European Union and Australia. Herbicide use was coded from self-report or by expert assessment in the individual studies, for herbicide groups (eg, phenoxy herbicides) and active ingredients (eg, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), glyphosate). The association between each herbicide and NHL risk was estimated using logistic regression to produce ORs and 95% CIs, with adjustment for sociodemographic factors, farming and other pesticides. RESULTS We found no substantial association of all NHL risk with ever-use of any herbicide (OR=1.10, 95% CI: 0.94 to 1.29), nor with herbicide groups or active ingredients. Elevations in risk were observed for NHL subtypes with longer duration of phenoxy herbicide use, such as for any phenoxy herbicide with multiple myeloma (>25.5 years, OR=1.78, 95% CI: 0.74 to 4.27), 2,4-D with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (>25.5 years, OR=1.47, 95% CI: 0.67 to 3.21) and other (non-2,4-D) phenoxy herbicides with T-cell lymphoma (>6 years, lagged 10 years, OR=3.24, 95% CI: 1.03 to 10.2). An association between glyphosate and follicular lymphoma (lagged 10 years: OR=1.48, 95% CI: 0.98 to 2.25) was fairly consistent across analyses. CONCLUSIONS Most of the herbicides examined were not associated with NHL risk. However, associations of phenoxy herbicides and glyphosate with particular NHL subtypes underscore the importance of estimating subtype-specific risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneclaire J De Roos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mary H Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alain Monnereau
- Registre des Hémopathies Malignes de la Gironde, Institut Bergonié, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Group, Center of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Division of Biomarkers of Early Detection and Prevention, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Parveen Bhatti
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yolanda Benavente Moreno
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO)/Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Geza Benke
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Delphine Casabonne
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO)/Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Group, Center of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Pierluigi Cocco
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Division of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tran Huynh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea 't Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lucia Miligi
- Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Branch, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Piro
- Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Branch, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leah H Schinasi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claire M Vajdic
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophia S Wang
- Division of Health Analytics, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Yawei Zhang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Susan L Slager
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Computational Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - James R Cerhan
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Ohlander J, Fuhrimann S, Basinas I, Cherrie JW, Galea KS, Povey AC, van Tongeren M, Harding AH, Jones K, Vermeulen R, Huss A, Kromhout H. Impact of occupational pesticide exposure assessment method on risk estimates for prostate cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Parkinson's disease: results of three meta-analyses. Occup Environ Med 2022; 79:566-574. [PMID: 35393289 PMCID: PMC9304108 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2021-108046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of occupational pesticide exposure in epidemiological studies of chronic diseases is challenging. Biomonitoring of current pesticide levels might not correlate with past exposure relevant to disease aetiology, and indirect methods often rely on workers’ imperfect recall of exposures, or job titles. We investigated how the applied exposure assessment method influenced risk estimates for some chronic diseases. In three meta-analyses the influence of exposure assessment method type on the summary risk ratio (sRR) of prostate cancer (PC) (25 articles), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) (29 articles) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) (32 articles) was investigated. Exposure assessment method types analysed were: group-level assessments (eg, job titles), self-reported exposures, expert-level assessments (eg, job-exposure matrices) and biomonitoring (eg, blood, urine). Additionally, sRRs were estimated by study design, publication year period and geographic location where the study was conducted. Exposure assessment method types were not associated with statistically significant different sRRs across any of the health outcomes. Heterogeneity in results varied from high in cancer studies to moderate and low in PD studies. Overall, case–control designs showed significantly higher sRR estimates than prospective cohort designs. Later NHL publications showed significantly higher sRR estimates than earlier. For PC, studies from North America showed significantly higher sRR estimates than studies from Europe. We conclude that exposure assessment method applied in studies of occupational exposure to pesticides appears not to have a significant effect on risk estimates for PC, NHL and PD. In systematic reviews of chronic health effects of occupational exposure to pesticides, epidemiological study design, publication year and geographic location, should primarily be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ohlander
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Basinas
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John W Cherrie
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen S Galea
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew C Povey
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Martie van Tongeren
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Kate Jones
- Health and Safety Executive, Harpur Hill, Buxton, UK
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Burns CJ, LaKind JS. Using the Matrix to bridge the epidemiology/risk assessment gap: a case study of 2,4-D. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:591-599. [PMID: 34796780 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1997911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Matrix is designed to facilitate discussions between practitioners of risk assessment and epidemiology and, in so doing, to enhance the utility of epidemiology research for public health decision-making. The Matrix is comprised of nine fundamental "asks" of epidemiology studies, focusing on the types of information valuable to the risk assessment process. OBJECTIVE A 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) case study highlights the extent to which existing epidemiology literature includes information generally needed for risk assessments and proffers suggestions that would assist in bridging the epidemiology/risk assessment gap. METHODS Thirty-one publications identified in the US Environmental Protection Agency 2,4-D epidemiology review were assessed. These studies focused on associations between 2,4-D exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), respiratory effects, and birth outcomes. RESULTS Many of the papers met one or more specific elements of the Matrix. However, from this case study, it is clear that some aspects of risk assessment, such as evaluating source-to-intake pathways, are generally not considered in epidemiology research. Others are incorporated, but infrequently (e.g. dose-response information, harmonization of exposure categories). We indicated where additional analyses or modifications to future study design could serve to improve the translation. DISCUSSION Interaction with risk assessors during the study design phase and using the Matrix "asks" to guide the conversations could shape research and provide the basis for requests for funds to support these additional activities. The use of the Matrix as a foundation for communication and education across disciplines could produce more impactful and consequential epidemiology research for robust risk assessments and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Burns
- Burns Epidemiology Consulting, LLC, Sanford, MI, USA
| | - Judy S LaKind
- LaKind Associates, LLC, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD, USA
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Liao R, Zhang D, Li X, Ma J, Yu J, Yang C, Xiong H, Zhou B, Huang X, Tang Z. A Preliminary Study on the Diagnostic Efficacy of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at 3.0T in Rabbit With VX2 Liver Tumor. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211036852. [PMID: 34372732 PMCID: PMC8361547 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211036852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To investigate the diagnostic efficacy of choline (Cho) value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in rabbit with VX2 liver tumor via comparative and quantitative analysis with the choline compounds concentration measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Methods: MRS was performed on normal liver and VX2 tumor. The Cho value of VX2 tumor was compared with that of normal liver. Tissues were harvested for ELISA to detect the concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh), glycophorophosphygholine (GPC) and phosphochorine (PC). The diagnostic performance of Cho value and concentrations of choline compounds were assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under ROC curve (AUC). The specificity and sensitivity were discussed by the maximum Youden’s index. Results: The concentration of ACh was obviously higher than that of GPC and PC both in VX2 tumor and normal liver (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the concentration differences among ACh, GPC and PG were the third power of 10. Both the ACh concentration and Cho value of MRS in VX2 tumor were significantly higher than those in normal liver (P < 0.01). The AUC of ACh in VX2 tumor was 0.883, when the cutoff value was 7259000, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of liver cancer were 94.4% and 77.8%, respectively. The AUC of Cho in VX2 tumor was 0.807, when the cutoff value was 28.35, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of liver cancer were 83.3% and 77.8%, respectively. Conclusion: The change of Cho value in MRS between liver cancer and normal liver was consistent with the changes of concentrations of choline compounds measured by ELISA, especially the change of ACh concentration. The diagnostic efficiency of Cho value and that of choline compounds concentration in liver cancer were extremely similar, with the AUC more than 0.8. We conclude that MRS may be applied as an important, non-invasive biomarker for the diagnosis of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikun Liao
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Molecular and Functional Imaging Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Molecular and Functional Imaging Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Molecular and Functional Imaging Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Ma
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiayi Yu
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Molecular and Functional Imaging Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Molecular and Functional Imaging Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Xiong
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Molecular and Functional Imaging Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Bi Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Molecular and Functional Imaging Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianlong Huang
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuoyue Tang
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Molecular and Functional Imaging Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, 74519University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
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5
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Mohamad Yusoff N‘AN, Rahim NY, Mohammad REA, Yahaya N, Miskam M. Deep eutectic solvent-based emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction for the analysis of phenoxy acid herbicides in paddy field water samples. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:202061. [PMID: 34035939 PMCID: PMC8101278 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction (ELLME) method was successfully developed using phenolic-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) as an extraction solvent for the determination of phenoxy acid herbicides, 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in environmental water samples. Five different phenolics-based DESs were successfully synthesized by using phenol (DES 1), 2-chlorophenol (DES 2), 3-chlorophenol (DES 3), 4-chlorophenol (DES 4) and 3,4-dichlorophenol (DES 6) as the hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) and choline chloride as the hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA). The DESs were mixed at 1 : 2 ratio. A homogeneous solution (clear solution) was observed upon the completion of successful synthesis. The synthesized DESs were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Under optimum ELLME conditions (50 µl of DES 2 as extraction solvent; 100 µl of THF as emulsifier solvent; pH 2; extraction time 5 min), enrichment factor obtained for dicamba and MCPA were 43.1 and 59.7, respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification obtained for dicamba were 1.66 and 5.03 µg l-1, respectively, meanwhile for MCPA were 1.69 and 5.12 µg l-1, respectively. The developed ELLME-DES method was applied on paddy field water samples, with extraction recoveries in the range of 79-91% for dicamba and 82-96% for MCPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nurul Yani Rahim
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | - Noorfatimah Yahaya
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mazidatulakmam Miskam
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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6
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Coste A, Goujon S, Faure L, Hémon D, Clavel J. Agricultural crop density in the municipalities of France and incidence of childhood leukemia: An ecological study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 187:109517. [PMID: 32438101 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide exposure is suspected to play a role in the etiology of childhood leukemia (AL). Various sources of exposure have been explored, but few studies have investigated the risk of childhood AL in relation to residential exposure to agricultural pesticides. Since around 50% of France is agricultural land, with marked pesticide use, France is a suitable location to investigate for an association. We aimed to analyze the association between the agricultural crop density in the municipalities of France and the incidence of childhood AL between 1990 and 2014. METHODS 11,487 cases of AL diagnosed in children aged 0-14 years were registered by the French National Registry of Childhood Hematological Malignancies over 1990-2014. National agricultural census data for 1990, 2000 and 2010 were used to estimate the densities of the most common crops in France. The incidence of AL was estimated in the 35,512 municipalities, by age and gender, and 3 observation periods, and expressed as the standardized incidence ratio (SIR). RESULTS We observed a moderate log-linear association between viticulture density and the incidence of AL, with a 3% increase in SIR for a 10% increase in viticulture density (SIRR = 1.03; 95%CI [1.00-1.06]). The association remained for lymphoblastic AL but not for myeloid AL. The association was stable after stratification by geographic area, age and period, and after adjustment on UV radiation and a French deprivation index. No consistent association was observed for other crop types. DISCUSSION This nationwide study shows a moderate increase in incidence of childhood AL in municipalities where viticulture is common. Future individual studies are needed to know whether this observation is confirmed and related to particular use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Coste
- Inserm, UMR 1153 Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Villejuif, F-94807, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Stéphanie Goujon
- Inserm, UMR 1153 Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Villejuif, F-94807, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.
| | - Laure Faure
- Inserm, UMR 1153 Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Villejuif, F-94807, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; French National Registry of Childhood Hematological,Malignancies, France
| | - Denis Hémon
- Inserm, UMR 1153 Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Villejuif, F-94807, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- Inserm, UMR 1153 Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Villejuif, F-94807, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; French National Registry of Childhood Hematological,Malignancies, France
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7
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Creedon N, Lovera P, Moreno JG, Nolan M, O’Riordan A. Highly Sensitive SERS Detection of Neonicotinoid Pesticides. Complete Raman Spectral Assignment of Clothianidin and Imidacloprid. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7238-7247. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Creedon
- Nanotechnology Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Pierre Lovera
- Nanotechnology Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Julio Gutierrez Moreno
- Materials Modelling for Devices Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Michael Nolan
- Materials Modelling for Devices Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Alan O’Riordan
- Nanotechnology Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland
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8
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Lerro CC, Andreotti G, Wong JYY, Blair A, Rothman N, Beane Freeman LE. 2,4-D exposure and urinary markers of oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation: a longitudinal study. Occup Environ Med 2020; 77:276-280. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2019-106267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a herbicide that is commonly used commercially, agriculturally and residentially worldwide. There is concern about its potential for carcinogenicity based on studies in laboratory animals demonstrating the potential for induction of oxidative stress. We conducted a longitudinal biomarker study of 31 pesticide applicators in Kansas who heavily applied 2,4-D and 34 non-applicator controls.MethodsWe used multivariable generalised linear mixed-effect models to evaluate the association between urinary 2,4-D and natural log-transformed 8-iso prostaglandin F2α (8-isoprostane) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), adjusting for urinary creatinine, age, tobacco use and concomitant use of the herbicide picloram.ResultsCompared with non-applicator controls, urinary 2,4-D in the third quartile of exposure was associated with elevated 8-isoprostane (eβ=1.38, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.84). There was no association among the highest exposed and no exposure-response trend. 2,4-D exposure was not associated with 8-OHdG. Results were unchanged when restricted to participants who only applied 2,4-D (no picloram use).ConclusionsWe did not find evidence that increasing 2,4-D exposure was associated with 8-isoprostane or 8-OHdG. Future work should carefully evaluate potential confounders of this association, such as diet and physical activity, as well as additional biological markers of oxidative stress and damage.
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9
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Boccolini PDMM, Boccolini CS, Chrisman JDR, Koifman RJ, Meyer A. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma among Brazilian agricultural workers: A death certificate case-control study. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2017; 72:139-144. [PMID: 27097109 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2016.1179167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To estimate the non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) mortality risk among agricultural workers in Brazil's southern states, we used death certificates to identify cases of NHL between the ages of 20 and 69 years from residents of nonurban municipalities between 1996 and 2005 (n = 1,317). Controls were randomly selected from those whose underlying cause of death did not include neoplasm or hematological diseases and paired with cases by sex, age, year of death, and state of residence (n = 2,634). Odds of being an agricultural worker among cases and controls were estimated by conditional logistic regression, stratified and adjusted by sex, state, education, and race. An increased risk of death by NHL was observed among agricultural workers 20-39 years old (ORadj = 2.06; 95% CI 95%, 1.20-3.14). Our results suggest that the young agricultural workers from southern Brazil were more likely to die of NHL compared to nonagricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia de Moraes Mello Boccolini
- a Collective Health Graduate Program , Institute for Studies in Collective Health, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Cristiano Siqueira Boccolini
- b Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Juliana de Rezende Chrisman
- a Collective Health Graduate Program , Institute for Studies in Collective Health, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Rosalina Jorge Koifman
- c Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Armando Meyer
- d Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Institute for Studies in Collective Health, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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10
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Smith AM, Smith MT, La Merrill MA, Liaw J, Steinmaus C. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a meta-analysis accounting for exposure levels. Ann Epidemiol 2017; 27:281-289.e4. [PMID: 28476329 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the most commonly used selective herbicides in the world. A number of epidemiology studies have found an association between 2,4-D exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) but these results are inconsistent and controversial. A previous meta-analysis found no clear association overall but did not specifically examine high-exposure groups. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the peer-reviewed epidemiologic studies of the associations between 2,4-D and NHL, with a particular focus on high-exposure groups, and evaluations of heterogeneity, dose-response, and bias. A total of 12 observational studies, 11 case-control studies, and one cohort study, were included. The summary relative risk for NHL using study results comparing subjects who were ever versus never exposed to 2,4-D was 1.38 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.77). However, in analyses focusing on results from highly exposed groups, the summary relative risk for NHL was 1.73 (95% CI, 1.10-2.72). No clear bias based on study design, exposure assessment methodology, or outcome misclassification was seen. Overall, these findings provide new evidence for an association between NHL and exposure to the herbicide 2,4-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley
| | - Martyn T Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Davis
| | - Jane Liaw
- Arsenic Health Effects Research Program, UC Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA
| | - Craig Steinmaus
- Arsenic Health Effects Research Program, UC Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA.
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11
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Goodman JE, Loftus CT, Zu K. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: results from the Agricultural Health Study and an updated meta-analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2017; 27:290-292.e5. [PMID: 28292638 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Khan K, Wozniak SE, Coleman J, Didolkar MS. Wartime toxin exposure: recognising the silent killer. BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016:bcr-2016-217438. [PMID: 27908921 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2016-217438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Wartime toxin exposures have been implicated in the genesis of malignancy in war veterans. Agent Orange, one toxin among many, has been linked to malignancy and the subcomponent phenoxyacetic acid has been associated with soft tissue sarcomas (STSs). This case demonstrates the association between a wartime toxin exposure (Agent Orange) and subsequent cancer development. Ultimately, we aim to highlight the importance of simple, specific questions in the patient history to account for previous wartime toxin exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Khan
- Department of General Surgery, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan E Wozniak
- Department of General Surgery, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - JoAnn Coleman
- Department of Surgery, Sinai Center for Geriatric Surgery, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mukund S Didolkar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Alvin and Lois Cancer Institute, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Pesticides: an update of human exposure and toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:549-599. [PMID: 27722929 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are a family of compounds which have brought many benefits to mankind in the agricultural, industrial, and health areas, but their toxicities in both humans and animals have always been a concern. Regardless of acute poisonings which are common for some classes of pesticides like organophosphoruses, the association of chronic and sub-lethal exposure to pesticides with a prevalence of some persistent diseases is going to be a phenomenon to which global attention has been attracted. In this review, incidence of various malignant, neurodegenerative, respiratory, reproductive, developmental, and metabolic diseases in relation to different routes of human exposure to pesticides such as occupational, environmental, residential, parental, maternal, and paternal has been systematically criticized in different categories of pesticide toxicities like carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, pulmonotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, and metabolic toxicity. A huge body of evidence exists on the possible role of pesticide exposures in the elevated incidence of human diseases such as cancers, Alzheimer, Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, asthma, bronchitis, infertility, birth defects, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, diabetes, and obesity. Most of the disorders are induced by insecticides and herbicides most notably organophosphorus, organochlorines, phenoxyacetic acids, and triazine compounds.
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14
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Jayakody N, Harris EC, Coggon D. Phenoxy herbicides, soft-tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review of evidence from cohort and case-control studies. Br Med Bull 2015; 114:75-94. [PMID: 25790819 PMCID: PMC4548713 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenoxy herbicides have been used widely in agriculture, forestry, parks and domestic gardens. Early studies linked them with soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but when last reviewed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 1986, the evidence for human carcinogenicity was limited. SOURCES OF DATA We searched Medline and Embase, looking for cohort or case-control studies that provided data on risk of STS and/or NHL in relation to phenoxy herbicides, and checked the reference lists of relevant publications for papers that had been missed. AREAS OF AGREEMENT, AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The extensive evidence is not entirely consistent, and a hazard of STS or NHL cannot firmly be ruled out. However, if there is a hazard, then absolute risks must be small. GROWING POINTS, AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Extended follow-up of previously assembled cohorts may be the most efficient way of further reducing uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimeshi Jayakody
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - E Clare Harris
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David Coggon
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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15
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Goodman JE, Loftus CT, Zu K. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, gastric cancer, and prostate cancer: meta-analyses of the published literature. Ann Epidemiol 2015; 25:626-636.e4. [PMID: 26066538 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite evidence from experimental studies indicating that the herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), is not carcinogenic, several epidemiology studies have evaluated links between 2,4-D and cancer. Some suggest that 2,4-D is associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), gastric cancer, and prostate cancer, but results have been inconsistent. We conducted meta-analyses to evaluate the weight of epidemiology evidence for these cancers. METHODS We identified articles from PubMed, Scopus, and TOXLINE databases and reference lists of review articles. We evaluated study quality and calculated summary risk estimates using random effects models. We conducted subgroup and sensitivity analyses when possible. RESULTS We identified nine NHL, three gastric cancer, and two prostate cancer studies for inclusion in our meta-analyses. We found that 2,4-D was not associated with NHL (relative risk [RR] = 0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77-1.22, I(2) = 28.8%, Pheterogeneity = .19), and this result was generally robust to subgroup and sensitivity analyses. 2,4-D was not associated with gastric (RR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.62-2.10, I(2) = 54.9%, Pheterogeneity = .11) or prostate cancer (RR = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.37-4.69, I(2) 87.0%, Pheterogeneity = .01). CONCLUSIONS The epidemiology evidence does not support an association between 2,4-D and NHL, gastric cancer, or prostate cancer risk.
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Riccardo F, Aurisicchio L, Impellizeri JA, Cavallo F. The importance of comparative oncology in translational medicine. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:137-48. [PMID: 25548094 PMCID: PMC11029667 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human cancer is so complex that in vivo preclinical models are needed if effective therapies are to be developed. Naturally occurring cancers in companion animals are therefore a great resource, as shown by the remarkable growth that comparative oncology has seen over the last 30 years. Cancer has become a leading cause of death in companion animals now that more pets are living long enough to develop the disease. Furthermore, more owners are seeking advanced and novel therapies for their pets as they are very much considered family members. Living in the same environments, pets and humans are often afflicted by the same types of cancer which show similar behavior and, in some species, express the same antigen molecules. The treatment of pet tumors using novel therapies is of compelling translational significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
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17
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Schinasi L, Leon ME. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and occupational exposure to agricultural pesticide chemical groups and active ingredients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:4449-527. [PMID: 24762670 PMCID: PMC4025008 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110404449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes results from a systematic review and a series of meta-analyses of nearly three decades worth of epidemiologic research on the relationship between non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and occupational exposure to agricultural pesticide active ingredients and chemical groups. Estimates of associations of NHL with 21 pesticide chemical groups and 80 active ingredients were extracted from 44 papers, all of which reported results from analyses of studies conducted in high-income countries. Random effects meta-analyses showed that phenoxy herbicides, carbamate insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides and the active ingredient lindane, an organochlorine insecticide, were positively associated with NHL. In a handful of papers, associations between pesticides and NHL subtypes were reported; B cell lymphoma was positively associated with phenoxy herbicides and the organophosphorus herbicide glyphosate. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was positively associated with phenoxy herbicide exposure. Despite compelling evidence that NHL is associated with certain chemicals, this review indicates the need for investigations of a larger variety of pesticides in more geographic areas, especially in low- and middle-income countries, which, despite producing a large portion of the world's agriculture, were missing in the literature that were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Schinasi
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France.
| | - Maria E Leon
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer 150, Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France.
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18
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Rigotto RM, Silva AMCD, Ferreira MJM, Rosa IF, Aguiar ACP. Trends of chronic health effects associated to pesticide use in fruit farming regions in the state of Ceará, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2013; 16:763-73. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2013000300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lower valley of Jaguaribe has registered, since the XXI century, the arrival of transnational and regional companies, which led to deep transformations in this region. The increased use of the pesticides is one of the most important ones, being able to cause alterations in human procreation and leading to congenital deformations, besides premature birth and low weight newborns. This article is an ecological study related to the period from 2000 to 2010 in the population of some cities in the state of Ceará, and it was divided in two parts: the first one, a draft of historical series of morbidity and mortality databases and trend verification performed by a simple linear regression; the second one comprehends the calculation of the ratio of rates between cities that are highly exposed to pestiides and the cities selected for comparison, with history of little use of these substances. There was statistically considerable growth tendency (p = 0.026) in the number of hospitalized people with neoplasms. Analyzing the ratios of the rates in these same indicators, it is observed that the rates of hospitalized people with neoplasms were 1.76 times higher in the studied cities than in control cities (p < 0.0010). With regard to to fetal deaths, a statistically considerable increase was observed (p < 0.05) as to the mortality rates in the studied cities. Results suggest there was higher morbidity and mortality caused by neoplasms in the cities with broader use of pesticides, which could be influenced by production, environmental and social transformations associated to the process of deterritorialization induced by the expansion of the agricultural modernization over the morbidity and mortality profile of the population of lower Jaguaribe. This process is a reflex of the production chemical-dependent model adopted by the agribusiness companies, expanding the vulnerability of the country side population.
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Karunanayake CP, Dosman JA, Pahwa P. Non-hodgkin's lymphoma and work in agriculture: Results of a two case-control studies in Saskatchewan, Canada. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2013; 17:114-21. [PMID: 24872670 PMCID: PMC4035607 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5278.130860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective was to examine the association between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and farming-related activities, gender, pesticides exposure, and exposure to chemicals other than pesticides in Saskatchewan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male and female study participants were taken from two separate case-control studies conducted in Saskatchewan province, Canada. A case was defined as any man or woman aged 19 years and older with a first diagnosis of NHL registered by the Saskatchewan Cancer Agency during the study period. Conditional logistic regression was used to fit the statistical models. RESULTS Farming exposure and exposure to pesticides-contaminated cloths were related to an increased risk of NHL. Exposure to pesticides was strongly associated with an increased risk of NHL, especially for men. CONCLUSION For men, the incidence of NHL was associated with exposure to pesticides after adjusting for other independent predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandima P Karunanayake
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, PO Box 23, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - James A Dosman
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, PO Box 23, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Punam Pahwa
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, PO Box 23, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Health Science Building, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
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20
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Hou L, Andreotti G, Baccarelli AA, Savage S, Hoppin JA, Sandler DP, Barker J, Zhu ZZ, Hoxha M, Dioni L, Zhang X, Koutros S, Freeman LEB, Alavanja MC. Lifetime pesticide use and telomere shortening among male pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:919-24. [PMID: 23774483 PMCID: PMC3734498 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomere length (TL) in surrogate tissues may be influenced by environmental exposures. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether lifetime pesticides use is associated with buccal cell TL. METHODS We examined buccal cell TL in relation to lifetime use of 48 pesticides for 1,234 cancer-free white male pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), a prospective cohort study of 57,310 licensed pesticide applicators. Participants provided detailed information on lifetime use of 50 pesticides at enrollment (1993-1997). Buccal cells were collected from 1999 to 2006. Relative telomere length (RTL) was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We used linear regression modeling to evaluate the associations between specific pesticides and the logarithm of RTL, adjusting for age at buccal cell collection, state of residence, applicator license type, chewing tobacco use, and total lifetime days of all pesticide use. RESULTS The mean RTL for participants decreased significantly in association with increased lifetime days of pesticide use for alachlor (p = 0.002), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D; p = 0.004), metolachlor (p = 0.01), trifluralin (p = 0.05), permethrin (for animal application) (p = 0.02), and toxaphene (p = 0.04). A similar pattern of RTL shortening was observed with the metric lifetime intensity-weighted days of pesticide use. For dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), we observed significant RTL shortening for lifetime intensity-weighted days (p = 0.04), but not for lifetime days of DDT use (p = 0.08). No significant RTL lengthening was observed for any pesticide. CONCLUSION Seven pesticides previously associated with cancer risk in the epidemiologic literature were inversely associated with RTL in buccal cell DNA among cancer-free pesticide applicators. Replication of these findings is needed because we cannot rule out chance or fully rule out bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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21
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Knapp DW, Peer WA, Conteh A, Diggs AR, Cooper BR, Glickman NW, Bonney PL, Stewart JC, Glickman LT, Murphy AS. Detection of herbicides in the urine of pet dogs following home lawn chemical application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 456-457:34-41. [PMID: 23584031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to herbicide-treated lawns has been associated with significantly higher bladder cancer risk in dogs. This work was performed to further characterize lawn chemical exposures in dogs, and to determine environmental factors associated with chemical residence time on grass. In addition to concern for canine health, a strong justification for the work was that dogs may serve as sentinels for potentially harmful environmental exposures in humans. Experimentally, herbicides [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxypropionic acid (MCPP), dicamba] were applied to grass plots under different conditions (e.g., green, dry brown, wet, and recently mowed grass). Chemicals in dislodgeable residues were measured by LC-MS at 0.17, 1, 24, 48, 72 h post treatment. In a separate study, 2,4-D, MCPP, and dithiopyr concentrations were measured in the urine of dogs and in dislodgeable grass residues in households that applied or did not apply chemicals in the preceding 48 h. Chemicals were measured at 0, 24, and 48 h post application in treated households and at time 0 in untreated control households. Residence times of 2,4-D, MCPP, and dicamba were significantly prolonged (P<0.05) on dry brown grass compared to green grass. Chemicals were detected in the urine of dogs in 14 of 25 households before lawn treatment, in 19 of 25 households after lawn treatment, and in 4 of 8 untreated households. Chemicals were commonly detected in grass residues from treated lawns, and from untreated lawns suggesting chemical drift from nearby treated areas. Thus dogs could be exposed to chemicals through contact with their own lawn (treated or contaminated through drift) or through contact with other grassy areas if they travel. The length of time to restrict a dog's access to treated lawns following treatment remains to be defined. Further study is indicated to assess the risks of herbicide exposure in humans and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah W Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA.
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Abstract
Leukemia is a complex disease, which only became better understood during the last decades following the development of new laboratory techniques and diagnostic methods. Despite our improved understanding of the physiology of the disease, little is yet known about the causes of leukemia. A variety of potential risk factors have been suggested so far, including personal habits and lifestyle, and a wide range of occupational or environmental exposures. A causal association with leukemia has only been documented to date for ionizing radiation, benzene and treatment with cytostatic drugs, but there is an ongoing scientific debate on the possible association of leukemia with a number of other work-related hazards. In this article, we have reviewed scientific studies, published over the past 5 years, which investigated potential associations between leukemia and exposure to occupational risk factors. The systematic literature review took place via electronic databases, using specific search criteria, and independent reviewers have further filtered the search results to identify the number of articles, presented in our paper. A large number of studies included in the review referred to the effects of ionizing radiation, where new data suggest that the effects of exposure to small doses of ionizing radiation should probably be reevaluated. Some other works appear to substantiate a potential association of the disease with certain pesticides. Further research is also suggested regarding the role of infectious agents or exposure to certain chemicals like formaldehyde or butadiene in the pathogenesis of leukemia.
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von Stackelberg K. A Systematic Review of Carcinogenic Outcomes and Potential Mechanisms from Exposure to 2,4-D and MCPA in the Environment. J Toxicol 2013; 2013:371610. [PMID: 23533401 PMCID: PMC3600329 DOI: 10.1155/2013/371610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophenoxy compounds, particularly 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid (MCPA), are amongst the most widely used herbicides in the United States for both agricultural and residential applications. Epidemiologic studies suggest that exposure to 2,4-D and MCPA may be associated with increased risk non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL), Hodgkin's disease (HD), leukemia, and soft-tissue sarcoma (STS). Toxicological studies in rodents show no evidence of carcinogenicity, and regulatory agencies worldwide consider chlorophenoxies as not likely to be carcinogenic or unclassifiable as to carcinogenicity. This systematic review assembles the available data to evaluate epidemiologic, toxicological, pharmacokinetic, exposure, and biomonitoring studies with respect to key cellular events noted in disease etiology and how those relate to hypothesized modes of action for these constituents to determine the plausibility of an association between exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of 2,4-D and MCPA and lymphohematopoietic cancers. The combined evidence does not support a genotoxic mode of action. Although plausible hypotheses for other carcinogenic modes of action exist, a comparison of biomonitoring data to oral equivalent doses calculated from bioassay data shows that environmental exposures are not sufficient to support a causal relationship. Genetic polymorphisms exist that are known to increase the risk of developing NHL. The potential interaction between these polymorphisms and exposures to chlorophenoxy compounds, particularly in occupational settings, is largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine von Stackelberg
- E Risk Sciences, LLP, 12 Holton Street, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, 401 Park Drive, Landmark 404J, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Mostafalou S, Abdollahi M. Pesticides and human chronic diseases: evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 268:157-77. [PMID: 23402800 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Along with the wide use of pesticides in the world, the concerns over their health impacts are rapidly growing. There is a huge body of evidence on the relation between exposure to pesticides and elevated rate of chronic diseases such as different types of cancers, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson, Alzheimer, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), birth defects, and reproductive disorders. There is also circumstantial evidence on the association of exposure to pesticides with some other chronic diseases like respiratory problems, particularly asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, chronic nephropathies, autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematous and rheumatoid arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and aging. The common feature of chronic disorders is a disturbance in cellular homeostasis, which can be induced via pesticides' primary action like perturbation of ion channels, enzymes, receptors, etc., or can as well be mediated via pathways other than the main mechanism. In this review, we present the highlighted evidence on the association of pesticide's exposure with the incidence of chronic diseases and introduce genetic damages, epigenetic modifications, endocrine disruption, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response (UPR), impairment of ubiquitin proteasome system, and defective autophagy as the effective mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mostafalou
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Abstract
A qualitative review of the epidemiological literature on the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and health after 2001 is presented. In order to compare the exposure of the general population, bystanders and occupational groups, their urinary levels were also reviewed. In the general population, 2,4-D exposure is at or near the level of detection (LOD). Among individuals with indirect exposure, i.e. bystanders, the urinary 2,4-D levels were also very low except in individuals with opportunity for direct contact with the herbicide. Occupational exposure, where exposure was highest, was positively correlated with behaviors related to the mixing, loading and applying process and use of personal protection. Information from biomonitoring studies increases our understanding of the validity of the exposure estimates used in epidemiology studies. The 2,4-D epidemiology literature after 2001 is broad and includes studies of cancer, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. In general, a few publications have reported statistically significant associations. However, most lack precision and the results are not replicated in other independent studies. In the context of biomonitoring, the epidemiology data give no convincing or consistent evidence for any chronic adverse effect of 2,4-D in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Burns
- Department of Epidemiology, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48671, USA.
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26
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Ferreira-Guedes S, Mendes B, Leitão AL. Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by a halotolerant strain of Penicillium chrysogenum: antibiotic production. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2012; 33:677-686. [PMID: 22629643 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2011.588251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of pesticides in agriculture has prompted intensive research on chemical and biological methods in order to protect contamination of water and soil resources. In this paper the degradation of the pesticide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by a Penicillium chrysogenum strain previously isolated from a salt mine was studied in batch cultures. Co-degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid with additives such as sugar and intermediates of pesticide metabolism was also investigated. Penicillium chrysogenum in solid medium was able to grow at concentrations up to 1000 mg/L of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with sucrose. Meanwhile, supplementation of the solid medium with glucose and lactose led to fungal growth at concentrations up to 500 mg/L of herbicide. Batch cultures of 2,4-D at 100 mg/L were developed under aerobic conditions with the addition of glucose, lactose and sucrose, showing sucrose as the best additional carbon source. The 2,4-D removal was quantified by liquid chromatography. The fungus was able to use 2,4-D as the sole carbon and energy source under 0%, 2% and 5.9% NaCl. The greatest 2,4-D degradation efficiency was found using alpha-ketoglutarate and ascorbic acid as co-substrates under 2% NaCl at pH 7. Penicillin production was evaluated in submerged cultures by bioassay, and higher amounts of beta-lactam antibiotic were produced when the herbicide was alone. Taking into account the ability of P. chrysogenum CLONA2 to degrade aromatic compounds, this strain could be an interesting tool for 2,4-D herbicide remediation in saline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaya Ferreira-Guedes
- Grupo de Ecologia da Hidrosfera, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UBiA, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Alavanja MCR, Bonner MR. Occupational pesticide exposures and cancer risk: a review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2012; 15:238-63. [PMID: 22571220 PMCID: PMC6276799 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2012.632358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A review of the epidemiological literature linking pesticides to cancers in occupational studies worldwide was conducted, with particular focus on those articles published after the release of IARC Monograph 53 (1991): Occupational Exposures in Insecticide Applications and Some Pesticides. Important new data are now available. Chemicals in every major functional class of pesticides including insecticides, herbicide, fungicides, and fumigants have been observed to have significant associations with an array of cancer sites. Moreover, associations were observed with specific chemicals in many chemical classes of pesticides such as chlorinated, organophosphate, and carbamate insecticides and phenoxy acid and triazine herbicides. However, not every chemical in these classes was found to be carcinogenic in humans. Twenty-one pesticides identified subsequent to the last IARC review showed significant exposure-response associations in studies of specific cancers while controlling for major potential confounders. This list is not an exhaustive review and many of these observations need to be evaluated in other epidemiological studies and in conjunction with data from toxicology and cancer biology. Nonetheless, it is reasonable and timely for the scientific community to provide a multidisciplinary expert review and evaluation of these pesticides and their potential to produce cancer in occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C R Alavanja
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, North Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Kogevinas M. Epidemiological approaches in the investigation of environmental causes of cancer: the case of dioxins and water disinfection by-products. Environ Health 2011; 10 Suppl 1:S3. [PMID: 21489213 PMCID: PMC3073195 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-10-s1-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
I will refer in this paper to difficulties in research in environmental causes of cancer using as examples research on dioxins and on drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) that have created considerable controversy in the scientific and wider community. Dioxins are highly toxic chemicals that are animal carcinogens. For many years, evaluation of the carcinogenicity of dioxins in humans was based on case-control or registry based studies. The development of methods to measure dioxins in blood indicated that these studies suffered from extreme exposure misclassification. The conduct of large cohort studies of workers with widely contrasted exposures together with the use of biomarkers and models for exposure assessment, led to convincing evidence on the carcinogenicity of dioxins in humans. The high toxicity of a few dioxin congeners, the availability of a scheme to characterize the toxicity of a mixture of dioxins and related compounds and the long half-life of these compounds facilitated epidemiological research. Contrary to dioxins, trihalomethanes (THMs) and most of the hundreds of DBPs in drinking water are chemicals of low toxicity. For more than 15 years, the main evidence on the carcinogenicity of DBPs was through ecological or death certificate studies. More recent studies based on individual assessment confirmed increases in bladder cancer risk. However even those studies ignored the toxicological evidence on the importance of routes of exposure to DBPs other than ingestion and, probably, underestimated the risk. Persistence of weak study designs together with delays in advanced exposure assessment models led to delays in confirming early evidence on the carcinogenicity of DBPs. The evaluation of only a few chemicals when exposure is to a complex mixture remains a major problem in exposure assessment for DBPs. The success of epidemiological studies in identifying increased risks lies primarily on the wide contrast of exposure to DBPs in the general population that overcomes the significant exposure misclassification. Exposure assessment has been the Achilles heel for studies on dioxins and DBPs and cancer. The combination of powerful study designs, advanced exposure assessment together with a better understanding of mechanisms of disease and the use of biomarkers of exposure, led to the strengthening of the epidemiological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis Kogevinas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
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Mozzachio AM, Rusiecki JA, Hoppin JA, Mahajan R, Patel R, Beane-Freeman L, Alavanja MCR. Chlorothalonil exposure and cancer incidence among pesticide applicator participants in the agricultural health study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 108:400-3. [PMID: 18801479 PMCID: PMC2936501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorothalonil is a broad spectrum, non-systemic fungicide widely used to control diseases affecting over 50 fruit, vegetable, and agricultural crops. Despite its extensive use for over 30 years, little is known about the potential human carcinogenicity associated with the routine application of chlorothalonil. Rodent studies have shown evidence of renal tubular carcinomas and adenomas. We explored cancer incidence with chlorothalonil exposure using data from the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort of licensed pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina. METHODS Licensed private and commercial pesticide applicators were recruited into this study from 1993 to 1997. Detailed information regarding pesticide use was obtained via self-administered questionnaires. Cancer incidence was followed through December 31, 2004. Chlorothalonil exposure was classified by lifetime exposure days and intensity-weighted lifetime exposure days, and then categorized into tertiles. The intensity-weighted lifetime exposure days metric was calculated based on a complex algorithm which includes pesticide application methods among other factors. This may increase or decrease exposure. RESULTS Of the 47,625 pesticide applicators included in this analysis, 3657 applicators reported using chlorothalonil with a median of 3.5 application days per year. Chlorothalonil was not associated with overall cancer incidence, nor did we find any association with colon, lung, and prostate cancers--the only cancers for which we had sufficient numbers to explore associations. CONCLUSION We did not find any strong evidence for an association between chlorothalonil and the cancers investigated. Although animal studies have suggested renal cancer may be associated with chlorothalonil, we had insufficient data to evaluate this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Mozzachio
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA
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Eriksson M, Hardell L, Carlberg M, Åkerman M. Pesticide exposure as risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma including histopathological subgroup analysis. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1657-63. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Merhi M, Raynal H, Cahuzac E, Vinson F, Cravedi JP, Gamet-Payrastre L. Occupational exposure to pesticides and risk of hematopoietic cancers: meta-analysis of case–control studies. Cancer Causes Control 2007; 18:1209-26. [PMID: 17874193 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-007-9061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study we conducted a meta-analysis of 13 case-control studies that examined the occurrence of hematopoietic cancers in pesticide related occupations in order to undertake a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of a possible relationship. METHODS Pubmed databases were searched for case-control studies published between 1990 and 2005 investigating the relation between hematopoietic cancers and occupational exposure to pesticides. Fixed and random effect meta-analysis models were used depending on the presence of heterogeneity between studies. RESULTS The overall meta-odds ratio obtained after pooling 44 ORs from 13 studies was 1.3 (95% CI: 1.3-1.5). We realized stratified analysis on three different types of hematopoietic cancers (non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), leukemia and multiple myeloma). A significant increased risk of NHL was found (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.2-1.5). Moreover, increased risks of Leukemia (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 0.9-2) and multiple myeloma (OR = 1.16; 95% CI = 0.99-1.36) were also detected but these results were not statistically significant. Significant heterogeneity existed among the different studies and a publication bias was detected. Therefore, a meta-regression was carried out. Our results showed that a long period of exposure (more than 10 years) provided an increase in the risk of all hematopoietic cancers and for NHL by fractions of 2.18 (95% CI = 1.43-3.35) and 1.65 (95% CI = 1.08-2.51), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The overall meta-odds ratio suggests that there is a significantly positive association between occupational exposure to pesticides and all hematopoietic cancers as well as NHL. A major limitation of our meta-analysis is the lack of sufficient data about exposure information and other risk factors for hematopoietic cancer (genetic predisposition, ethnic origin, immunodepression...). In addition, data concerning specific subtypes of hematopoietic cancers are often confusing. Thus, future epidemiological studies should undertake a major effort to assess the identity and the level of pesticides exposure and should control for the most likely potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Merhi
- UMR 1089 Xénobiotiques, INRA, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse 31931, France.
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Mammone T, Metruccio F, Vida P, Moretto A. The Italian system of data reporting in agriculture occupational health: a critical appraisal. J Public Health (Oxf) 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-007-0128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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