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Batie M, Fasanya T, Kenneth NS, Rocha S. Oxygen-regulated post-translation modifications as master signalling pathway in cells. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57849. [PMID: 37877678 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is essential for viability in mammalian organisms. However, cells are often exposed to changes in oxygen availability, due to either increased demand or reduced oxygen supply, herein called hypoxia. To be able to survive and/or adapt to hypoxia, cells activate a variety of signalling cascades resulting in changes to chromatin, gene expression, metabolism and viability. Cellular signalling is often mediated via post-translational modifications (PTMs), and this is no different in response to hypoxia. Many enzymes require oxygen for their activity and oxygen can directly influence several PTMS. Here, we review the direct impact of changes in oxygen availability on PTMs such as proline, asparagine, histidine and lysine hydroxylation, lysine and arginine methylation and cysteine dioxygenation, with a focus on mammalian systems. In addition, indirect hypoxia-dependent effects on phosphorylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation will also be discussed. Direct and indirect oxygen-regulated changes to PTMs are coordinated to achieve the cell's ultimate response to hypoxia. However, specific oxygen sensitivity and the functional relevance of some of the identified PTMs still require significant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Batie
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Temitope Fasanya
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Niall S Kenneth
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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2
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Yu Y, He J, Liu W, Li Z, Weng S, He J, Guo C. Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of Hypoxia-Responsive Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain 2 in Mandarin Fish ( Siniperca chuatsi). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091556. [PMID: 37174593 PMCID: PMC10177477 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With increased breeding density, the phenomenon of hypoxia gradually increases in aquaculture. Hypoxia is primarily mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway. Prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHD) are cellular oxygen-sensing molecules that regulate the stability of HIF-1α through hydroxylation. In this study, the characterization of the PHD2 from mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi (scPHD2) and its roles in the HIF-1 signaling pathway were investigated. Bioinformation analysis showed that scPHD2 had the conserved prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha subunit homolog domains at its C-terminal and was more closely related to other Perciformes PHD2 than other PHD2. Tissue-distribution results revealed that scphd2 gene was expressed in all tissues tested and more highly expressed in blood and liver than in other tested tissues. Dual-luciferase reporter gene and RT-qPCR assays showed that scPHD2 overexpression could significantly inhibit the HIF-1 signaling pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis showed that scPHD2 could interact with scHIF-1α. Protein degradation experiment results suggested that scPHD2 could promote scHIF-1α degradation through the proteasome degradation pathway. This study advances our understanding of how the HIF-1 signaling pathway is regulated by scPHD2 and will help in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia adaptation in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jian He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Changjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China
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3
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Zhang Y, Liu W, Wang X, Liu Y, Wei H. Nanozyme-Enabled Treatment of Cardio- and Cerebrovascular Diseases. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204809. [PMID: 36192166 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases are two major vascular-related diseases that lead to death worldwide. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in the occurrence and exacerbation of diseases. Excessive ROS induce cellular context damage and lead to tissue dysfunction. Nanozymes, as emerging enzyme mimics, offer a unique perspective for therapy through multifunctional activities, achieving essential results in the treatment of ROS-related cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases by directly scavenging excess ROS or regulating pathologically related molecules. This review first introduces nanozyme-enabled therapeutic mechanisms at the cellular level. Then, the therapies for several typical cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases with nanozymes are discussed, mainly including cardiovascular diseases, ischemia reperfusion injury, and neurological disorders. Finally, the challenges and outlooks for the application of nanozymes are also presented. This review will provide some instructive perspectives on nanozymes and promote the development of enzyme-mimicking strategies in cardio- and cerebrovascular disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Zhang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Wanling Liu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Hui Wei
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
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4
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Li RU, Tang K, Li Q. Pan-cancer Bioinformatics Analysis of the Double-edged Role of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α (HIF-1α) in Human Cancer. CANCER DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS 2022; 2:263-278. [PMID: 35399173 PMCID: PMC8962818 DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Despite the emergence of cellular, animal, and clinical-based evidence demonstrating a link between hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and malignancy, the comprehensive assessment of HIF-1α in pan-cancer patients remains unclear, particularly regarding HIF-1α expression and its association with immune infiltration and immune checkpoint. The present study aimed to investigate the role of HIF-1α expression in various types of malignancies through bioinformatics analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the expression and prognostic value of HIF-1α in pan-cancer based on the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) dataset. The abundance of immune infiltration was estimated by xCell immune deconvolution methods. We investigated the relationship of HIF-1α expression with immune infiltration and immune checkpoint gene expression, with a focus on gastric adenocarcinoma (STAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). RESULTS HIF-1α expression had different effects on the prognosis of various cancers. In contrast to the protective effect of HIF-1α expression in LUSC, high levels of HIF-1α expression played a detrimental role in the survival of STAD patients. There was a significant positive correlation between HIF-1α expression and immune infiltration in STAD patients, including regulatory T-cells (Tregs), T-cell CD4+ Th2, neutrophils, M1 and M2 macrophages. In addition, immune checkpoint molecules showed different HIF-1α-related profiles in various carcinomas. CONCLUSION A relatively comprehensive view of the oncogenic role of HIF-1α in various tumors based on a pan-cancer analysis is provided in this study. HIF-1α may be considered a poor prognostic biomarker for STAD and, moreover, it may be involved in regulating tumor immune infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R U Li
- Department of Geriatrics, the Hengshui Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Kang Tang
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
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Molecular Characterization and Response of Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain (PHD) Genes to Hypoxia Stress in Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020131. [PMID: 35049755 PMCID: PMC8772553 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hypoxia is a common challenge for aquatic organisms, and prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins play important roles in hypoxic adaptation by regulating the stability of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit (HIF-1α). In this study, the full-length cDNAs of three PHD genes were obtained from Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, which is an important freshwater fish and sensitive to low oxygen tension. The amino acid sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis of PHDs were performed among various species. Furthermore, the expression patterns and the transcriptional responses of H. molitrix PHD genes to acute hypoxia, continued hypoxia, and reoxygenation were explored in different tissues. Our study preliminarily explored the physiological regulation functions of PHD genes at the transcriptional level when addressing the hypoxic challenge and provided a foundation for future systematic explorations of the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia adaptation in silver carp. Abstract As an economically and ecologically important freshwater fish, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is sensitive to low oxygen tension. Prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins are critical regulators of adaptive responses to hypoxia for their function of regulating the hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha subunit (HIF-1α) stability via hydroxylation reaction. In the present study, three PHD genes were cloned from H. molitrix by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The total length of HmPHD1, HmPHD2, and HmPHD3 were 2981, 1954, and 1847 base pair (bp), and contained 1449, 1080, and 738 bp open reading frames (ORFs) that encoded 482, 359, and 245 amino acids (aa), respectively. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that HmPHD1, HmPHD2, and HmPHD3 had the conserved prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha subunit homolog domains at their C-termini. Meanwhile, the evaluation of phylogeny revealed PHD2 and PHD3 of H. molitrix were more closely related as they belonged to sister clades, whereas the clade of PHD1 was relatively distant from these two. The transcripts of PHD genes are ubiquitously distributed in H. molitrix tissues, with the highest expressional level of HmPHD1 and HmPHD3 in liver, and HmPHD2 in muscle. After acute hypoxic treatment for 0.5 h, PHD genes of H. molitrix were induced mainly in liver and brain, and different from HmPHD1 and HmPHD2, the expression of HmPHD3 showed no overt tissue specificity. Furthermore, under continued hypoxic condition, PHD genes exhibited an obviously rapid but gradually attenuated response from 3 h to 24 h, and upon reoxygenation, the transcriptional expression of PHD genes showed a decreasing trend in most of the tissues. These results indicate that the PHD genes of H. molitrix are involved in the early response to hypoxic stress, and they show tissue-specific transcript expression when performing physiological regulation functions. This study is of great relevance for advancing our understanding of how PHD genes are regulated when addressing the hypoxic challenge and provides a reference for the subsequent research of the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia adaptation in silver carp.
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Malkov MI, Lee CT, Taylor CT. Regulation of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) by Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092340. [PMID: 34571989 PMCID: PMC8466990 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and inflammation are frequently co-incidental features of the tissue microenvironment in a wide range of inflammatory diseases. While the impact of hypoxia on inflammatory pathways in immune cells has been well characterized, less is known about how inflammatory stimuli such as cytokines impact upon the canonical hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, the master regulator of the cellular response to hypoxia. In this review, we discuss what is known about the impact of two major pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), on the regulation of HIF-dependent signaling at sites of inflammation. We report extensive evidence for these cytokines directly impacting upon HIF signaling through the regulation of HIF at transcriptional and post-translational levels. We conclude that multi-level crosstalk between inflammatory and hypoxic signaling pathways plays an important role in shaping the nature and degree of inflammation occurring at hypoxic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykyta I. Malkov
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (M.I.M.); (C.T.L.)
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Chee Teik Lee
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (M.I.M.); (C.T.L.)
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cormac T. Taylor
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (M.I.M.); (C.T.L.)
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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Puerarin protects cardiomyocytes from ischemia-reperfusion injury by upregulating LncRNA ANRIL and inhibiting autophagy. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:739-751. [PMID: 33963896 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the roles of puerarin and LncRNA ANRIL in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R) model was established with H9C2 cells. Effects of puerarin of gradient concentrations on cardiomyocytes at different time points of hypoxia and reoxygenation were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), and microscope observation. Effects of puerarin on cardiomyocyte viability, ANRIL expression, contents of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), apoptosis, and expressions of autophagy-related genes after H/R injury were determined by CCK-8, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), ELISA, flow cytometry, and Western blot, respectively. After cell transfection, the effects of overexpressed and knockdown of ANRIL on cardiomyocytes and H/R-injured cardiomyocytes were examined by rescue experiments. The ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-injured rat model was established to examine the protective effect of puerarin in vivo. Prolonged hypoxia downregulated ANRIL expression in cardiomyocytes and reduced cardiomyocyte viability. Prolonged reoxygenation increased apoptosis. Both cardiomyocyte viability and ANRIL expression showed a dose-dependent relationship with puerarin. Puerarin reversed the effects of H/R injury on cardiomyocyte viability, ANRIL expression, contents of LDH and MDA, apoptosis, and expressions of autophagy-related genes. Overexpression and knockdown of ANRIL regulated the functions of cardiomyocytes and the expressions of autophagy-related genes. Puerarin reversed the effects of knockdown of ANRIL on H/R-injured cells. The results of In vivo experiments confirmed that puerarin protected myocardial tissues by up-regulating ANRIL and inhibiting autophagy.
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8
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Liu T, Abboud MI, Chowdhury R, Tumber A, Hardy AP, Lippl K, Lohans CT, Pires E, Wickens J, McDonough MA, West CM, Schofield CJ. Biochemical and biophysical analyses of hypoxia sensing prolyl hydroxylases from Dictyostelium discoideum and Toxoplasma gondii. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16545-16561. [PMID: 32934009 PMCID: PMC7864055 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals, the response to chronic hypoxia is mediated by prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) that regulate the levels of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor α (HIFα). PHD homologues exist in other types of eukaryotes and prokaryotes where they act on non HIF substrates. To gain insight into the factors underlying different PHD substrates and properties, we carried out biochemical and biophysical studies on PHD homologues from the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum, and the protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, both lacking HIF. The respective prolyl-hydroxylases (DdPhyA and TgPhyA) catalyze prolyl-hydroxylation of S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (Skp1), a reaction enabling adaptation to different dioxygen availability. Assays with full-length Skp1 substrates reveal substantial differences in the kinetic properties of DdPhyA and TgPhyA, both with respect to each other and compared with human PHD2; consistent with cellular studies, TgPhyA is more active at low dioxygen concentrations than DdPhyA. TgSkp1 is a DdPhyA substrate and DdSkp1 is a TgPhyA substrate. No cross-reactivity was detected between DdPhyA/TgPhyA substrates and human PHD2. The human Skp1 E147P variant is a DdPhyA and TgPhyA substrate, suggesting some retention of ancestral interactions. Crystallographic analysis of DdPhyA enables comparisons with homologues from humans, Trichoplax adhaerens, and prokaryotes, informing on differences in mobile elements involved in substrate binding and catalysis. In DdPhyA, two mobile loops that enclose substrates in the PHDs are conserved, but the C-terminal helix of the PHDs is strikingly absent. The combined results support the proposal that PHD homologues have evolved kinetic and structural features suited to their specific sensing roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongri Liu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martine I Abboud
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anthony Tumber
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam P Hardy
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Lippl
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elisabete Pires
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Wickens
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher M West
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Li W, Dong Y, Dong Q, Sun H, Zhang Y, Wang Z. The remarkable hypoxia tolerance in Brandt's voles (
Lasiopodomys brandtii
). Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1652-1660. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan Province China
| | - Yanan Dong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan Province China
| | - Qianqian Dong
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan Province China
| | - Hong Sun
- School of Physical Education (Main campus) Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan Province China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan Province China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan Province China
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Ghashghaeinia M, Köberle M, Mrowietz U, Bernhardt I. Proliferating tumor cells mimick glucose metabolism of mature human erythrocytes. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1316-1334. [PMID: 31154896 PMCID: PMC6592250 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1618125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature human erythrocytes are dependent on anerobic glycolysis, i.e. catabolism (oxidation) of one glucose molecule to produce two ATP and two lactate molecules. Proliferating tumor cells mimick mature human erythrocytes to glycolytically generate two ATP molecules. They deliberately avoid or switch off their respiration, i.e. tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) machinery and consequently dispense with the production of additional 36 ATP molecules from one glucose molecule. This phenomenon is named aerobic glycolysis or Warburg effect. The present review deals with the fate of a glucose molecule after entering a mature human erythrocyte or a proliferating tumor cell and describes why it is useful for a proliferating tumor cell to imitate a mature erythrocyte. Blood consisting of plasma and cellular components (99% of the cells are erythrocytes) may be regarded as a mobile organ, constantly exercising a direct interaction with other organs. Therefore, the use of drugs, which influences the biological activity of erythrocytes, has an immediate effect on the entire organism. Abbreviations: TCA: tricarboxylic acid cycle; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; GSH: reduced state of glutathione; NFκB: Nuclear factor of kappa B; PKB (Akt): protein kinase B; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; IgG: immune globulin G; H2S: hydrogen sulfide; slanDCs: Human 6-sulfo LacNAc-expressing dendritic cells; IL-8: interleukin-8; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; ROS: reactive oxygen species; PPP: pentose phosphate pathway; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen; R5P: ribose-5-phophate; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide; O2●−: superoxide anion; G6P: glucose 6-phosphate; HbO2: Oxyhemoglobin; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GAP: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; 1,3-BPG: 1,3-bis-phosphoglycerate; 2,3-BPG: 2,3-bisphosphoglycerte; PGAM1: phosphoglycerate mutase 1; 3-PG: 3-phosphoglycerate; 2-PG: 2-phosphoglycerate; MIPP1: Multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase; mTORC1: mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; Ru5P: ribulose 5-phosphate; ox-PPP: oxidative branch of pentose phosphate pathway; PGK: phosphoglycerate kinase; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; Rheb: Ras homolog enriched in Brain; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; ROOH: lipid peroxide; SOD: superoxide dismutase; MRC: mitochondrial respiratory chain; MbFe2+-O2: methmyoglobin; RNR: ribonucleotide reductase; PRPP: phosphoribosylpyrophosphate; PPi: pyrophosphate; GSSG: oxidized state of glutathione; non-ox-PPP: non-oxidative branch of pentose phosphate pathway; RPI: ribose-5-phosphate isomerase; RPE: ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase; X5P: xylulose 5-phosphate; TK: transketolase; TA: transaldolase; F6P: fructose-6-phosphate; AR2: aldose reductase 2; SD: sorbitol dehydrogenase; HK: hexokinase; MG: mehtylglyoxal; DHAP: dihydroxyacetone phosphate; TILs: tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; MCTs: monocarboxylate transporters; pHi: intracellular pH; Hif-1α: hypoxia-induced factor 1; NHE1: sodium/H+ (Na+/H+) antiporter 1; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type proton ATPase; CAIX: carbonic anhydrase; CO2: carbon dioxide; HCO3−: bicarbonate; NBC: sodium/bicarbonate (Na+/HCO3−) symporter; pHe: extracellular pH; GLUT-1: glucose transporter 1; PGK-1: phosphoglycerate kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Ghashghaeinia
- a Department of Dermatology , University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Martin Köberle
- b Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Fakultät für Medizin , Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Ulrich Mrowietz
- a Department of Dermatology , University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Ingolf Bernhardt
- c Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences III , Saarland University , Saarbruecken , Germany
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Zhang S, Cao L, Li Z, Qu D. Metabolic reprogramming links chronic intestinal inflammation and the oncogenic transformation in colorectal tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2019; 450:123-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Ratan RR. Does iron loading of oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylases rather than random Fenton-driven radical formation drive programmed ferroptosis and degeneration in neurological diseases? CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Liu XW, Yin J, Ma QS, Qi CC, Mu JY, Zhang L, Gao LP, Jing YH. Role of Arcuate Nucleus in the Regulation of Feeding Behavior in the Process of Altitude Acclimatization in Rats. High Alt Med Biol 2017; 18:234-241. [PMID: 28486037 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2016.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Liu, Xiang-Wen, Jie Yin, Qi-Sheng Ma, Chu-Chu Qi, Ji-Ying Mu, Lang Zhang, Li-Ping Gao, and Yu-Hong Jing. Role of arcuate nucleus in the regulation of feeding behavior in the process of altitude acclimatization in rats. High Alt Med Biol. 18:234-241, 2017.-Highly efficient energy utilization and metabolic homeostasis maintenance rely on neuromodulation. Altitude exposure is known to stimulate neuroendocrine systems to respond to acute hypoxia and adaptive acclimatization. However, limited data on how the adaptive regulation of the arcuate nucleus performs in the process of altitude acclimatization are available. In the present study, male Sprague Dawley rats were transported to Huashixia, Qinghai (with an altitude of 4400 m) from Xian (with an altitude of 300 m) by air; rats were consistently raised in Xian as control. Food uptake and body weight were measured consecutively after being subjected to high-altitude condition. Contents of plasma leptin and ghrelin were analyzed by the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Kits. Brain coronal sections were obtained, and neuropeptide Y (NPY), proopiomelanocotin (POMC), and c-fos immunoreactivity in arcuate nucleus were observed. Arcuate nucleus was isolated from the hypothalamus, and the mRNA of NPY and POMC were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our results showed both food consumption and body weight decreased in the high plateau compared with rats raised in the low-altitude condition. Plasma leptin increased at the early stage, and ghrelin decreased at a later stage after reaching the high plateau. The peak of c-fos immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus was at day 3 after reaching the high plateau. The expression level of NPY increased, and POMC decreased in the arcuate nucleus at day 7 after reaching the high plateau compared with the plain control group. These results indicate that the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus performs an important function in regulating feeding behavior during altitude acclimatization. Our study suggested that altitude acclimation is regulated by the hypothalamus that received leptin and ghrelin signals to response by its microcircuit, including NPY- and POMC-neurons in the arcuate nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Wen Liu
- 1 Institute of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yin
- 1 Institute of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Sheng Ma
- 2 Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University , Xining, P.R. China
| | - Chu-Chu Qi
- 1 Institute of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Ying Mu
- 1 Institute of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lang Zhang
- 1 Institute of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- 3 Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hong Jing
- 1 Institute of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China .,4 Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China
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14
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Cavadas MAS, Cheong A, Taylor CT. The regulation of transcriptional repression in hypoxia. Exp Cell Res 2017; 356:173-181. [PMID: 28219680 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A sufficient supply molecular oxygen is essential for the maintenance of physiologic metabolism and bioenergetic homeostasis for most metazoans. For this reason, mechanisms have evolved for eukaryotic cells to adapt to conditions where oxygen demand exceeds supply (hypoxia). These mechanisms rely on the modification of pre-existing proteins, translational arrest and transcriptional changes. The hypoxia inducible factor (HIF; a master regulator of gene induction in response to hypoxia) is responsible for the majority of induced gene expression in hypoxia. However, much less is known about the mechanism(s) responsible for gene repression, an essential part of the adaptive transcriptional response. Hypoxia-induced gene repression leads to a reduction in energy demanding processes and the redirection of limited energetic resources to essential housekeeping functions. Recent developments have underscored the importance of transcriptional repressors in cellular adaptation to hypoxia. To date, at least ten distinct transcriptional repressors have been reported to demonstrate sensitivity to hypoxia. Central among these is the Repressor Element-1 Silencing Transcription factor (REST), which regulates over 200 genes. In this review, written to honor the memory and outstanding scientific legacy of Lorenz Poellinger, we provide an overview of our existing knowledge with respect to transcriptional repressors and their target genes in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A S Cavadas
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alex Cheong
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences and Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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15
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Zhang W, Tong D, Liu F, Li D, Li J, Cheng X, Wang Z. RPS7 inhibits colorectal cancer growth via decreasing HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:5800-14. [PMID: 26735579 PMCID: PMC4868722 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal protein S7 (RPS7) acts as a tumor suppressor in primary tumorigenesis but its role in cancer metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that RPS7 inhibits the colorectal cancer (CRC) cell glycolysis by suppressing the expression of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α (HIF-1α) and the metabolic promoting proteins glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB). Further study found that the enhanced expression of HIF-1α abrogates the overexpression effects of RPS7 on CRC. In vivo assays also demonstrate that RPS7 suppresses colorectal cancer tumorigenesis and glycolysis. Clinically, the tissue microarray (TMA) analysis discloses the negative regulatory association between RPS7 and HIF-1α in colorectal cancer. Meanwhile, overexpression of RPS7 in colorectal cancer tissues predicts good overall survival and progression-free survival, but high expression level of HIF-1α indicates poor overall survival and progression-free survival. Overall, we reveal that RPS7 inhibits colorectal cancer glycolysis through HIF-1α-associated signaling and may be a promising biomarker for prognosis prediction and a potential target for therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Cancer Institute and Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Duo Tong
- Cancer Institute and Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- Cancer Institute and Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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16
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Agnihotri N, Mehta K. Transglutaminase-2: evolution from pedestrian protein to a promising therapeutic target. Amino Acids 2016; 49:425-439. [PMID: 27562794 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to metastasize represents the most devastating feature of cancer. Currently, there are no specific biomarkers or therapeutic targets that can be used to predict the risk or to treat metastatic cancer. Many recent reports have demonstrated elevated expression of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in multiple drug-resistant and metastatic cancer cells. TG2 is a multifunctional protein mostly known for catalyzing Ca2+-dependent -acyl transferase reaction to form protein crosslinks. Besides this transamidase activity, many Ca2+-independent and non-enzymatic activities of TG2 have been identified. Both, the enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities of TG2 have been implicated in diverse pathophysiological processes such as wound healing, cell growth, cell survival, extracellular matrix modification, apoptosis, and autophagy. Tumors have been frequently referred to as 'wounds that never heal'. Based on the observation that TG2 plays an important role in wound healing and inflammation is known to facilitate cancer growth and progression, we discuss the evidence that TG2 can reprogram inflammatory signaling networks that play fundamental roles in cancer progression. TG2-regulated signaling bestows on cancer cells the ability to proliferate, to resist cell death, to invade, to reprogram glucose metabolism and to metastasize, the attributes that are considered important hallmarks of cancer. Therefore, inhibiting TG2 may offer a novel therapeutic approach for managing and treatment of metastatic cancer. Strategies to inhibit TG2-regulated pathways will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Agnihotri
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1901 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 110 014, India.
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1901 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,MolQ Personalized Medicine, 4505 Maple Street, Bellaire, TX, 77401, USA.
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17
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Khoshnood B, Dacklin I, Grabbe C. Urm1: an essential regulator of JNK signaling and oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1939-54. [PMID: 26715182 PMCID: PMC11108535 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-related modifier 1 (Urm1) is a ubiquitin-like molecule (UBL) with the dual capacity to act both as a sulphur carrier and posttranslational protein modifier. Here we characterize the Drosophila melanogaster homologues of Urm1 (CG33276) and its E1 activating enzyme Uba4 (CG13090), and show that they function together to induce protein urmylation in vivo. Urm1 conjugation to target proteins in general, and to the evolutionary conserved substrate Peroxiredoxin 5 (Prx5) specifically, is dependent on Uba4. A complete loss of Urm1 is lethal in flies, although a small number of adult zygotic Urm1 (n123) mutant escapers can be recovered. These escapers display a decreased general fitness and shortened lifespan, but in contrast to their S. cerevisiae counterparts, they are resistant to oxidative stress. Providing a molecular explanation, we demonstrate that cytoprotective JNK signaling is increased in Urm1 deficient animals. In agreement, molecular and genetic evidence suggest that elevated activity of the JNK downstream target genes Jafrac1 and gstD1 strongly contributes to the tolerance against oxidative stress displayed by Urm1 (n123) null mutants. In conclusion, Urm1 is a UBL that is involved in the regulation of JNK signaling and the response against oxidative stress in the fruit fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Khoshnood
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Building 6L, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - I Dacklin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Building 6L, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - C Grabbe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Building 6L, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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18
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Giannetto A, Maisano M, Cappello T, Oliva S, Parrino V, Natalotto A, De Marco G, Barberi C, Romeo O, Mauceri A, Fasulo S. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor α and Hif-prolyl Hydroxylase Characterization and Gene Expression in Short-Time Air-Exposed Mytilus galloprovincialis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:768-781. [PMID: 26277612 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms experience environmental hypoxia as a result of eutrophication and naturally occurring tidal cycles. Mytilus galloprovincialis, being an anoxic/hypoxic-tolerant bivalve, provides an excellent model to investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating oxygen sensing. Across the animal kingdom, inadequacy in oxygen supply is signalled predominantly by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) and Hif-prolyl hydroxylases (PHD). In this study, hif-α 5'-end and partial phd mRNA sequences from M. galloprovincialis were obtained. Phylogenetic and molecular characterization of both HIF-α and PHD putative proteins showed shared key features with the respective orthologues from animals strongly suggesting their crucial involvement in the highly conserved oxygen sensing pathway. Both transcripts displayed a tissue-specific distribution with prominent expression in gills. Quantitative gene expression analysis of hif-α and phd mRNAs from gills of M. galloprovincialis demonstrated that both these key sensors are transcriptionally modulated by oxygen availability during the short-time air exposure and subsequent re-oxygenation treatments proving that they are critical players of oxygen-sensing mechanisms in mussels. Remarkably, hif-α gene expression showed a prompt and transient response suggesting the precocious implication of this transcription factor in the early phase of the adaptive response to hypoxia in Mytilus. HIF-α and PHD proteins were modulated in a time-dependent manner with trends comparable to mRNA expression patterns, thus suggesting a central role of their transcriptional regulation in the hypoxia tolerance strategies in marine bivalves. These results provide molecular information about the effects of oxygen deficiency and identify hypoxia-responsive biomarker genes in mussels applicable in ecotoxicological studies of natural marine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Giannetto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Maria Maisano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Sabrina Oliva
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Parrino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Natalotto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Marco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Chiara Barberi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Orazio Romeo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Mauceri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fasulo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
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19
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Khan N, Hou H, Swartz HM, Kuppusamy P. Direct and Repeated Measurement of Heart and Brain Oxygenation Using In Vivo EPR Oximetry. Methods Enzymol 2015; 564:529-52. [PMID: 26477264 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Low level of oxygen (hypoxia) is a critical factor that defines the pathological consequence of several pathophysiologies, particularly ischemia, that usually occur following the blockage of a blood vessel in vital organs, such as brain and heart, or abnormalities in the microvasculature, such as peripheral vascular disease. Therefore, methods that can directly and repeatedly quantify oxygen levels in the brain and heart will significantly improve our understanding of ischemic pathologies. Importantly, such oximetry capability will facilitate the development of strategies to counteract low levels of oxygen and thereby improve outcome following stroke or myocardial infarction. In vivo electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry has the capability to monitor tissue oxygen levels in real time. The method has largely been tested and used in experimental animals, although some clinical measurements have been performed. In this chapter, a brief overview of the methodology to repeatedly quantify oxygen levels in the brain and heart of experimental animal models, ranging from mice to swine, is presented. EPR oximetry requires a one-time placement of an oxygen-sensitive probe in the tissue of interest, while the rest of the procedure for reliable, accurate, and repeated measurements of pO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) is noninvasive and can be repeated as often as desired. A multisite oximetry approach can be used to monitor pO2 at many sites simultaneously. Building on significant advances in the application of EPR oximetry in experimental animal models, spectrometers have been developed for use in human subjects. Initial feasibility of pO2 measurement in solid tumors of patients has been successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Khan
- Department of Radiology, EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Huagang Hou
- Department of Radiology, EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Harold M Swartz
- Department of Radiology, EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Radiology, EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
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20
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Wang H, Huang C, Chen N, Zhu K, Chen B, Wang W, Wang H. Molecular characterization and mRNA expression of HIF-prolyl hydroxylase-2 (phd2) in hypoxia-sensing pathways from Megalobrama amblycephala. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 186:28-35. [PMID: 25868626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
HIF-prolyl-hydroxylase-2 (Phd2), a member of the iron (II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family, is one of the key enzymes in hypoxia-sensing pathways. In this study, the phd2 cDNA sequence (1231bp), including an open reading frame (ORF) and encoding 358 amino acid residues was identified in Megalobrama amblycephala (Wuchang bream). The predicted Phd2 protein contained three conserved domains, MYND type zinc finger domain with critical regulatory activity, Fe(2+)-dependent 2OG-Fe (II) oxygenase superfamily domain with prolyl hydroxylase function, and P4Hc (prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha subunit homologues) domain for catalyzing proline hydroxylation. The real-time PCR results showed that phd2 mRNA was ubiquitously expressed in all detected tissues with higher levels in the peripheral blood, heart and brain, and all embryogenesis stages, especially in mid-blastula stage. In larvae M. amblycephala, the expression trend of the phd2 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (hif-1α) mRNA was opposite during hypoxia with an increase (hypoxia for 4h) and then decrease (hypoxia for 12h) for phd2. Whereas in adult fish, the phd2 mRNA appeared a transient increase under hypoxia for 4h (DO: 3.46±0.59 mg/L), and dramatically reduced with further hypoxia exposure to 12h in the peripheral blood, muscle, head kidney, liver and brain, but showed an opposite expression trend in the heart and gill. The hif-1α expression was contrary with phd2 in the peripheral blood, while it gradually decreased in the heart, but increased in the liver with continuous hypoxia treatment. Additionally, hif-1α also showed lower mRNA levels than phd2 in all detected tissues under normoxia and hypoxia conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chunxiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Boxiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, 430070 Wuhan, PR China; Hubei BaiRong Improved Aquatic Seed Co., Ltd, 438800 Huanggang, PR China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, 430070 Wuhan, PR China
| | - Huanling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, 430070 Wuhan, PR China.
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21
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Norris R. A topical haemoglobin spray for oxygenating chronic venous leg ulcers: a pilot study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 23 Suppl 20:S48-53. [PMID: 25382133 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2014.23.sup20.s48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute wounds will generally heal independently of any interventions, whereas chronic wounds are chronic for a reason and are unlikely to successfully heal without intervention. In the treatment of venous leg ulcers, the gold standard will always be compression therapy. However, many wounds still do not heal despite best practice. Therefore, the use of adjunct therapies alongside standard care become the priority for healing. This article describes a small evaluation, involving 17 patients with chronic venous leg ulcers, that set out to determine the effect of a topical oxygen therapy on wound size. The therapy comprises a canister that sprays pure haemoglobin in a water solution into the wound. The haemoglobin spray needs to be used at least once every 3 days, and no training is required on its use. Results showed the device helped promote wound healing in 14 out of 17 wounds treated for more than 2 weeks. These patients had previously been shown to be non-healing during a 4-week run-in period where they received standard care, including compression therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Norris
- Clinical Nurse Specialist, Tissue Viability, South West Essex Community Services, North East London NHS Foundation Trust
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22
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HGF/Met Axis in Heart Function and Cardioprotection. Biomedicines 2014; 2:247-262. [PMID: 28548070 PMCID: PMC5344277 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor (Met) play important roles in myocardial function both in physiological and pathological situations. In the developing heart, HGF influences cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation. In the adult, HGF/Met signaling controls heart homeostasis and prevents oxidative stress in normal cardiomyocytes. Thus, the possible cardiotoxicity of current Met-targeted anti-cancer therapies has to be taken in consideration. In the injured heart, HGF plays important roles in cardioprotection by promoting: (1) prosurvival (anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic) effects in cardiomyocytes, (2) angiogenesis, (3) inhibition of fibrosis, (4) anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory signals, and (5) regeneration through activation of cardiac stem cells. Furthermore, we discuss the putative role of elevated HGF as prognostic marker of severity in patients with cardiac diseases. Finally, we examine the potential of HGF-based molecules as new therapeutic tools for the treatment of cardiac diseases.
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23
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Okogwu OI, Xie P, Zhao Y, Fan H. Organ-dependent response in antioxidants, myoglobin and neuroglobin in goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to MC-RR under varying oxygen level. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:427-434. [PMID: 25048936 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial bloom, a common phenomenon nowadays often results in the depletion of dissolved oxygen (hypoxia) and releases microcystin-RR (MC-RR) in the water. Information on the combined effects of MC-RR and hypoxia on the goldfish is lacking, therefore, this study is aimed at evaluating the effect of two doses of MC-RR on the antioxidants and globin mRNA of goldfish under normoxia, hypoxia and reoxygenation. The result showed that MC-RR at both doses (50 and 200 μg kg(-1) body weight) significantly (p<0.05) induced superoxide dismutase activities in the liver and kidney but catalase activities and total antioxidant capacity were low in these organs during hypoxia and reoxygenation compared to normoxia and control. Myoglobin and neuroglobin mRNAs in MC-RR group were significantly induced in the brain only and are believed to protect the brain from oxidative damage. However, other organs were unprotected and extensive damage was observed in the liver cells. Our results clearly demonstrated that MC-RR and hypoxia-reoxygenation transitions were synergistically harmful to the goldfish and could impair its adaptation to hypoxia, especially during reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okechukwu Idumah Okogwu
- Department of Applied Biology, Ebonyi State University, PMB 53, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huihui Fan
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Zhao D, Li FL, Cheng ZL, Lei QY. Impact of acetylation on tumor metabolism. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e963452. [PMID: 27308346 PMCID: PMC4905055 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.963452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation of protein lysine residues is a reversible and dynamic process that is controlled by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylases (HDACs and SIRTs). Recent studies have revealed that acetylation modulates not only nuclear proteins but also cytoplasmic or mitochondrial proteins, including many metabolic enzymes. In tumors, cellular metabolism is reprogrammed to provide intermediates for biosynthesis such as nucleotides, fatty acids, and amino acids, and thereby favor the rapid proliferation of cancer cells and tumor development. An increasing number of investigations have indicated that acetylation plays an important role in tumor metabolism. Here, we summarize the substrates that are modified by acetylation, especially oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and enzymes that are implicated in tumor metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College; Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Molecular and Cell Biology Lab; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College; Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Molecular and Cell Biology Lab; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou-Li Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College; Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Molecular and Cell Biology Lab; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun-Ying Lei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College; Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Molecular and Cell Biology Lab; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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25
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Umbrello M, Dyson A, Pinto BB, Fernandez BO, Simon V, Feelisch M, Singer M. Short-term hypoxic vasodilation in vivo is mediated by bioactive nitric oxide metabolites, rather than free nitric oxide derived from haemoglobin-mediated nitrite reduction. J Physiol 2014; 592:1061-75. [PMID: 24396056 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.255687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Local increases in blood flow--'hypoxic vasodilation'--confer cellular protection in the face of reduced oxygen delivery. The physiological relevance of this response is well established, yet ongoing controversy surrounds its underlying mechanisms. We sought to confirm that early hypoxic vasodilation is a nitric oxide (NO)-mediated phenomenon and to study putative pathways for increased levels of NO, namely production from NO synthases, intravascular nitrite reduction, release from preformed stores and reduced deactivation by cytochrome c oxidase. Experiments were performed on spontaneously breathing, anaesthetized, male Wistar rats undergoing short-term systemic hypoxaemia, who received pharmacological inhibitors and activators of the various NO pathways. Arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, tissue oxygen tension and the circulating pool of NO metabolites (oxidation, nitrosation and nitrosylation products) were measured in plasma and erythrocytes. Hypoxaemia caused a rapid and sustained vasodilation, which was only partially reversed by non-selective NO synthase inhibition. This was associated with significantly lower plasma nitrite, and marginally elevated nitrate levels, suggestive of nitrite bioinactivation. Administration of sodium nitrite had little effect in normoxia, but produced significant vasodilation and increased nitrosylation during hypoxaemia that could not be reversed by NO scavenging. Methodological issues prevented assessment of the contribution, if any, of reduced deactivation of NO by cytochrome c oxidase. In conclusion, acute hypoxic vasodilation is an adaptive NO-mediated response conferred through bioactive metabolites rather than free NO from haemoglobin-mediated reduction of nitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Umbrello
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Umbrello M, Dyson A, Feelisch M, Singer M. The key role of nitric oxide in hypoxia: hypoxic vasodilation and energy supply-demand matching. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1690-710. [PMID: 23311950 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A mismatch between energy supply and demand induces tissue hypoxia with the potential to cause cell death and organ failure. Whenever arterial oxygen concentration is reduced, increases in blood flow--hypoxic vasodilation--occur in an attempt to restore oxygen supply. Nitric oxide (NO) is a major signaling and effector molecule mediating the body's response to hypoxia, given its unique characteristics of vasodilation (improving blood flow and oxygen supply) and modulation of energetic metabolism (reducing oxygen consumption and promoting utilization of alternative pathways). RECENT ADVANCES This review covers the role of oxygen in metabolism and responses to hypoxia, the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of NO, and mechanisms underlying the involvement of NO in hypoxic vasodilation. Recent insights into NO metabolism will be discussed, including the role for dietary intake of nitrate, endogenous nitrite (NO₂⁻) reductases, and release of NO from storage pools. The processes through which NO levels are elevated during hypoxia are presented, namely, (i) increased synthesis from NO synthases, increased reduction of NO₂⁻ to NO by heme- or pterin-based enzymes and increased release from NO stores, and (ii) reduced deactivation by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. CRITICAL ISSUES Several reviews covered modulation of energetic metabolism by NO, while here we highlight the crucial role NO plays in achieving cardiocirculatory homeostasis during acute hypoxia through both vasodilation and metabolic suppression. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We identify a key position for NO in the body's adaptation to an acute energy supply-demand mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Umbrello
- 1 Department of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London , London, United Kingdom
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27
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Juránek I, Nikitovic D, Kouretas D, Hayes AW, Tsatsakis AM. Biological importance of reactive oxygen species in relation to difficulties of treating pathologies involving oxidative stress by exogenous antioxidants. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 61:240-7. [PMID: 24025685 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Findings about involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) not only in defense processes, but also in a number of pathologies, stimulated discussion about their role in etiopathogenesis of various diseases. Yet questions regarding the role of ROS in tissue injury, whether ROS may serve as a common cause of different disorders or whether their uncontrolled production is just a manifestation of the processes involved, remain unexplained. Dogmatically, increased ROS formation is considered to be responsible for development of the so-called free-radical diseases. The present review discusses importance of ROS in various biological processes, including origin of life, evolution, genome plasticity, maintaining homeostasis and organism protection. This may be a reason why no significant benefit was found when exogenous antioxidants were used to treat free-radical diseases, even though their causality was primarily attributed to ROS. Here, we postulate that ROS unlikely play a causal role in tissue damage, but may readily be involved in signaling processes and as such in mediating tissue healing rather than injuring. This concept is thus in a contradiction to traditional understanding of ROS as deleterious agents. Nonetheless, under conditions of failing autoregulation, ROS may attack integral cellular components, cause cell death and deteriorate the evolving injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Juránek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Jochmanová I, Yang C, Zhuang Z, Pacak K. Hypoxia-inducible factor signaling in pheochromocytoma: turning the rudder in the right direction. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:1270-83. [PMID: 23940289 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many solid tumors, including pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL), are characterized by a (pseudo)hypoxic signature. (Pseudo)hypoxia has been shown to promote both tumor progression and resistance to therapy. The major mediators of the transcriptional hypoxic response are hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). High levels of HIFs lead to transcription of hypoxia-responsive genes, which are involved in tumorigenesis. PHEOs and PGLs are catecholamine-producing tumors arising from sympathetic- or parasympathetic-derived chromaffin tissue. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in understanding the metabolic disturbances present in PHEO and PGL, especially because of the identification of some disease-susceptibility genes. To date, fifteen PHEO and PGL susceptibility genes have been identified. Based on the main transcription signatures of the mutated genes, PHEOs and PGLs have been divided into two clusters, pseudohypoxic cluster 1 and cluster 2, rich in kinase receptor signaling and protein translation pathways. Although these two clusters seem to show distinct signaling pathways, recent data suggest that both clusters are interconnected by HIF signaling as the important driver in their tumorigenesis, and mutations in most PHEO and PGL susceptibility genes seem to affect HIF-α regulation and its downstream signaling pathways. HIF signaling appears to play an important role in the development and growth of PHEOs and PGLs, which could suggest new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jochmanová
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA
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Kim MJ, Ainsley JA, Carder JW, Johnson WA. Hyperoxia-triggered aversion behavior in Drosophila foraging larvae is mediated by sensory detection of hydrogen peroxide. J Neurogenet 2013; 27:151-62. [PMID: 23927496 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2013.804920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in excess have been implicated in numerous chronic illnesses, including asthma, diabetes, aging, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative illness. However, at lower concentrations, ROS can also serve essential routine functions as part of cellular signal transduction pathways. As products of atmospheric oxygen, ROS-mediated signals can function to coordinate external environmental conditions with growth and development. A central challenge has been a mechanistic distinction between the toxic effects of oxidative stress and endogenous ROS functions occurring at much lower concentrations. Drosophila larval aerotactic behavioral assays revealed strong developmentally regulated aversion to mild hyperoxia mediated by H2O2-dependent activation of class IV multidendritic (mdIV) sensory neurons expressing the Degenerin/epithelial Na(+) channel subunit, Pickpocket1 (PPK1). Electrophysiological recordings in foraging-stage larvae (78-84 h after egg laying [AEL]) demonstrated PPK1-dependent activation of mdIV neurons by nanomolar levels of H2O2 well below levels normally associated with oxidative stress. Acute sensitivity was reduced > 100-fold during the larval developmental transition to wandering stage (> 96 h AEL), corresponding to a loss of hyperoxia aversion behavior during the same period. Degradation of endogenous H2O2 by transgenic overexpression of catalase in larval epidermis caused a suppression of hyperoxia aversion behavior. Conversely, disruption of endogenous catalase activity using a UAS-CatRNAi transposon resulted in an enhanced hyperoxia-aversive response. These results demonstrate an essential role for low-level endogenous H2O2 as an environment-derived signal coordinating developmental behavioral transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Jun Kim
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa , USA
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30
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Wound Management in the Presence of Peripheral Arterial Disease. TOPICS IN GERIATRIC REHABILITATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/tgr.0b013e31828b1b5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Vigani G. Does a similar metabolic reprogramming occur in fe-deficient plant cells and animal tumor cells? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:47. [PMID: 22645588 PMCID: PMC3355750 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Vigani
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
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32
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Zhu LL, Zhao T, huang X, Liu ZH, Wu LY, Wu KW, Fan M. Gene expression profiles and metabolic changes in embryonic neural progenitor cells under low oxygen. Cell Reprogram 2011; 13:113-20. [PMID: 21473688 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2010.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia promotes the proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), and low oxygen is a useful tool for expansion of NPCs in vitro. To further understand the regulation of the mechanisms involved, we first identified the gene expression profile of NPCs and characterized their metabolic changes in vitro under 3% oxygen. NPCs derived from E13.5 rat mesencephalon were cultured under either normoxia or hypoxia for 24 h and 72 h. Total RNA was subjected to cDNA microarray analysis of 5705 genes. The results showed that approximately 1.24% of gene expression changed under low oxygen at the two time points. Among the 142 differentially expressed genes, the greatest number was involved in glycolysis and metabolism. The metabolic changes of NPCs under low oxygen conditions were also assayed. The glucose content in the conditioned medium incubated in low oxygen decreased significantly; however, the levels of pyruvate and lactic acid increased compared to conditioned medium cultured in normoxia. The NPCs under low oxygen consumed more glucose and produced energy by glycolysis. The information gained from gene expression and metabolic analyses of NPCs under low oxygen conditions will provide new approaches for the evaluation of NPCs as potential in vivo cellular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Zhu
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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33
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Bioactive food components, cancer cell growth limitation and reversal of glycolytic metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:697-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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34
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Taylor CT, McElwain JC. Ancient atmospheres and the evolution of oxygen sensing via the hypoxia-inducible factor in metazoans. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 25:272-9. [PMID: 20940432 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00029.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoan diversification occurred during a time when atmospheric oxygen levels fluctuated between 15 and 30%. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a primary regulator of the adaptive transcriptional response to hypoxia. Although the HIF pathway is highly conserved, its complexity increased during periods when atmospheric oxygen concentrations were increasing. Thus atmospheric oxygen levels may have provided a selection force on the development of cellular oxygen-sensing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac T Taylor
- UCD Conway Institute, Systems Biology Ireland and School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
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35
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Piontkivska H, Chung JS, Ivanina AV, Sokolov EP, Techa S, Sokolova IM. Molecular characterization and mRNA expression of two key enzymes of hypoxia-sensing pathways in eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin): hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIF-α) and HIF-prolyl hydroxylase (PHD). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2010; 6:103-14. [PMID: 21106446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen homeostasis is crucial for development, survival and normal function of all metazoans. A family of transcription factors called hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) is critical in mediating the adaptive responses to reduced oxygen availability. The HIF transcription factor consists of a constitutively expressed β subunit and an oxygen-dependent α subunit; the abundance of the latter determines the activity of HIF and is regulated by a family of O(2)- and Fe(2+)-dependent enzymes prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). Currently very little is known about the function of this important pathway and the molecular structure of its key players in hypoxia-tolerant intertidal mollusks including oysters, which are among the animal champions of anoxic and hypoxic tolerance and thus can serve as excellent models to study the role of HIF cascade in adaptations to oxygen deficiency. We have isolated transcripts of two key components of the oxygen sensing pathway - the oxygen-regulated HIF-α subunit and PHD - from an intertidal mollusk, the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, and determined the transcriptional responses of these two genes to anoxia, hypoxia and cadmium (Cd) stress. HIF-α and PHD homologs from eastern oysters C. virginica show significant sequence similarity and share key functional domains with the earlier described isoforms from vertebrates and invertebrates. Phylogenetic analysis shows that genetic diversification of HIF and PHD isoforms occurred within the vertebrate lineage indicating functional diversification and specialization of the oxygen-sensing pathways in this group, which parallels situation observed for many other important genes. HIF-α and PHD homologs are broadly expressed at the mRNA level in different oyster tissues and show transcriptional responses to prolonged hypoxia in the gills consistent with their putative role in oxygen sensing and the adaptive response to hypoxia. Similarity in amino acid sequence, domain structure and transcriptional responses between HIF-α and PHD homologs from oysters and other invertebrate and vertebrate species implies the highly conserved functions of these genes throughout the evolutionary history of animals, in accordance with their critical role in oxygen sensing and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, OH 44242-0001, USA.
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36
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Weinreb O, Amit T, Mandel S, Kupershmidt L, Youdim MBH. Neuroprotective multifunctional iron chelators: from redox-sensitive process to novel therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:919-49. [PMID: 20095867 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that many cytotoxic signals occurring in the neurodegenerative brain can initiate neuronal death processes, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and accumulation of iron at the sites of the neuronal deterioration. Neuroprotection by iron chelators has been widely recognized with respect to their ability to prevent hydroxyl radical formation in the Fenton reaction by sequestering redox-active iron. An additional neuroprotective mechanism of iron chelators is associated with their ability to upregulate or stabilize the transcriptional activator, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha). HIF-1alpha stability within the cells is under the control of a class of iron-dependent and oxygen-sensor enzymes, HIF prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHDs) that target HIF-1alpha for degradation. Thus, an emerging novel target for neuroprotection is associated with the HIF system to promote stabilization of HIF-1alpha and increase transcription of HIF-1-related survival genes, which have been reported to be regulated in patient's brains afflicted with diverse neurodegenerative diseases. In accordance, a new potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases is explored, by which iron chelators would inhibit PHDs, target the HIF-1-signaling pathway and ultimately activate HIF-1-dependent neuroprotective genes. This review discusses two interrelated approaches concerning therapy targets in neurodegeneration, sharing in common the implementation of iron chelation activity: antioxidation and HIF-1-pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Weinreb
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel.
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37
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The metabolic switch and its regulation in cancer cells. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:942-58. [PMID: 20821293 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-4041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The primary features of cancer are maintained via intrinsically modified metabolic activity, which is characterized by enhanced nutrient supply, energy production, and biosynthetic activity to synthesize a variety of macromolecular components during each passage through the cell cycle. This metabolic shift in transformed cells, as compared with non-proliferating cells, involves aberrant activation of aerobic glycolysis, de novo lipid biosynthesis and glutamine-dependent anaplerosis to fuel robust cell growth and proliferation. Here, we discuss the unique metabolic characteristics of cancer, the constitutive regulation of metabolism through a variety of signal transduction pathways and/or enzymes involved in metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells, and their implications in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Quaegebeur A, Carmeliet P. Oxygen sensing: a common crossroad in cancer and neurodegeneration. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 345:71-103. [PMID: 20582529 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins are cellular oxygen sensors that orchestrate an adaptive response to hypoxia and oxidative stress, executed by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). By increasing oxygen supply, reducing oxygen consumption, and reprogramming metabolism, the PHD/HIF pathway confers tolerance towards hypoxic and oxidative stress. This review discusses the involvement of the PHD/HIF response in two, at first sight, entirely distinct pathologies with opposite outcome, i.e. cancer leading to cellular growth and neurodegeneration resulting in cell death. However, these disorders share common mechanisms of sensing oxygen and oxidative stress. We will focus on how PHD/HIF signaling is pathogenetically implicated in metabolic and vessel alterations in these diseases and how manipulation of this pathway might offer novel treatment opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Quaegebeur
- Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, K.U. Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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39
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Gordillo GM, Sen CK. Evidence-based recommendations for the use of topical oxygen therapy in the treatment of lower extremity wounds. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2009; 8:105-11. [PMID: 19443899 DOI: 10.1177/1534734609335149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Topical oxygen therapy provides another tool in the armamentarium of clinicians treating refractory lower extremity wounds. Devices suitable for providing topical oxygen therapy in a clinical setting have recently become available. This article reviews the evidence to justify the use of this treatment modality, including in vitro, preclinical data, and clinical data. It also provides a protocol for how to administer topical oxygen therapy as well as guidance on patient selection and management to optimize outcomes. Randomized controlled trials are not yet reported and clearly necessary. The current body of evidence suggests that topical oxygen therapy may be considered as a second line of therapy for refractory wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle M Gordillo
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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40
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Taylor CT, Moncada S. Nitric oxide, cytochrome C oxidase, and the cellular response to hypoxia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 30:643-7. [PMID: 19713530 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.181628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO; complex IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain) is the primary site of cellular oxygen consumption and, as such, is central to oxidative phosphorylation and the generation of adenosine-triphosphate. Nitric oxide (NO), an endogenously-generated gas, modulates the activity of CcO. Depending on the intracellular oxygen concentration and the resultant dominant redox state of CcO, the interaction between CcO and NO can have a range of signaling consequences for cells in the perception of changes in oxygen concentration and the initiation of adaptive responses. At higher oxygen concentrations, when CcO is predominantly in an oxidized state, it consumes NO. At lower oxygen concentrations, when CcO is predominantly reduced, NO is not consumed and accumulates in the microenvironment, with implications for both the respiratory rate of cells and the local vascular tone. Changes in the availability of intracellular oxygen and in the generation of reactive oxygen species that accompany these interactions result in cell signaling and in regulation of oxygen-sensitive pathways that ultimately determine the nature of the cellular response to hypoxia.
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Costantino E, Maddalena F, Calise S, Piscazzi A, Tirino V, Fersini A, Ambrosi A, Neri V, Esposito F, Landriscina M. TRAP1, a novel mitochondrial chaperone responsible for multi-drug resistance and protection from apoptotis in human colorectal carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2009; 279:39-46. [PMID: 19217207 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
TRAP1 is a component of a pro-survival mitochondrial pathway up-regulated in tumor cells. The evaluation of TRAP1 expression in 26 human colorectal carcinomas showed up-regulation in 17/26 tumors. Accordingly, TRAP1 levels were increased in HT-29 colorectal carcinoma cells resistant to 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and irinotecan. Thus, we investigated the role of TRAP1 in multi-drug resistance in human colorectal cancer. Interestingly, TRAP1 overexpression leads to 5-fluorouracil-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-resistant phenotypes in different neoplastic cells. Conversely, the inhibition of TRAP1 activity by TRAP1 ATPase antagonist, shepherdin, increased the sensitivity to oxaliplatin and irinotecan in colorectal carcinoma cells resistant to the single agents. These results suggest that the increased expression of TRAP1 could be part of a pro-survival pathway responsible for multi-drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Costantino
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
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42
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Inhibition of oxygen sensors as a therapeutic strategy for ischaemic and inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8:139-52. [PMID: 19165233 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cells in the human body need oxygen to function and survive, and severe deprivation of oxygen, as occurs in ischaemic heart disease and stroke, is a major cause of mortality. Nevertheless, other organisms, such as the fossorial mole rat or diving seals, have acquired the ability to survive in conditions of limited oxygen supply. Hypoxia tolerance also allows the heart to survive chronic oxygen shortage, and ischaemic preconditioning protects tissues against lethal hypoxia. The recent discovery of a new family of oxygen sensors--including prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins 1-3 (PHD1-3)--has yielded exciting novel insights into how cells sense oxygen and keep oxygen supply and consumption in balance. Advances in understanding of the role of these oxygen sensors in hypoxia tolerance, ischaemic preconditioning and inflammation are creating new opportunities for pharmacological interventions for ischaemic and inflammatory diseases.
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Abstract
The state of wound oxygenation is a key determinant of healing outcomes. From a diagnostic standpoint, measurements of wound oxygenation are commonly used to guide treatment planning such as amputation decision. In preventive applications, optimizing wound perfusion and providing supplemental O(2) in the perioperative period reduces the incidence of postoperative infections. Correction of wound pO(2) may, by itself, trigger some healing responses. Importantly, approaches to correct wound pO(2) favorably influence outcomes of other therapies such as responsiveness to growth factors and acceptance of grafts. Chronic ischemic wounds are essentially hypoxic. Primarily based on the tumor literature, hypoxia is generally viewed as being angiogenic. This is true with the condition that hypoxia be acute and mild to modest in magnitude. Extreme near-anoxic hypoxia, as commonly noted in problem wounds, is not compatible with tissue repair. Adequate wound tissue oxygenation is required but may not be sufficient to favorably influence healing outcomes. Success in wound care may be improved by a personalized health care approach. The key lies in our ability to specifically identify the key limitations of a given wound and in developing a multifaceted strategy to specifically address those limitations. In considering approaches to oxygenate the wound tissue it is important to recognize that both too little as well as too much may impede the healing process. Oxygen dosing based on the specific need of a wound therefore seems prudent. Therapeutic approaches targeting the oxygen sensing and redox signaling pathways are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan K Sen
- The Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery and Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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44
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Abstract
Post-translational modification is a critical event in the dynamic regulation of protein stability, location, structure, function, activity and interaction with other proteins and as such plays an important role in organism complexity. Over the last 10 years, the extensive and critical role of one such protein modification by SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) has become apparent. The focus of this mini-review will be on recent reports of a possible functional role for the SUMO pathway in the adaptive cellular response to metabolic challenge, such as oxygen deprivation (hypoxia). Here, we will briefly review the evolving evidence for this pathway in the regulation of a number of metabolic regulators and discuss a possible role for SUMOylation in the regulation of basic metabolic function.
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45
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Kroemer G, Pouyssegur J. Tumor cell metabolism: cancer's Achilles' heel. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:472-82. [PMID: 18538731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1627] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The essential hallmarks of cancer are intertwined with an altered cancer cell-intrinsic metabolism, either as a consequence or as a cause. As an example, the resistance of cancer mitochondria against apoptosis-associated permeabilization and the altered contribution of these organelles to metabolism are closely related. Similarly, the constitutive activation of signaling cascades that stimulate cell growth has a profound impact on anabolic metabolism. Here, we review the peculiarities of tumor cell metabolism that might be taken advantage of for cancer treatment. Specifically, we discuss the alterations in signal transduction pathways and/or enzymatic machineries that account for metabolic reprogramming of transformed cells.
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46
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Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration is responsible for more than 90% of oxygen consumption in humans. Cells utilize oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the aerobic metabolism of glucose to generate ATP which fuels most active cellular processes. Consequently, a drop in tissue oxygen levels to the point where oxygen demand exceeds supply (termed hypoxia) leads rapidly to metabolic crisis and represents a severe threat to ongoing physiological function and ultimately, viability. Because of the central role of oxygen in metabolism, it is perhaps not surprising that we have evolved an efficient and rapid molecular response system which senses hypoxia in cells, leading to the induction of an array of adaptive genes which facilitate increased oxygen supply and support anaerobic ATP generation. This response is governed by HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor). The oxygen sensitivity of this pathway is conferred by a family of hydroxylases which repress HIF activity in normoxia allowing its rapid activation in hypoxia. Because of its importance in a diverse range of disease states, the mechanism by which cells sense hypoxia and transduce a signal to the HIF pathway is an area of intense investigation. Inhibition of mitochondrial function reverses hypoxia-induced HIF leading to speculation of a role for mitochondria in cellular oxygen sensing. However, the nature of the signal between mitochondria and oxygen-sensing hydroxylase enzymes has remained controversial. In the present review, two models of the role for mitochondria in oxygen sensing will be discussed and recent evidence will be presented which raises the possibility that these two models which implicate ROS (reactive oxygen species) and oxygen redistribution respectively may complement each other and facilitate rapid and dynamic activation of the HIF pathway in hypoxia.
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