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Kim KS, Na K, Bae YH. Nanoparticle oral absorption and its clinical translational potential. J Control Release 2023; 360:149-162. [PMID: 37348679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration of pharmaceuticals is the most preferred route of administration for patients, but it is challenging to effectively deliver active ingredients (APIs) that i) have extremely high or low solubility in intestinal fluids, ii) are large in size, iii) are subject to digestive and/or metabolic enzymes present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), brush border, and liver, and iv) are P-glycoprotein substrates. Over the past decades, efforts to increase the oral bioavailability of APIs have led to the development of nanoparticles (NPs) with non-specific uptake pathways (M cells, mucosal, and tight junctions) and target-specific uptake pathways (FcRn, vitamin B12, and bile acids). However, voluminous findings from preclinical models of different species rarely meet practical standards when translated to humans, and API concentrations in NPs are not within the adequate therapeutic window. Various NP oral delivery approaches studied so far show varying bioavailability impacted by a range of factors, such as species, GIT physiology, age, and disease state. This may cause difficulty in obtaining similar oral delivery efficacy when research results in animal models are translated into humans. This review describes the selection of parameters to be considered for translational potential when designing and developing oral NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Sub Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Na
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea; Department of BioMedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - You Han Bae
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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2
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Li H, Wei H, Padera TP, Baish JW, Munn LL. Computational simulations of the effects of gravity on lymphatic transport. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac237. [PMID: 36712369 PMCID: PMC9802413 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Physical forces, including mechanical stretch, fluid pressure, and shear forces alter lymphatic vessel contractions and lymph flow. Gravitational forces can affect these forces, resulting in altered lymphatic transport, but the mechanisms involved have not been studied in detail. Here, we combine a lattice Boltzmann-based fluid dynamics computational model with known lymphatic mechanobiological mechanisms to investigate the movement of fluid through a lymphatic vessel under the effects of gravity that may either oppose or assist flow. Regularly spaced, mechanical bi-leaflet valves in the vessel enforce net positive flow as the vessel walls contract autonomously in response to calcium and nitric oxide (NO) levels regulated by vessel stretch and shear stress levels. We find that large gravitational forces opposing flow can stall the contractions, leading to no net flow, but transient mechanical perturbations can re-establish pumping. In the case of gravity strongly assisting flow, the contractions also cease due to high shear stress and NO production, which dilates the vessel to allow gravity-driven flow. In the intermediate range of oppositional gravity forces, the vessel actively contracts to offset nominal gravity levels or to modestly assist the favorable hydrostatic pressure gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Material Science and Technology, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Huajian Wei
- Department of Material Science and Technology, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Timothy P Padera
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James W Baish
- Biomedical Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Lance L Munn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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3
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Abstract
The lymphatic system, composed of initial and collecting lymphatic vessels as well as lymph nodes that are present in almost every tissue of the human body, acts as an essential transport system for fluids, biomolecules and cells between peripheral tissues and the central circulation. Consequently, it is required for normal body physiology but is also involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, most notably cancer. The important role of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels and lymphangiogenesis in the formation of lymph node metastasis has been elucidated during the last two decades, whereas the underlying mechanisms and the relation between lymphatic and peripheral organ dissemination of cancer cells are incompletely understood. Lymphatic vessels are also important for tumor-host communication, relaying molecular information from a primary or metastatic tumor to regional lymph nodes and the circulatory system. Beyond antigen transport, lymphatic endothelial cells, particularly those residing in lymph node sinuses, have recently been recognized as direct regulators of tumor immunity and immunotherapy responsiveness, presenting tumor antigens and expressing several immune-modulatory signals including PD-L1. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries in this rapidly evolving field and highlight strategies and challenges of therapeutic targeting of lymphatic vessels or specific lymphatic functions in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar C Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Tacconi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ducoli
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Lee Y, Zawieja SD, Muthuchamy M. Lymphatic Collecting Vessel: New Perspectives on Mechanisms of Contractile Regulation and Potential Lymphatic Contractile Pathways to Target in Obesity and Metabolic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:848088. [PMID: 35355722 PMCID: PMC8959455 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.848088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome pose a significant risk for developing cardiovascular disease and remain a critical healthcare challenge. Given the lymphatic system's role as a nexus for lipid absorption, immune cell trafficking, interstitial fluid and macromolecule homeostasis maintenance, the impact of obesity and metabolic disease on lymphatic function is a burgeoning field in lymphatic research. Work over the past decade has progressed from the association of an obese phenotype with Prox1 haploinsufficiency and the identification of obesity as a risk factor for lymphedema to consistent findings of lymphatic collecting vessel dysfunction across multiple metabolic disease models and organisms and characterization of obesity-induced lymphedema in the morbidly obese. Critically, recent findings have suggested that restoration of lymphatic function can also ameliorate obesity and insulin resistance, positing lymphatic targeted therapies as relevant pharmacological interventions. There remain, however, significant gaps in our understanding of lymphatic collecting vessel function, particularly the mechanisms that regulate the spontaneous contractile activity required for active lymph propulsion and lymph return in humans. In this article, we will review the current findings on lymphatic architecture and collecting vessel function, including recent advances in the ionic basis of lymphatic muscle contractile activity. We will then discuss lymphatic dysfunction observed with metabolic disruption and potential pathways to target with pharmacological approaches to improve lymphatic collecting vessel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Mariappan Muthuchamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, United States
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5
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Hancock EJ, Zawieja SD, Macaskill C, Davis MJ, Bertram CD. Modelling the coupling of the M-clock and C-clock in lymphatic muscle cells. Comput Biol Med 2022; 142:105189. [PMID: 34995957 PMCID: PMC9132416 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic dysfunction of the lymphatic vascular system results in fluid accumulation between cells: lymphoedema. The condition is commonly acquired secondary to diseases such as cancer or the associated therapies. The primary driving force for fluid return through the lymphatic vasculature is provided by contractions of the muscularized lymphatic collecting vessels, driven by electrochemical oscillations. However, there is an incomplete understanding of the molecular and bioelectric mechanisms involved in lymphatic muscle cell excitation, hampering the development and use of pharmacological therapies. Modelling in silico has contributed greatly to understanding the contributions of specific ion channels to the cardiac action potential, but modelling of these processes in lymphatic muscle remains limited. Here, we propose a model of oscillations in the membrane voltage (M-clock) and intracellular calcium concentrations (C-clock) of lymphatic muscle cells. We modify a model by Imtiaz and colleagues to enable the M-clock to drive the C-clock oscillations. This approach differs from typical models of calcium oscillators in lymphatic and related cell types, but is required to fit recent experimental data. We include an additional voltage dependence in the gating variable control for the L-type calcium channel, enabling the M-clock to oscillate independently of the C-clock. We use phase-plane analysis to show that these M-clock oscillations are qualitatively similar to those of a generalised FitzHugh-Nagumo model. We also provide phase plane analysis to understand the interaction of the M-clock and C-clock oscillations. The model and methods have the potential to help determine mechanisms and find targets for pharmacological treatment of lymphoedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Hancock
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - S D Zawieja
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MI, 65212, USA
| | - C Macaskill
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - M J Davis
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MI, 65212, USA
| | - C D Bertram
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Selahi A, Fernando T, Chakraborty S, Muthuchamy M, Zawieja DC, Jain A. Lymphangion-chip: a microphysiological system which supports co-culture and bidirectional signaling of lymphatic endothelial and muscle cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 22:121-135. [PMID: 34850797 PMCID: PMC9761984 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00720c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of several lymphatic diseases, such as lymphedema, depends on the function of lymphangions that drive lymph flow. Even though the signaling between the two main cellular components of a lymphangion, endothelial cells (LECs) and muscle cells (LMCs), is responsible for crucial lymphatic functions, there are no in vitro models that have included both cell types. Here, a fabrication technique (gravitational lumen patterning or GLP) is developed to create a lymphangion-chip. This organ-on-chip consists of co-culture of a monolayer of endothelial lumen surrounded by multiple and uniformly thick layers of muscle cells. The platform allows construction of a wide range of luminal diameters and muscular layer thicknesses, thus providing a toolbox to create variable anatomy. In this device, lymphatic muscle cells align circumferentially while endothelial cells aligned axially under flow, as only observed in vivo in the past. This system successfully characterizes the dynamics of cell size, density, growth, alignment, and intercellular gap due to co-culture and shear. Finally, exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines reveals that the device could facilitate the regulation of endothelial barrier function through the lymphatic muscle cells. Therefore, this bioengineered platform is suitable for use in preclinical research of lymphatic and blood mechanobiology, inflammation, and translational outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirali Selahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, 101 Bizzell Street College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Teshan Fernando
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, 101 Bizzell Street College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Mariappan Muthuchamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - David C Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Abhishek Jain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, 101 Bizzell Street College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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Lee JY, Heilweil G, Le P, Saraswathy S, Hong YK, Girkin CA, Huang AS. Structural Confirmation of Lymphatic Outflow from Subconjunctival Blebs of Live Human Subjects. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2021; 1. [PMID: 35005679 PMCID: PMC8740887 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To uncover the mechanism of subconjunctival outflow in humans. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Fifteen patients receiving subconjunctival anesthesia before intravitreal injection for routine clinical care. Methods Anterior segment (AS) OCT was performed in patients with various instances of conjunctival edema or subconjunctival fluid. Other patients received a subconjunctival mixture of 0.005% indocyanine green and 2% lidocaine. After subconjunctival injection of the tracer and anesthetic mixture, blebs and associated outflow pathways were imaged angiographically and the time for appearance was recorded. The pattern and structure of outflow pathways were studied using AS OCT. Angiographic and AS OCT results were compared with trabecular and conventional outflow imaging, which demonstrates veins. Main Outcome Measures Ocular surface lymphangiography and AS OCT images. Results Anterior segment OCT of the conjunctiva in a normal eye demonstrated thin nonedematous conjunctiva with absent intraconjunctival lumens or subconjunctival fluid. Patients with a history of trabeculectomy, subconjunctival drug injection, or chemosis demonstrated thickened conjunctiva and intraconjunctival luminal pathways that contained valve-like structures. Tracer-based studies in patients demonstrated blebs with irregular subconjunctival bleb-related outflow patterns that arose in a time-dependent fashion. These angiographic pathways were luminal on OCT, sausage shaped, and contained intraluminal valve-like structures. This was in contrast to trabecular and conventional outflow imaging, where pathways were classically Y-shaped, of even caliber, and lacked valve-like structures. Conclusions Outflow pathways were seen in patients with conjunctival edema and after subconjunctival tracer injection. These pathways were lymphatic based on pattern and structural study. Better understanding of bleb-related lymphatic outflow may lead to improved bleb-requiring glaucoma surgeries and subconjunctival drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yeon Lee
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Gad Heilweil
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Phuc Le
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sindhu Saraswathy
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Girkin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alex S Huang
- The Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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8
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Morris CJ, Zawieja DC, Moore JE. A multiscale sliding filament model of lymphatic muscle pumping. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:2179-2202. [PMID: 34476656 PMCID: PMC8595193 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatics maintain fluid balance by returning interstitial fluid to veins via contraction/compression of vessel segments with check valves. Disruption of lymphatic pumping can result in a condition called lymphedema with interstitial fluid accumulation. Lymphedema treatments are often ineffective, which is partially attributable to insufficient understanding of specialized lymphatic muscle lining the vessels. This muscle exhibits cardiac-like phasic contractions and smooth muscle-like tonic contractions to generate and regulate flow. To understand the relationship between this sub-cellular contractile machinery and organ-level pumping, we have developed a multiscale computational model of phasic and tonic contractions in lymphatic muscle and coupled it to a lymphangion pumping model. Our model uses the sliding filament model (Huxley in Prog Biophys Biophys Chem 7:255-318, 1957) and its adaptation for smooth muscle (Mijailovich in Biophys J 79(5):2667-2681, 2000). Multiple structural arrangements of contractile components and viscoelastic elements were trialed but only one provided physiologic results. We then coupled this model with our previous lumped parameter model of the lymphangion to relate results to experiments. We show that the model produces similar pressure, diameter, and flow tracings to experiments on rat mesenteric lymphatics. This model provides the first estimates of lymphatic muscle contraction energetics and the ability to assess the potential effects of sub-cellular level phenomena such as calcium oscillations on lymphangion outflow. The maximum efficiency value predicted (40%) is at the upper end of estimates for other muscle types. Spontaneous calcium oscillations during diastole were found to increase outflow up to approximately 50% in the range of frequencies and amplitudes tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Morris
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David C Zawieja
- College of Medicine Faculty, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - James E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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9
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Sinha S, Lee EW, Dori Y, Katsuhide M. Advances in lymphatic imaging and interventions in patients with congenital heart disease. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2021.101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Lymph Node to Vein Anastomosis (LNVA) for lower extremity lymphedema. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2021; 74:2059-2067. [PMID: 33640308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The microsurgical options for lower limb lymphedema is a challenge. In search to improve the overall result, we hypothesized it would be beneficial to add the functioning lymph nodes to vein anastomosis (LNVA) in addition to lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA). This is a retrospective study of 160 unilateral stage II & III lower extremity lymphedema comparing the outcome between the LNVA + LVA group and the LVA only group from May 2013 to June 2018. MRI was used to identify the functioning lymph nodes. Patient outcome, including lower extremity circumference, body weight, bio impedance test, and other data were analyzed to evaluate whether lymph nodes to vein anastomosis (LNVA) improved outcome. The LNVA + LVA group showed significantly better results for circumference reduction rate, body weight reduction rate, and extracellular fluid reduction rate of the affected limb as compared to the LVA only group for both stage II and III lymphedema. The MRI imaging revealed that 9 cases had no identifiable lymph nodes of the affected limb and 54 cases with a nonfunctioning lymph node upon exploration despite positive imaging. Correlation showed the lymph node size needed to be at least 8 mm in the MRI to be functional. The LNVA + LVA approach for lymphedema has the benefit of better reduction as compared to LVA alone in the lower limb as well as the suprapubic region. Preoperative MRI will help to identify the functioning lymph node by increasing the overall probability of positive outcome.
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11
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O’Brien A, Gasheva O, Alpini G, Zawieja D, Gashev A, Glaser S. The Role of Lymphatics in Cholestasis: A Comprehensive Review. Semin Liver Dis 2020; 40:403-410. [PMID: 32906164 PMCID: PMC9624117 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver disease affects millions of people worldwide and stems from a plethora of causes such as immune dysfunction, genetics, cancerous growths, and lifestyle choices. While not considered a classical lymphatic organ, the liver plays a vital role in the lymph system producing up to half of the body's lymph per day. The lymphatic system is critical to the health of an organism with its networks of vessels that provide drainage for lymphatic fluid and routes for surveilling immune cells. Cholestasis results in an increase of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and inflammatory infiltrate. Left unchecked, further disease progression will include collagen deposition which impedes both the hepatic and lymphatic ducts, eventually resulting in an increase in hepatic decompensation, increasing portal pressures, and accumulation of fluid within the abdominal cavity (ascites). Despite the documented interplay between these vital systems, little is known about the effect of liver disease on the lymph system and its biological response. This review looks at the current cholestatic literature from the perspective of the lymphatic system and summarizes what is known about the role of the lymph system in liver pathogenesis during hepatic injury and remodeling, immune-modulating events, or variations in interstitial pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- April O’Brien
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas
| | - Olga Gasheva
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas
| | - Anatoliy Gashev
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas
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12
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Bachmann SB, Gsponer D, Montoya-Zegarra JA, Schneider M, Scholkmann F, Tacconi C, Noerrelykke SF, Proulx ST, Detmar M. A Distinct Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Modulating the Function of Lymphatic Vessels under Physiological and Tumor-Draining Conditions. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3305-3314.e13. [PMID: 31189113 PMCID: PMC6581737 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels (LVs) are important in the regulation of tissue fluid homeostasis and the pathogenesis of tumor progression. We investigated the innervation of LVs and the response to agonists and antagonists of the autonomic nervous system in vivo. While skin-draining collecting LVs express muscarinic, α1- and β2-adrenergic receptors on lymphatic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, intestinal lacteals express only β-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors on their smooth muscle cells. Quantitative in vivo near-infrared imaging of the exposed flank-collecting LV revealed that muscarinic and α1-adrenergic agonists increased LV contractility, whereas activation of β2-adrenergic receptors inhibited contractility and initiated nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation. Tumor-draining LVs were expanded and showed a higher innervation density and contractility that was reduced by treatment with atropine, phentolamine, and, most potently, isoproterenol. These findings likely have clinical implications given the impact of lymphatic fluid drainage on intratumoral fluid pressure and thus drug delivery. Murine lymphatic vessels are innervated in an organ-specific manner α1-adrenergic and muscarinic agents enhance lymphatic contractility in vivo β2-adrenergic agents reduce lymphatic contractility Tumor-draining lymphatic vessels have increased innervation and contractility
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia B Bachmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denise Gsponer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Schneider
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Tacconi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon F Noerrelykke
- ScopeM, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven T Proulx
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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13
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Trevaskis NL, Lee G, Escott A, Phang KL, Hong J, Cao E, Katneni K, Charman SA, Han S, Charman WN, Phillips ARJ, Windsor JA, Porter CJH. Intestinal Lymph Flow, and Lipid and Drug Transport Scale Allometrically From Pre-clinical Species to Humans. Front Physiol 2020; 11:458. [PMID: 32670074 PMCID: PMC7326060 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal lymphatic system transports fluid, immune cells, dietary lipids, and highly lipophilic drugs from the intestine to the systemic circulation. These transport functions are important to health and when dysregulated contribute to pathology. This has generated significant interest in approaches to deliver drugs to the lymphatics. Most of the current understanding of intestinal lymph flow, and lymphatic lipid and drug transport rates, comes from in vitro studies and in vivo animal studies. In contrast, intestinal lymphatic transport studies in human subjects have been limited. Recently, three surgical patients had cannulation of the thoracic lymph duct for collection of lymph before and during a stepwise increase in enteral feed rate. We compared these data to studies where we previously enterally administered controlled quantities of lipid and the lipophilic drug halofantrine to mice, rats and dogs and collected lymph and blood (plasma). The collected lymph was analyzed to compare lymph flow rate, triglyceride (TG) and drug transport rates, and plasma was analyzed for drug concentrations, as a function of enteral lipid dose across species. Lymph flow rate, TG and drug transport increased with lipid administration in all species tested, and scaled allometrically according to the equation A = aM E where A is the lymph transport parameter, M is animal body mass, a is constant and E is the allometric exponent. For lymph flow rate and TG transport, the allometric exponents were 0.84-0.94 and 0.80-0.96, respectively. Accordingly, weight normalized lymph flow and TG mass transport were generally lower in larger compared to smaller species. In comparison, mass transport of drug via lymph increased in a greater than proportional manner with species body mass with an exponent of ∼1.3. The supra-proportional increase in lymphatic drug transport with species body mass appeared to be due to increased partitioning of drug into lymph rather than blood following absorption. Overall, this study proposes that intestinal lymphatic flow, and lymphatic lipid and drug transport in humans is most similar to species with higher body mass such as dogs and underestimated by studies in rodents. Notably, lymph flow and lipid transport in humans can be predicted from animal data via allometric scaling suggesting the potential for similar relationships with drug transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Given Lee
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alistair Escott
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,HBP/Upper GI Unit, Department of General Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kian Liun Phang
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,HBP/Upper GI Unit, Department of General Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiwon Hong
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Enyuan Cao
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kasiram Katneni
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - William N Charman
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony R J Phillips
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John A Windsor
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,HBP/Upper GI Unit, Department of General Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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14
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Razavi MS, Leonard-Duke J, Hardie B, Dixon JB, Gleason RL. Axial stretch regulates rat tail collecting lymphatic vessel contractions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5918. [PMID: 32246026 PMCID: PMC7125298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic contractions play a fundamental role in maintaining tissue and organ homeostasis. The lymphatic system relies on orchestrated contraction of collecting lymphatic vessels, via lymphatic muscle cells and one-way valves, to transport lymph from the interstitial space back to the great veins, against an adverse pressure gradient. Circumferential stretch is known to regulate contractile function in collecting lymphatic vessels; however, less is known about the role of axial stretch in regulating contraction. It is likely that collecting lymphatic vessels are under axial strain in vivo and that the opening and closing of lymphatic valves leads to significant changes in axial strain throughout the pumping cycle. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the responsiveness of lympatic pumping to altered axial stretch. In situ measurements suggest that rat tail collecting lymphatic vessels are under an axial stretch of ~1.24 under normal physiological loads. Ex vivo experiments on isolated rat tail collecting lymphatics showed that the contractile metrics such as contractile amplitude, frequency, ejection fraction, and fractional pump flow are sensitive to axial stretch. Multiphoton microscopy showed that the predominant orientation of collagen fibers is in the axial direction, while lymphatic muscle cell nuclei and actin fibers are oriented in both circumferential and longitudinal directions, suggesting an axial component to contraction. Taken together, these results demonstrate the significance of axial stretch in lymphatic contractile function, suggest that axial stretch may play an important role in regulating lymph transport, and demonstrate that changes in axial strains could be an important factor in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Razavi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Julie Leonard-Duke
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Becky Hardie
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - J Brandon Dixon
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Rudolph L Gleason
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. .,The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. .,The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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15
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Abstract
The ability to generate new microvessels in desired numbers and at desired locations has been a long-sought goal in vascular medicine, engineering, and biology. Historically, the need to revascularize ischemic tissues nonsurgically (so-called therapeutic vascularization) served as the main driving force for the development of new methods of vascular growth. More recently, vascularization of engineered tissues and the generation of vascularized microphysiological systems have provided additional targets for these methods, and have required adaptation of therapeutic vascularization to biomaterial scaffolds and to microscale devices. Three complementary strategies have been investigated to engineer microvasculature: angiogenesis (the sprouting of existing vessels), vasculogenesis (the coalescence of adult or progenitor cells into vessels), and microfluidics (the vascularization of scaffolds that possess the open geometry of microvascular networks). Over the past several decades, vascularization techniques have grown tremendously in sophistication, from the crude implantation of arteries into myocardial tunnels by Vineberg in the 1940s, to the current use of micropatterning techniques to control the exact shape and placement of vessels within a scaffold. This review provides a broad historical view of methods to engineer the microvasculature, and offers a common framework for organizing and analyzing the numerous studies in this area of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:1155-1212, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Tien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Brookline, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Reed HO, Wang L, Sonett J, Chen M, Yang J, Li L, Aradi P, Jakus Z, D'Armiento J, Hancock WW, Kahn ML. Lymphatic impairment leads to pulmonary tertiary lymphoid organ formation and alveolar damage. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2514-2526. [PMID: 30946031 DOI: 10.1172/jci125044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is a specialized barrier organ that must tightly regulate interstitial fluid clearance and prevent infection in order to maintain effective gas exchange. Lymphatic vessels are important for these functions in other organs, but their roles in the lung have not been fully defined. In the present study, we addressed how the lymphatic vasculature participates in lung homeostasis. Studies using mice carrying a lymphatic reporter allele revealeded that, in contrast to other organs, lung lymphatic collecting vessels lack smooth muscle cells entirely, suggesting that forward lymph flow is highly dependent on movement and changes in pressure associated with respiration. Functional studies using CLEC2-deficient mice in which lymph flow is impaired due to loss of lympho-venous hemostasis or using inducible lung-specific ablation of lymphatic endothelial cells in a lung transplant model revealeded that loss of lymphatic function leads to an inflammatory state characterized by the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs). In addition, impaired lymphatic flow in mice resulteds in hypoxia and features of lung injury that resemble emphysema. These findings reveal both a lung-specific mechanism of lymphatic physiology and a lung-specific consequence of lymphatic dysfunction that may contribute to chronic lung diseases that arise in association with TLO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasina Outtz Reed
- Department of Medicine and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care.,Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Liqing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jarrod Sonett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Molecular Pulmonary Disease, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jisheng Yang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Larry Li
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Petra Aradi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Jakus
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jeanine D'Armiento
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Molecular Pulmonary Disease, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wayne W Hancock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Transplant Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Cote B, Rao D, Alany RG, Kwon GS, Alani AW. Lymphatic changes in cancer and drug delivery to the lymphatics in solid tumors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 144:16-34. [PMID: 31461662 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although many solid tumors use the lymphatic system to metastasize, there are few treatment options that directly target cancer present in the lymphatic system, and those that do are highly invasive, uncomfortable, and/or have limitations. In this review we provide a brief overview of lymphatic function and anatomy, discusses changes that befall the lymphatics in cancer and the mechanisms by which these changes occur, and highlight limitations of lymphatic drug delivery. We then go on to summarize relevant techniques and new research for targeting cancer populations in the lymphatics and enhancing drug delivery intralymphatically, including intralymphatic injections, isolated limb perfusion, passive nano drug delivery systems, and actively targeted nanomedicine.
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18
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Gasheva OY, Tsoy Nizamutdinova I, Hargrove L, Gobbell C, Troyanova-Wood M, Alpini SF, Pal S, Du C, Hitt AR, Yakovlev VV, Newell-Rogers MK, Zawieja DC, Meininger CJ, Alpini GD, Francis H, Gashev AA. Prolonged intake of desloratadine: mesenteric lymphatic vessel dysfunction and development of obesity/metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G217-G227. [PMID: 30475062 PMCID: PMC6383386 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00321.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to establish mechanistic links between the prolonged intake of desloratadine, a common H1 receptor blocker (i.e., antihistamine), and development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 16 wk with desloratadine. We analyzed the dynamics of body weight gain, tissue fat accumulation/density, contractility of isolated mesenteric lymphatic vessels, and levels of blood lipids, glucose, and insulin, together with parameters of liver function. Prolonged intake of desloratadine induced development of an obesity-like phenotype and signs of metabolic syndrome. These alterations in the body included excessive weight gain, increased density of abdominal subcutaneous fat and intracapsular brown fat, high blood triglycerides with an indication of their rerouting toward portal blood, high HDL, high fasting blood glucose with normal fasting and nonfasting insulin levels (insulin resistance), high liver/body weight ratio, and liver steatosis (fatty liver). These changes were associated with dysfunction of mesenteric lymphatic vessels, specifically high lymphatic tone and resistance to flow together with diminished tonic and abolished phasic responses to increases in flow, (i.e., greatly diminished adaptive reserves to respond to postprandial increases in lymph flow). The role of nitric oxide in this flow-dependent adaptation was abolished, with remnants of these responses controlled by lymphatic vessel-derived histamine. Our current data, considered together with reports in the literature, support the notion that millions of the United States population are highly likely affected by underevaluated, lymphatic-related side effects of antihistamines and may develop obesity and metabolic syndrome due to the prolonged intake of this medication. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prolonged intake of desloratadine induced development of obesity and metabolic syndrome associated with dysfunction of mesenteric lymphatic vessels, high lymphatic tone, and resistance to flow together with greatly diminished adaptive reserves to respond to postprandial increases in lymph flow. Data support the notion that millions of the USA population are highly likely affected by underevaluated, lymphatic-related side effects of antihistamines and may develop obesity and metabolic syndrome due to the prolonged intake of this medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Y. Gasheva
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Irina Tsoy Nizamutdinova
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Laura Hargrove
- 2Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Cassidy Gobbell
- 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Maria Troyanova-Wood
- 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | | | - Sarit Pal
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Christina Du
- 4Department of Comparative Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Angie R. Hitt
- 4Department of Comparative Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Vlad V. Yakovlev
- 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - M. Karen Newell-Rogers
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - David C. Zawieja
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Cynthia J. Meininger
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco D. Alpini
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas,2Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Heather Francis
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas,2Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Anatoliy A. Gashev
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
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19
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Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 PMCID: PMC6459625 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Joshua P. Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard S. Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Shaquria P. Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - W. Lee Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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20
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Gasheva OY, Trzeciakowski JP, Gashev AA, Zawieja DC. Temporal Dynamics of the Rat Thoracic Duct Contractility in the Presence of Imposed Flow. Lymphat Res Biol 2018; 15:324-330. [PMID: 29252139 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2017.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The initial periods of increased flow inside lymphatic vessels demonstrate specific temporary patterns of self-tuning of lymphatic vessel contractility that are heterogeneous across regional lymphatic networks. The current literature primarily refers to the immediate and fast reactions of the lymphangions to increases in basal flow. Until now, there were no available data on how the lymphatic vessels react to comparatively longer periods of imposed flow. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we measured and analyzed the contractility of the rat thoracic duct segments, isolated, cannulated, and pressurized at 3 cm H2O at no imposed flow conditions and during 4 hours of imposed flow (constant transaxial pressure gradient of 2 cm H2O). We found the development of a progressing lymphatic tonic relaxation and inhibition of the lymphatic contraction frequency over 4 hours of imposed flow. After a short initial decrease, lymphatic phasic contraction amplitude rose significantly during the first hour of imposed flow, and it demonstrated a trend to return toward control levels after 3 hours of imposed flow. As a result, the fractional pump flow (active lymph pumping per minute) of isolated thoracic duct segments reached and maintained a statistically significant decrease (from control no-flow conditions) at the end of the third hour of imposed flow. CONCLUSIONS Our new findings provide a better understanding of how lymphatic contractility changes during the development of prolonged periods of steady lymph flow. The latter may occur during the initial phases of development of an inflammatory-related tissue edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Yu Gasheva
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Temple/College Station, Texas
| | - Jerome P Trzeciakowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Temple/College Station, Texas
| | - Anatoliy A Gashev
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Temple/College Station, Texas
| | - David C Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Temple/College Station, Texas
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21
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Clement CC, Wang W, Dzieciatkowska M, Cortese M, Hansen KC, Becerra A, Thangaswamy S, Nizamutdinova I, Moon JY, Stern LJ, Gashev AA, Zawieja D, Santambrogio L. Quantitative Profiling of the Lymph Node Clearance Capacity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11253. [PMID: 30050160 PMCID: PMC6062610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of tissue-derived lymphatic fluid and clearance by draining lymph nodes are pivotal for maintenance of fluid homeostasis in the body and for immune-surveillance of the self- and non-self-proteomes. Yet a quantitative analysis of nodal filtration of the tissue-derived proteome present in lymphatic fluid has not been reported. Here we quantified the efficiency of nodal clearance of the composite proteomic load using label-free and isotope-labeling proteomic analysis of pre-nodal and post-nodal samples collected by direct cannulation. These results were extended by quantitation of the filtration efficiency of fluorophore-labeled proteins, bacteria, and beads infused at physiological flow rates into pre-nodal lymphatic collectors and collected by post-nodal cannulation. We developed a linear model of nodal filtration efficiency dependent on pre-nodal protein concentrations and molecular weight, and uncovered criteria for disposing the proteome incoming from defined anatomical districts under physiological conditions. These findings are pivotal to understanding the maximal antigenic load sustainable by a draining node, and promote understanding of pathogen spreading and nodal filtration of tumor metastasis, potentially helping to improve design of vaccination protocols, immunization strategies and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina C Clement
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 702 SW HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Marco Cortese
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Aniuska Becerra
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation St, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Sangeetha Thangaswamy
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Irina Nizamutdinova
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 702 SW HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Jee-Young Moon
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Lawrence J Stern
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation St, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Anatoliy A Gashev
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 702 SW HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - David Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 702 SW HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10461, USA.
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The essential role of the lymphatic system in fluid homeostasis, nutrient transport, and immune trafficking is well recognized; however, there is limited understanding of the mechanisms that regulate lymphatic function, particularly in the setting of critical illness. The lymphatics likely affect disease severity and progression in every condition, from severe systemic inflammatory states to respiratory failure. Here, we review structural and functional disorders of the lymphatic system, both congenital and acquired, as they relate to care of the pediatric patient in the intensive care setting, including novel areas of research into medical and procedural therapeutic interventions. RECENT FINDINGS The mainstay of current therapies for congenital and acquired lymphatic abnormalities has involved nonspecific medical management or surgical procedures to obstruct or divert lymphatic flow. With the development of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lymphangiography, image-directed percutaneous intervention may largely replace surgery. Because of new insights into the mechanisms that regulate lymphatic biology, pharmacologic inhibitors of mTOR and leukotriene B4 signaling are each in Phase II clinical trials to treat abnormal lymphatic structure and function, respectively. SUMMARY As our understanding of normal lymphatic biology continues to advance, we will be able to develop novel strategies to support and augment lymphatic function during critical illness and through convalescence.
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23
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Reggiani-Bonetti L, Barresi V, Manenti A, Domati F, Farinetti A. Histology of the mesorectal lymphatics explains aspects of rectal cancer. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2018; 42:285-287. [PMID: 29580764 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Reggiani-Bonetti
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, University of Modena, Polyclinic hospital, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Valeria Barresi
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Manenti
- Department of Surgery, University of Modena, Polyclinic hospital, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Federica Domati
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, University of Modena, Polyclinic hospital, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Farinetti
- Department of Surgery, University of Modena, Polyclinic hospital, 41124 Modena, Italy
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24
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Abstract
This review will highlight our current understanding of the formation, circulation, and immunological role of lymphatic fluid. The formation of the extracellular fluid depends on the net balance between the hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients effective in the capillary beds. Lymph originates from the extracellular fluid and its composition combines the ultrafiltrated plasma proteins with the proteome generated by the metabolic activities of each parenchymal tissue. Several analyses have indicated how the lymph composition reflects the organs' physiological and pathological states. The collected lymphatic fluid moves from the capillaries into progressively larger collectors toward the draining lymph node aided by the lymphangion contractility and unidirectional valves, which prevent backflow. The proteomic composition of the lymphatic fluid is reflected in the MHC II peptidome presented by nodal antigen-presenting cells. Taken together, the past few years have generated new interest in the formation, transport, and immunological role of the lymphatic fluid.
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25
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Zawieja SD, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Scallan JP, Davis MJ. Differences in L-type Ca 2+ channel activity partially underlie the regional dichotomy in pumping behavior by murine peripheral and visceral lymphatic vessels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H991-H1010. [PMID: 29351458 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00499.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We identified a regional dichotomy in murine lymphatic contractile function with regard to vessel location within the periphery or visceral cavity. All vessels isolated from peripheral regions [cervical, popliteal, inguinal, axillary, and internodal inguinal axillary (Ing-Ax)] developed robust contractions with maximal ejection fractions (EFs) of 50-80% in our ex vivo isobaric myograph experiments. Conversely, vessels isolated from the visceral cavity (mesenteric, thoracic duct, and iliac) demonstrated maximal EFs of ≤10%. Using pressure myography, sharp electrode membrane potential recordings, and Ca2+ imaging, we assessed the role of L-type Ca2+ channels in this contractile dichotomy. Ing-Ax membrane potential revealed a ~2-s action potential (AP) cycle (resting -35 mV, spike -5 mV, and plateau -11 mV) with a plateau phase that was significantly lengthened by the L-type Ca2+ channel agonist Bay K8644 (BayK; 100 nM). APs recorded from mesenteric vessels, however, displayed a slower upstroke and an elongated time over threshold. BayK (100 nM) increased the mesenteric AP upstroke velocity and plateau duration but also significantly hyperpolarized the vessel. Contractions of vessels from both regions were preceded by Ca2+ flashes, detected with a smooth muscle-specific endogenous Ca2+ reporter, that typically were coordinated over the length of the vessel. Similar to the membrane potential recordings, Ca2+ flashes in mesenteric vessels were weaker and had a slower rise time but were longer lasting than those in Ing-Ax vessels. BayK (100 nM) significantly increased the Ca2+ transient amplitude and duration in both vessels and decreased time to peak Ca2+ in mesenteric vessels. However, a higher concentration (1 μM) of BayK was required to produce even a modest increase in EF in visceral lymphatics, which remained at <20%. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Lymphatic collecting vessels isolated from murine peripheral tissues, but not from the visceral cavities, display robust contractile behavior similar to lymphatic vessels from other animal models and humans. These differences are partially explained by L-type Ca2+ channel activity as revealed by the first measurements of murine lymphatic action potentials and contraction-associated Ca2+ transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Joshua P Scallan
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida
| | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
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26
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Abstract
The supply of oxygen and nutrients to tissues is performed by the blood system, and involves a net leakage of fluid outward at the capillary level. One of the principal functions of the lymphatic system is to gather this fluid and return it to the blood system to maintain overall fluid balance. Fluid in the interstitial spaces is often at subatmospheric pressure, and the return points into the venous system are at pressures of approximately 20 cmH2O. This adverse pressure difference is overcome by the active pumping of collecting lymphatic vessels, which feature closely spaced one-way valves and contractile muscle cells in their walls. Passive vessel squeezing causes further pumping. The dynamics of lymphatic pumping have been investigated experimentally and mathematically, revealing complex behaviours indicating that the system performance is robust against minor perturbations in pressure and flow. More serious disruptions can lead to incurable swelling of tissues called lymphœdema.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London
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27
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Nomura T, Niwa T, Koizumi J, Shibukawa S, Ono S, Imai Y. Magnetic resonance thoracic ductography assessment of serial changes in the thoracic duct after the intake of a fatty meal. J Anat 2017; 232:509-514. [PMID: 29226328 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The thoracic duct, a terminal lymph vessel, is thought to dilate after the intake of a fatty meal. However, this physiological change has not been well explored in vivo. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess serial changes in the thoracic duct after the intake of a fatty meal using magnetic resonance thoracic ductography (MRTD). Eight healthy volunteers were subjected to one MRTD scan before a fatty meal and eight serial MRTD scans every hour thereafter. The cross-sectional areas of the thoracic duct were estimated using MRTD measurements of the diameters of the thoracic duct at the upper edge of the aortic arch, the tracheal bifurcation, the mid-point between the tracheal bifurcation and the left part of the diaphragm and the left part of the diaphragm. The change-rates in these areas were calculated before and after the fatty meal intake, and the maximal change-rate and timing of its achievement were determined for each subject. The summed change-rates in the four portions of the thoracic duct ranged from -40.1 to 81.3%, with maximal change-rates for each subject ranging from 22.8 to 81.3% (mean, 50.4%). Although individual variations were observed, most subjects (88.9%) exhibited a maximal change-rate at 4-6 h after meal intake, with subsequent decreases at 7-8 h. In conclusion, MRTD revealed a tendency toward thoracic duct enlargement at 4-6 h after the intake of a fatty meal, followed by contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakiyo Nomura
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsu Niwa
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Koizumi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuhei Shibukawa
- Department of Radiology, Tokai University Hospital, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shun Ono
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yutaka Imai
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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28
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Wheatley CM, Baker SE, Taylor BJ, Keller-Ross ML, Chase SC, Carlson AR, Wentz RJ, Snyder EM, Johnson BD. Influence of Inhaled Amiloride on Lung Fluid Clearance in Response to Normobaric Hypoxia in Healthy Individuals. High Alt Med Biol 2017; 18:343-354. [PMID: 28876128 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2017.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheatley, Courtney M., Sarah E. Baker, Bryan J. Taylor, Manda L. Keller-Ross, Steven C. Chase, Alex R. Carlson, Robert J. Wentz, Eric M. Snyder, and Bruce D. Johnson. Influence of inhaled amiloride on lung fluid clearance in response to normobaric hypoxia in healthy individuals. High Alt Med Biol 18:343-354, 2017. AIM To investigate the role of epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) on lung fluid clearance in response to normobaric hypoxia, 20 healthy subjects were exposed to 15 hours of hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] = 12.5%) on two randomized occasions: (1) inhaled amiloride (A) (1.5 mg/5 mL saline); and (2) inhaled saline placebo (P). Changes in lung fluid were assessed through chest computed tomography (CT) for lung tissue volume (TV), and the diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and nitric oxide (DLNO) for pulmonary capillary blood volume (VC). Extravascular lung water (EVLW) was derived as TV-VC and changes in the CT attenuation distribution histograms were reviewed. RESULTS Normobaric hypoxia caused (1) a reduction in EVLW (change from baseline for A vs. P, -8.5% ± 3.8% vs. -7.9% ± 5.2%, p < 0.05), (2) an increase in VC (53.6% ± 28.9% vs. 53.9% ± 52.3%, p < 0.05), (3) a small increase in DLCO (9.6% ± 29.3% vs. 9.9% ± 23.9%, p > 0.05), and (4) CT attenuation distribution became more negative, leftward skewed, and kurtotic (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Acute normobaric hypoxia caused a reduction in lung fluid that was unaffected by ENaC inhibition through inhaled amiloride. Although possible amiloride-sensitive ENaC may not be necessary to maintain lung fluid balance in response to hypoxia, it is more probable that normobaric hypoxia promotes lung fluid clearance rather than accumulation for the majority of healthy individuals. The observed reduction in interstitial lung fluid means alveolar fluid clearance may not have been challenged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Wheatley
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sarah E Baker
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Bryan J Taylor
- 2 Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Steven C Chase
- 2 Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alex R Carlson
- 2 Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert J Wentz
- 2 Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric M Snyder
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Bruce D Johnson
- 2 Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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29
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Athanasiou D, Edgar LT, Jafarnejad M, Nixon K, Duarte D, Hawkins ED, Jamalian S, Cunnea P, Lo Celso C, Kobayashi S, Fotopoulou C, Moore JE. The passive biomechanics of human pelvic collecting lymphatic vessels. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183222. [PMID: 28827843 PMCID: PMC5565099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system has a major significance in the metastatic pathways in women's cancers. Lymphatic pumping depends on both extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms, and the mechanical behavior of lymphatic vessels regulates the function of the system. However, data on the mechanical properties and function of human lymphatics are lacking. Our aim is to characterize, for the first time, the passive biomechanical behavior of human collecting lymphatic vessels removed at pelvic lymph node dissection during primary debulking surgeries for epithelial ovarian cancer. Isolated vessels were cannulated and then pressurized at varying levels of applied axial stretch in a calcium-free Krebs buffer. Pressurized vessels were then imaged using multi-photon microscopy for collagen-elastin structural composition and fiber orientation. Both pressure-diameter and force-elongation responses were highly nonlinear, and axial stretching of the vessel served to decrease diameter at constant pressure. Pressure-diameter behavior for the human vessels is very similar to data from rat mesenteric vessels, though the human vessels were approximately 10× larger than those from rats. Multiphoton microscopy revealed the vessels to be composed of an inner layer of elastin with an outer layer of aligned collagen fibers. This is the first study that successfully described the passive biomechanical response and composition of human lymphatic vessels in patients with ovarian cancer. Future work should expand on this knowledge base with investigations of vessels from other anatomical locations, contractile behavior, and the implications on metastatic cell transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Athanasiou
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lowell T. Edgar
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohammad Jafarnejad
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Nixon
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Delfim Duarte
- Department of Life Sciences and the Francis Crick Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin D. Hawkins
- Immunology Division at the Walter and Eliza Hall, Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samira Jamalian
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Cunnea
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Department of Life Sciences and the Francis Crick Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shunichi Kobayashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan
| | - Christina Fotopoulou
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Razavi MS, Nelson TS, Nepiyushchikh Z, Gleason RL, Dixon JB. The relationship between lymphangion chain length and maximum pressure generation established through in vivo imaging and computational modeling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H1249-H1260. [PMID: 28778909 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00003.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic contraction of collecting lymphatic vessels serves as a pumping system to propel lymph against hydrostatic pressure gradients as it returns interstitial fluid to the venous circulation. In the present study, we proposed and validated that the maximum opposing outflow pressure along a chain of lymphangions at which flow can be achieved increases with the length of chain. Using minimally invasive near-infrared imaging to measure the effective pumping pressure at various locations in the rat tail, we demonstrated increases in pumping pressure along the length of the tail. Computational simulations based on a microstructurally motivated model of a chain of lymphangions informed from biaxial testing of isolated vessels was used to provide insights into the pumping mechanisms responsible for the pressure increases observed in vivo. These models suggest that the number of lymphangions in the chain and smooth muscle cell force generation play a significant role in determining the maximum outflow pressure, whereas the frequency of contraction has no effect. In vivo administration of nitric oxide attenuated lymphatic contraction, subsequently lowering the effective pumping pressure. Computational simulations suggest that the reduction in contractile strength of smooth muscle cells in the presence of nitric oxide can account for the reductions in outflow pressure observed along the lymphangion chain in vivo. Thus, combining modeling with multiple measurements of lymphatic pumping pressure provides a method for approximating intrinsic lymphatic muscle activity noninvasively in vivo while also providing insights into factors that determine the extent that a lymphangion chain can transport fluid against an adverse pressure gradient. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we report the first minimally invasive in vivo measurements of the relationship between lymphangion chain length and lymphatic pumping pressure. We also provide the first in vivo validation of lumped parameter models of lymphangion chains previously developed through data obtained from isolated vessel testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Razavi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tyler S Nelson
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhanna Nepiyushchikh
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rudolph L Gleason
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia.,The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J Brandon Dixon
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia.,The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
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31
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Nizamutdinova IT, Maejima D, Nagai T, Meininger CJ, Gashev AA. Histamine as an Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor in Aged Mesenteric Lymphatic Vessels. Lymphat Res Biol 2017; 15:136-145. [PMID: 28453392 PMCID: PMC5488315 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2016.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of the mechanisms by which aging affects contracting lymphatic vessels remains incomplete; therefore, the functional role of histamine in the reaction of aged lymphatic vessels to increases in flow remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured and analyzed parameters of lymphatic contractility in isolated and pressurized rat mesenteric lymphatic vessels (MLVs) obtained from 9- and 24-month Fischer-344 rats under control conditions and after pharmacological blockade of nitric oxide (NO) by Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME, 100 μM) or/and blockade of histamine production by α-methyl-DL-histidine dihydrochloride (α-MHD, 10 μM). We also quantitatively compared results of immunohistochemical labeling of the histamine-producing enzyme, histidine decarboxylase (HDC) in adult and aged MLVs. Our data provide the first demonstration of an increased functional role of histamine as an endothelial-derived relaxing factor in aged MLVs, which appears in parallel with the abolished role of NO in the reactions of these lymph vessels to increases in flow. In addition, we found an increased expression of HDC in endothelium of aged MLVs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the basis for better understanding of the processes of aging in lymphatic vessels and for setting new important directions for investigations of the aging-associated disturbances in lymph flow and the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Tsoy Nizamutdinova
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Daisuke Maejima
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagai
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Cynthia J. Meininger
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Anatoliy A. Gashev
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
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32
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Pal S, Meininger CJ, Gashev AA. Aged Lymphatic Vessels and Mast Cells in Perilymphatic Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E965. [PMID: 28467354 PMCID: PMC5454878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive summary of research on aging-associated alterations in lymphatic vessels and mast cells in perilymphatic tissues. Aging alters structure (by increasing the size of zones with low muscle cell investiture), ultrastructure (through loss of the glycocalyx), and proteome composition with a concomitant increase in permeability of aged lymphatic vessels. The contractile function of aged lymphatic vessels is depleted with the abolished role of nitric oxide and an increased role of lymphatic-born histamine in flow-dependent regulation of lymphatic phasic contractions and tone. In addition, aging induces oxidative stress in lymphatic vessels and facilitates the spread of pathogens from these vessels into perilymphatic tissues. Aging causes the basal activation of perilymphatic mast cells, which, in turn, restricts recruitment/activation of immune cells in perilymphatic tissues. This aging-associated basal activation of mast cells limits proper functioning of the mast cell/histamine/NF-κB axis that is essential for the regulation of lymphatic vessel transport and barrier functions as well as for both the interaction and trafficking of immune cells near and within lymphatic collecting vessels. Cumulatively, these changes play important roles in the pathogenesis of alterations in inflammation and immunity associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Pal
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Cynthia J Meininger
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Anatoliy A Gashev
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
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33
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Datar SA, Gong W, He Y, Johengen M, Kameny RJ, Raff GW, Maltepe E, Oishi PE, Fineman JR. Disrupted NOS signaling in lymphatic endothelial cells exposed to chronically increased pulmonary lymph flow. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H137-45. [PMID: 27199125 PMCID: PMC4967199 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00649.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Associated abnormalities of the lymphatic circulation are well described in congenital heart disease. However, their mechanisms remain poorly elucidated. Using a clinically relevant ovine model of a congenital cardiac defect with chronically increased pulmonary blood flow (shunt), we previously demonstrated that exposure to chronically elevated pulmonary lymph flow is associated with: 1) decreased bioavailable nitric oxide (NO) in pulmonary lymph; and 2) attenuated endothelium-dependent relaxation of thoracic duct rings, suggesting disrupted lymphatic endothelial NO signaling in shunt lambs. To further elucidate the mechanisms responsible for this altered NO signaling, primary lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) were isolated from the efferent lymphatic of the caudal mediastinal node in 4-wk-old control and shunt lambs. We found that shunt LECs (n = 3) had decreased bioavailable NO and decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA and protein expression compared with control LECs (n = 3). eNOS activity was also low in shunt LECs, but, interestingly, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and activity were increased in shunt LECs, as were total cellular nitration, including eNOS-specific nitration, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pharmacological inhibition of iNOS reduced ROS in shunt LECs to levels measured in control LECs. These data support the conclusion that NOS signaling is disrupted in the lymphatic endothelium of lambs exposed to chronically increased pulmonary blood and lymph flow and may contribute to decreased pulmonary lymphatic bioavailable NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev A Datar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California;
| | - Wenhui Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Youping He
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Johengen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rebecca J Kameny
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Gary W Raff
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Emin Maltepe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Peter E Oishi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
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34
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Belgrado JP, Vandermeeren L, Vankerckhove S, Valsamis JB, Malloizel-Delaunay J, Moraine JJ, Liebens F. Near-Infrared Fluorescence Lymphatic Imaging to Reconsider Occlusion Pressure of Superficial Lymphatic Collectors in Upper Extremities of Healthy Volunteers. Lymphat Res Biol 2016; 14:70-7. [PMID: 27167187 PMCID: PMC4926199 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2015.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are very little scientific data on occlusion pressure for superficial lymphatic collectors. Given its importance in determining the transport capacity of lymphatic vessels, it is crucial to know its value. The novel method of near-infrared fluorescence lymphatic imaging (NIRFLI) can be used to visualize lymphatic flow in real time. The goal of this study was to see if this method could be used to measure the lymphatic occlusion pressure. METHODS We observed and recorded lymph flow in the upper limb of healthy volunteers through a transparent cuff using near-infrared fluorescence lymphatic imaging. After obtaining a baseline of the lymph flow without pressure inside the cuff, the cuff was inflated by increments of 10 mm Hg starting at 30 mm Hg. A NIRFLI guided manual lymphatic drainage technique named "Fill & Flush Drainage Method" was performed during the measurement to promote lymph flow. Lymphatic occlusion pressure was determined by observing when lymph flow stopped under the cuff. RESULTS We measured the lymphatic occlusion pressure on 30 healthy volunteers (11 men and 19 women). Mean lymphatic occlusion pressure in the upper limb was 86 mm Hg (CI ±3.7 mm Hg, α = 0.5%). No significant differences were found between age groups (p = 0.18), gender (p = 0.12), or limb side (p = 0.85). CONCLUSIONS NIRFLI, a transparent sphygmomanometer cuff and the "Fill and Flush" manual lymphatic drainage method were used to measure the lymphatic occlusion pressure in 30 healthy humans. That combination of these techniques allows the visualization of the lymph flow in real time, while ensuring the continuous filling of the lymph collectors during the measurement session, reducing false negative observations. The measured occlusion pressures are much higher than previously described in the medical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Belgrado
- Lymphology Research Unit, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Clinique de Lymphologie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- BEAMS (Bio, Electro, and Mechanical Systems), Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Vandermeeren
- Lymphology Research Unit, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Clinique de Lymphologie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Sophie Vankerckhove
- Lymphology Research Unit, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Clinique de Lymphologie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jean-Baptiste Valsamis
- Lymphology Research Unit, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Clinique de Lymphologie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- BEAMS (Bio, Electro, and Mechanical Systems), Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Jacques Moraine
- Lymphology Research Unit, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Research Unit in Cardiorespiratory Physiology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Liebens
- Clinique de Lymphologie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Breast Clinic, CHU St. Pierre, Bruxelles, Belgium
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35
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Sugisawa R, Unno N, Saito T, Yamamoto N, Inuzuka K, Tanaka H, Sano M, Katahashi K, Uranaka H, Marumo T, Konno H. Effects of Compression Stockings on Elevation of Leg Lymph Pumping Pressure and Improvement of Quality of Life in Healthy Female Volunteers: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Lymphat Res Biol 2016; 14:95-103. [PMID: 26824795 PMCID: PMC4926230 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2015.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph is pumped through the collecting lymphatic vessels by both intrinsic and extrinsic forces. The intrinsic pump relies on spontaneous lymphatic contraction, which generates the pumping lymph pressure (Plp). Among healthy people with daily leg edema, a considerable number of cases are accompanied with low leg Plp. Herein, a double-blinded controlled trial was conducted in healthy female volunteers with reduced leg Plp to compare the effectiveness of a 15-29 mmHg compression stocking (Stocking A) and a 8-16 mmHg stocking (Stocking B) on elevating Plp. METHOD AND RESULTS Among 219 healthy female volunteers who underwent measurement of leg Plp, 80 participants (36.5%) had unilateral or bilateral legs with Plp < 20 mmHg (122 legs with Plp < 20 mmHg and 38 legs with Plp ≧ 20 mmHg). These 80 participants were assigned to wear either Stocking A (n = 40) or Stocking B (n = 40) for 16 weeks. Leg Plp was measured using indocyanine green fluorescence lymphography and an occlusion cuff technique while sitting. At 16 weeks, both Stockings A and B resulted in significantly elevated leg Plp, with the effect on elevating Plp being superior for Stocking A. Only Stocking A resulted in decreased prevalence of leg edema and improved Short Form-36 scores. CONCLUSION Compression stockings may represent a therapeutic option to elevate leg Plp and ameliorate leg edema, thereby leading to improved quality of life in healthy females with low leg Plp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sugisawa
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoki Unno
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takaaki Saito
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamamoto
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazunori Inuzuka
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masaki Sano
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuto Katahashi
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroyuki Konno
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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36
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Lymph vessels: the forgotten second circulation in health and disease. Virchows Arch 2016; 469:3-17. [PMID: 27173782 PMCID: PMC4923112 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-1945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic circulation is still a somewhat forgotten part of the circulatory system. Despite this, novel insights in lymph angiogenesis in health and disease, application of immune markers for lymphatic growth and differentiation and also the introduction of new imaging techniques to visualize the lymphatic circulation have improved our understanding of lymphatic function in both health and disease, especially in the last decade. These achievements yield better understanding of the various manifestations of lymph oedemas and malformations, and also the patterns of lymphovascular spread of cancers. Immune markers that recognize lymphatic endothelium antigens, such as podoplanin, LYVE-1 and Prox-1, can be successfully applied in diagnostic pathology and have revealed (at least partial) lymphatic differentiation in many types of vascular lesions.
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37
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Saito T, Unno N, Yamamoto N, Inuzuka K, Tanaka H, Sano M, Sugisawa R, Katahashi K, Konno H. Low Lymphatic Pumping Pressure in the Legs Is Associated with Leg Edema and Lower Quality of Life in Healthy Volunteers. Lymphat Res Biol 2016; 13:154-9. [PMID: 26091410 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2014.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph is pumped through the collecting lymphatic vessels by both intrinsic and extrinsic forces, propelling it downstream back into circulation. The intrinsic lymph pump relies on the spontaneous contraction of lymphatic muscles to generate the force of pumping lymph (P(lp)). However, the association between leg edema and reduced leg P(lp) in the general population is unknown. Therefore, this study determined the association of leg P(lp) and edema complaints and quality of life in healthy participants. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 465 healthy volunteers (78 men and 387 women, age 30-85 years) filled out a questionnaire and medical history to rule out severe systemic diseases and local venous/lymphatic diseases. Quality of life was assessed using the Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (SF36). Leg P(lp) was measured using minimally invasive indocyanine green fluorescence lymphography and an occlusion cuff technique while sitting. All participants were divided into three groups according to the P(lp) values, as follows: Participants with P(lp) >40 mmHg in both legs, 20 mmHg-40 mmHg in either leg; and <20 mmHg in both legs were divided into the good (n=100), moderate (n=314), and poor (n=51) P(lp) groups, respectively. The survey revealed the poor leg P(lp) group was associated with more frequently complaints of leg edema, as well as lower quality of life than the moderate and good P(lp) groups. CONCLUSION Reduced leg P(lp) is significantly associated with leg edema complaints and lower quality of life in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Saito
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan .,2 Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoki Unno
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan .,2 Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamamoto
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan .,2 Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazunori Inuzuka
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan .,2 Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan .,2 Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masaki Sano
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan .,2 Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Ryota Sugisawa
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan .,2 Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuto Katahashi
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan .,2 Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konno
- 2 Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan
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Zawieja SD, Gasheva O, Zawieja DC, Muthuchamy M. Blunted flow-mediated responses and diminished nitric oxide synthase expression in lymphatic thoracic ducts of a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H385-93. [PMID: 26637560 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00664.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Shear-dependent inhibition of lymphatic thoracic duct (TD) contractility is principally mediated by nitric oxide (NO). Endothelial dysfunction and poor NO bioavailability are hallmarks of vasculature dysfunction in states of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). We tested the hypothesis that flow-dependent regulation of lymphatic contractility is impaired under conditions of MetSyn. We utilized a 7-wk high-fructose-fed male Sprague-Dawley rat model of MetSyn and determined the stretch- and flow-dependent contractile responses in an isobaric ex vivo TD preparation. TD diameters were tracked and contractile parameters were determined in response to different transmural pressures, imposed flow, exogenous NO stimulation by S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), and inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) by l-nitro-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging molecule 4-hydroxy-tempo (tempol). Expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in TD was determined using Western blot. Approximately 25% of the normal flow-mediated inhibition of contraction frequency was lost in TDs isolated from MetSyn rats despite a comparable SNAP response. Inhibition of NOS with l-NAME abolished the differences in the shear-dependent contraction frequency regulation between control and MetSyn TDs, whereas tempol did not restore the flow responses in MetSyn TDs. We found a significant reduction in eNOS expression in MetSyn TDs suggesting that diminished NO production is partially responsible for impaired flow response. Thus our data provide the first evidence that MetSyn conditions diminish eNOS expression in TD endothelium, thereby affecting the flow-mediated changes in TD lymphatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Lymphatic Biology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Temple, Texas
| | - Olga Gasheva
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Lymphatic Biology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Temple, Texas
| | - David C Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Lymphatic Biology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Temple, Texas
| | - Mariappan Muthuchamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Lymphatic Biology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Temple, Texas
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Abstract
The ability of cells to sense and respond to physical forces has been recognized for decades, but researchers are only beginning to appreciate the fundamental importance of mechanical signals in biology. At the larger scale, there has been increased interest in the collective organization of cells and their ability to produce complex, "emergent" behaviors. Often, these complex behaviors result in tissue-level control mechanisms that manifest as biological oscillators, such as observed in fireflies, heartbeats, and circadian rhythms. In many cases, these complex, collective behaviors are controlled--at least in part--by physical forces imposed on the tissue or created by the cells. Here, we use mathematical simulations to show that two complementary mechanobiological oscillators are sufficient to control fluid transport in the lymphatic system: Ca(2+)-mediated contractions can be triggered by vessel stretch, whereas nitric oxide produced in response to the resulting fluid shear stress causes the lymphatic vessel to relax locally. Our model predicts that the Ca(2+) and NO levels alternate spatiotemporally, establishing complementary feedback loops, and that the resulting phasic contractions drive lymph flow. We show that this mechanism is self-regulating and robust over a range of fluid pressure environments, allowing the lymphatic vessels to provide pumping when needed but remain open when flow can be driven by tissue pressure or gravity. Our simulations accurately reproduce the responses to pressure challenges and signaling pathway manipulations observed experimentally, providing an integrated conceptual framework for lymphatic function.
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Zolla V, Nizamutdinova IT, Scharf B, Clement CC, Maejima D, Akl T, Nagai T, Luciani P, Leroux J, Halin C, Stukes S, Tiwari S, Casadevall A, Jacobs WR, Entenberg D, Zawieja DC, Condeelis J, Fooksman DR, Gashev AA, Santambrogio L. Aging-related anatomical and biochemical changes in lymphatic collectors impair lymph transport, fluid homeostasis, and pathogen clearance. Aging Cell 2015; 14:582-94. [PMID: 25982749 PMCID: PMC4531072 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of lymphatic vessels is to transport fluid, soluble molecules, and immune cells to the draining lymph nodes. Here, we analyze how the aging process affects the functionality of the lymphatic collectors and the dynamics of lymph flow. Ultrastructural, biochemical, and proteomic analysis indicates a loss of matrix proteins, and smooth muscle cells in aged collectors resulting in a decrease in contraction frequency, systolic lymph flow velocity, and pumping activity, as measured in vivo in lymphatic collectors. Functionally, this impairment also translated into a reduced ability for in vivo bacterial transport as determined by time-lapse microscopy. Ultrastructural and proteomic analysis also indicates a decrease in the thickness of the endothelial cell glycocalyx and loss of gap junction proteins in aged lymph collectors. Redox proteomic analysis mapped an aging-related increase in the glycation and carboxylation of lymphatic’s endothelial cell and matrix proteins. Functionally, these modifications translate into apparent hyperpermeability of the lymphatics with pathogen escaping from the collectors into the surrounding tissue and a decreased ability to control tissue fluid homeostasis. Altogether, our data provide a mechanistic analysis of how the anatomical and biochemical changes, occurring in aged lymphatic vessels, compromise lymph flow, tissue fluid homeostasis, and pathogen transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Zolla
- Department of Pathology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - Irina Tsoy Nizamutdinova
- Department of Medical Physiology College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Temple TX 76501USA
| | - Brian Scharf
- Department of Pathology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - Cristina C. Clement
- Department of Pathology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - Daisuke Maejima
- Department of Medical Physiology College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Temple TX 76501USA
- Department of Physiology Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Tony Akl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843USA
| | - Takashi Nagai
- Department of Medical Physiology College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Temple TX 76501USA
- Department of Physiology Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Paola Luciani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4 Zurich CH‐8093 Switzerland
| | - Jean‐Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4 Zurich CH‐8093 Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4 Zurich CH‐8093 Switzerland
| | - Sabriya Stukes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - Sangeeta Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
- Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - David C. Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Temple TX 76501USA
| | - John Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
- Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - David R. Fooksman
- Department of Pathology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
| | - Anatoliy A. Gashev
- Department of Medical Physiology College of Medicine Texas A&M University Health Science Center Temple TX 76501USA
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY 10461USA
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Telinius N, Majgaard J, Kim S, Katballe N, Pahle E, Nielsen J, Hjortdal V, Aalkjaer C, Boedtkjer DB. Voltage-gated sodium channels contribute to action potentials and spontaneous contractility in isolated human lymphatic vessels. J Physiol 2015; 593:3109-22. [PMID: 25969124 PMCID: PMC4532530 DOI: 10.1113/jp270166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) play a key role for initiating action potentials (AP) in excitable cells. VGSC in human lymphatic vessels have not been investigated. In the present study, we report the electrical activity and APs of small human lymphatic collecting vessels, as well as mRNA expression and function of VGSC in small and large human lymphatic vessels. The VGSC blocker TTX inhibited spontaneous contractions in six of 10 spontaneously active vessels, whereas ranolazine, which has a narrower VGSC blocking profile, had no influence on spontaneous activity. TTX did not affect noradrenaline-induced contractions. The VGSC opener veratridine induced contractions in a concentration-dependent manner (0.1-30 μm) eliciting a stable tonic contraction and membrane depolarization to -18 ± 0.6 mV. Veratridine-induced depolarizations and contractions were reversed ∼80% by TTX, and were dependent on Ca(2+) influx via L-type calcium channels and the sodium-calcium exchanger in reverse mode. Molecular analysis determined NaV 1.3 to be the predominantly expressed VGSC isoform. Electrophysiology of mesenteric lymphatics determined the resting membrane potential to be -45 ± 1.7 mV. Spontaneous APs were preceded by a slow depolarization of 5.3 ± 0.6 mV after which a spike was elicited that almost completely repolarized before immediately depolarizing again to plateau. Vessels transiently hyperpolarized prior to returning to the resting membrane potential. TTX application blocked APs. We have shown that VGSC are necessary for initiating and maintaining APs and spontaneous contractions in human lymphatic vessels and our data suggest the main contribution from comes NaV 1.3. We have also shown that activation of these channels augments the contractile activity of the vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Telinius
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aarhus University HospitalAarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Majgaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Sukhan Kim
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Katballe
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Einar Pahle
- Department of Surgery, Viborg HospitalViborg, Denmark
| | - Jørn Nielsen
- Department of Surgery, Viborg HospitalViborg, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Hjortdal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aarhus University HospitalAarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Donna Briggs Boedtkjer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aarhus University HospitalAarhus, Denmark
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Maejima D, Nagai T, Bridenbaugh EA, Cromer WE, Gashev AA. The position- and lymphatic lumen-controlled tissue chambers to study live lymphatic vessels and surrounding tissues ex vivo. Lymphat Res Biol 2015; 12:150-6. [PMID: 25229433 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2014.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until now, there has been no tool available to provide lymphatic researchers the ability to perform experiments in tissue explants containing lymphatic vessels under tissue position- and lymphatic lumen-controlled conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS In this article we provide technical details and description of the method of using the newly developed and implemented the position- and lymphatic lumen-controlled tissue chambers to study live lymphatic vessels and surrounding tissues ex vivo. In this study, we, for the first time, performed detailed comparative analysis of the contractile and pumping activity of rat mesenteric lymphatic vessels (MLVs) situated within tissue explants mounted in new tissue chambers and isolated, cannulated, and pressurized rat MLVs maintained in isolated vessel setups. We found no significant differences of the effects of both transmural pressure- and wall shear stress sensitivities of MLVs in tissue chambers and isolated MLVs. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that this new experimental tool, a position- and lymphatic lumen-controlled tissue chamber, allows precise investigation of lymphatic function of MLVs interacting with elements of the tissue microenvironment. This method provides an important new set of experimental tools to investigate lymphatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Maejima
- 1 Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Temple, Texas
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43
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Rahbar E, Akl T, Coté GL, Moore JE, Zawieja DC. Lymph transport in rat mesenteric lymphatics experiencing edemagenic stress. Microcirculation 2015; 21:359-67. [PMID: 24397756 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess lymphatic flow adaptations to edema, we evaluated lymph transport function in rat mesenteric lymphatics under normal and increased fluid volume (edemagenic) conditions in situ. METHODS Twelve rats were infused with saline (intravenous infusion, 0.2 mL/min/100 g body weight) to induce edema. We intravitally measured mesenteric lymphatic diameter and contraction frequency, as well as lymphocyte velocity and density before, during, and after infusion. RESULTS A 10-fold increase in lymphocyte velocity (0.1-1 mm/s) and a sixfold increase in flow rate (0.1-0.6 μL/min), were observed post infusion, respectively. There were also increases in contraction frequency and fractional pump flow one minute post infusion. Time-averaged wall shear stress increased 10 fold post infusion to nearly 1.5 dynes/cm(2) . Similarly, maximum shear stress rose from 5 to 40 dynes/cm(2) . CONCLUSIONS Lymphatic vessels adapted to edemagenic stress by increasing lymph transport. Specifically, the increases in lymphatic contraction frequency, lymphocyte velocity, and shear stress were significant. Lymph pumping increased post infusion, though changes in lymphatic diameter were not statistically significant. These results indicate that edemagenic conditions stimulate lymph transport via increases in lymphatic contraction frequency, lymphocyte velocity, and flow. These changes, consequently, resulted in large increases in wall shear stress, which could then activate NO pathways and modulate lymphatic transport function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Rahbar
- Center for Translational Injury Research, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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44
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Lymph formation, composition and circulation: a proteomics perspective. Int Immunol 2015; 27:219-27. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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45
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Tissue-engineered lymphatic graft for the treatment of lymphedema. J Surg Res 2014; 192:544-54. [PMID: 25248852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphedema is a chronic debilitating condition and curative treatment is yet to be found. Tissue engineering approach, which combines cellular components, scaffold, and molecular signals hold great potential in the treatment of secondary lymphedema with the advent of lymphatic graft to reconstruct damaged collecting lymphatic vessel. This review highlights the ideal characteristics of lymphatic graft, the limitation and challenges faced, and the approaches in developing tissue-engineered lymphatic graft. METHODS Literature on tissue engineering of lymphatic system and lymphatic tissue biology was reviewed. RESULTS The prime challenge in the design and manufacturing of this graft is producing endothelialized conduit with intraluminal valves. Suitable scaffold material is needed to ensure stability and functionality of the construct. Endothelialization of the construct can be enhanced via biofunctionalization and nanotopography, which mimics extracellular matrix. Nanocomposite polymers with improved performance over existing biomaterials are likely to benefit the development of lymphatic graft. CONCLUSIONS With the in-depth understanding of tissue engineering, nanotechnology, and improved knowledge on the biology of lymphatic regeneration, the aspiration to develop successful lymphatic graft is well achievable.
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46
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Molecular and cellular basis of the regulation of lymphatic contractility and lymphatic absorption. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:134-40. [PMID: 24836907 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic absorption is a highly regulated process driven by both an extrinsic mechanism (external force) and an intrinsic mechanism (lymphatic vessel contractility). The lymphatic muscle is a specialized smooth muscle with unique mechanical properties. To understand the molecular mechanism and relative contribution of smooth muscle contraction in lymphatic absorption, we analyzed mice with a smooth muscle-specific deletion of Mylk, a critical gene for smooth muscle contraction. Interestingly, the knockout mice were significantly resistant to anesthesia reagents. Upon injection in the feet with FITC-dextran, the mutant mice displayed a 2-fold delay of the absorption peak in the peripheral circulation. Examining the ear lymphatic vessels of the mutant mice revealed a reduction in the amount of fluid in the lumens of the lymphangions, suggesting an impairment of lymph formation. The Mylk-deficient lymphatic muscle exhibited a significant reduction of peristalsis and of myosin light chain phosphorylation in response to depolarization. We thus concluded that MLCK and myosin light chain phosphorylation are required for lymphatic vessel contraction. Lymphatic contractility is not an exclusive requirement for lymphatic absorption, and external force appears to be necessary for absorption.
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47
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Datar SA, Oishi PE, Gong W, Bennett SH, Sun CE, Johengen M, Maki J, Johnson RC, Raff GW, Fineman JR. Altered reactivity and nitric oxide signaling in the isolated thoracic duct from an ovine model of congenital heart disease with increased pulmonary blood flow. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H954-62. [PMID: 24531811 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00841.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown decreased pulmonary lymph flow in our lamb model of chronically increased pulmonary blood flow, created by the in utero placement of an 8-mm aortopulmonary shunt. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that abnormal lymphatic function in shunt lambs is due to impaired lymphatic endothelial nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP signaling resulting in increased lymphatic vascular constriction and/or impaired relaxation. Thoracic duct rings were isolated from 4-wk-old shunt (n = 7) and normal (n = 7) lambs to determine length-tension properties, vascular reactivity, and endothelial NO synthase protein. At baseline, shunt thoracic duct rings had 2.6-fold higher peak to peak tension and a 2-fold increase in the strength of contractions compared with normal rings (P < 0.05). In response to norepinephrine, shunt thoracic duct rings had a 2.4-fold increase in vascular tone compared with normal rings (P < 0.05) and impaired relaxation in response to the endothelium-dependent dilator acetylcholine (63% vs. 13%, P < 0.05). In vivo, inhaled NO (40 ppm) increased pulmonary lymph flow (normalized for resistance) ∼1.5-fold in both normal and shunt lambs (P < 0.05). Inhaled NO exposure increased bioavailable NO [nitrite/nitrate (NOx); ∼2.5-fold in normal lambs and ∼3.4-fold in shunt lambs] and cGMP (∼2.5-fold in both) in the pulmonary lymph effluent (P < 0.05). Chronic exposure to increased pulmonary blood flow is associated with pulmonary lymphatic endothelial injury that disrupts NO-cGMP signaling, leading to increased resting vasoconstriction, increased maximal strength of contraction, and impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation. Inhaled NO increases pulmonary lymph NOx and cGMP levels and pulmonary lymph flow in normal and shunt lambs. Therapies that augment NO-cGMP signaling within the lymphatic system may provide benefits, warranting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev A Datar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Chakraborty S, Gurusamy M, Zawieja DC, Muthuchamy M. Lymphatic filariasis: perspectives on lymphatic remodeling and contractile dysfunction in filarial disease pathogenesis. Microcirculation 2014; 20:349-64. [PMID: 23237232 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis, one of the most debilitating diseases associated with the lymphatic system, affects over a hundred million people worldwide and manifests itself in a variety of severe clinical pathologies. The filarial parasites specifically target the lymphatics and impair lymph flow, which is critical for the normal functions of the lymphatic system in maintenance of body fluid balance and physiological interstitial fluid transport. The resultant contractile dysfunction of the lymphatics causes fluid accumulation and lymphedema, one of the major pathologies associated with filarial infection. In this review, we take a closer look at the contractile mechanisms of the lymphatics, its altered functions, and remodeling during an inflammatory state and how it relates to the severe pathogenesis underlying a filarial infection. We further elaborate on the complex host-parasite interactions, and molecular mechanisms contributing to the disease pathogenesis. The overall emphasis is on elucidating some of the emerging concepts and new directions that aim to harness the process of lymphangiogenesis or enhance contractility in a dysfunctional lymphatics, thereby restoring the fluid imbalance and mitigating the pathological conditions of lymphatic filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station/Temple, TX 77843, USA
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Nelson TS, Akin RE, Weiler MJ, Kassis T, Kornuta JA, Dixon JB. Minimally invasive method for determining the effective lymphatic pumping pressure in rats using near-infrared imaging. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R281-90. [PMID: 24430884 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00369.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to quantify collecting vessel function in a minimally invasive fashion is crucial to the study of lymphatic physiology and the role of lymphatic pump function in disease progression. Therefore, we developed a highly sensitive, minimally invasive research platform for quantifying the pumping capacity of collecting lymphatic vessels in the rodent tail and forelimb. To achieve this, we have integrated a near-infrared lymphatic imaging system with a feedback-controlled pressure cuff to modulate lymph flow. After occluding lymphatic flow by inflating a pressure cuff on the limb or tail, we gradually deflate the cuff while imaging flow restoration proximal to the cuff. Using prescribed pressure applications and automated image processing of fluorescence intensity levels in the vessels, we were able to noninvasively quantify the effective pumping pressure (P(eff), pressure at which flow is restored after occlusion) and vessel emptying rate (rate of fluorescence clearance during flow occlusion) of lymphatics in the rat. To demonstrate the sensitivity of this system to changes in lymphatic function, a nitric oxide (NO) donor cream, glyceryl trinitrate ointment (GTNO), was applied to the tails. GTNO decreased P(eff) of the vessels by nearly 50% and the average emptying rate by more than 60%. We also demonstrate the suitability of this approach for acquiring measurements on the rat forelimb. Thus, this novel research platform provides the first minimally invasive measurements of P(eff) and emptying rate in rodents. This experimental platform holds strong potential for future in vivo studies that seek to evaluate changes in lymphatic health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S Nelson
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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50
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Gashev AA, Chatterjee V. Aged lymphatic contractility: recent answers and new questions. Lymphat Res Biol 2013; 11:2-13. [PMID: 23531179 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2013.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract An overview is presented of recent findings related to biology of aging of the lymph transport system. The authors discuss recently obtained data on the aging-associated alterations of lymphatic contractility in thoracic duct and mesenteric lymphatic vessels; on comparisons of function of aged mesenteric lymphatic vessels in situ versus isolated specimens and important conclusions which arose from these studies; on aging-associated changes in functional status of mast cells located close to aged mesenteric lymphatic vessels; on evidence of presence of oxidative stress in aged lymphatic vessels and changes in arrangement of muscle cells in their walls. The authors conclude that future continuation of the research efforts in this area is necessary and will be able to provide not only novel fundamental knowledge on the biology of lymphatic aging, but also will create solid foundation for the subsequent developments of lymphatic-oriented therapeutic interventions in many diseases of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy A Gashev
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76504, USA.
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