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Mahdian M, Tabatabai TS, Abpeikar Z, Rezakhani L, Khazaei M. Nerve regeneration using decellularized tissues: challenges and opportunities. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1295563. [PMID: 37928728 PMCID: PMC10620322 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1295563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In tissue engineering, the decellularization of organs and tissues as a biological scaffold plays a critical role in the repair of neurodegenerative diseases. Various protocols for cell removal can distinguish the effects of treatment ability, tissue structure, and extracellular matrix (ECM) ability. Despite considerable progress in nerve regeneration and functional recovery, the slow regeneration and recovery potential of the central nervous system (CNS) remains a challenge. The success of neural tissue engineering is primarily influenced by composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties. The primary objective of restorative techniques is to guide existing axons properly toward the distal end of the damaged nerve and the target organs. However, due to the limitations of nerve autografts, researchers are seeking alternative methods with high therapeutic efficiency and without the limitations of autograft transplantation. Decellularization scaffolds, due to their lack of immunogenicity and the preservation of essential factors in the ECM and high angiogenic ability, provide a suitable three-dimensional (3D) substrate for the adhesion and growth of axons being repaired toward the target organs. This study focuses on mentioning the types of scaffolds used in nerve regeneration, and the methods of tissue decellularization, and specifically explores the use of decellularized nerve tissues (DNT) for nerve transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mahdian
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Sadat Tabatabai
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Zahra Abpeikar
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Leila Rezakhani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mozafar Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Harre J, Heinkele L, Steffens M, Warnecke A, Lenarz T, Just I, Rohrbeck A. Potentiation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Induced Protection of Spiral Ganglion Neurons by C3 Exoenzyme/Rho Inhibitor. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:602897. [PMID: 33776650 PMCID: PMC7991574 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.602897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of the excitability of spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) may contribute to an improved speech perception after cochlear implantation. Thus, the application of exogenous neurotrophic factors such as the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to increase SGN survival in vitro and in vivo is a promising pharmacological approach in cochlear implant (CI) research. Due to the difficult pharmacokinetic profile of proteins such as BDNF, there is a quest for small molecules to mediate the survival of SGN or to increase the efficacy of BDNF. The C3 exoenzyme from Clostridium botulinum could be a potential new candidate for the protection and regeneration of SGN. Inhibition of the RhoA GTPase pathway which can be mediated by C3 is described as a promising strategy to enhance axonal regeneration and to exert pro-survival signals in neurons. Nanomolar concentrations of C3, its enzymatically inactive form C3E174Q, and a 26mer C-terminal peptide fragment covering amino acid 156–181 (C3156-181) potentiated the neuroprotective effect on SGN mediated by BDNF in vitro. The neuroprotective effect of C3/BDNF was reduced to the neuroprotective effect of BDNF alone after the treatment with wortmannin, an inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K).The exoenzyme C3 (wild-type and enzyme-deficient) and the C3 peptide fragment C3154–181 present novel biologically active compounds for the protection of the SGN. The exact underlying intracellular mechanisms that mediate the neuroprotective effect are not clarified yet, but the combination of BDNF (TrkB stimulation) and C3 exoenzyme (RhoA inhibition) can be used to protect SGN in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Harre
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation (EXC 2177/1), Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Heinkele
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Steffens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Athanasia Warnecke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation (EXC 2177/1), Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation (EXC 2177/1), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Just
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Rohrbeck
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Sánchez M, Anitua E, Delgado D, Sanchez P, Prado R, Orive G, Padilla S. Platelet-rich plasma, a source of autologous growth factors and biomimetic scaffold for peripheral nerve regeneration. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 17:197-212. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1259409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Sánchez
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit, Hospital Vithas San José, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Diego Delgado
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research, Hospital Vithas San José, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Peio Sanchez
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research, Hospital Vithas San José, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - Gorka Orive
- BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation, Vitoria, Spain
- Lab of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabino Padilla
- BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation, Vitoria, Spain
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Self-assembling Peptide Reduces Glial Scarring, Attenuates Posttraumatic Inflammation, and Promotes Neurite Outgrowth of Spinal Motor Neurons. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016; 41:E1201-E1207. [PMID: 27753790 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Self-assembling peptide gel (SPG-178) provides new evidence for the role of a scaffold for treatment of the spinal cord through induction of neuroprotective factors. OBJECTIVE To verify the reproducibility of SPG-178 as scaffold after spinal cord injury, we examine the characteristics of SPG-178 and protective effect on neural cells in vitro and in vivo. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The central nervous system extracellular matrix may play a role in maintenance of the neuronal network by inhibiting axonal growth and suppressing formation of additional inadequate synapses. In this study, we show increased expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), and tropomyosin receptor kinase (TrkA and TrkB) in SPG-178-promoted neurite outgrowth of motor neurons in vitro, and decreased inflammation and glial scar with use of SPG-178 in vivo. METHODS We examined the effect of a self-assembling peptide, SPG-178, as a scaffold for neurite outgrowth of spinal motor neurons in vitro. An in vivo analysis was performed to evaluate if the SPG-178 scaffold attenuated or enhanced expression of various genes after spinal cord injury model rats. RESULTS Expression of NGF, BDNF, NT-4, TrkA, and TrkB increased in SPG-178-promoted neurite outgrowth of motor neurons in vitro. In vivo, SPG-178 increased expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and NGF, and decreased glial scar. CONCLUSION This study provides new evidence for the role of SPG-178 as a scaffold in the spinal cord and suggests that this peptide is a neuroprotective factor that may serve as an alternative treatment for neuronal injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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Mietto BS, Mostacada K, Martinez AMB. Neurotrauma and inflammation: CNS and PNS responses. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:251204. [PMID: 25918475 PMCID: PMC4397002 DOI: 10.1155/2015/251204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS) or the peripheral nervous system (PNS) triggers a cascade of events which culminate in a robust inflammatory reaction. The role played by inflammation in the course of degeneration and regeneration is not completely elucidated. While, in peripheral nerves, the inflammatory response is assumed to be essential for normal progression of Wallerian degeneration and regeneration, CNS trauma inflammation is often associated with poor recovery. In this review, we discuss key mechanisms that trigger the inflammatory reaction after nervous system trauma, emphasizing how inflammations in both CNS and PNS differ from each other, in terms of magnitude, cell types involved, and effector molecules. Knowledge of the precise mechanisms that elicit and maintain inflammation after CNS and PNS tissue trauma and their effect on axon degeneration and regeneration is crucial for the identification of possible pharmacological drugs that can positively affect the tissue regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Siqueira Mietto
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-550 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Klauss Mostacada
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-550 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Blanco Martinez
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-550 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Jung J, Jeong NY. Hydrogen sulfide controls peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration: a novel therapeutic strategy for peripheral demyelinating disorders or nerve degenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2015; 9:2119-21. [PMID: 25657730 PMCID: PMC4316442 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.147940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Institution, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714, Republic of Korea
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Donoghue P, Sun T, Gadegaard N, Riehle M, Barnett SC. Development of a novel 3D culture system for screening features of a complex implantable device for CNS repair. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2143-50. [PMID: 24279373 PMCID: PMC4087043 DOI: 10.1021/mp400526n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tubular scaffolds which incorporate a variety of micro- and nanotopographies have a wide application potential in tissue engineering especially for the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI). We aim to produce metabolically active differentiated tissues within such tubes, as it is crucially important to evaluate the biological performance of the three-dimensional (3D) scaffold and optimize the bioprocesses for tissue culture. Because of the complex 3D configuration and the presence of various topographies, it is rarely possible to observe and analyze cells within such scaffolds in situ. Thus, we aim to develop scaled down mini-chambers as simplified in vitro simulation systems, to bridge the gap between two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures on structured substrates and three-dimensional (3D) tissue culture. The mini-chambers were manipulated to systematically simulate and evaluate the influences of gravity, topography, fluid flow, and scaffold dimension on three exemplary cell models that play a role in CNS repair (i.e., cortical astrocytes, fibroblasts, and myelinating cultures) within a tubular scaffold created by rolling up a microstructured membrane. Since we use CNS myelinating cultures, we can confirm that the scaffold does not affect neural cell differentiation. It was found that heterogeneous cell distribution within the tubular constructs was caused by a combination of gravity, fluid flow, topography, and scaffold configuration, while cell survival was influenced by scaffold length, porosity, and thickness. This research demonstrates that the mini-chambers represent a viable, novel, scale down approach for the evaluation of complex 3D scaffolds as well as providing a microbioprocessing strategy for tissue engineering and the potential repair of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
S. Donoghue
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, U.K.
| | - Tao Sun
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Xi’an JiaoTong-Liverpool
University, 111 Ren’ai
Road, Suzhou, JiangsuP. R. China 215123
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, University
of Glasgow, 70 University
Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K.
| | - Mathis
O. Riehle
- Centre
for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology,
College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Joesph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, U.K.
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McDonough A, Hoang AN, Monterrubio A, Greenhalgh S, Martínez-Cerdeño V. Compression injury in the mouse spinal cord elicits a specific proliferative response and distinct cell fate acquisition along rostro-caudal and dorso-ventral axes. Neuroscience 2013; 254:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sung TC, Chen Z, Thuret S, Vilar M, Gage FH, Riek R, Lee KF. P45 forms a complex with FADD and promotes neuronal cell survival following spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69286. [PMID: 23935974 PMCID: PMC3720591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas-associated death domain (DD) adaptor (FADD), a member of the DD superfamily, contains both a DD and a death effector domain (DED) that are important in mediating FAS ligand-induced apoptotic signaling. P45 is a unique member of the DD superfamily in that it has a domain with sequence and structural characteristics of both DD and DED. We show that p45 forms a complex with FADD and diminishes Fas-FADD mediated death signaling. The DED of FADD is required for the complex formation with p45. Following spinal cord injury, transgenic mice over-expressing p45 exhibit increased neuronal survival, decreased retraction of corticospinal tract fibers and improved functional recovery. Understanding p45-mediated cellular and molecular mechanisms may provide insights into facilitating nerve regeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chang Sung
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Zhijiang Chen
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour & Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marçal Vilar
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Neurodegeneration Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fred H. Gage
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Roland Riek
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kuo-Fen Lee
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kusiak AN, Selzer ME. Neuroplasticity in the spinal cord. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 110:23-42. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52901-5.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Endogenous proliferation after spinal cord injury in animal models. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:387513. [PMID: 23316243 PMCID: PMC3539424 DOI: 10.1155/2012/387513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in motor and sensory deficits, the severity of which depends on the level and extent of the injury. Animal models for SCI research include transection, contusion, and compression mouse models. In this paper we will discuss the endogenous stem cell response to SCI in animal models. All SCI animal models experience a similar peak of cell proliferation three days after injury; however, each specific type of injury promotes a specific and distinct stem cell response. For example, the transection model results in a strong and localized initial increase of proliferation, while in contusion and compression models, the initial level of proliferation is lower but encompasses the entire rostrocaudal extent of the spinal cord. All injury types result in an increased ependymal proliferation, but only in contusion and compression models is there a significant level of proliferation in the lateral regions of the spinal cord. Finally, the fate of newly generated cells varies from a mainly oligodendrocyte fate in contusion and compression to a mostly astrocyte fate in the transection model. Here we will discuss the potential of endogenous stem/progenitor cell manipulation as a therapeutic tool to treat SCI.
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Busch DJ, Morgan JR. Synuclein accumulation is associated with cell-specific neuronal death after spinal cord injury. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:1751-71. [PMID: 22120153 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury axotomizes neurons and induces many of them to die, whereas others survive. Therefore, it is important to identify factors that lead to neuronal death after injury as a first step toward developing better strategies for increasing neuronal survival and functional recovery. However, the intrinsic molecular pathways that govern whether an injured neuron lives or dies remain surprisingly unclear. To address this question, we took advantage of the large size of giant reticulospinal (RS) neurons in the brain of the lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. We report that axotomy of giant RS neurons induces a select subset of them to accumulate high levels of synuclein, a synaptic vesicle-associated protein whose abnormal accumulation is linked to Parkinson's disease. Injury-induced synuclein accumulation occurred only in neurons that were classified as "poor survivors" by both histological and Fluoro-Jade C staining. In contrast, post-injury synuclein immunofluorescence remained at control levels in neurons that were identified as "good survivors." Synuclein accumulation appeared in the form of aggregated intracellular inclusions. Cells that accumulated synuclein also exhibited more ubiquitin-containing inclusions, similar to what occurs during disease states. When synuclein levels and cell vitality were measured in the same neurons, it became clear that synuclein accumulation preceded and strongly correlated with subsequent neuronal death. Thus, synuclein accumulation is identified as a marker and potential risk factor for forthcoming neuronal death after axotomy, expanding its implications beyond the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Busch
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Norimatsu Y, Ohmori T, Kimura A, Madoiwa S, Mimuro J, Seichi A, Yatomi Y, Hoshino Y, Sakata Y. FTY720 improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury by primarily nonimmunomodulatory mechanisms. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1625-35. [PMID: 22417787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an incapacitating injury that can result in limited functional recovery. We have previously shown increases in the lysophospholipid mediator, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), in the spinal cord after contusion injury. To apply S1P receptor modulation to the treatment of SCI, we examined the therapeutic effects of FTY720, an S1P receptor agonist, on locomotor recovery after SCI in mice. Oral administration of FTY720 shortly after contusion SCI significantly improved motor function recovery, as assessed by both Basso Mouse Scale scores and Rotarod Performance test results. FTY720 induced lymphopenia and reduced T-cell infiltration in the spinal cord after SCI but did not affect the early infiltration of neutrophils and the activation of microglia. In addition, plasma levels and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord after SCI were not attenuated by FTY720. Vascular permeability and astrocyte accumulation were both decreased by FTY720 in the injured spinal cord. The therapeutic effects of FTY720 were not solely dependent on immune modulation, as confirmed by the demonstration that FTY720 also ameliorated motor function after SCI in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Finally, the S1P(1) receptor agonist, SEW2871, partly mimicked the therapeutic effect of FTY720. Our data highlight the importance of immune-independent functions of FTY720 in decreasing vascular permeability and astrogliosis in the injured spinal cord and promoting locomotor function recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Norimatsu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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15
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Huelsenbeck SC, Rohrbeck A, Handreck A, Hellmich G, Kiaei E, Roettinger I, Grothe C, Just I, Haastert-Talini K. C3 peptide promotes axonal regeneration and functional motor recovery after peripheral nerve injury. Neurotherapeutics 2012; 9:185-98. [PMID: 21866396 PMCID: PMC3271155 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-011-0072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are frequently seen in trauma patients and due to delayed nerve repair, lifelong disabilities often follow this type of injury. Innovative therapies are needed to facilitate and expedite peripheral nerve regeneration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 1-time topical application of a 26-amino-acid fragment (C3(156-181)), derived from the Clostridium botulinum C3-exoenzyme, on peripheral nerve regeneration in 2 models of nerve injury and repair in adult rats. After sciatic nerve crush, different dosages of C3(156-181) dissolved in buffer or reference solutions (nerve growth factor or C3(bot)-wild-type protein) or vehicle-only were injected through an epineurial opening into the lesion sites. After 10-mm nerve autotransplantation, either 8.0 nmol/kg C3(156-181) or vehicle were injected into the proximal and distal suture sites. For a period of 3 to 10 postoperative weeks, C3(156-181)-treated animals showed a faster motor recovery than control animals. After crush injury, axonal outgrowth and elongation were activated and consequently resulted in faster motor recovery. The nerve autotransplantation model further elucidated that C3(156-181) treatment accounts for better axonal elongation into motor targets and reduced axonal sprouting, which are followed by enhanced axonal maturation and better axonal functionality. The effects of C3(156-181) are likely caused by a nonenzymatic down-regulation of active RhoA. Our results indicate the potential of C3(156-181) as a therapeutic agent for the topical treatment of peripheral nerve repair sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie C. Huelsenbeck
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Toxicology, Hannover, 30625 Germany
- Present Address: Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, 55131 Germany
| | - Astrid Rohrbeck
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Toxicology, Hannover, 30625 Germany
| | - Annelie Handreck
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover, 30625 Germany
| | - Gesa Hellmich
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover, 30625 Germany
| | - Eghlima Kiaei
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover, 30625 Germany
| | - Irene Roettinger
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover, 30625 Germany
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover, 30625 Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Just
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Toxicology, Hannover, 30625 Germany
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover, 30625 Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
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GhoshMitra S, Diercks DR, Mills NC, Hynds DL, Ghosh S. Role of engineered nanocarriers for axon regeneration and guidance: current status and future trends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:110-25. [PMID: 22240258 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are approximately 1.5 million people who experience traumatic injuries to the brain and 265,000 who experience traumatic injuries to the spinal cord each year in the United States. Currently, there are few effective treatments for central nervous system (CNS) injuries because the CNS is refractory to axonal regeneration and relatively inaccessible to many pharmacological treatments. Smart, remotely tunable, multifunctional micro- and nanocarriers hold promise for delivering treatments to the CNS and targeting specific neurons to enhance axon regeneration and synaptogenesis. Furthermore, assessing the efficacy of treatments could be enhanced by biocompatible nanovectors designed for imaging in vivo. Recent developments in nanoengineering offer promising alternatives for designing biocompatible micro- and nanovectors, including magnetic nanostructures, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dot-based systems for controlled release of therapeutic and diagnostic agents to targeted CNS cells. This review highlights recent achievements in the development of smart nanostructures to overcome the existing challenges for treating CNS injuries.
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Hoffman N, Parker D. Interactive and individual effects of sensory potentiation and region-specific changes in excitability after spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2011; 199:563-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Jenkins SI, Pickard MR, Granger N, Chari DM. Magnetic nanoparticle-mediated gene transfer to oligodendrocyte precursor cell transplant populations is enhanced by magnetofection strategies. ACS NANO 2011; 5:6527-38. [PMID: 21721568 DOI: 10.1021/nn2018717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study has tested the feasibility of using physical delivery methods, employing static and oscillating field "magnetofection" techniques, to enhance magnetic nanoparticle-mediated gene transfer to rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells derived for transplantation therapies. These cells are a major transplant population to mediate repair of damage as occurs in spinal cord injury and neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis. We show for the first time that magnetic nanoparticles mediate effective transfer of reporter and therapeutic genes to oligodendrocyte precursors; transfection efficacy was significantly enhanced by applied static or oscillating magnetic fields, the latter using an oscillating array employing high-gradient NdFeB magnets. The effects of oscillating fields were frequency-dependent, with 4 Hz yielding optimal results. Transfection efficacies obtained using magnetofection methods were highly competitive with or better than current widely used nonviral transfection methods (e.g., electroporation and lipofection) with the additional critical advantage of high cell viability. No adverse effects were found on the cells' ability to divide or give rise to their daughter cells, the oligodendrocytes-key properties that underpin their regeneration-promoting effects. The transplantation potential of transfected cells was tested in three-dimensional tissue engineering models utilizing brain slices as the host tissue; modified transplanted cells were found to migrate, divide, give rise to daughter cells, and integrate within host tissue, further evidencing the safety of the protocols used. Our findings strongly support the concept that magnetic nanoparticle vectors in conjunction with state-of-the-art magnetofection strategies provide a technically simple and effective alternative to current methods for gene transfer to oligodendrocyte precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I Jenkins
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
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19
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Biochemical insights into the role of matrix metalloproteinases in regeneration: challenges and recent developments. Future Med Chem 2011; 1:1095-1111. [PMID: 20161478 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of proteases that belong to the metazincin family. These proteins consist of similar structures featuring a signaling peptide, a propeptide domain, a catalytic domain where the notable zinc ion binding site is found and a hinge region that binds to the C-terminal hemoplexin domain. MMPs can be produced by numerous cell types through secretion or localization to the cell membrane. While certain chemical compounds have been known to generally inhibit MMPs, naturally occurring proteins known as tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) effectively interact with MMPs to modify their biological roles. MMPs are very important enzymes that actively participate in remodeling the extracellular matrix by degrading certain constituents, along with promoting cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. In normal adult tissue, they are almost undetectable; however, when perturbed through injury, disease or pregnancy, they have elevated expression. The goal of this review is to identify new experimental findings that have provided further insight into the role of MMPs in skeletal muscle, nerve and dermal tissue, as well as in the liver, heart and kidneys. Increased expression of MMPs can improve the regeneration potential of wounds; however, an imbalance between MMP and TIMP expression can prove to be destructive for afflicted tissues.
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20
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Cigognini D, Satta A, Colleoni B, Silva D, Donegà M, Antonini S, Gelain F. Evaluation of early and late effects into the acute spinal cord injury of an injectable functionalized self-assembling scaffold. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19782. [PMID: 21611127 PMCID: PMC3097206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex physiopathological events occurring after spinal cord injury (SCI) make this devastating trauma still incurable. Self-assembling peptides (SAPs) are nanomaterials displaying some appealing properties for application in regenerative medicine because they mimic the structure of the extra-cellular matrix (ECM), are reabsorbable, allow biofunctionalizations and can be injected directly into the lesion. In this study we evaluated the putative neurorigenerative properties of RADA16-4G-BMHP1 SAP, proved to enhance in vitro neural stem cells survival and differentiation. This SAP (RADA16-I) has been functionalized with a bone marrow homing motif (BMHP1) and optimized via the insertion of a 4-glycine-spacer that ameliorates scaffold stability and exposure of the biomotifs. We injected the scaffold immediately after contusion in the rat spinal cord, then we evaluated the early effects by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and the late effects by histological analysis. Locomotor recovery over 8 weeks was assessed using Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) test. Gene expression analysis showed that at 7 days after lesion the functionalized SAP induced a general upregulation of GAP-43, trophic factors and ECM remodelling proteins, whereas 3 days after SCI no remarkable changes were observed. Hystological analysis revealed that 8 weeks after SCI our scaffold increased cellular infiltration, basement membrane deposition and axon regeneration/sprouting within the cyst. Moreover the functionalized SAP showed to be compatible with the surrounding nervous tissue and to at least partially fill the cavities. Finally SAP injection resulted in a statistically significant improvement of both hindlimbs' motor performance and forelimbs-hindlimbs coordination. Altogether, these results indicate that RADA16-4G-BMHP1 induced favourable reparative processes, such as matrix remodelling, and provided a physical and trophic support to nervous tissue ingrowth. Thus this biomaterial, eventually combined with cells and growth factors, may constitute a promising biomimetic scaffold for regenerative applications in the injured central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cigognini
- Biotechnology and Biosciences Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Satta
- Biotechnology and Biosciences Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Bianca Colleoni
- Biotechnology and Biosciences Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Diego Silva
- Biotechnology and Biosciences Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Donegà
- Biotechnology and Biosciences Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Antonini
- Biotechnology and Biosciences Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gelain
- Biotechnology and Biosciences Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milano, Italy
- Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- * E-mail:
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21
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Bloom OE, Morgan JR. Membrane trafficking events underlying axon repair, growth, and regeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:339-48. [PMID: 21539917 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two central challenges for the field of neurobiology are to understand how axons grow and make proper synaptic connections under normal conditions and how they repair their membranes and mount regenerative responses after injury. At the most reductionist level, the first step toward addressing these challenges is to delineate the cellular and molecular processes by which an axon extends from its cell body. Underlying axon extension are questions of appropriate timing and mechanisms that establish or maintain the axon's polarity, initiate growth cone formation, and promote axon outgrowth and synapse formation. After injury, the problem is even more complicated because the neuron must also repair its damaged membrane, redistribute or manufacture what it needs in order to survive, and grow and form new synapses within a more mature, complex environment. While other reviews have focused extensively on the signaling events and cytoskeletal rearrangements that support axon outgrowth and regeneration, we focus this review instead on the underlying membrane trafficking events underlying these processes. Though the mechanisms are still under active investigation, the key roles played by membrane trafficking events during axon repair, growth, and regeneration have been elucidated through elegant comparative studies in both invertebrate and vertebrate organisms. Taken together, a model emerges indicating that the critical requirements for ensuring proper membrane sealing and axon extension include iterative bouts of SNARE mediated exocytosis, endocytosis, and functional links between vesicles and the actin cytoskeleton, similar to the mechanisms utilized during synaptic transmission. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuronal Function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ona E Bloom
- The Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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22
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Levine JM, Levine GJ, Porter BF, Topp K, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Naturally occurring disk herniation in dogs: an opportunity for pre-clinical spinal cord injury research. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:675-88. [PMID: 21438715 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injuries represent a significant source of morbidity in humans. Despite decades of research using experimental models of spinal cord injury to identify candidate therapeutics, there has been only limited progress toward translating beneficial findings to human spinal cord injury. Thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation is a naturally occurring disease that affects dogs and results in compressive/contusive spinal cord injury. Here we discuss aspects of this disease that are analogous to human spinal cord injury, including injury mechanisms, pathology, and metrics for determining outcomes. We address both the strengths and weaknesses of conducting pre-clinical research in these dogs, and include a review of studies that have utilized these animals to assess efficacy of candidate therapeutics. Finally, we consider a two-species approach to pre-clinical data acquisition, beginning with a reproducible model of spinal cord injury in the rodent as a tool for discovery with validation in pet dogs with intervertebral disk herniation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4474, USA.
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23
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Gitik M, Liraz-Zaltsman S, Oldenborg PA, Reichert F, Rotshenker S. Myelin down-regulates myelin phagocytosis by microglia and macrophages through interactions between CD47 on myelin and SIRPα (signal regulatory protein-α) on phagocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:24. [PMID: 21401967 PMCID: PMC3068094 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic injury to axons produces breakdown of axons and myelin at the site of the lesion and then further distal to this where Wallerian degeneration develops. The rapid removal of degenerated myelin by phagocytosis is advantageous for repair since molecules in myelin impede regeneration of severed axons. Thus, revealing mechanisms that regulate myelin phagocytosis by macrophages and microglia is important. We hypothesize that myelin regulates its own phagocytosis by simultaneous activation and down-regulation of microglial and macrophage responses. Activation follows myelin binding to receptors that mediate its phagocytosis (e.g. complement receptor-3), which has been previously studied. Down-regulation, which we test here, follows binding of myelin CD47 to the immune inhibitory receptor SIRPα (signal regulatory protein-α) on macrophages and microglia. METHODS CD47 and SIRPα expression was studied by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, and myelin phagocytosis by ELISA. RESULTS We first document that myelin, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells express CD47 without SIRPα and further confirm that microglia and macrophages express both CD47 and SIRPα. Thus, CD47 on myelin can bind to and subsequently activate SIRPα on phagocytes, a prerequisite for CD47/SIRPα-dependent down-regulation of CD47+/+ myelin phagocytosis by itself. We then demonstrate that phagocytosis of CD47+/+ myelin is augmented when binding between myelin CD47 and SIRPα on phagocytes is blocked by mAbs against CD47 and SIRPα, indicating that down-regulation of phagocytosis indeed depends on CD47-SIRPα binding. Further, phagocytosis in serum-free medium of CD47+/+ myelin is augmented after knocking down SIRPα levels (SIRPα-KD) in phagocytes by lentiviral infection with SIRPα-shRNA, whereas phagocytosis of myelin that lacks CD47 (CD47-/-) is not. Thus, myelin CD47 produces SIRPα-dependent down-regulation of CD47+/+ myelin phagocytosis in phagocytes. Unexpectedly, phagocytosis of CD47-/- myelin by SIRPα-KD phagocytes, which is not altered from normal when tested in serum-free medium, is augmented when serum is present. Therefore, both myelin CD47 and serum may each promote SIRPα-dependent down-regulation of myelin phagocytosis irrespective of the other. CONCLUSIONS Myelin down-regulates its own phagocytosis through CD47-SIRPα interactions. It may further be argued that CD47 functions normally as a marker of "self" that helps protect intact myelin and myelin-forming oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells from activated microglia and macrophages. However, the very same mechanism that impedes phagocytosis may turn disadvantageous when rapid clearance of degenerated myelin is helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Gitik
- Dept. of Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman
- Dept. of Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | | | - Fanny Reichert
- Dept. of Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Shlomo Rotshenker
- Dept. of Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Abstract
In the body, cells encounter a complex milieu of signals, including topographical cues, in the form of the physical features of their surrounding environment. Imposed topography can affect cells on surfaces by promoting adhesion, spreading, alignment, morphological changes, and changes in gene expression. Neural response to topography is complex, and it depends on the dimensions and shapes of physical features. Looking toward repair of nerve injuries, strategies are being explored to engineer guidance conduits with precise surface topographies. How neurons and other cell types sense and interpret topography remains to be fully elucidated. Studies reviewed here include those of topography on cellular organization and function as well as potential cellular mechanisms of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Hoffman-Kim
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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25
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Oliphint PA, Alieva N, Foldes AE, Tytell ED, Lau BYB, Pariseau JS, Cohen AH, Morgan JR. Regenerated synapses in lamprey spinal cord are sparse and small even after functional recovery from injury. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:2854-72. [PMID: 20506479 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the potential importance that synapse regeneration plays in restoring neuronal function after spinal cord injury (SCI), even the most basic questions about the morphology of regenerated synapses remain unanswered. Therefore, we set out to gain a better understanding of central synapse regeneration by examining the number, distribution, molecular composition, and ultrastructure of regenerated synapses under conditions in which behavioral recovery from SCI was robust. To do so, we used the giant reticulospinal (RS) neurons of lamprey spinal cord because they readily regenerate, are easily identifiable, and contain large synapses that serve as a classic model for vertebrate excitatory neurotransmission. Using a combination of light and electron microscopy, we found that regenerated giant RS synapses regained the basic structures and presynaptic organization observed at control giant RS synapses at a time when behavioral recovery was nearly complete. However, several obvious differences remained. Most strikingly, regenerated giant RS axons produced very few synapses. In addition, presynaptic sites within regenerated axons were less complex, had fewer vesicles, and had smaller active zones than normal. In contrast, the densities of presynapses and docked vesicles were nearly restored to control values. Thus, robust functional recovery from SCI can occur even when the structures of regenerated synapses are sparse and small, suggesting that functional recovery is due to a more complex set of compensatory changes throughout the spinal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Oliphint
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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26
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Ben-Hur T. Reconstructing neural circuits using transplanted neural stem cells in the injured spinal cord. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:3096-8. [PMID: 20714103 DOI: 10.1172/jci43575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury is one of the most common causes of disability in young adults. Restoring independent ambulation in such patients is considered one of the biggest challenges in regenerative medicine because repair of spinal cord injury involves the complex processes of axonal regeneration, remyelination, and formation of new synaptic connections. In this issue of the JCI, Abematsu et al. report their attempts to rise to this challenge, showing in a mouse model of severe spinal cord injury that spinal neuronal circuits can be restored by neural stem cell transplantation, leading to impressive functional recovery in the hind limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Ben-Hur
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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27
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Boato F, Hendrix S, Huelsenbeck SC, Hofmann F, Große G, Djalali S, Klimaschewski L, Auer M, Just I, Ahnert-Hilger G, Höltje M. C3 peptide enhances recovery from spinal cord injury by improved regenerative growth of descending fiber tracts. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:1652-62. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.066050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional recovery and regeneration of corticospinal tract (CST) fibers following spinal cord injury by compression or dorsal hemisection in mice was monitored after application of the enzyme-deficient Clostridium botulinum C3-protein-derived 29-amino-acid fragment C3bot154-182. This peptide significantly improved locomotor restoration in both injury models as assessed by the open-field Basso Mouse Scale for locomotion test and Rotarod treadmill experiments. These data were supported by tracing studies showing an enhanced regenerative growth of CST fibers in treated animals as visualized by anterograde tracing. Additionally, C3bot154-182 stimulated regenerative growth of raphespinal fibers and improved serotonergic input to lumbar α-motoneurons. These in vivo data were confirmed by in vitro data, showing an enhanced axon outgrowth of α-motoneurons and hippocampal neurons cultivated on normal or growth-inhibitory substrates after application of C3bot154-182. The observed effects were probably caused by a non-enzymatic downregulation of active RhoA by the C3 peptide as indicated by pull-down experiments. By contrast, C3bot154-182 did not induce neurite outgrowth in primary cultures of dorsal root ganglion cells. In conclusion, C3bot154-182 represents a novel, promising tool to foster axonal protection and/or repair, as well as functional recovery after traumatic CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boato
- Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Center for Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Morphology and BIOMED Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaangebouw A, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Stefanie C. Huelsenbeck
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Fred Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gisela Große
- Center for Anatomy, Functional Cell Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susann Djalali
- Center for Anatomy, Functional Cell Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Klimaschewski
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Müllerstraße 59, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Auer
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Müllerstraße 59, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ingo Just
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gudrun Ahnert-Hilger
- Center for Anatomy, Functional Cell Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Höltje
- Center for Anatomy, Functional Cell Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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28
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Combining peripheral nerve grafts and chondroitinase promotes functional axonal regeneration in the chronically injured spinal cord. J Neurosci 2010; 29:14881-90. [PMID: 19940184 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3641-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Because there currently is no treatment for spinal cord injury, most patients are living with long-standing injuries. Therefore, strategies aimed at promoting restoration of function to the chronically injured spinal cord have high therapeutic value. For successful regeneration, long-injured axons must overcome their poor intrinsic growth potential as well as the inhibitory environment of the glial scar established around the lesion site. Acutely injured axons that regenerate into growth-permissive peripheral nerve grafts (PNGs) reenter host tissue to mediate functional recovery if the distal graft-host interface is treated with chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) to cleave inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the scar matrix. To determine whether a similar strategy is effective for a chronic injury, we combined grafting of a peripheral nerve into a highly relevant, chronic, cervical contusion site with ChABC treatment of the glial scar and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) stimulation of long-injured axons. We tested this combination in two grafting paradigms: (1) a peripheral nerve that was grafted to span a chronic injury site or (2) a PNG that bridged a chronic contusion site with a second, more distal injury site. Unlike GDNF-PBS treatment, GDNF-ChABC treatment facilitated axons to exit the PNG into host tissue and promoted some functional recovery. Electrical stimulation of axons in the peripheral nerve bridge induced c-Fos expression in host neurons, indicative of synaptic contact by regenerating fibers. Thus, our data demonstrate, for the first time, that administering ChABC to a distal graft interface allows for functional axonal regeneration by chronically injured neurons.
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29
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Ghosh S, GhoshMitra S, Cai T, Diercks DR, Mills NC, Hynds DL. Alternating Magnetic Field Controlled, Multifunctional Nano-Reservoirs: Intracellular Uptake and Improved Biocompatibility. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2009; 5:195-204. [PMID: 20652104 PMCID: PMC2894335 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-009-9465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles hold great therapeutic potential, but conventional particles can be toxic. Here, we report the synthesis and alternating magnetic field dependent actuation of a remotely controllable, multifunctional nano-scale system and its marked biocompatibility with mammalian cells. Monodisperse, magnetic nanospheres based on thermo-sensitive polymer network poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate were synthesized using free radical polymerization. Synthesized nanospheres have oscillating magnetic field induced thermo-reversible behavior; exhibiting desirable characteristics comparable to the widely used poly-N-isopropylacrylamide-based systems in shrinkage plus a broader volumetric transition range. Remote heating and model drug release were characterized for different field strengths. Nanospheres containing nanoparticles up to an iron concentration of 6 mM were readily taken up by neuron-like PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and had reduced toxicity compared to other surface modified magnetic nanocarriers. Furthermore, nanosphere exposure did not inhibit the extension of cellular processes (neurite outgrowth) even at high iron concentrations (6 mM), indicating minimal negative effects in cellular systems. Excellent intracellular uptake and enhanced biocompatibility coupled with the lack of deleterious effects on neurite outgrowth and prior Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of PEG-based carriers suggest increased therapeutic potential of this system for manipulating axon regeneration following nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santaneel Ghosh
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Southeast Missouri State University, MS 6600, One University Plaza, Cape Girardeau, MO, 63701, USA
| | - Somesree GhoshMitra
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman’s University, PO Box 425799, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - Tong Cai
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - David R Diercks
- Center of Advancement of Research and Technology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76207, USA
| | - Nathaniel C Mills
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman’s University, PO Box 425799, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - DiAnna L Hynds
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman’s University, PO Box 425799, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
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30
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Therapeutic DNA vaccination as a repair strategy following spinal cord injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:275-82. [PMID: 19757023 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Myelin-derived proteins, such as tenascin-R (TN-R), myelin associate glycoprotein (MAG), oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), and Nogo-A, inhibit the central nervous system regeneration. In this study, the DNA vaccine encoding for oligodendrocyte and myelin-related antigens was employed to attenuate the axonal growth inhibitory properties of myelin in the setting of spinal cord injury. Using a rat spinal cord dorsal hemisection model, the vaccine directed against the inhibitory epitopes of Nogo-A, MAG, OMgp, and TN-R was administered intramuscularly once a week following spinal cord injury, supplemented with local application of specific anti-sera against the four antigens. Anterograde labeling of dorsal column fibers showed active axonal regeneration through the lesion site at the eighth week following the treatment in experimental group but not in control groups. Light microscopic and ultrastructural analysis revealed that vaccination with these myelin-related antigens did not lead to demyelinating disease. OMgp and TN-R levels were down-regulated at the lesion site together with a parallel increase in growth-associated protein 43 levels in the treatment groups. This study reveals the effective approach of a DNA vaccine strategy by attaining the special antibody to direct neutralization of the myelin inhibitors during spinal cord injury.
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31
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Vinit S, Lovett-Barr MR, Mitchell GS. Intermittent hypoxia induces functional recovery following cervical spinal injury. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 169:210-7. [PMID: 19651247 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory-related complications are the leading cause of death in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. Few effective SCI treatments are available after therapeutic interventions are performed in the period shortly after injury (e.g. spine stabilization and prevention of further spinal damage). In this review we explore the capacity to harness endogenous spinal plasticity induced by intermittent hypoxia to optimize function of surviving (spared) neural pathways associated with breathing. Two primary questions are addressed: (1) does intermittent hypoxia induce plasticity in spinal synaptic pathways to respiratory motor neurons following experimental SCI? and (2) can this plasticity improve respiratory function? In normal rats, intermittent hypoxia induces serotonin-dependent plasticity in spinal pathways to respiratory motor neurons. Early experiments suggest that intermittent hypoxia also enhances respiratory motor output in experimental models of cervical SCI (cervical hemisection) and that the capacity to induce functional recovery is greater with longer durations post-injury. Available evidence suggests that intermittent hypoxia-induced spinal plasticity has considerable therapeutic potential to treat respiratory insufficiency following chronic cervical spinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Vinit
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1102, USA.
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Rao SS, Winter JO. Adhesion molecule-modified biomaterials for neural tissue engineering. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENGINEERING 2009; 2:6. [PMID: 19668707 PMCID: PMC2723915 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.16.006.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules (AMs) represent one class of biomolecules that promote central nervous system regeneration. These tethered molecules provide cues to regenerating neurons that recapitulate the native brain environment. Improving cell adhesive potential of non-adhesive biomaterials is therefore a common goal in neural tissue engineering. This review discusses common AMs used in neural biomaterials and the mechanism of cell attachment to these AMs. Methods to modify materials with AMs are discussed and compared. Additionally, patterning of AMs for achieving specific neuronal responses is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas S. Rao
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Jessica O. Winter
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
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