1
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Brudno JN, Kochenderfer JN. Current understanding and management of CAR T cell-associated toxicities. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:501-521. [PMID: 38769449 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-024-00903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of several haematological malignancies and is being investigated in patients with various solid tumours. Characteristic CAR T cell-associated toxicities such as cytokine-release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) are now well-recognized, and improved supportive care and management with immunosuppressive agents has made CAR T cell therapy safer and more feasible than it was when the first regulatory approvals of such treatments were granted in 2017. The increasing clinical experience with these therapies has also improved recognition of previously less well-defined toxicities, including movement disorders, immune effector cell-associated haematotoxicity (ICAHT) and immune effector cell-associated haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-like syndrome (IEC-HS), as well as the substantial risk of infection in patients with persistent CAR T cell-induced B cell aplasia and hypogammaglobulinaemia. A more diverse selection of immunosuppressive and supportive-care pharmacotherapies is now being utilized for toxicity management, yet no universal algorithm for their application exists. As CAR T cell products targeting new antigens are developed, additional toxicities involving damage to non-malignant tissues expressing the target antigen are a potential hurdle. Continued prospective evaluation of toxicity management strategies and the design of less-toxic CAR T cell products are both crucial for ongoing success in this field. In this Review, we discuss the evolving understanding and clinical management of CAR T cell-associated toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Brudno
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - James N Kochenderfer
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Géraud A, Hueso T, Laparra A, Bige N, Ouali K, Cauquil C, Stoclin A, Danlos FX, Hollebecque A, Ribrag V, Gazzah A, Goldschmidt V, Baldini C, Suzzoni S, Bahleda R, Besse B, Barlesi F, Lambotte O, Massard C, Marabelle A, Castilla-Llorente C, Champiat S, Michot JM. Reactions and adverse events induced by T-cell engagers as anti-cancer immunotherapies, a comprehensive review. Eur J Cancer 2024; 205:114075. [PMID: 38733717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
T-cell engagers (TCE) are cancer immunotherapies that have recently demonstrated meaningful benefit for patients with hematological malignancies and solid tumors. The anticipated widespread use of T cell engagers poses implementation challenges and highlights the need for guidance to anticipate, mitigate, and manage adverse events. By mobilizing T-cells directly at the contact of tumor cells, TCE mount an obligatory and immediate anti-tumor immune response that could result in diverse reactions and adverse events. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is the most common reaction and is largely confined to the first drug administrations during step-up dosage. Cytokine release syndrome should be distinguished from infusion related reaction by clinical symptoms, timing to occurrence, pathophysiological aspects, and clinical management. Other common reactions and adverse events with TCE are immune effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS), infections, tumor flare reaction and cytopenias. The toxicity profiles of TCE and CAR-T cells have commonalities and distinctions that we sum-up in this review. As compared with CAR-T cells, TCE are responsible for less frequently severe CRS or ICANS. This review recapitulates terminology, pathophysiology, severity grading system and management of reactions and adverse events related to TCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Géraud
- Gustave Roussy, Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Thomas Hueso
- Gustave Roussy, Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Ariane Laparra
- Gustave Roussy, Departement Interdisciplinaire d'Organisation des Parcours Patients, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Naike Bige
- Gustave Roussy, Service de réanimation et de soins intensifs, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Kaissa Ouali
- Gustave Roussy, Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Cécile Cauquil
- Hôpital Universitaire du Kremlin Bicêtre, Service de Neurologie, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Annabelle Stoclin
- Gustave Roussy, Service de réanimation et de soins intensifs, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - François-Xavier Danlos
- Gustave Roussy, Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Antoine Hollebecque
- Gustave Roussy, Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Vincent Ribrag
- Gustave Roussy, Department Hématologie, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Anas Gazzah
- Gustave Roussy, Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Vincent Goldschmidt
- Gustave Roussy, Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Capucine Baldini
- Gustave Roussy, Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Steve Suzzoni
- Gustave Roussy, Department of Pharmacy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Rastislav Bahleda
- Gustave Roussy, Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Gustave Roussy, Department de Médecine Oncologique, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Gustave Roussy, Department de Médecine Oncologique, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Hôpital Universitaire du Kremlin Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Christophe Massard
- Gustave Roussy, Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Gustave Roussy, Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Cristina Castilla-Llorente
- Gustave Roussy, Department Hématologie, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphane Champiat
- Gustave Roussy, Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Marie Michot
- Gustave Roussy, Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Department d'Hématologie Clinique, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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3
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Petrillo LA, Jones KF, El-Jawahri A, Sanders J, Greer JA, Temel JS. Why and How to Integrate Early Palliative Care Into Cutting-Edge Personalized Cancer Care. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2024; 44:e100038. [PMID: 38815187 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Early palliative care, palliative care integrated with oncology care early in the course of illness, has myriad benefits for patients and their caregivers, including improved quality of life, reduced physical and psychological symptom burden, enhanced prognostic awareness, and reduced health care utilization at the end of life. Although ASCO and others recommend early palliative care for all patients with advanced cancer, widespread implementation of early palliative care has not been realized because of barriers such as insufficient reimbursement and a palliative care workforce shortage. Investigators have recently tested several implementation strategies to overcome these barriers, including triggers for palliative care consultations, telehealth delivery, navigator-delivered interventions, and primary palliative care interventions. More research is needed to identify mechanisms to distribute palliative care optimally and equitably. Simultaneously, the transformation of the oncology treatment landscape has led to shifts in the supportive care needs of patients and caregivers, who may experience longer, uncertain trajectories of cancer. Now, palliative care also plays a clear role in the care of patients with hematologic malignancies and may be beneficial for patients undergoing phase I clinical trials and their caregivers. Further research and clinical guidance regarding how to balance the risks and benefits of opioid therapy and safely manage cancer-related pain across this wide range of settings are urgently needed. The strengths of early palliative care in supporting patients' and caregivers' coping and centering decisions on their goals and values remain valuable in the care of patients receiving cutting-edge personalized cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Petrillo
- Division of Palliative Care and Geriatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Katie Fitzgerald Jones
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- New England Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Jamaica Plain, MA
| | - Areej El-Jawahri
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Justin Sanders
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, CA
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, CA
| | - Joseph A Greer
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer S Temel
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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4
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Ligon JA, Ramakrishna S, Ceppi F, Calkoen FGJ, Diorio C, Davis KL, Jacoby E, Gottschalk S, Schultz LM, Capitini CM. INSPIRED Symposium Part 4B: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Correlative Studies-Established Findings and Future Priorities. Transplant Cell Ther 2024; 30:155-170. [PMID: 37863355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of B cell malignancies, with multiple CAR T cell products approved for numerous indications by regulatory agencies worldwide. However, significant work remains to be done to enhance these treatments. In March 2023, a group of experts in CAR T cell therapy assembled at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland at the Insights in Pediatric CAR T Cell Immunotherapy: Recent Advances and Future Directions (INSPIRED) Symposium to identify key areas for research for the coming years. In session 4B, correlative studies to be incorporated into future clinical trials and real-world settings were discussed. Active areas of research identified included (1) optimizing CAR T cell product manufacturing; (2) ensuring adequate lymphodepletion prior to CAR T cell administration; (3) overcoming immunoregulatory cells and tumor stroma present in the tumor microenvironment, particularly in solid tumors; (4) understanding tumor intrinsic properties that lead to CAR T cell immunotherapy resistance; and (5) uncovering biomarkers predictive of treatment resistance, treatment durability, or immune-related adverse events. Here we review the results of previously published clinical trials and real-world studies to summarize what is currently known about each of these topics. We then outline priorities for future research that we believe will be important for improving our understanding of CAR T cell therapy and ultimately leading to better outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Ligon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida.
| | - Sneha Ramakrishna
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Francesco Ceppi
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Woman-Mother-Child, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Friso G J Calkoen
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Maxima Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kara L Davis
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Elad Jacoby
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Liora M Schultz
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Christian M Capitini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
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5
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Diorio C, Teachey DT, Canna SW. Cytokine Storm Syndromes in Pediatric Patients. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:1636-1644. [PMID: 36990432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine storm syndromes (CSS) represent a diverse group of disorders characterized by severe overactivation of the immune system. In the majority of patients, CSS arise from a combination of host factors, including genetic risk and predisposing conditions, and acute triggers such as infections. CSS present differently in adults than in children, who are more likely to present with monogenic forms of these disorders. Individual CSS are rare, but in aggregate represent an important cause of severe illness in both children and adults. We present 3 rare, illustrative cases of CSS in pediatric patients that describe the spectrum of CSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Diorio
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa; Immune Dysregulation Frontier Program, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa.
| | - David T Teachey
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa; Immune Dysregulation Frontier Program, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Scott W Canna
- Immune Dysregulation Frontier Program, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa
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6
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Ravi G, Costa LJ. Bispecific T-cell engagers for treatment of multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol 2023; 98 Suppl 2:S13-S21. [PMID: 35702871 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific T cell engagers (TCE) derive from monoclonal antibodies and concomitantly engage a target on the surface of cancer cell and CD3 on the surface of T-cells. TCEs promote T cell activation and lysis of tumor cells. Most TCEs in development for multiple myeloma (MM) target the B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and differ among themselves in structure, pharmacokinetics, route and schedule of administration. CD3/BCMA TCEs produce response in ~60% of patients treated in phase 1 trials. TCEs are also in development targeting the G protein-coupled receptor, class C group 5 member D (GPRC5D) and the Fc receptor homologue 5 (FcRH5). Main toxicities are cytokine release syndrome and cytopenias. Here we review the current development and future directions of TCEs in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Ravi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Luciano J Costa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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7
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Baur K, Heim D, Beerlage A, Poerings AS, Kopp B, Medinger M, Dirks JC, Passweg JR, Holbro A. Dasatinib for treatment of CAR T-cell therapy-related complications. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005956. [PMID: 36455991 PMCID: PMC9717332 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) are severe, potentially life-threatening side effects of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T) therapy caused by the release of cytokines by proliferating and activated CAR T-cells. Current mainstay treatment includes interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade and steroids. The use of steroids is still controversial, since they may have the potential to irreversibly damage CAR T-cells and thus increase the risk of relapse. Therefore, additional treatment options need to be explored. We report the successful treatment of a patient with a grade 3 CRS and grade 4 ICANS refractory to IL-6 blockade and steroids with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib. The use of dasatinib for treatment of CAR T-cell therapy-related severe complications warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Baur
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Heim
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Beerlage
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna S Poerings
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Kopp
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jan C Dirks
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob R Passweg
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Holbro
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland,Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Rao A, Stewart A, Eljalby M, Ramakrishnan P, Anderson LD, Awan FT, Chandra A, Vallabhaneni S, Zhang K, Zaha VG. Cardiovascular disease and chimeric antigen receptor cellular therapy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:932347. [PMID: 36211558 PMCID: PMC9538377 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.932347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T) therapy is a revolutionary personalized therapy that has significantly impacted the treatment of patients with hematologic malignancies refractory to other therapies. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a major side effect of CAR T therapy that can occur in 70–90% of patients, with roughly 40% of patients at grade 2 or higher. CRS can cause an intense inflammatory state leading to cardiovascular complications, including troponin elevation, arrhythmias, hemodynamic instability, and depressed left ventricular systolic function. There are currently no standardized guidelines for the management of cardiovascular complications due to CAR T therapy, but systematic practice patterns are emerging. In this review, we contextualize the history and indications of CAR T cell therapy, side effects related to this treatment, strategies to optimize the cardiovascular health prior to CAR T and the management of cardiovascular complications related to CRS. We analyze the existing data and discuss potential future approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Rao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Cardio-Oncology Program, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Andrew Stewart
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Mahmoud Eljalby
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Praveen Ramakrishnan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Larry D. Anderson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Myeloma, Waldenstrom's, and Amyloidosis Program, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Farrukh T. Awan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Alvin Chandra
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Cardio-Oncology Program, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Srilakshmi Vallabhaneni
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Cardio-Oncology Program, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Kathleen Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Cardio-Oncology Program, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Vlad G. Zaha
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Cardio-Oncology Program, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Vlad G. Zaha
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9
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Mann H, Comenzo RL. Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Idecabtagene Vicleucel in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma: Evidence to Date. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:799-813. [PMID: 35912273 PMCID: PMC9327779 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s305429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in the diagnosis, risk assessment and treatment of patients with multiple myeloma, translating into remarkable improvements in survival outcomes. Yet, cure remains elusive, and almost all patients eventually experience relapse, particularly those with high-risk and refractory disease. Immune-based approaches have emerged as highly effective therapeutic options that have heralded a new era in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) is one such therapy that employs the use of genetically modified autologous T-cells to redirect immune activation in a tumor-directed fashion. It has yielded impressive responses even in patients with poor-risk disease and is the first chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy to be approved for treatment in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. In this review, we examine the design and pharmacokinetics of ide-cel, audit evidence that led to its incorporation into the current treatment paradigm and provide insight into its clinical utilization with a focus on real-life intricacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Mann
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,The John Conant Davis Myeloma and Amyloid Program, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raymond L Comenzo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,The John Conant Davis Myeloma and Amyloid Program, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Holzinger A, Abken H. Treatment with Living Drugs: Pharmaceutical Aspects of CAR T Cells. Pharmacology 2022; 107:446-463. [PMID: 35696994 DOI: 10.1159/000525052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive therapy with genetically modified T cells achieves spectacular remissions in advanced hematologic malignancies. In contrast to conventional drugs, this kind of therapy applies viable autologous T cells that are ex vivo genetically engineered with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and are classified as advanced therapy medicinal products. SUMMARY As "living drugs," CAR T cells differ from classical pharmaceutical drugs as they provide a panel of cellular capacities upon CAR signaling, including the release of effector molecules and cytokines, redirected cytotoxicity, CAR T cell amplification, active migration, and long-term persistence and immunological memory. Here, we discuss pharmaceutical aspects, the regulatory requirements for CAR T cell manufacturing, and how CAR T cell pharmacokinetics are connected with the clinical outcome. KEY MESSAGES From the pharmacological perspective, the development of CAR T cells with high translational potential needs to address pharmacodynamic markers to balance safety and efficacy of CAR T cells and to address pharmacokinetics with respect to trafficking, homing, infiltration, and persistence of CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Holzinger
- Division of Genetic Immunotherapy, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT) and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany,
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Division of Genetic Immunotherapy, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT) and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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11
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Pretre V, Papadopoulos D, Regard J, Pelletier M, Woo J. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and the inflammasome in cancer. Cytokine 2022; 153:155850. [PMID: 35279620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the significant contribution of inflammation to the development and progression of various types of cancer. Inflammation in the tumor microenvironment mediates complex interactions between innate immunity, adaptive immunity, microbiomes and stroma, and ultimately alters the overall fitness of tumor cells at multiple stages of carcinogenesis. Malignancies are known to arise in areas of chronic inflammation and inflammation in the tumor microenvironment (often called tumor-promoting inflammation) is believed to allow cancer cells to evade immunosurveillance while promoting genetic instability, survival and progression. Among the strongest data suggesting a causal role for inflammation in cancer come from the recent CANTOS trial which demonstrated that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) inhibition with canakinumab leads to a significant, dose-dependent decrease in incident lung cancer. This observation has launched a series of additional clinical studies to understand the role of IL-1β and the inflammasome in cancer, and the clinical utility of IL-1β inhibition in different stages of lung cancer. In this article we will review recent data implicating IL-1β signaling and its upstream regulator NLRP3 in both solid tumor and hematologic malignancies. We will discuss the key preclinical observations and the current clinical landscape, and describe the pharmacologic tools which will be used to evaluate the effects of blocking tumor-promoting inflammation clinically.
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12
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DLBCL 1L—What to Expect beyond R-CHOP? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061453. [PMID: 35326604 PMCID: PMC8946010 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. About two-thirds of patients are cured by the first-line (1L) standard of care (SOC), the R-CHOP (Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine and Prednisolone) immunochemotherapy protocol. The profound molecular heterogeneity of DLBCL is the underlying reason why many patients, despite improved next-line options, eventually succumb to the disease. Hence, enhancing the efficacy of 1L treatment is critical for improving long-term outcomes in DLBCL. A plethora of novel treatment options with potential in later lines is currently under evaluation in 1L settings. We summarize here the established and emerging strategies for newly diagnosed DLBCL and emphasize the need for individualized treatment decisions. Abstract The R-CHOP immunochemotherapy protocol has been the first-line (1L) standard of care (SOC) for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients for decades and is curative in approximately two-thirds of patients. Numerous randomized phase III trials, most of them in an “R-CHOP ± X” design, failed to further improve outcomes. This was mainly due to increased toxicity, the large proportion of patients not in need of more than R-CHOP, and the extensive molecular heterogeneity of the disease, raising the bar for “one-size-fits-all” concepts. Recently, an R-CHP regimen extended by the anti-CD79b antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) Polatuzumab Vedotin proved superior to R-CHOP in terms of progression-free survival (PFS) in the POLARIX phase III trial. Moreover, a number of targeted agents, especially the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor Ibrutinib, seem to have activity in certain patient subsets in 1L and are currently being tested in front-line regimens. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, achieving remarkable results in ≥3L scenarios, are being exploited in earlier lines of therapy, while T-cell-engaging bispecific antibodies emerge as conceptual competitors of CAR T-cells. Hence, we present here the findings and lessons learnt from phase III 1L trials and piloting phase II studies in relapsed/refractory (R/R) and 1L settings, and survey chemotherapy-free regimens with respect to their efficacy and future potential in 1L. Novel agents and their mode of action will be discussed in light of the molecular landscape of DLBCL and personalized 1L perspectives for the challenging patient population not cured by the SOC.
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13
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Anderson LD. Idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) CAR T-cell therapy for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Future Oncol 2021; 18:277-289. [PMID: 34854741 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel), a novel chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), has recently gained approval by the US FDA for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) after multicenter trials have demonstrated unprecedented results in this difficult-to-treat subgroup of patients. As the first CAR T-cell product approved for myeloma, ide-cel is poised to become a practice-changing treatment option. This first-in-class therapeutic offers hope for more durable remissions, as well as better quality of life, following a single infusion in a group of patients that previously had little hope. This paper reviews the ide-cel product in terms of design, pharmacology, efficacy and toxicity as described in studies reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry D Anderson
- Myeloma, Waldenstrom's & Amyloidosis Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8565, USA
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the neurologic complications of systemic anti-cancer therapies and radiation therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Although many of the newer systemic therapies have more favorable side effect profiles than traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy, neurotoxicity has been seen with some of newer targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and T cell engaging therapies, including CAR-T therapy. The most recent advances in radiation-induced neurotoxicity have focused on the prevention and the management of cognitive dysfunction, a known long-term complication of brain irradiation. Cancer therapies can damage both the central and the peripheral nervous systems, and the damage may not always be reversible. Neurologists and oncologists must be aware of the neurotoxicities associated with newer treatments, particularly CAR-T therapy and immunotherapy. Early recognition and appropriate management can help minimize neurologic injury.
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15
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Ferreyro BL, Scales DC, Wunsch H, Cheung MC, Gupta V, Saskin R, Thyagu S, Munshi L. Critical illness in patients with hematologic malignancy: a population-based cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2021; 47:1104-1114. [PMID: 34519845 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-021-06502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the modern incidence and predictors of ICU admission for adult patients newly diagnosed with a hematologic malignancy. METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study of adults with a new diagnosis of hematologic malignancy (April 1, 2006-March 31, 2017) in Ontario, Canada. We described the baseline demographic, clinical and laboratory predictors of ICU admission and subsequent mortality. The primary outcome was the incidence of ICU admission within 1 year of hematologic malignancy diagnosis. We assessed the predictors of ICU admission using Cox-proportional models that accounted for the competing risk of death and reported as subdistribution hazard ratios (sHR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS A total of 87,965 patients (mean [SD] age, 67.8 (15.7) years) were included. The 1-year incidence of ICU admission was 13.9% (median time 35 days), ranging from 7.3% (indolent lymphoma) to 22.5% (acute myeloid leukemia). After multivariable adjustment, compared to indolent lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia (sHR, 3.09; 95% CI 2.84-3.35), aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (sHR, 2.47; 95% CI 2.31-2.65) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (sHR, 2.46; 95% CI 2.15-2.80) had the highest risk of ICU admission. Comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease (sHR, 2.09; 95% CI 2.01-2.19), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (sHR, 1.33; 95% CI 1.26-1.39) and baseline laboratory abnormalities (anemia, thrombocytopenia and high creatinine) were also associated with ICU admission. Among ICU patients, 36.7% required invasive mechanical ventilation and in-hospital mortality was 31%. CONCLUSION Critical illness in patients with a newly diagnosed hematologic malignancy is frequent, occurring early after diagnosis. Certain baseline characteristics can help identify those patients at the highest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Ferreyro
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System and University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. .,Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, 18-210, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Damon C Scales
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Applied Health Research Center (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hannah Wunsch
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew C Cheung
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Santhosh Thyagu
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Laveena Munshi
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System and University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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16
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Bishton MJ, Stilwell P, Card TR, Lanyon P, Ban L, Elliss-Brookes L, Manson J, Nanduri V, Earp K, Flower L, Amarnani R, Rankin J, Sen ES, Tattersall RS, Crooks CJ, Aston J, Siskova V, West J, Bythell M. A validation study of the identification of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in England using population-based health data. Br J Haematol 2021; 194:1039-1044. [PMID: 34386978 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the validity of coded healthcare data to identify cases of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) identified 127 cases within five hospital Trusts 2013-2018 using ICD-10 codes D76.1, D76.2 and D76.3. Hospital records were reviewed to validate diagnoses. Out of 74 patients, 73 were coded D76.1 or D76.2 (positive predictive value 89·0% [95% Confidence Interval {CI} 80·2-94·9%]) with confirmed/probable HLH. For cases considered not HLH, 44/53 were coded D76.3 (negative predictive value 97·8% [95% CI 88·2-99·9%]). D76.1 or D76.2 had 68% sensitivity in detecting HLH compared to an established active case-finding HLH register in Sheffield. Office for National Statistics (ONS) mortality data (2003-2018) identified 698 patients coded D76.1, D76.2 and D76.3 on death certificates. Five hundred and forty-one were coded D76.1 or D76.2 of whom 524 (96·9%) had HLH in the free-text cause of death. Of 157 coded D76.3, 66 (42·0%) had HLH in free text. D76.1 and D76.2 codes reliably identify HLH cases, and provide a lower bound on incidence. Non-concordance between D76.3 and HLH excludes D76.3 as an ascertainment source from HES. Our results suggest electronic healthcare data in England can enable population-wide registration and analysis of HLH for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Bishton
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Tim R Card
- Population and Lifespan Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Lanyon
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lu Ban
- Evidera by PPD, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kate Earp
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Judith Rankin
- Public Health England, London, UK.,Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ethan S Sen
- Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Colin J Crooks
- Public Health England, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Joe West
- Public Health England, London, UK.,Population and Lifespan Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
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17
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Geethakumari PR, Ramasamy DP, Dholaria B, Berdeja J, Kansagra A. Balancing Quality, Cost, and Access During Delivery of Newer Cellular and Immunotherapy Treatments. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2021; 16:345-356. [PMID: 34089485 PMCID: PMC8179081 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-021-00635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is currently changing the landscape of hematologic malignancies with multiple FDA-approved cell therapy products in the USA. The current administration process of the CAR T-cell therapy is complicated, labor-intensive, and expensive. RECENT FINDINGS The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is currently changing the landscape of hematologic malignancies with multiple FDA-approved cell therapy products in the USA. The current administration process of the CAR T-cell therapy is complicated, labor-intensive, and expensive. This review article addresses the present-day challenges and discusses opportunities to optimize the access and affordability of the CAR T-cell therapy. The field of cellular immunotherapy is going to change the future of solid tumors and non-oncological diseases. However, this promising therapy poses challenges in the administration and management of quality in the current field of healthcare. We describe various novel approaches to manage challenges in improving access and improving widescale implementation of cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dheepthi Perumal Ramasamy
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 2201 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX, 76034, USA
| | | | - Jesús Berdeja
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ankit Kansagra
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 2201 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX, 76034, USA.
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18
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Gill S, Brudno JN. CAR T-Cell Therapy in Hematologic Malignancies: Clinical Role, Toxicity, and Unanswered Questions. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2021; 41:1-20. [PMID: 33989023 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_320085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
At the time of writing, five anti-CD19 CAR T-cell products are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for seven different indications in lymphoid malignancies, including B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and multiple myeloma. CAR T cells for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and less common malignancies such as T-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphoma are being tested in early-phase clinical trials worldwide. The purpose of this overview is to describe the current landscape of CAR T cells in hematologic malignancies, outline their outcomes and toxicities, and explain the outstanding questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saar Gill
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jennifer N Brudno
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Craddock
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,CRCTU Clinical Trial Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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