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Constantinides M, Robert N, Multrier C, Coënon L, Campos-Mora M, Jacquard C, Gao F, Zemiti S, Presumey J, Cartron G, Moreaux J, Villalba M. FCGR3A F158V alleles frequency differs in multiple myeloma patients from healthy population. Oncoimmunology 2024; 13:2388306. [PMID: 39175948 PMCID: PMC11340758 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2024.2388306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
FCGR3A presents a single nucleotide polymorphism at location 158 (V/F), which affects its binding to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) of antibodies (Abs). FcγRIIIa-158 V allotype has the highest affinity and is associated with a better clinical response to IgG1 monoclonal Abs (mAb) treatment. We compared the allele frequency of FCGR3A-F158V polymorphism in cohorts of patients with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, including multiple myeloma (MM), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and B-cell chronic leukemia (B-CLL). FCGR3A-158F homozygous were enriched and tended to be in MM and MGUS patients, respectively; but neither in B-CLL nor in NHL patients. We identified a significantly lower concentration of CD8 T-cells and resting memory CD4 T-cells in MM patients bone marrow with the F/F genotype, associated with an increase in the macrophage percentage. In contrast, natural killer cells increased in V/V homozygous patients. This suggests a deregulation of the immune microenvironment in FCGR3A-F/F homozygous patients. However, we did not observe difference in response following treatment combining chemotherapy associated or not with daratumumab, an IgG1 mAb direct against CD38. Our findings suggest that FCGR3A F158V polymorphism can regulate the immune environment and affect the development of tumor plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Constantinides
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Clinical Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Robert
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Multrier
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Loïs Coënon
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Carine Jacquard
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Fei Gao
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Zemiti
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jessy Presumey
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- Department of Clinical Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérome Moreaux
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM 9002, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Martin Villalba
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, CHRU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Schett G, Nagy G, Krönke G, Mielenz D. B-cell depletion in autoimmune diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2024:ard-2024-225727. [PMID: 38777374 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2024-225727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
B cells have a pivotal function in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In autoimmune disease, B cells orchestrate antigen presentation, cytokine production and autoantibody production, the latter via their differentiation into antibody-secreting plasmablasts and plasma cells. This article addresses the current therapeutic strategies to deplete B cells in order to ameliorate or potentially even cure autoimmune disease. It addresses the main target antigens in the B-cell lineage that are used for therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, it summarises the current evidence for successful treatment of autoimmune disease with monoclonal antibodies targeting B cells and the limitations and challenges of these approaches. Finally, the concept of deep B-cell depletion and immunological reset by chimeric antigen receptor T cells is discussed, as well as the lessons from this approach for better understanding the role of B cells in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - György Nagy
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hospital of the Hospitaller Order of Saint John of God, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology, Charite, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
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3
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Symmonds J, Gaufin T, Xu C, Raehtz KD, Ribeiro RM, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. Making a Monkey out of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Pathogenesis: Immune Cell Depletion Experiments as a Tool to Understand the Immune Correlates of Protection and Pathogenicity in HIV Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:972. [PMID: 38932264 PMCID: PMC11209256 DOI: 10.3390/v16060972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis is critical for designing successful HIV vaccines and cure strategies. However, achieving this goal is complicated by the virus's direct interactions with immune cells, the induction of persistent reservoirs in the immune system cells, and multiple strategies developed by the virus for immune evasion. Meanwhile, HIV and SIV infections induce a pandysfunction of the immune cell populations, making it difficult to untangle the various concurrent mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis. Over the years, one of the most successful approaches for dissecting the immune correlates of protection in HIV/SIV infection has been the in vivo depletion of various immune cell populations and assessment of the impact of these depletions on the outcome of infection in non-human primate models. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the strategies and results of manipulating SIV pathogenesis through in vivo depletions of key immune cells populations. Although each of these methods has its limitations, they have all contributed to our understanding of key pathogenic pathways in HIV/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Symmonds
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Thaidra Gaufin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kevin D. Raehtz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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4
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Fantini M, Arlen PM, Tsang KY. Potentiation of natural killer cells to overcome cancer resistance to NK cell-based therapy and to enhance antibody-based immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275904. [PMID: 38077389 PMCID: PMC10704476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cellular components of the innate immune system that can recognize and suppress the proliferation of cancer cells. NK cells can eliminate cancer cells through direct lysis, by secreting perforin and granzymes, or through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). ADCC involves the binding of the Fc gamma receptor IIIa (CD16), present on NK cells, to the constant region of an antibody already bound to cancer cells. Cancer cells use several mechanisms to evade antitumor activity of NK cells, including the accumulation of inhibitory cytokines, recruitment and expansion of immune suppressor cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), modulation of ligands for NK cells receptors. Several strategies have been developed to enhance the antitumor activity of NK cells with the goal of overcoming cancer cells resistance to NK cells. The three main strategies to engineer and boost NK cells cytotoxicity include boosting NK cells with modulatory cytokines, adoptive NK cell therapy, and the employment of engineered NK cells to enhance antibody-based immunotherapy. Although the first two strategies improved the efficacy of NK cell-based therapy, there are still some limitations, including immune-related adverse events, induction of immune-suppressive cells and further cancer resistance to NK cell killing. One strategy to overcome these issues is the combination of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that mediate ADCC and engineered NK cells with potentiated anti-cancer activity. The advantage of using mAbs with ADCC activity is that they can activate NK cells, but also favor the accumulation of immune effector cells to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Several clinical trials reported that combining engineered NK cells with mAbs with ADCC activity can result in a superior clinical response compared to mAbs alone. Next generation of clinical trials, employing engineered NK cells with mAbs with higher affinity for CD16 expressed on NK cells, will provide more effective and higher-quality treatments to cancer patients.
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García-Alija M, van Moer B, Sastre DE, Azzam T, Du JJ, Trastoy B, Callewaert N, Sundberg EJ, Guerin ME. Modulating antibody effector functions by Fc glycoengineering. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108201. [PMID: 37336296 PMCID: PMC11027751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibody based drugs, including IgG monoclonal antibodies, are an expanding class of therapeutics widely employed to treat cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases. IgG antibodies have a conserved N-glycosylation site at Asn297 that bears complex type N-glycans which, along with other less conserved N- and O-glycosylation sites, fine-tune effector functions, complement activation, and half-life of antibodies. Fucosylation, galactosylation, sialylation, bisection and mannosylation all generate glycoforms that interact in a specific manner with different cellular antibody receptors and are linked to a distinct functional profile. Antibodies, including those employed in clinical settings, are generated with a mixture of glycoforms attached to them, which has an impact on their efficacy, stability and effector functions. It is therefore of great interest to produce antibodies containing only tailored glycoforms with specific effects associated with them. To this end, several antibody engineering strategies have been developed, including the usage of engineered mammalian cell lines, in vitro and in vivo glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel García-Alija
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain
| | - Berre van Moer
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Zwijnaarde, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - Diego E Sastre
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tala Azzam
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jonathan J Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Beatriz Trastoy
- Structural Glycoimmunology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Nico Callewaert
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Zwijnaarde, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium.
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
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6
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Shin E, Bak SH, Park T, Kim JW, Yoon SR, Jung H, Noh JY. Understanding NK cell biology for harnessing NK cell therapies: targeting cancer and beyond. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192907. [PMID: 37539051 PMCID: PMC10395517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene-engineered immune cell therapies have partially transformed cancer treatment, as exemplified by the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells in certain hematologic malignancies. However, there are several limitations that need to be addressed to target more cancer types. Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of innate immune cells that represent a unique biology in cancer immune surveillance. In particular, NK cells obtained from heathy donors can serve as a source for genetically engineered immune cell therapies. Therefore, NK-based therapies, including NK cells, CAR-NK cells, and antibodies that induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of NK cells, have emerged. With recent advances in genetic engineering and cell biology techniques, NK cell-based therapies have become promising approaches for a wide range of cancers, viral infections, and senescence. This review provides a brief overview of NK cell characteristics and summarizes diseases that could benefit from NK-based therapies. In addition, we discuss recent preclinical and clinical investigations on the use of adoptive NK cell transfer and agents that can modulate NK cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Shin
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Bak
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Park
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Ran Yoon
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Noh
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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7
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Abstract
T cells and natural killer (NK) cells have complementary roles in tumor immunity, and dual T cell and NK cell attack thus offers opportunities to deepen the impact of immunotherapy. Recent work has also shown that NK cells play an important role in recruiting dendritic cells to tumors and thus enhance induction of CD8 T cell responses, while IL-2 secreted by T cells activates NK cells. Targeting of immune evasion mechanisms from the activating NKG2D receptor and its MICA and MICB ligands on tumor cells offers opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Interestingly, T cells and NK cells share several important inhibitory and activating receptors that can be targeted to enhance T cell- and NK cell-mediated immunity. These inhibitory receptor-ligand systems include CD161-CLEC2D, TIGIT-CD155, and NKG2A/CD94-HLA-E. We also discuss emerging therapeutic strategies based on inhibitory and activating cytokines that profoundly impact the function of both lymphocyte populations within tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Kyrysyuk
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
- Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Nikkhoi SK, Li G, Eleya S, Yang G, Vandavasi VG, Hatefi A. Bispecific killer cell engager with high affinity and specificity toward CD16a on NK cells for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1039969. [PMID: 36685519 PMCID: PMC9852913 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Fc region of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) interacts with the CD16a receptor on natural killer (NK) cells with "low affinity" and "low selectivity". This low affinity/selectivity interaction results in not only suboptimal anticancer activity but also induction of adverse effects. CD16a on NK cells binds to the antibody-coated cells, leading to antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Recent clinical data have shown that the increased binding affinity between mAb Fc region and CD16a receptor is responsible for significantly improved therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a bispecific killer cell engager (BiKE) with high affinity and specificity/selectivity toward CD16a receptor for NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Methods To engineer BiKE, a llama was immunized, then high binding anti-CD16a and anti-HER2 VHH clones were isolated using phage display. ELISA, flow cytometry, and biolayer interferometry (BLI) data showed that the isolated anti-CD16a VHH has high affinity (sub-nanomolar) toward CD16a antigen without cross-reactivity with CD16b-NA1 on neutrophils or CD32b on B cells. Similarly, the data showed that the isolated anti-HER2 VHH has high affinity/specificity toward HER2 antigen. Using a semi-flexible linker, anti-HER2 VHH was recombinantly fused with anti-CD16a VHH to create BiKE:HER2/CD16a. Then, the ability of BiKE:HER2/CD16a to activate NK cells to release cytokines and kill HER2+ cancer cells was measured. As effector cells, both high-affinity haNK92 (CD16+, V176) and low-affinity laNK92 (CD16+, F176) cells were used. Results and discussion The data showed that the engineered BiKE:HER2/CD16a activates haNK92 and laNK92 cells to release cytokines much greater than best-in-class mAbs in the clinic. The cytotoxicity data also showed that the developed BiKE induces higher ADCC to both ovarian and breast cancer cells in comparison to Trazimera™ (trastuzumab). According to the BLI data, BiKE:HER2/CD16 recognizes a different epitope on CD16a antigen than IgG-based mAbs; thus, it provides the opportunity for not only monotherapy but also combination therapy with other antibody drugs such as checkpoint inhibitors and antibody-drug conjugates. Taken together, the data demonstrate the creation of a novel BiKE with high affinity and specificity toward CD16a on NK cells with the potential to elicit a superior therapeutic response in patients with HER2+ cancer than existing anti-HER2 mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Suha Eleya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Ge Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Venu Gopal Vandavasi
- Department of Chemistry, Biophysics Core Facility, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Arash Hatefi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Cancer Pharmacology Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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9
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Deng X, Terunuma H. Harnessing NK Cells to Control Metastasis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122018. [PMID: 36560427 PMCID: PMC9781233 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has produced remarkable results in tumor treatment. Nevertheless, its effects are severely limited in patients with low or absent pre-existing T cell immunity. Accordingly, metastasis remains the major cause of tumor-associated death. On the other hand, natural killer (NK) cells have the unique ability to recognize and rapidly act against tumor cells and surveil tumor cell dissemination. The role of NK cells in metastasis prevention is undisputable as an increase in the number of these cells mostly leads to a favorable prognosis. Hence, it is reasonable to consider that successful metastasis involves evasion of NK-cell-mediated immunosurveillance. Therefore, harnessing NK cells to control metastasis is promising. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are the seeds for distant metastasis, and the number of CTCs detected in the blood of patients with tumor is associated with a worse prognosis, whereas NK cells can eliminate highly motile CTCs especially in the blood. Here, we review the role of NK cells during metastasis, particularly the specific interactions of NK cells with CTCs, which may provide essential clues on how to harness the power of NK cells against tumor metastasis. As a result, a new way to prevent or treat metastatic tumor may be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Deng
- Biotherapy Institute of Japan Inc., 2-4-8 Edagawa, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0051, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5632-6080; Fax: +81-3-5632-6083
| | - Hiroshi Terunuma
- Biotherapy Institute of Japan Inc., 2-4-8 Edagawa, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0051, Japan
- N2 Clinic Yotsuya, 5F 2-6 Samon-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0017, Japan
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10
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Yano M, Byrd JC, Muthusamy N. Natural Killer Cells in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Functional Impairment and Therapeutic Potential. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235787. [PMID: 36497266 PMCID: PMC9739887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy approaches have advanced rapidly in recent years. While the greatest therapeutic advances so far have been achieved with T cell therapies such as immune checkpoint blockade and CAR-T, recent advances in NK cell therapy have highlighted the therapeutic potential of these cells. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most prevalent form of leukemia in Western countries, is a very immunosuppressive disease but still shows significant potential as a target of immunotherapy, including NK-based therapies. In addition to their antileukemia potential, NK cells are important immune effectors in the response to infections, which represent a major clinical concern for CLL patients. Here, we review the interactions between NK cells and CLL, describing functional changes and mechanisms of CLL-induced NK suppression, interactions with current therapeutic options, and the potential for therapeutic benefit using NK cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Yano
- Medical Science Training Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John C. Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Correspondence: (J.C.B.); (N.M.)
| | - Natarajan Muthusamy
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: (J.C.B.); (N.M.)
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11
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Harnessing natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy: dispatching the first responders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:559-577. [PMID: 35314852 PMCID: PMC10019065 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have crucial roles in the innate immunosurveillance of cancer and viral infections. They are 'first responders' that can spontaneously recognize abnormal cells in the body, rapidly eliminate them through focused cytotoxicity mechanisms and potently produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that recruit and activate other immune cells to initiate an adaptive response. From the initial discovery of the diverse cell surface receptors on NK cells to the characterization of regulatory events that control their function, our understanding of the basic biology of NK cells has improved dramatically in the past three decades. This advanced knowledge has revealed increased mechanistic complexity, which has opened the doors to the development of a plethora of exciting new therapeutics that can effectively manipulate and target NK cell functional responses, particularly in cancer patients. Here, we summarize the basic mechanisms that regulate NK cell biology, review a wide variety of drugs, cytokines and antibodies currently being developed and used to stimulate NK cell responses, and outline evolving NK cell adoptive transfer approaches to treat cancer.
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12
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Chen X, Jiang L, Liu X. Natural killer cells: the next wave in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954804. [PMID: 35967421 PMCID: PMC9364606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies focusing on rejuvenating T cell activities, like PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 blockade, have unprecedentedly revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment. Yet a previously underexplored component of the immune system - natural killer (NK) cell, is coming to the forefront of immunotherapeutic attempts. In this review, we discuss the contributions of NK cells in the success of current immunotherapies, provide an overview of the current preclinical and clinical strategies at harnessing NK cells for cancer treatment, and highlight that NK cell-mediated therapies emerge as a major target in the next wave of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
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13
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Coënon L, Villalba M. From CD16a Biology to Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Improvement. Front Immunol 2022; 13:913215. [PMID: 35720368 PMCID: PMC9203678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.913215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a potent cytotoxic mechanism that is mainly mediated in humans by natural killer (NK) cells. ADCC mediates the clinical benefit of several widely used cytolytic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and increasing its efficacy would improve cancer immunotherapy. CD16a is a receptor for the Fc portion of IgGs and is responsible to trigger NK cell-mediated ADCC. The knowledge of the mechanism of action of CD16a gave rise to several strategies to improve ADCC, by working on either the mAbs or the NK cell. In this review, we give an overview of CD16a biology and describe the latest strategies employed to improve antibody-dependent NK cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïs Coënon
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), Univ Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France
- Institut du Cancer Avignon-Provence Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France
- *Correspondence: Loïs Coënon,
| | - Martin Villalba
- Institut du Cancer Avignon-Provence Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Univ Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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14
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Li L, Huang Z, Du K, Liu X, Li C, Wang D, Zhang Y, Wang C, Li J. Integrative Pan-Cancer Analysis Confirmed that FCGR3A is a Candidate Biomarker Associated With Tumor Immunity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:900699. [PMID: 35668930 PMCID: PMC9163829 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.900699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fc gamma receptor 3A (FCGR3A) encodes a receptor for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G, which plays a significant role in the immune response. However, the role of FCGR3A in cancers remains unclear. This study aimed to visualize the prognostic landscape of FCGR3A in pan-cancer and investigate the relationship between FCGR3A expression and tumor microenvironment. Method: Based on the TCGA database, GTEx database, and GDSC database, we analyzed the expression of FCGR3A in pan-cancers and adjacent normal tissues and its relationship with prognosis, immune cells infiltration, immune-related genes, DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, DNA methylation, and drugs sensitivity. The gene alteration frequency of FCGR3A was acquired on the cBioportal website. Moreover, we constructed PPI networks, performed GO and KEGG analysis to illustrate the function, and signaling pathways of FCGR3A-related genes, and conducted gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of FCGR3A to further explore its potential biological functions. Result: The differential analysis results of the publicly available databases showed that FCGR3A was generally highly expressed in pan-cancer. Survival analysis revealed that FCGR3A predominated as a risk prognostic factor in most cancers. Additionally, the expression of FCGR3A was confirmed to be associated with several immune cells infiltration, multiple immune checkpoint genes, and DNA mismatch repair genes expression in generalized carcinoma. We also identified a negative correlation between FCGR3A and DNA methylation levels. Through GO/KEGG and GESA, we found that FCGR3A was involved in many pathologic and physiological processes, and was most closely related to tumor immune-related pathways. Drug sensitivity analysis showed that higher FCGR3A expression predicts a low IC50 value for the vast majority of drugs. Conclusions: FCGR3A may be an immune-oncogenic molecule that correlates with tumor immune infiltration levels and affects drug sensitivity, thus it can be served as a promising biomarker for cancer detection, prognosis, therapeutic design, and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijian Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunpeng Du
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhui Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duanyu Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangfeng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changqian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiqiang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiqiang Li, , orcid.org/0000-0002-585-5911
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15
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Crombie JL, Brown JR. The future of antibody therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2021; 26:323-336. [PMID: 34375544 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2021.1966414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Outcomes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have been dramatically improved with the addition of anti-CD20 antibodies to chemotherapy, defining a new standard of care for many years. More recently, therapies targeting fundamental signaling and anti-apoptotic pathways within the CLL cell have demonstrated dramatic clinical responses, including in patients with high-risk prognostic markers, thus emerging as preferred therapy for many patients. While the addition of anti-CD20 antibodies to traditional chemotherapy resulted in significant improvements in outcomes, the role of monoclonal antibodies in the era of targeted agents remains an active area of investigation. Furthermore, since the advent of next-generation anti-CD20 antibodies, the role of specific anti-CD20 antibodies remains an open question. AREAS COVERED In this review, we highlight the important role that anti-CD20 antibody therapy has had in the field of CLL, both when used with chemotherapy and in combination with targeted therapy, as well as the current studies that are further exploring this treatment paradigm in the modern era. EXPERT OPINION While anti-CD20 antibodies have played a pivotal role in the treatment of CLL, additional studies will be required to determine the optimal application of these therapies in combination with targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Crombie
- Department of Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Zimmermann M, Nguyen M, Schultheiss CM, Kolmar H, Zimmer A. Use of 5-Thio-L-Fucose to modulate binding affinity of therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1818-1831. [PMID: 33501689 PMCID: PMC8248388 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of antibody core-fucosylation is known to enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In this study, 5-Thio-l-Fucose (ThioFuc) was investigated as a media and feed supplement for modulating the fucosylation profile of therapeutic proteins and, thereby, improving the resulting effector functions. Glycan analysis of five different therapeutic proteins produced by a diverse set of Chinese hamster ovary cell lines demonstrated a clone dependent impact of ThioFuc treatment. Using rituximab as a model, an efficient dose- and time-dependent reduction of core-fucosylation up to a minimum of 5% were obtained by ThioFuc. Besides a concomitant increase in the afucosylation level up to 48%, data also revealed up to 47% incorporation of ThioFuc in place of core-fucosylation. In accordance with the glycan data, antibodies produced in the presence of ThioFuc revealed an enhanced FcγRIIIa binding up to 7.7-fold. Furthermore, modified antibodies subjected to a cell-based ADCC reporter bioassay proved to exert both a 1.5-fold enhanced ADCC efficacy and 2.6-fold enhancement in potency in comparison to their native counterparts-both of which contribute to an improvement in the ADCC activity. In conclusion, ThioFuc is a potent fucose derivative with potential applications in drug development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zimmermann
- Life Science, Upstream R&D, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Melanie Nguyen
- Life Science, Upstream R&D, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Aline Zimmer
- Life Science, Upstream R&D, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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17
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Cheng ZF, Li HK, Yang HP, Lee CY, Tang SW, Lin YL, Hsiao SC. A novel endogenous CD16-Expressing Natural Killer Cell for cancer immunotherapy. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100935. [PMID: 33644421 PMCID: PMC7889824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, as a potential source for off-the-shelf cell therapy, attack tumor cells with low risk of severe cytokine release syndrome (CRS) or graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Fcγ receptor IIIA, also known as CD16, further confers NK cells with antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), one mechanism of action of antibody-based immunotherapy. Here, we establish a novel human NK cell line, oNK-1, endogenously expressing CD16 along with high levels of NK activation markers and low levels of NK inhibitory markers. The long-term expansion and CD16 expression of oNK-1 cells were demonstrated. Furthermore, oNK-1 cells elicit superior cytotoxicity against cancer cells than primary NK cells. In conclusion, this study suggests that endogenous CD16-expressing oNK-1 has the potential to develop an effective NK-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao-Kang Li
- Acepodia Biotech Inc. San Mateo, California, USA
| | | | - Chia-Yun Lee
- Acepodia Biotech Inc. San Mateo, California, USA
| | - Sai-Wen Tang
- Acepodia Biotech Inc. San Mateo, California, USA
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18
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Zhong M, van der Walt A, Campagna MP, Stankovich J, Butzkueven H, Jokubaitis V. The Pharmacogenetics of Rituximab: Potential Implications for Anti-CD20 Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1768-1784. [PMID: 33058021 PMCID: PMC7851267 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a broad range of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) available in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), but limited biomarkers exist to personalise DMT choice. All DMTs, including monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab and ocrelizumab, are effective in preventing relapses and preserving neurological function in MS. However, each agent harbours its own risk of therapeutic failure or adverse events. Pharmacogenetics, the study of the effects of genetic variation on therapeutic response or adverse events, could improve the precision of DMT selection. Pharmacogenetic studies of rituximab in MS patients are lacking, but pharmacogenetic markers in other rituximab-treated autoimmune conditions have been identified. This review will outline the wider implications of pharmacogenetics and the mechanisms of anti-CD20 agents in MS. We explore the non-MS rituximab literature to characterise pharmacogenetic variants that could be of prognostic relevance in those receiving rituximab, ocrelizumab or other monoclonal antibodies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zhong
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Maria Pia Campagna
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jim Stankovich
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Vilija Jokubaitis
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
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19
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Impact of Rituximab and Host/Donor Fc Receptor Polymorphisms after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for CD20 + B Cell Malignancies. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2020; 26:1811-1818. [PMID: 32693210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a 24% 1-year relapse rate in 93 older or medically unfit patients with CD20+ B cell malignancies after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) with low-intensity conditioning. The current prospective study tested the hypothesis that disease relapse could be reduced and overall survival (OS) improved by peritransplantation administration of rituximab (RTX). Sixty-three patients received RTX (375 mg/m2/day) on days -3, +10, +24, and +38 along with 2 to 3 Gy total body irradiation with or without fludarabine (30 mg/m2 for 3 days). Median RTX levels of >25 μg/mL were achieved through day +84 after transplantation, but RTX level was not correlated with relapse or graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). HCT recipients with F/F and V/F FCγRIIIa polymorphisms showed a trend toward a higher relapse rate compared with those with V/V polymorphism (P= .15). No difference in outcome was found based on V/V donor pairing. Five-year relapse rates were similar between RTX-treated patients and historical controls (32% versus 28%; P = .94). RTX-treated patients had greater 5-year OS (47% versus 38%; P = .13) and progression-free survival (41% versus 32%; P = .12) compared with historical controls who underwent HCT without RTX, although the difference was not statistically significant. The incidence of acute GVHD was similar in the 2 groups (grade II-IV, 57% versus 56%; grade III-IV, 13% versus 17%), but the 5-year incidence of chronic GVHD was higher among RTX-treated patients (62% versus 47%). In patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma, peritransplantation RTX neither reduced relapse nor improved GVHD. The role of donor-recipient pairing by FCγRIIIa polymorphisms in outcomes remains to be determined.
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20
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Zecevic L, Mekic M, Subasic D, Hadziabulic M, Isak E, Subasic E, Selmanovic K. Expression of NK (CD16+56+) and B cells (CD19) Receptor Molecules as a Reliable Clinical Response Biomarkers of SLE and RA Patients Under the Rituximab Treatment. Med Arch 2020; 73:374-377. [PMID: 32082002 PMCID: PMC7007611 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2019.73.374-377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lately, the use of biological therapy in various autoimmune diseases is increasing. The ideal marker for monitoring the effects of modern therapy is still non-existent. Aim To investigate early response biomarkers of SLE and RA patients under the rituximab treatment are in research phase and each new investigations offer new and original useful data. Material and Methods Immunophenotyping of cells was carried out by a standard method of sample preparation. We investigated by flow cytometric analyses expression of NK and CD19+ cells at ten SLE and five RA patients before and after treatment with rituximab, in laboratory of Department of Clinical immunology in the Clinical Centre University of Sarajevo. Results In both cases, SLE and RA patients, reduced number of CD16+ parameter indicates lower cytotoxic activity of NK cells. Increased number of B cells indicates higher pathological activity leading to severe autoimmune disease allegation. Conclusion Determining the proportion of NK and B will be useful diagnostic tool in therapeutic strategy, and also in monitoring of effect of biological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamija Zecevic
- Department of Immunology, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mevludin Mekic
- Department for Rheumatology, Clinic for Heart, Blood Vessel and Rheumatism, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Djemo Subasic
- Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Majda Hadziabulic
- Public Health Center Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje, Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Edmira Isak
- Public Health Center Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje, Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Emina Subasic
- Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Kenan Selmanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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21
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Lee SC, Shimasaki N, Lim JSJ, Wong A, Yadav K, Yong WP, Tan LK, Koh LP, Poon MLM, Tan SH, Ow SGW, Bharwani L, Yap YS, Foo MZQ, Coustan-Smith E, Sundar R, Tan HL, Chong WQ, Kumarakulasinghe NB, Lieow JLM, Koe PJX, Goh BC, Campana D. Phase I Trial of Expanded, Activated Autologous NK-cell Infusions with Trastuzumab in Patients with HER2-positive Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:4494-4502. [PMID: 32522887 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Natural killer (NK) cells exert antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). We infused expanded, activated autologous NK cells to potentiate trastuzumab-mediated ADCC in patients with HER2-positive malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a phase I trial, patients with treatment-refractory HER2-positive solid tumors received trastuzumab, with or without bevacizumab, and autologous NK cells expanded by 10-day coculture with K562-mb15-41BBL cells. Primary objectives included safety and recommended phase II dose determination; secondary objectives included monitoring NK-cell activity and RECIST antitumor efficacy. RESULTS In 60 cultures with cells from 31 subjects, median NK-cell expansion from peripheral blood was 340-fold (range, 91-603). NK cells expressed high levels of CD16, the mediator of ADCC, and exerted powerful killing of trastuzumab-targeted cells. In the 22 subjects enrolled in phase I dose escalation, trastuzumab plus NK cells were well tolerated; MTD was not reached. Phase IB (n = 9) included multiple cycles of NK cells (1 × 107/kg) and addition of bevacizumab. Although no objective response was observed, 6 of 19 subjects who received at least 1 × 107/kg NK cells at cycle 1 had stable disease for ≥6 months (median, 8.8 months; range 6.0-12.0). One patient, the only one with the high-affinity F158V CD16 variant, had a partial response. Peripheral blood NK cells progressively downregulated CD16 postinfusion; paired tumor biopsies showed increased NK cells, lymphocytic infiltrates, and apoptosis posttreatment. CONCLUSIONS NK-cell therapy in combination with trastuzumab was well tolerated, with target engagement and preliminary antitumor activity, supporting continued assessment of this approach in phase II trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Chin Lee
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore. .,Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Cancer Science Institute, Singapore
| | - Noriko Shimasaki
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joline S J Lim
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore.,Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Cancer Science Institute, Singapore
| | - Andrea Wong
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore.,Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Cancer Science Institute, Singapore
| | - Kritika Yadav
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Cancer Science Institute, Singapore
| | - Wei Peng Yong
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore.,Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Cancer Science Institute, Singapore
| | - Lip Kun Tan
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
| | - Liang Piu Koh
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
| | - Michelle L M Poon
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
| | | | - Samuel G W Ow
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
| | - Lavina Bharwani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yoon Sim Yap
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Mabel Z Q Foo
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Cancer Science Institute, Singapore
| | - Elaine Coustan-Smith
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raghav Sundar
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
| | - Hon Lyn Tan
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
| | - Wan Qin Chong
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
| | | | - Jedidah L M Lieow
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
| | - Priscillia J X Koe
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore.,Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Cancer Science Institute, Singapore
| | - Dario Campana
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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22
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Mechanisms of Resistance to NK Cell Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040893. [PMID: 32272610 PMCID: PMC7226138 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has recently been a major breakthrough in cancer treatment. Natural killer (NK) cells are suitable targets for immunotherapy owing to their potent cytotoxic activity that may target cancer cells in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen-unrestricted manner. Current therapies targeting NK cells include monoclonal antibodies that promote NK cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), the adoptive transfer of NK cells, the redirection of NK cells using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells and the use of cytokines and immunostimulatory drugs to boost the anti-tumor activity of NK cells. Despite some encouraging clinical results, patients receiving these therapies frequently develop resistance, and a myriad of mechanisms of resistance affecting both the immune system and cancer cells have been reported. A first contributing factor that modulates the efficacy of the NK cell therapy is the genetic profile of the individual, which regulates all aspects of NK cell biology. Additionally, the resistance of cancer cells to apoptosis and the immunoediting of cancer cells, a process that decreases their immunogenicity and promotes immunosuppression, are major determinants of the resistance to NK cell therapy. Consequently, the efficacy of NK cell anti-tumor therapy is specific to each patient and disease. The elucidation of such immunosubversive mechanisms is crucial to developing new procedures and therapeutic strategies to fully harness the anti-tumor potential of NK cells.
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23
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Talathi SP, Shaikh NN, Pandey SS, Saxena VA, Mamulwar MS, Thakar MR. FcγRIIIa receptor polymorphism influences NK cell mediated ADCC activity against HIV. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:1053. [PMID: 31842762 PMCID: PMC6916223 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-specific Antibody Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity (ADCC) has shown to be important in HIV control and resistance. The ADCC is mediated primarily by natural killer cell activated through the binding of FcγRIIIa receptor to the Fc portion of antibody bound to the antigen expressed on the infected cells. However, no data is available on the influence of the polymorphism in FcγRIIIa receptor on HIV-specific ADCC response. METHODS The Sanger's method of sequencing was used to sequence the exon of FcγRIIIa receptor while the ADCC activity was determined using NK cell activation assay. The polymorphism in FcγRIIIa receptor was assessed in HIV-infected Indian individuals with or without HIV-specific ADCC antibodies and its influence on the magnitude of HIV-specific ADCC responses was analyzed. RESULTS Two polymorphisms: V176F (rs396991) and Y158H (rs396716) were observed. The Y158H polymorphism is reported for the first time in Indian population. Both, V176F (V/V genotype) (p = 0.004) and Y158H (Y/H genotype) (p = 0.032) were found to be significantly associated with higher magnitude of HIV-specific ADCC response. CONCLUSION The study underscores the role of polymorphism in the FcγRIIIa receptor on HIV-specific ADCC response and suggests that the screening of the individuals for FcγRIIIa-V176F and Y158H polymorphisms could be useful for prediction of efficient treatment in monoclonal antibody-based therapies aimed at ADCC in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Pramod Talathi
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, Plot No. 73, G-Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra, 411026, India
| | - Nawaj Najir Shaikh
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, Plot No. 73, G-Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra, 411026, India
| | - Sudhanshu Shekhar Pandey
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, Plot No. 73, G-Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra, 411026, India
| | - Vandana Ashish Saxena
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, Plot No. 73, G-Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra, 411026, India
| | - Megha Sunil Mamulwar
- Department of Epidemiology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, 411026, India
| | - Madhuri Rajeev Thakar
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, Plot No. 73, G-Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra, 411026, India.
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24
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Urlaub D, Zhao S, Blank N, Bergner R, Claus M, Tretter T, Lorenz HM, Watzl C, Merkt W. Activation of natural killer cells by rituximab in granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:277. [PMID: 31829278 PMCID: PMC6907269 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-2054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In the last few years, anti-CD20 antibody rituximab profoundly changed the therapeutic landscape of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Here, we investigated whether natural killer (NK) cells may play a role in rituximab’s mechanism of action in GPA. Methods B cell depletion, NK cell degranulation, and the expression of CD69 and CD16 on NK cells were measured in a series of in vitro experiments using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In vivo activation of NK cells was investigated in patients receiving rituximab infusions. Cells were analyzed by seven-color flow cytometry. Results NK cells from GPA patients were activated by immobilized rituximab. Also soluble rituximab activated NK cells, provided that B cells were present. NK cells degranulated and expressed the activation marker CD69 while CD16 expression was decreased. This activation of NK cells by soluble rituximab was accompanied by a reduction of B cells. The next-generation anti-CD20 antibody obinutuzumab showed stronger effects compared to rituximab on both the reduction of B cells and the activation of NK cells. Finally, we found that rituximab led to the activation of NK cells in vivo, provided that B cells were not depleted due to prior rituximab infusions. Conclusion B cell-bound rituximab activates NK cells in GPA. While NK cells therefore participate in rituximab’s mechanism of action in humans, their potential may be more efficiently exploited, e.g., by Fc engineering of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Urlaub
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Shuyang Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Blank
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raoul Bergner
- Department of Rheumatology, Nephrology, Oncology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Maren Claus
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Theresa Tretter
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanns-Martin Lorenz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Merkt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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Understanding Inter-Individual Variability in Monoclonal Antibody Disposition. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040056. [PMID: 31817205 PMCID: PMC6963779 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently the largest and most dominant class of therapeutic proteins. Inter-individual variability has been observed for several mAbs; however, an understanding of the underlying mechanisms and factors contributing to inter-subject differences in mAb disposition is still lacking. In this review, we analyze the mechanisms of antibody disposition and the putative mechanistic determinants of inter-individual variability. Results from in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies were reviewed evaluate the role of the neonatal Fc receptor and Fc gamma receptors (expression and polymorphism), target properties (expression, shedding, turnover, internalization, heterogeneity, polymorphism), and the influence of anti-drug antibodies. Particular attention is given to the influence of co-administered drugs and disease, and to the physiological relevance of covariates identified by population pharmacokinetic modeling, as determinants of variability in mAb pharmacokinetics.
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26
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NK Cells in the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101557. [PMID: 31569769 PMCID: PMC6832953 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have the innate ability to kill cancer cells, however, tumor cells may acquire the capability of evading the immune response, thereby leading to malignancies. Restoring or potentiation of this natural antitumor activity of NK cells has become a relevant therapeutic approach in cancer and, particularly, in hematological cancers. The use of tumor-specific antibodies that promote antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) through the ligation of CD16 receptor on NK cells has become standard for many hematologic malignancies. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is another key therapeutic strategy that harnesses the alloreactivity of NK cells against cancer cells. This strategy may be refined by adoptive transfer of NK cells that may be previously expanded, activated, or redirected (chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells) against cancer cells. The antitumor activity of NK cells can also be boosted by cytokines or immunostimulatory drugs such as lenalidomide or pomalidomide. Finally, targeting immunosubversive mechanisms developed by hematological cancers and, in particular, using antibodies that block NK cell inhibitory receptors and checkpoint proteins are novel promising therapeutic approaches in these malignant diseases.
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27
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Hong H, Wang Q, Li J, Liu H, Meng X, Zhang H. Aging, Cancer and Immunity. J Cancer 2019; 10:3021-3027. [PMID: 31281479 PMCID: PMC6590045 DOI: 10.7150/jca.30723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers are being frequently diagnosed in the elderly. Immunosenescence which refers to the gradual deterioration of the immune system brought on by natural age advancement, has been the key cross center in the increasing frequency and severity of cancer, aging and immunity. Monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoint molecules CTLA-4, PD-1 or PD-L1 are the promising anticancer therapeutics in multiple cancer subtypes generating remarkable and long-lasting clinical responses. These immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs)have already obtained approval for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma, advanced/refractory non-small cell lung cancer and renal cell cancer. ICBs can not only enhance immune responses against cancer cells but can also lead to inflammatory side effects called immune-related adverse events (irAEs). As none or only a small number of older patients were enrolled in most ICBs studies, it remains difficult to confirm the impacts of ICBs on the elderly. We could expect that clinical specificity of older patients (co-medications, comorbidities and reduced functional reserve) and immunosenescence may affect the efficacy of ICBs and tolerance in this population. However, the results from meta-analysis on the efficacy of ICBs are very encouraging and suggesting that the older patients will benefit from the ICBs revolution in oncology without increased toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hong
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University Shenyang, 110022, P.R. China
| | - Hans Liu
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Xin Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University Shenyang, 110022, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
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28
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Cerutti ML, Pesce A, Bès C, Seigelchifer M. Physicochemical and Biological Characterization of RTXM83, a New Rituximab Biosimilar. BioDrugs 2019; 33:307-319. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-019-00349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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29
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Pereira NA, Chan KF, Lin PC, Song Z. The "less-is-more" in therapeutic antibodies: Afucosylated anti-cancer antibodies with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. MAbs 2019; 10:693-711. [PMID: 29733746 PMCID: PMC6150623 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1466767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are the fastest growing class of biological therapeutics for the treatment of various cancers and inflammatory disorders. In cancer immunotherapy, some IgG1 antibodies rely on the Fc-mediated immune effector function, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), as the major mode of action to deplete tumor cells. It is well-known that this effector function is modulated by the N-linked glycosylation in the Fc region of the antibody. In particular, absence of core fucose on the Fc N-glycan has been shown to increase IgG1 Fc binding affinity to the FcγRIIIa present on immune effector cells such as natural killer cells and lead to enhanced ADCC activity. As such, various strategies have focused on producing afucosylated antibodies to improve therapeutic efficacy. This review discusses the relevance of antibody core fucosylation to ADCC, different strategies to produce afucosylated antibodies, and an update of afucosylated antibody drugs currently undergoing clinical trials as well as those that have been approved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Pereira
- a Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Kah Fai Chan
- a Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Pao Chun Lin
- a Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Zhiwei Song
- a Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore
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30
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Li Y, Huang K, Liu L, Qu Y, Huang Y, Wu Y, Wei J. Effects of complement and serum IgG on rituximab-dependent natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity against Raji cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:339-347. [PMID: 30655772 PMCID: PMC6313095 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab significantly improves the clinical prognosis of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. However, a number of patients relapse or fail to respond to rituximab. To further understand the cause of this, polymorphisms of FcγRIIIa were initially detected in healthy volunteers. Subsequently, the rituximab-dependent natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity of different FcγRIIIa genotypes was assessed by a cytotoxicity assay in vitro. Ultimately, the effect of human serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G and complement on rituximab-dependent NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro. It was revealed that FcγRIIIa polymorphisms were associated with the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of NK cells. In addition, the ADCC of NK cells with FcγRIIIa-158 V/V was increased compared with that of FcγRIIIa-158 V/F. The serum IgG and rituximab Fc segment was able to bind competitively with NK cell FcγRIIIa. It was observed that serum IgG inhibited, whereas complement enhanced rituximab-induced NK-cell mediated ADCC. Therefore, various agents administered synchronously with rituximab may modulate the efficacy of this agent and ultimately its toxicity against tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Ke Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Pediatric, Affiliatied Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, Guang Zhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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31
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Bordron A, Bagacean C, Mohr A, Tempescul A, Bendaoud B, Deshayes S, Dalbies F, Buors C, Saad H, Berthou C, Pers JO, Renaudineau Y. Resistance to complement activation, cell membrane hypersialylation and relapses in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients treated with rituximab and chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31590-31605. [PMID: 30167081 PMCID: PMC6114972 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-CD20-specific monoclonal antibody rituximab (RTX), in combination with chemotherapy, is commonly used for primary treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, relapses remain important and activation of the complement pathway is one of the mechanisms by which RTX generates the destruction of B cells directly by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), or indirectly by antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. In this study, the RTX capacity to induce CDC was established in 69 untreated CLL patients, this cohort including 34 patients tested before the initiation of RTX-chemotherapy. In vitro CDC-resistance to RTX predicts lower response rates to RTX-chemotherapy and shorter treatment free survival. Furthermore, the predictive value of CDC-resistance was independent from the clinical, cytogenetic and FcγR3A V158F polymorphism status. In contrast, CLL cell resistance to CDC predominates in IGHV unmutated patients and was related to an important α2-6 sialyl transferase activity, which in turn increases cell surface α2-6 hypersialylation. Suspected factors associated with resistance to CDC (CD20, CD55, CD59, factor H, GM1, and sphingomyelin) were not differentially expressed or recruited between the two CLL groups. Altogether, results provide evidence that testing RTX capacity to induce CDC in vitro represents an independent predictive factor of therapeutic effects of RTX, and that α2-6 hypersialylation in CLL cells controls RTX response through the control of the complement pathway. At a time when CLL therapy is moving towards chemo-free treatments, further experiments are required to determine whether performing an initial in vitro assay to appreciate CLL CDC resistance might be useful to select patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bordron
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France
| | - Cristina Bagacean
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Audrey Mohr
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France
| | - Adrian Tempescul
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France.,Department of Haematology, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Boutahar Bendaoud
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Stéphanie Deshayes
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France
| | - Florence Dalbies
- Department of Haematology, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Caroline Buors
- Laboratory of Haematology, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Hussam Saad
- Department of Haematology, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Christian Berthou
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France.,Department of Haematology, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
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32
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Alakhras NS, Qiu J, Rocha GV, Witcher DR, Koester A, You J, Schaer DA, Holmgaard RB, Driscoll K, Willy JA, Malherbe LP. FcγRIIIa-dependent IFN-γ release in whole blood assay is predictive of therapeutic IgG1 antibodies safety. MAbs 2018; 10:913-921. [PMID: 29953319 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1474996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory monoclonal IgG1 antibodies developed for cancer and autoimmune disease have an inherent risk of systemic release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In vitro cytokine release assays are currently used to predict cytokine release syndrome (CRS) risk, but the validation of these preclinical tools suffers from the limited number of characterized CRS-inducing IgG1 antibodies and the poor understanding of the mechanisms regulating cytokine release. Here, we incubated human whole blood from naïve healthy volunteers with four monoclonal IgG1 antibodies with different proven or predicted capacity to elicit CRS in clinic and measured cytokine release using a multiplex assay. We found that, in contrast to anti-CD52 antibodies (Campath-1H homolog) that elicited high level of multiple inflammatory cytokines from human blood cells in vitro, other IgG1 antibodies with CRS-inducing potential consistently induced release of a single tested cytokine, interferon (IFN)-γ, with a smaller magnitude than Campath. IFN-γ expression was observed as early as 2-4 h after incubation, mediated by natural killer cells, and dependent upon tumor necrosis factor and FcγRIII. Importantly, the magnitude of the IFN-γ response elicited by IgG1 antibodies with CRS-inducing potential was determined by donor FcγRIIIa-V158F polymorphism. Overall, our results highlight the importance of FcγRIIIa-dependent IFN-γ release in preclinical cytokine release assay for the prediction of CRS risk associated with therapeutic IgG1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada S Alakhras
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Jiabin Qiu
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Guilherme V Rocha
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Derrick R Witcher
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Anja Koester
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Jinsam You
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - David A Schaer
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Rikke B Holmgaard
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Kyla Driscoll
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Jeffrey A Willy
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Laurent P Malherbe
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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Jochems C, Hodge JW, Fantini M, Fujii R, Morillon YM, Greiner JW, Padget MR, Tritsch SR, Tsang KY, Campbell KS, Klingemann H, Boissel L, Rabizadeh S, Soon-Shiong P, Schlom J. An NK cell line (haNK) expressing high levels of granzyme and engineered to express the high affinity CD16 allele. Oncotarget 2018; 7:86359-86373. [PMID: 27861156 PMCID: PMC5341330 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are known to play a role in mediating innate immunity, in enhancing adaptive immune responses, and have been implicated in mediating anti-tumor responses via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by reactivity of CD16 with the Fc region of human IgG1 antibodies. The NK-92 cell line, derived from a lymphoma patient, has previously been well characterized and adoptive transfer of irradiated NK-92 cells has demonstrated safety and shown preliminary evidence of clinical benefit in cancer patients. The NK-92 cell line, devoid of CD16, has now been engineered to express the high affinity (ha) CD16 V158 FcγRIIIa receptor, as well as engineered to express IL-2; IL-2 has been shown to replenish the granular stock of NK cells, leading to enhanced perforin- and granzyme-mediated lysis of tumor cells. The studies reported here show high levels of granzyme in haNK cells, and demonstrate the effects of irradiation of haNK cells on multiple phenotypic markers, viability, IL-2 production, and lysis of a spectrum of human tumor cells. Studies also compare endogenous irradiated haNK lysis of tumor cells with that of irradiated haNK-mediated ADCC using cetuximab, trastuzumab and pertuzumab monoclonal antibodies. These studies thus provide the rationale for the potential use of irradiated haNK cells in adoptive transfer studies for a range of human tumor types. Moreover, since only approximately 10% of humans are homozygous for the high affinity V CD16 allele, these studies also provide the rationale for the use of irradiated haNK cells in combination with IgG1 anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Jochems
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Massimo Fantini
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rika Fujii
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Y Maurice Morillon
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John W Greiner
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle R Padget
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah R Tritsch
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kwong Yok Tsang
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kerry S Campbell
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Frequency analysis of the g.7081T>G/A and g.10872T>G polymorphisms in the FCGR3A gene (CD16A) using nested PCR and their functional specific effects. Genes Immun 2018; 20:39-45. [PMID: 29305595 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-017-0001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphic variants p.66L>R/H (g.7081T>G/A; rs10127939) and p.176F>V (g.10872T>G; rs396991) in FCGR3A (CD16A) have been associated with defects in cytotoxic function of natural killer (NK) cells in humans. Genotyping of these variants in genomic DNA has been ambiguous because of high degree of homology between FCGR3A and FCGR3B. We designed a strategy to genotype these polymorphisms and to evaluate their effects on NK cells' cytotoxic activity. One hundred and fifteen individuals from different geographical regions of Colombia were included. Specific primers were designed to amplify FCGR3A exons 4 and 5 encompassing g.7081T>G/A and g.10872T>G by long-range and nested polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. The binding of different monoclonal antibodies to CD16A and NK antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were evaluated. We demonstrate that amplifying and sequencing FCGR3A allows genotyping of g.7081T>G/A and g.10872T>G without interference from FCGR3B. Allele frequencies in our population were as follows: 7081T = 0.895, 7081G = 0.065, 7081 A = 0.039, 10872T = 0.673, and 10872G = 0.326. We also observed linkage disequilibrium between variants 7081T and 10872G. Interestingly, 176FF variant affected the reactivity of MEM154 monoclonal antibody against CD16A, but it did not affect ADCC. Our studies aimed to determine whether clinical association exists between these polymorphisms and NK cell function defects in patients with compatible phenotypes.
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Treon SP, Castillo JJ, Hunter ZR, Merlini G. Waldenström Macroglobulinemia/Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma. Hematology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Lajoie L, Congy-Jolivet N, Bolzec A, Thibault G. Gradual Increase of FcγRIIIa/CD16a Expression and Shift toward IFN-γ Secretion during Differentiation of CD56 dim Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1556. [PMID: 29209315 PMCID: PMC5701929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell effector functions include cytotoxicity and secretion of cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The immature CD56bright subset of human NK cells lacks expression of FcγRIIIa/CD16a, one of the low-affinity immunoglobulin G receptors, or exhibits low-density expression (CD56brightCD16-/dim) and produces IFN-γ in response to cytokine stimulation, whereas the mature CD56dimCD16+ subset is the most cytotoxic one. A further differentiation/maturation of the latter subset according to the gradual loss of NKG2A and/or gain of KIR2DL (CD158a and CD158b) has been demonstrated and the ability to produce IFN-γ in response to activating receptor (AR) co-engagement is gradually acquired during terminal differentiation. In the course of flow cytometry analysis of CD56dim NK cells, we noted a substantial intraindividual heterogeneity of expression of FcγRIIIa. FcγRIIIa is unique among ARs: it does not require the co-engagement of other ARs to induce substantial cytotoxicity or cytokine synthesis in CD56dim cells. We, therefore, investigated whether individual differentiation/maturation of polyclonal CD56dim NK cells defined by expression of NKG2A/KIR2DL is related to FcγRIIIa expression and to the heterogeneity of NK cell responses upon FcγRIIIa engagement. When we analyzed unstimulated CD56dim cells by increasing level of FcγRIIIa expression, we found that the proportion of the more differentiated CD158a,h+ and/or CD158b,j+ cells and that of the less differentiated NKG2A+ cells gradually increased and decreased, respectively. FcγRIIIa engagement by using plate-bound murine anti-CD16 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or rituximab or trastuzumab (two therapeutic mAbs), resulted in donor-dependent partial segregation of IFN-γ-producing and/or degranulating CD56dim cells. Importantly, the proportion of CD158a,h/b,j+ cells and that of NKG2A+ cells was increased and decreased, respectively, IFN-γ-producing cells, whereas these proportions were poorly modified in degranulating cells. Similar results were observed after engagement of ARs by a combination of mAbs targeting NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, and 2B4. Thus, the gradual increase of FcγRIIIa expression is an important feature of the differentiation/maturation of CD56dim cells and this differentiation/maturation is associated with a shift in functionality toward IFN-γ secretion observed upon both FcγRIIIa-dependent and FcγRIIIa-independent stimulation. The functional heterogeneity related to the differentiation/maturation of CD56dim NK cells could be involved in the variability of the clinical responses observed in patients treated with therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Lajoie
- CNRS UMR 7292, Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer (GICC), Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Congy-Jolivet
- CNRS UMR 7292, Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer (GICC), Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Armelle Bolzec
- CNRS UMR 7292, Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer (GICC), Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Gilles Thibault
- CNRS UMR 7292, Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer (GICC), Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
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Immunotherapy targeting 4-1BB: mechanistic rationale, clinical results, and future strategies. Blood 2017; 131:49-57. [PMID: 29118009 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-06-741041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 9) is an inducible costimulatory receptor expressed on activated T and natural killer (NK) cells. 4-1BB ligation on T cells triggers a signaling cascade that results in upregulation of antiapoptotic molecules, cytokine secretion, and enhanced effector function. In dysfunctional T cells that have a decreased cytotoxic capacity, 4-1BB ligation demonstrates a potent ability to restore effector functions. On NK cells, 4-1BB signaling can increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Agonistic monoclonal antibodies targeting 4-1BB have been developed to harness 4-1BB signaling for cancer immunotherapy. Preclinical results in a variety of induced and spontaneous tumor models suggest that targeting 4-1BB with agonist antibodies can lead to tumor clearance and durable antitumor immunity. Clinical trials of 2 agonist antibodies, urelumab and utomilumab, are ongoing. Despite initial signs of efficacy, clinical development of urelumab has been hampered by inflammatory liver toxicity at doses >1 mg/kg. Utomilumab has a superior safety profile, but is a less potent 4-1BB agonist relative to urelumab. Both antibodies have demonstrated promising results in patients with lymphoma and are being tested in combination therapy trials with other immunomodulatory agents. In an effort to optimally leverage 4-1BB-mediated immune activation, the next generation of 4-1BB targeting strategies attempts to decouple the observed antitumor efficacy from the on-target liver toxicity. Multiple therapeutics that attempt to restrict 4-1BB agonism to the tumor microenvironment and minimize systemic exposure have emerged. 4-1BB is a compelling target for cancer immunotherapy and future agents show great promise for achieving potent immune activation while avoiding limiting immune-related adverse events.
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Humanized mouse model supports development, function, and tissue residency of human natural killer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9626-E9634. [PMID: 29078283 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705301114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice reconstituted with a human immune system represent a promising tool for translational research as they may allow modeling and therapy of human diseases in vivo. However, insufficient development and function of human natural killer (NK) cells and T cell subsets limit the applicability of humanized mice for studying cancer biology and therapy. Here, we describe a human interleukin 15 (IL15) and human signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPA) knock-in mouse on a Rag2-/- Il2rg-/- background (SRG-15). Transplantation of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells into SRG-15 mice dramatically improved the development and functional maturation of circulating and tissue-resident human NK and CD8+ T cells and promoted the development of tissue-resident innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets. Profiling of human NK cell subsets by mass cytometry revealed a highly similar expression pattern of killer inhibitory receptors and other candidate molecules in NK cell subpopulations between SRG-15 mice and humans. In contrast to nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient Il2rg-/- (NSG) mice, human NK cells in SRG-15 mice did not require preactivation but infiltrated a Burkitt's lymphoma xenograft and efficiently inhibited tumor growth following treatment with the therapeutic antibody rituximab. Our humanized mouse model may thus be useful for preclinical testing of novel human NK cell-targeted and combinatory cancer immunotherapies and for studying how they elicit human antitumor immune responses in vivo.
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize tumor cells or stressed cells through 'missing-self' signals, such as altered or absent expression of MHC class I molecules. The function of NK cells is regulated by the activation or inhibition of receptors present on their surface. The activation of NK cells results in cytotoxic activity on target cells through release of toxic granules and inflammatory cytokines. However, NK cells infiltrating tumors have been frequently shown to exhibit a skewed phenotype that includes decreased antitumor activity and enhanced protumor activities, such as angiogenesis and metastasis. In fact, many studies have reported that tumor microenvironments induce a protumor phenotype in NK cells. Here, we review the biological properties of NK cells in the context of tumorigenesis and tumor progression, with a specific focus on the interactions between NK cells and critical tumor microenvironments, such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, matrix metalloproteinases, and tumor-associated chronic inflammation in tumor metastasis.
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Fujii R, Schlom J, Hodge JW. A potential therapy for chordoma via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity employing NK or high-affinity NK cells in combination with cetuximab. J Neurosurg 2017; 128:1419-1427. [PMID: 28753113 DOI: 10.3171/2017.1.jns162610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chordoma is a rare bone tumor derived from the notochord and is resistant to conventional therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeting therapeutics. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in a large proportion of chordoma specimens indicates a potential target for therapeutic intervention. In this study the authors investigated the potential role of the anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab in immunotherapy for chordoma. METHODS Since cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody of the IgG1 isotype, it has the potential to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) employing natural killer (NK) cells as effectors. Polymorphisms in the CD16 allele expressed on NK cells have been shown to influence the degree of ADCC of tumor cells, with the high-affinity valine (V)/V allele being responsible for more lysis than the V/phenylalanine (F) or FF allele. Unfortunately, however, only approximately 10% of the population expresses the VV allele on NK cells. An NK cell line, NK-92, has now been engineered to endogenously express IL-2 and the high-affinity CD16 allele. These irradiated high-affinity (ha)NK cells were analyzed for lysis of chordoma cells with and without cetuximab, and the levels of lysis observed in ADCC were compared with those of NK cells from donors expressing the VV, VF, and FF alleles. RESULTS Here the authors demonstrate for the first time 1) that cetuximab in combination with NK cells can mediate ADCC of chordoma cells; 2) the influence of the NK CD16 polymorphism in cetuximab-mediated ADCC for chordoma cell lysis; 3) that engineered haNK cells-that is, cells transduced to express the CD16 V158 FcγRIIIa receptor-bind cetuximab with similar affinity to normal NK cells expressing the high-affinity VV allele; and 4) that irradiated haNK cells induce ADCC with cetuximab in chordoma cells. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide rationale for the use of cetuximab in combination with irradiated haNK cells for therapy for chordoma.
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How gene polymorphisms can influence clinical response and toxicity following R-CHOP therapy in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Blood Rev 2017; 31:235-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Järnum S, Runström A, Bockermann R, Winstedt L, Crispin M, Kjellman C. Enzymatic Inactivation of Endogenous IgG by IdeS Enhances Therapeutic Antibody Efficacy. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1887-1897. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Association of a TNFSF13B (BAFF) regulatory region single nucleotide polymorphism with response to rituximab in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:1684-1687.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FcγR3A and TAP1 genes impact ADCC in cynomolgus monkey PBMCs. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:241-253. [PMID: 28154890 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-0970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic variability is often observed in cynomolgus monkeys on preclinical studies and may, in part, be driven by genetic variability. However, the role of monkey genetic variation remains largely unexplored in the context of drug response. This study evaluated genetic variation in cynomolgus monkey FcγR3A and TAP1 genes and the potential impact of identified polymorphisms on antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vitro. Studies in humans have demonstrated that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), F158V, in FcγR3A can influence response to rituximab through altered ADCC and that SNPs in TAP1/2 decrease natural killer (NK) cell activity against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I deficient cells, potentially through altered ADCC. Monkeys were genotyped for FcγR3A and TAP1 SNPs, and ADCC was assessed in vitro using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) treated with trastuzumab in the presence of NCI-N87 cells. FcγR3A g.1134A>C (exonic S42R), FcγR3A g.5027A>G (intronic), and TAP1 g.1A>G (start codon loss) SNPs were all significantly associated with decreased ADCC for at least one trastuzumab concentration ≥0.0001 μM when compared with wild type (WT). Regression analysis demonstrated significant association of the SNP-SNP pairs FcγR3A g.1134A>C/TAP1 g.1A>G and FcγR3A g.5027A>G/TAP1 g.1A>G with a combinatorial decrease on ADCC. Mechanisms underlying the decreased ADCC were investigated by measuring FcγR3A/IgG binding affinity and expression of FcγR3A and TAP1 in PBMCs; however, no functional associations were observed. These data demonstrate that genetic variation in cynomolgus monkeys is reflective of known human genetic variation and may potentially contribute to variable drug response in preclinical studies.
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Büyükkurt N, Özcan MA, Ergene Ü, Payzın B, Tunalı S, Demirkan F, Özsan H, Pişkin Ö, Ündar B. The Effect of FcγRIIIA Gene Polymorphism on the Treatment of Diffuse Large B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study. Turk J Haematol 2017; 32:152-7. [PMID: 26316483 PMCID: PMC4451483 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2013.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The curative treatment approach for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is controversial even in the rituximab (R) era. The aim of this study was to examine the FcγRIIIA gene polymorphism distribution of DLBCL patients who had been treated with R-CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) chemotherapy. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of FcγRIIIA gene polymorphism on the overall response rate (ORR) and overall survival (OS). Materials and Methods: Patients from 3 centers in the Aegean region of Turkey who had newly diagnosed CD20-positive DLBCL were enrolled in the study. The single nucleotide polymorphisms of the FcγRIIIA gene were analyzed by real time-PCR. The response to treatment was determined in the middle and at the end of the protocol. During 2 years of follow-up, the patients were clinically and radiologically evaluated for disease status every 3 months. Results: Thirty-six patients were included in the study and the distributions of F/F, V/F, and V/V types of alleles of FcγRIIIA were 25%, 50%, and 25%, respectively. Twenty-seven patients were considered as evaluable according to ORR and OS. The patients’ ORR was 87.5%, 100%, and 50% in the F/F, V/F, and V/V allele groups, respectively. We did not establish any statistically significant differences among the 3 alleles groups in respect to ORR (p=0.93). The OS within 2 years in the F/F, V/F, and V/V allele groups was 62.5%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The OS in the F/F allele group was found to be lower than in the other 2 allele groups (p=0.01). Conclusion: The distribution of gene polymorphisms in our study group was similar to those of previous studies. While ORR was similar between the groups, our results highlight a lower OS in F/F patients compared to other allele groups of FcγRIIIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhilal Büyükkurt
- Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Adana Education and Research Centre, Clinic of Hematology, Adana, Turkey Phone: +90 322 327 27 27 E-mail:
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Kastritis E, Dimopoulos MA. Current therapy guidelines for Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2016; 29:194-205. [PMID: 27825466 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia (WM) is a B-cell neoplasm in which bone marrow is infiltrated by lymphoplasmacytic cells that secrete monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM). More than a decade ago, specific criteria were agreed to define diagnosis and symptomatic disease requiring therapy; however, treatment recommendations change as new options emerge. Treatment decisions consider specific disease characteristics (burden of disease, IgM levels, presence of cytopenias) and patient characteristics (age, comorbidities, toxicity). Recently, the impact of specific mutations (in MYD88 and CXCR4) in response to specific therapies has been reported, and this may affect treatment decisions in the future. Chemo-immunotherapy combinations based on rituximab with cyclophosphamide/dexamethasone, bendamustine or bortezomib/dexamethasone are indicated for most patients. The BTK inhibitor ibrutinib was recently approved for patients with WM, and is a new option for selected newly diagnosed or relapsing patients. New B-cell receptor inhibitors, second-generation proteasome inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors are promising; however, more data are needed from high-quality clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Kastritis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Meletios A Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
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Li W, Yang H, Dimitrov DS. Identification of high-affinity anti-CD16A allotype-independent human antibody domains. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 101:281-289. [PMID: 27712994 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD16A (FcγRIIIA) is an activating receptor mostly expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes/macrophages. It can mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) through low-affinity interaction with human immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc. It can also mediate cell lysis if NK cells are guided by bispecific killer cells engagers (BiKEs). BiKEs showed some success in clinical trials of cancer and are promising candidate therapeutics. However, currently reported BiKEs are based on antibody fragments (scFvs) of relatively large size. The CD16A-specific antibodies are also typically from animal origin. Decreasing the BiKE size could result in enhanced penetration into solid tumor and normal tissues, and using fully human antibodies could decrease the likelihood of immunogenicity. Here we report the identification and characterization of two antibody domains, D6 and E11, isolated from a very large human VH antibody domain library displayed on phage. D6 and E11 bound CD16A with EC50 of 4nM and 8nM, respectively, but not other Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) such as CD64 (FcγRI), CD32 (FcγRII) and CD16B (FcγRIIIB). They bound to both CD16A allotypes (158F,V) with equal affinity and competed with each other as well as with human IgG1 and the mouse anti-CD16A antibody 3G8. These and other results were used to build a molecular docking model predicting that D6 and E11 may bind to the CD16A membrane proximal D2 domain by interacting with its BC, C'E and EF loops. Importantly, cross-linked (bivalent) D6 and E11 induced secretion of IL-2 after binding to CD16A-expressing Jurkat T cells. The small size of these antibody domains combined with their high-affinity, specific, allotype-independent, activating interactions with CD16A could allow generation of novel highly effective BiKEs and other candidate protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Hongjia Yang
- Palisades Charter High School, 15777 Bowdoin St, Pacific Palisades, CA 90272, USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Merkt W, Lorenz HM, Watzl C. Rituximab induces phenotypical and functional changes of NK cells in a non-malignant experimental setting. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:206. [PMID: 27629249 PMCID: PMC5024429 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rituximab has broad and increasing application in rheumatic diseases. It is known from lymphoma studies that natural killer (NK) cells can lyse rituximab-coated transformed B cells. However, the role of NK cells in mediating rituximab-induced depletion of non-malignant B cells is unknown. The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental data on rituximab-mediated effects on NK cells in PBMCs without tumor cells, in order to simulate effects that could be relevant in patients with rheumatic disease. Methods Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors were cultured overnight with therapeutic antibodies. NK cells were isolated using a commercial kit or depleted from PBMCs using anti-CD56 and anti-CD16 monoclonal antibodies and magnetic beads. Cells were analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity assays were performed using 51Cr-labeled K562 target cells. Results Addition of rituximab to PBMCs resulted in depletion of B cells, which was dependent on NK cells and serum factors. The extent of B cell depletion correlated with the percentage of NK cells. Following incubation with rituximab, NK cells within PBMCs were activated, degranulated and downregulated the low affinitiy Fc-γ-receptor CD16 (FcγRIIIA). The co-activating receptor CD137 (41BB) was upregulated on a fraction of NK cells. NK cell function was altered in some donors in whom we observed rituximab-dependent reduction in NK cell cytotoxicity towards K562 tumor cells. Conclusions NK cells mediate rituximab-induced B cell depletion. Rituximab induces altered NK cell phenotype and function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-1101-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Merkt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Hanns-Martin Lorenz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany.
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Rožman S, Novaković S, Grabnar I, Cerkovnik P, Novaković BJ. The impact of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa gene polymorphisms on responses to RCHOP chemotherapy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:3332-3336. [PMID: 27123112 PMCID: PMC4841119 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody routinely used in the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. It mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of B lymphocytes by bridging them with Fcγ receptors (FcγR) on effector cells. Several polymorphisms in the FcγR genes have been identified to influence rituximab binding to FcγR, thus altering its antitumor effect in indolent lymphomas. In the present study, the impact of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa polymorphisms on the survival and response to immunochemotherapy consisting of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone was evaluated in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. A total of 29 Slovenian DLBCL patients were studied. Genotyping was conducted for FcγRIIa-27, FcγRIIa-131, FcγRIIIa-48 and FcγRIIIa-158 polymorphisms. The median follow-up time was 29.7 months (range, 9.7–45.4 months). No significant impact of the genotypes was observed on the treatment response, progression-free or overall survival of DLBCL patients. There was a non-significant trend of an improved response to chemotherapy without additional irradiation in patients homozygous for Val at FCγIIIa-158 compared to Phe carriers. The findings of the present study indicate that FcγR polymorphisms have no influence on the survival of DLBCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Rožman
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Srdjan Novaković
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Grabnar
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Petra Cerkovnik
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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