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Pronoy TUH, Islam F, Gopalan V, Lam AKY. Surface Markers for the Identification of Cancer Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2777:51-69. [PMID: 38478335 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3730-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells have genetic and functional characteristics which can turn them resistant to standard cancer therapeutic targets. Identification of these cells is challenging and is done mainly by detecting the expression of antigens specific to stem cells. Currently, there is a significant number of surface markers available which can detect cancer stem cells by directly targeting the specific antigens present in cells. These markers possess differential expression patterns and sub-localizations in cancer stem cells compared to nonneoplastic and somatic cells. In addition to these biomarkers, multiple analytical methods and techniques, including functional assays, cell sorting, filtration approaches, and xenotransplantation methods, are used to identify cancer stem cells. This chapter will overview the functional significance of cancer stem cells, their biological correlations, specific markers, and detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasfik Ul Haque Pronoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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2
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Sloan AE, Nock CJ, Ye X, Buerki R, Chang S, Lesser G, Norden A, Cloughesy T, Olson J, Kerstetter-Fogle A, Rich J, Fisher J, Desideri S, Takebe N, Timmer W, Grossman S, Prados M. ABTC-0904: targeting glioma stem cells in GBM: a phase 0/II study of hedgehog pathway inhibitor GDC-0449. J Neurooncol 2023; 161:33-43. [PMID: 36581779 PMCID: PMC11197851 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-022-04193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gliomagenesis and resistance of glioblastoma (GBM) are believed to be mediated by glioma stem cells (GSC). Evidence suggests that SHH signaling promotes GSC proliferation and self-renewal. METHODS ABTC-0904 was a two-arm, multicenter phase 0/II study of GDC-0449, an oral inhibitor of Smoothened (SMO) in patients undergoing resection for recurrent GBM. All patients (Arms I and II) had surgery and received drug post-operatively. Only patients in Arm I received drug prior to surgery. The primary objective was to determine 6-month progression free survival (PFS-6). Secondary endpoints include median PFS (mPFS) and overall survival (mOS), response rate, and toxicity. Correlative studies included bioanalysis of GDC-0449, and inhibition of SHH signaling, GSC proliferation and self-renewal. RESULTS Forty-one patients were enrolled. Pharmacokinetics of GDC-0449 in plasma demonstrated levels within expected therapeutic range in 75% of patients. The proportion of tumorcells producing CD133+ neurospheres, neurosphere proliferation, self-renewal, and expression of the SHh downstream signaling was significantly decreased in Arm I following GDC-0449 treatment (p < 0.005; p < 0.001 respectively) compared to Arm II (no drug pre-op). Treatment was well tolerated. There were no objective responders in either arm. Overall PFS-6 was 2.4% (95% CI 0.9-11.1%). Median PFS was 2.3 months (95% CI 1.9-2.6) and mOS was 7.8 months (95% CI 5.4-10.1). CONCLUSIONS GDC-0449 was well tolerated, reached tumor, and inhibited CD133+ neurosphere formation, but had little clinical efficacy as a single agent in rGBM. This suggests growth and maintenance of rGBM is not solely dependent on the SHH pathway thus targeting SMO may require combined approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Sloan
- Chief of Neuroscience, Piedmont Healthcare, Atlanta, USA.
| | - Charles J Nock
- Department of Medicine, UH-Seidman Cancer Center and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiaobu Ye
- Adult Brain Tumor Consortium, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Buerki
- Department of Neurology, UH-Seidman Cancer Center and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Susan Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Glenn Lesser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Norden
- Department of Medicine, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Olson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jeremy Rich
- Department of Neurology and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joy Fisher
- Adult Brain Tumor Consortium, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Serena Desideri
- Adult Brain Tumor Consortium, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Naoko Takebe
- National Cancer Institute, Clinical Investigations Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William Timmer
- National Cancer Institute, Clinical Investigations Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Grossman
- Adult Brain Tumor Consortium, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Prados
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Cirino M, Trevisan FA, Peria F, Tirapelli D, Carlotti Jr CG. Modulation of Genes and MicroRNAs in the Neurospheres of Glioblastoma Cell Lines U343 and T98G Induced by Ionizing Radiation and Temozolomide Therapy. Cureus 2022; 14:e32211. [PMID: 36620850 PMCID: PMC9812005 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma is the most prevalent primary malignant neoplasm of the central nervous system. It has increased its incidence, while the overall survival remains over 14 months. PURPOSE The purpose is to evaluate the expression of the genes EGFR, PTEN, MGMT, and IDH1/2, and microRNAs miR-181b, miR-145, miR-149, and miR-128a in adhered cells (AC) and neurospheres (NS) from cell lines (T98G and U343) submitted to temozolomide (TMZ) and ionizing radiation (IR). METHODS T98G and U343 were treated with TMZ, IR, and TMZ+IR. The analysis of gene expression and miRNAs was performed using real-time PCR. RESULTS This study demonstrated: a) an improvement in the expression of IDH1 after IR and TMZ + IR in the NS (T98G); b) an increase in the expression of MGMT in NS (T98G) in IR groups and TMZ + IR. The expression of miRNAs results as a) AC (U343) expressed more miR-181b after TMZ, IR, and TMZ + IR; and miR-128a improved after TMZ, IR, and TMZ + IR; b) NS (T98G) after TMZ + IR expressed: miR-181b; miR-149; miR-145 and miR-128a; c) NS (U343) after IR huge expressed miR-149 and miR-145. CONCLUSION IR was an independent and determining radioresistance factor in NS. However, we observed no complementarity action of oncomiRs regulation.
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Yan Y, Dai W, Mei Q. Multicentric Glioma: An Ideal Model to Reveal the Mechanism of Glioma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:798018. [PMID: 35747806 PMCID: PMC9209746 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.798018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a special type of glioma, multicentric glioma provides an ideal pathological model for glioma research. According to the stem-cell-origin theory, multiple lesions of multicentric glioma share the same neuro-oncological origin, both in gene level and in cell level. Although the number of studies focusing on genetic evolution in gliomas with the model of multicentric gliomas were limited, some mutations, including IDH1 mutations, TERTp mutations and PTEN deletions, are found to be at an early stage in the process of genetic aberrance during glioma evolution based on the results of these studies. This article reviews the clinical reports and genetic studies of multicentric glioma, and intends to explain the various clinical phenomena of multicentric glioma from the perspective of genetic aberrance accumulation and tumor cell evolution. The malignant degree of a glioma is determined by both the tumorigenicity of early mutant genes, and the stemness of early suffered cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yan
- Departmentof Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Departmentof Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyong Mei
- Departmentof Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Beiriger J, Habib A, Jovanovich N, Kodavali CV, Edwards L, Amankulor N, Zinn PO. The Subventricular Zone in Glioblastoma: Genesis, Maintenance, and Modeling. Front Oncol 2022; 12:790976. [PMID: 35359410 PMCID: PMC8960165 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.790976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant tumor with a median survival rate of 15-16 months with standard care; however, cases of successful treatment offer hope that an enhanced understanding of the pathology will improve the prognosis. The cell of origin in GBM remains controversial. Recent evidence has implicated stem cells as cells of origin in many cancers. Neural stem/precursor cells (NSCs) are being evaluated as potential initiators of GBM tumorigenesis. The NSCs in the subventricular zone (SVZ) have demonstrated similar molecular profiles and share several distinctive characteristics to proliferative glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) in GBM. Genomic and proteomic studies comparing the SVZ and GBM support the hypothesis that the tumor cells and SVZ cells are related. Animal models corroborate this connection, demonstrating migratory patterns from the SVZ to the tumor. Along with laboratory and animal research, clinical studies have demonstrated improved progression-free survival in patients with GBM after radiation to the ipsilateral SVZ. Additionally, key genetic mutations in GBM for the most part carry regulatory roles in the SVZ as well. An exciting avenue towards SVZ modeling and determining its role in gliomagenesis in the human context is human brain organoids. Here we comprehensively discuss and review the role of the SVZ in GBM genesis, maintenance, and modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamison Beiriger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, United States
| | - Ahmed Habib
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, United States
| | - Nicolina Jovanovich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, United States
| | - Chowdari V Kodavali
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, United States
| | - Lincoln Edwards
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, United States
| | - Nduka Amankulor
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, United States
| | - Pascal O Zinn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, United States
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Bibbò F, Sorice C, Ferrucci V, Zollo M. Functional Genomics of PRUNE1 in Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs) Tied to Medulloblastoma (MB) and Other Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:758146. [PMID: 34745995 PMCID: PMC8569853 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.758146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze the fundamental functions of Prune_1 in brain pathophysiology. We discuss the importance and maintenance of the function of Prune_1 and how its perturbation influences both brain pathological conditions, neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, hypotonia, and variable brain anomalies (NMIHBA; OMIM: 617481), and tumorigenesis of medulloblastoma (MB) with functional correlations to other tumors. A therapeutic view underlying recent discoveries identified small molecules and cell penetrating peptides to impair the interaction of Prune_1 with protein partners (e.g., Nm23-H1), thus further impairing intracellular and extracellular signaling (i.e., canonical Wnt and TGF-β pathways). Identifying the mechanism of action of Prune_1 as responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), we have recognized other genes which are found overexpressed in brain tumors (e.g., MB) with functional implications in neurodevelopmental processes, as mainly linked to changes in mitotic cell cycle processes. Thus, with Prune_1 being a significant target in NDDs, we discuss how its network of action can be dysregulated during brain development, thus generating cancer and metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bibbò
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), ‘Federico II’ University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Sorice
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), ‘Federico II’ University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), ‘Federico II’ University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), ‘Federico II’ University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
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7
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Mazurek M, Rola R. The implications of nitric oxide metabolism in the treatment of glial tumors. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105172. [PMID: 34461111 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glial tumors are the most common intracranial malignancies. Unfortunately, despite such a high prevalence, patients' prognosis is usually poor. It is related to the high invasiveness, tendency to relapse and the resistance of tumors to traditional methods of treatment. An important link in the aspect of these issues may be nitric oxide (NO) metabolism. It is a very complex mechanism with multidirectional effects on the neoplastic process. Depending on the concentration axis, it can both exert pro-tumor action as well as contribute to the inhibition of tumorigenesis. The latest observations show that the control of its metabolism can be very helpful in the development of new methods of treating gliomas, as well as in increasing the effectiveness of the agents currently used. The influence of nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity on glioma stem cells seem to be of particular importance. The use of specific inhibitors may allow the reduction of tumor growth and its tendency to relapse. Another important feature of GSCs is their conditioning of glioma resistance to traditional forms of treatment. Recent studies have shown that modulation of NO metabolism can suppress this effect, preventing the induction of radio and chemoresistance. Moreover, nitric oxide is involved in the regulation of a number of immune mechanisms. Adequate modulation of its metabolism may contribute to the induction of an anti-tumor response in the patients' immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Mazurek
- Chair and Department of Neurosurgery and Paediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University in Lublin, Poland.
| | - Radosław Rola
- Chair and Department of Neurosurgery and Paediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University in Lublin, Poland
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8
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Zhang W, Sigdel G, Mintz KJ, Seven ES, Zhou Y, Wang C, Leblanc RM. Carbon Dots: A Future Blood-Brain Barrier Penetrating Nanomedicine and Drug Nanocarrier. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5003-5016. [PMID: 34326638 PMCID: PMC8316758 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s318732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the biggest challenges in modern medicine due to the BBB's highly semipermeable property that limits most therapeutic agents of brain diseases to enter the central nervous system (CNS). In recent years, nanoparticles, especially carbon dots (CDs), exhibit many unprecedented applications for drug delivery. Several types of CDs and CD-ligand conjugates have been reported successfully penetrating the BBB, which shows a promising progress in the application of CD-based drug delivery system (DDS) for the treatment of CNS diseases. In this review, our discussion of CDs includes their classification, preparations, structures, properties, and applications for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD) and brain tumor. Moreover, abundant functional groups on the surface, especially amine and carboxyl groups, allow CDs to conjugate with diverse drugs as versatile drug nanocarriers. In addition, structure of the BBB is briefly described, and mechanisms for transporting various molecules across the BBB and other biological barriers are elucidated. Most importantly, recent developments in drug delivery with CDs as BBB-penetrating nanodrugs and drug nanocarriers to target CNS diseases especially Alzheimer's disease and brain tumor are summarized. Eventually, future prospects of the CD-based DDS are discussed in combination with the development of artificial intelligence and nanorobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Ganesh Sigdel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Keenan J Mintz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Elif S Seven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Yiqun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Roger M Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
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9
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Tang X, Zuo C, Fang P, Liu G, Qiu Y, Huang Y, Tang R. Targeting Glioblastoma Stem Cells: A Review on Biomarkers, Signal Pathways and Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:701291. [PMID: 34307170 PMCID: PMC8297686 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.701291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most lethal and common primary brain tumor, even after treatment with multiple therapies, such as surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation. Although great advances in medical development and improvements in therapeutic methods of GBM have led to a certain extension of the median survival time of patients, prognosis remains poor. The primary cause of its dismal outcomes is the high rate of tumor recurrence, which is closely related to its resistance to standard therapies. During the last decade, glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) have been successfully isolated from GBM, and it has been demonstrated that these cells are likely to play an indispensable role in the formation, maintenance, and recurrence of GBM tumors, indicating that GSCs are a crucial target for treatment. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge regarding GSCs, their related signaling pathways, resistance mechanisms, crosstalk linking mechanisms, and microenvironment or niche. Subsequently, we present a framework of targeted therapy for GSCs based on direct strategies, including blockade of the pathways necessary to overcome resistance or prevent their function, promotion of GSC differentiation, virotherapy, and indirect strategies, including targeting the perivascular, hypoxic, and immune niches of the GSCs. In summary, targeting GSCs provides a tremendous opportunity for revolutionary approaches to improve the prognosis and therapy of GBM, despite a variety of challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejia Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenghai Zuo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Pengchao Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guojing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongyi Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongrui Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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10
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O'Connor SA, Feldman HM, Arora S, Hoellerbauer P, Toledo CM, Corrin P, Carter L, Kufeld M, Bolouri H, Basom R, Delrow J, McFaline-Figueroa JL, Trapnell C, Pollard SM, Patel A, Paddison PJ, Plaisier CL. Neural G0: a quiescent-like state found in neuroepithelial-derived cells and glioma. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e9522. [PMID: 34101353 PMCID: PMC8186478 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Single‐cell RNA sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool for resolving cellular states associated with normal and maligned developmental processes. Here, we used scRNA‐seq to examine the cell cycle states of expanding human neural stem cells (hNSCs). From these data, we constructed a cell cycle classifier that identifies traditional cell cycle phases and a putative quiescent‐like state in neuroepithelial‐derived cell types during mammalian neurogenesis and in gliomas. The Neural G0 markers are enriched with quiescent NSC genes and other neurodevelopmental markers found in non‐dividing neural progenitors. Putative glioblastoma stem‐like cells were significantly enriched in the Neural G0 cell population. Neural G0 cell populations and gene expression are significantly associated with less aggressive tumors and extended patient survival for gliomas. Genetic screens to identify modulators of Neural G0 revealed that knockout of genes associated with the Hippo/Yap and p53 pathways diminished Neural G0 in vitro, resulting in faster G1 transit, down‐regulation of quiescence‐associated markers, and loss of Neural G0 gene expression. Thus, Neural G0 represents a dynamic quiescent‐like state found in neuroepithelial‐derived cells and gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A O'Connor
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Heather M Feldman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sonali Arora
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pia Hoellerbauer
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chad M Toledo
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip Corrin
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lucas Carter
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan Kufeld
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hamid Bolouri
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryan Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Delrow
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven M Pollard
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anoop Patel
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrick J Paddison
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher L Plaisier
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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11
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Patel D, Wairkar S, Yergeri MC. Current Developments in Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Glioma. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:3973-3984. [PMID: 32329681 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200424161929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma is one of the most commonly observed tumours, representing about 75% of brain tumours in the adult population. Generally, glioma treatment includes surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The current chemotherapy for glioma involves the use of temozolomide, doxorubicin, monoclonal antibodies, etc. however, the clinical outcomes in patients are not satisfactory. Primarily, the blood-brain barrier hinders these drugs from reaching the target leading to the recurrence of glioma post-surgery. In addition, these drugs are not target-specific and affect the healthy cells of the body. Therefore, glioma-targeted drug delivery is essential to reduce the rate of recurrence and treat the condition with more reliable alternatives. METHODS A literature search was conducted to understand glioma pathophysiology, its current therapeutic approaches for targeted delivery using databases like Pub Med, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, etc. Results: This review gives an insight to challenges associated with current treatments, factors influencing drug delivery in glioma, and recent advancements in targeted drug delivery. CONCLUSION The promising results could be seen with nanotechnology-based approaches, like polymeric, lipidbased, and hybrid nanoparticles in the treatment of glioma. Biotechnological developments, such as carrier peptides and gene therapy, are future prospects in glioma therapy. Therefore, these targeted delivery systems will be beneficial in clinical practices for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrumi Patel
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400056, India
| | - Sarika Wairkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400056, India
| | - Mayur C Yergeri
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400056, India
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12
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Vieira de Castro J, Gonçalves CS, Hormigo A, Costa BM. Exploiting the Complexities of Glioblastoma Stem Cells: Insights for Cancer Initiation and Therapeutic Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155278. [PMID: 32722427 PMCID: PMC7432229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) in the 2000s revolutionized the cancer research field, raising new questions regarding the putative cell(s) of origin of this tumor type, and partly explaining the highly heterogeneous nature of glioblastoma (GBM). Increasing evidence has suggested that GSCs play critical roles in tumor initiation, progression, and resistance to conventional therapies. The remarkable oncogenic features of GSCs have generated significant interest in better defining and characterizing these cells and determining novel pathways driving GBM that could constitute attractive key therapeutic targets. While exciting breakthroughs have been achieved in the field, the characterization of GSCs is a challenge and the cell of origin of GBM remains controversial. For example, the use of several cell-surface molecular markers to identify and isolate GSCs has been a challenge. It is now widely accepted that none of these markers is, per se, sufficiently robust to distinguish GSCs from normal stem cells. Finding new strategies that are able to more efficiently and specifically target these niches could also prove invaluable against this devastating and therapy-insensitive tumor. In this review paper, we summarize the most relevant findings and discuss emerging concepts and open questions in the field of GSCs, some of which are, to some extent, pertinent to other cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Vieira de Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (J.V.d.C.); (C.S.G.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Céline S. Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (J.V.d.C.); (C.S.G.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Adília Hormigo
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Medicine, The Tisch Cancer Institute and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY 10029-6574, USA;
| | - Bruno M. Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (J.V.d.C.); (C.S.G.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-1-253-604-872
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13
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Wuputra K, Ku CC, Wu DC, Lin YC, Saito S, Yokoyama KK. Prevention of tumor risk associated with the reprogramming of human pluripotent stem cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:100. [PMID: 32493501 PMCID: PMC7268627 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent embryonic stem cells have two special features: self-renewal and pluripotency. It is important to understand the properties of pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed stem cells. One of the major problems is the risk of reprogrammed stem cells developing into tumors. To understand the process of differentiation through which stem cells develop into cancer cells, investigators have attempted to identify the key factors that generate tumors in humans. The most effective method for the prevention of tumorigenesis is the exclusion of cancer cells during cell reprogramming. The risk of cancer formation is dependent on mutations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes during the conversion of stem cells to cancer cells and on the environmental effects of pluripotent stem cells. Dissecting the processes of epigenetic regulation and chromatin regulation may be helpful for achieving correct cell reprogramming without inducing tumor formation and for developing new drugs for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the risk of tumor formation by human pluripotent stem cells, and on the possible treatment options if it occurs. Potential new techniques that target epigenetic processes and chromatin regulation provide opportunities for human cancer modeling and clinical applications of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shigeo Saito
- Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan. .,Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology Institute, Yaita, Tochigi, 329-1571, Japan.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
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14
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Mahmoodi S, Nezafat N, Negahdaripour M, Ghasemi Y. A New Approach for Cancer Immunotherapy Based on the Cancer Stem Cell Antigens Properties. Curr Mol Med 2020; 19:2-11. [PMID: 30714514 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190204114721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare population of tumor cells, which play an important role in tumor initiation, progression, and maintenance. The concept that cancer cells arise from stem cells was presented about 150 years ago. Recently, this hypothesis was renewed considering the heterogeneity of tumor cells. CSCs are resistant to chemo- and radio-therapy. Therefore, targeting CSCs could be a novel and effective strategy to struggle with tumor cells. OBJECTIVE In this mini-review, we highlight that different immunotherapeutic approaches can be used to target cancer cells and eradicate different tumor cells. The most important targets are specific markers recognized on the CSC surface as CSC antigens such as CD44, CD133, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH), and SOX family members. This article emphasizes recent advances in CSCs in cancer therapy. RESULTS Our results present that CSC antigens play an important role in tumor initiation, especially in the cells that are resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy agents. Therefore, they are ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy, for instance, in developing different types of cancer vaccines or antibodies against tumor cells. CONCLUSION The current studies related to cancer immunotherapy through targeting the CSC antigens based on their properties are briefly summarized. Altogether, CSC antigens can be efficiently targeted to treat cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Mahmoodi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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15
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Meningioma Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1296:33-48. [PMID: 34185285 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59038-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment consists of noncancerous cells, such as immune cells and fibroblasts, and the proteins produced by these cells as well as the extracellular matrix components in the environment around a tumor. Tumor influences the behavior of the cells present in the surrounding environment, while the cells in the tumor microenvironment modulate the evolution of the tumor. Little is known about the microenvironment of meningioma, the most common benign intracranial tumor. Here, we review the current knowledge of the tumor microenvironment of meningioma and discusses its importance in meningioma tumorigenesis as well as in the designation of novel therapeutic approaches.
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16
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Li N, Engels E, Davis JA, Dipuglia A, Vogel S, Valceski M, Rosenfeld AB, Lerch MLF, Corde S, Tehei M. Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor BI6727 sensitizes 9L gliosarcoma cells to ionizing irradiation. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab4d0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Boso D, Rampazzo E, Zanon C, Bresolin S, Maule F, Porcù E, Cani A, Della Puppa A, Trentin L, Basso G, Persano L. HIF-1α/Wnt signaling-dependent control of gene transcription regulates neuronal differentiation of glioblastoma stem cells. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:4860-4877. [PMID: 31410187 PMCID: PMC6691379 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIF-1α has been suggested to interplay with Wnt signaling components in order to activate a neuronal differentiation process in both normal brain and glioblastoma (GBM). Based on these data, we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed capability of GBM cells to acquire a neuronal phenotype upon Wnt signaling stimulation and how the microenvironment, particularly hypoxia, modulates this process. Methods: here, the employment of ChIP-seq techniques together with co-immunoprecipitation approaches allowed to reconstruct the molecular interactions responsible for activating specific pro-differentiating transcriptional programs in GBM cells. Moreover, gene silencing/over-expression approaches coupled with the functional analysis of cell phenotype were applied to confirm ChIP-driven hypotheses. Finally, we combined the use of publicly available gene expression datasets with protein expression data by immunohistochemistry to test the clinical relevance of obtained results. Results: our data clearly suggest that HIF-1α is recruited by the β-catenin/TCF1 complex to foster neuronal differentiation gene transcription in hypoxic GBM cells. Conversely, at higher oxygen levels, the increased expression of TCF4 exerts a transcriptional inhibitory function on the same genomic regions, thus counteracting differentiation. Moreover, we demonstrate the existence of a positive correlation between the expression levels of HIF-1α, TCF1 and neuronal phenotype in GBM tumors, accompanied by the over-expression of several Wnt signaling components, finally affecting patient prognosis. Conclusion: we unveiled a peculiar mechanism by which TCF1 and HIF-1α can induce a reminiscent neuronal differentiation of hypoxic GBM cells, which is hampered, in normoxia, by high levels of TCF4, thus not only de facto controlling the balance between differentiation and stemness, but also impacting on intra-tumoral heterogeneity and eventually patient outcome.
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18
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Short S, Fielder E, Miwa S, von Zglinicki T. Senolytics and senostatics as adjuvant tumour therapy. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:683-692. [PMID: 30737084 PMCID: PMC6441870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell senescence is a driver of ageing, frailty, age-associated disease and functional decline. In oncology, tumour cell senescence may contribute to the effect of adjuvant therapies, as it blocks tumour growth. However, this is frequently incomplete, and tumour cells that recover from senescence may gain a more stem-like state with increased proliferative potential. This might be exaggerated by the induction of senescence in the surrounding niche cells. Finally, senescence will spread through bystander effects, possibly overwhelming the capacity of the immune system to ablate senescent cells. This induces a persistent system-wide senescent cell accumulation, which we hypothesize is the cause for the premature frailty, multi-morbidity and increased mortality in cancer survivors. Senolytics, drugs that selectively kill senescent cells, have been developed recently and have been proposed as second-line adjuvant tumour therapy. Similarly, by blocking accelerated senescence following therapy, senolytics might prevent and potentially even revert premature frailty in cancer survivors. Adjuvant senostatic interventions, which suppress senescence-associated bystander signalling, might also have therapeutic potential. This becomes pertinent because treatments that are senostatic in vitro (e.g. dietary restriction mimetics) persistently reduce numbers of senescent cells in vivo, i.e. act as net senolytics in immunocompetent hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Short
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Beckett St, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Edward Fielder
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Satomi Miwa
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Thomas von Zglinicki
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
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19
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Núñez FJ, Mendez FM, Garcia-Fabiani MB, Pardo J, Edwards M, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Evaluation of Biomarkers in Glioma by Immunohistochemistry on Paraffin-Embedded 3D Glioma Neurosphere Cultures. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30688315 DOI: 10.3791/58931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of protein expression in glioma is relevant for several aspects in the study of its pathology. Numerous proteins have been described as biomarkers with applications in diagnosis, prognosis, classification, state of tumor progression, and cell differentiation state. These analyses of biomarkers are also useful to characterize tumor neurospheres (NS) generated from glioma patients and glioma models. Tumor NS provide a valuable in vitro model to assess different features of the tumor from which they are derived and can more accurately mirror glioma biology. Here we describe a detailed method to analyze biomarkers in tumor NS using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on paraffin-embedded tumor NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe J Núñez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan
| | - Flor M Mendez
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan
| | - Maria B Garcia-Fabiani
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan
| | - Joaquín Pardo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School; INIBIOLP, Histology B-Pathology B, School of Medicine, UNLP
| | - Marta Edwards
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan;
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20
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Jhaveri A, Luther E, Torchilin V. The effect of transferrin-targeted, resveratrol-loaded liposomes on neurosphere cultures of glioblastoma: implications for targeting tumour-initiating cells. J Drug Target 2018; 27:601-613. [PMID: 30475084 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1550647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are known to harbour subsets of cells known as tumour-initiating cells (TICs), which are responsible for the maintenance, invasiveness and recurrence of GBMs. Conventional chemotherapeutics act on rapidly dividing cells, sparing the TICs and result in tumour relapse. Resveratrol (RES) has shown chemopreventive effects in all the major stages of cancer including initiation, promotion and progression, but poor physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties limit its use as a free drug. Hence we developed a liposomal formulation of RES (RES-L) to eradicate both the bulk tumour cells and TICs in GBMs. Since both these subpopulations of cells are known to over-express transferrin receptors, we developed transferrin-targeted RES-L (Tf-RES-L) to enhance tumour-specific delivery. We studied the effects of RES on neurospheres (NS) used as an in vitro model to study TICs derived from GBM cell lines. Free RES and RES formulations inhibited the anchorage-independent growth of GBM neurospheres. The NS-derived cells expressed TfRs and the Tf-targeted liposomes showed a significantly higher association with NS versus the non-targeted liposomes. Finally an increased activation of caspases 3/7 was seen when NS were treated with RES formulations. Together, these studies advocate for further investigations with RES-L and the use Tf to target the TIC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Jhaveri
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine , Northeastern University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Ed Luther
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine , Northeastern University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Vladimir Torchilin
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine , Northeastern University , Boston , MA , USA
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21
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Valproic Acid Inhibits Proliferation and Reduces Invasiveness in Glioma Stem Cells Through Wnt/β Catenin Signalling Activation. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9110522. [PMID: 30373123 PMCID: PMC6267016 DOI: 10.3390/genes9110522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumour in adults. The failure of current therapies can be ascribed to glioma stem cells (GSCs), which can rapidly repopulate the tumour following the initial treatment. The study of histone deacetylase inhibitors, such as valproic acid (VPA), is becoming an attractive field in cancer research. However, the exact mechanisms underlying its anti-cancer effect remain to be elucidated due to its pleiotropic effects on several cell-signalling pathways. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) bioinformatics analysis was performed on genome-wide data regarding GSCs methylome to identify the signalling pathways mainly affected by methylation changes induced by VPA. Real time PCR and luciferase reporter assay were used to better investigate VPA effects on Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. VPA effect on GSC proliferation was evaluated by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) and Trypan blue assays. Finally, VPA impact on GSC motility was demonstrated by Boyden chamber assay and further confirmed evaluating the expression levels or localisation, through western blot or immunofluorescence, of Twist1, Snail1, E-Cadherin and N-Cadherin. The bioinformatics analyses performed on GSCs methylome highlighted that Wnt/β-catenin signalling was affected by the methylation changes induced by VPA, which could influence its activation status. In particular, we pointed out a general activation of this pathway after VPA exposure, which was accompanied by an inhibitory potential on GSCs proliferation. Finally, we also proved VPA's ability to inhibit GSCs invasion through Snail1 and Twist1 downregulation and E-Cadherin relocalisation. VPA treatment may represent a new, interesting therapeutic approach to affect GSC proliferation and motility, but further investigations are certainly needed.
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22
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Lim EJ, Suh Y, Kim S, Kang SG, Lee SJ. Force-mediated proinvasive matrix remodeling driven by tumor-associated mesenchymal stem-like cells in glioblastoma. BMB Rep 2018; 51:182-187. [PMID: 29301607 PMCID: PMC5933213 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.4.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In carcinoma, cancer-associated fibroblasts participate in force-mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, consequently leading to invasion of cancer cells. Likewise, the ECM remodeling actively occurs in glioblastoma (GBM) and the consequent microenvironmental stiffness is strongly linked to migration behavior of GBM cells. However, in GBM the stromal cells responsible for force-mediated ECM remodeling remain unidentified. We show that tumor-associated mesenchymal stem-like cells (tMSLCs) provide a proinvasive matrix condition in GBM by force-mediated ECM remodeling. Importantly, CCL2-mediated Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) activation increased phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2 in tMSLCs and led to collagen assembly and actomyosin contractility. Collectively, our findings implicate tMSLCs as stromal cells providing force-mediated proinvasive ECM remodeling in the GBM microenvironment, and reminiscent of fibroblasts in carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Lim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Yongjoon Suh
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seungmo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seok-Gu Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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23
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Lang PY, Gershon TR. A New Way to Treat Brain Tumors: Targeting Proteins Coded by Microcephaly Genes?: Brain tumors and microcephaly arise from opposing derangements regulating progenitor growth. Drivers of microcephaly could be attractive brain tumor targets. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700243. [PMID: 29577351 PMCID: PMC5910257 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
New targets for brain tumor therapies may be identified by mutations that cause hereditary microcephaly. Brain growth depends on the repeated proliferation of stem and progenitor cells. Microcephaly syndromes result from mutations that specifically impair the ability of brain progenitor or stem cells to proliferate, by inducing either premature differentiation or apoptosis. Brain tumors that derive from brain progenitor or stem cells may share many of the specific requirements of their cells of origin. These tumors may therefore be susceptible to disruptions of the protein products of genes that are mutated in microcephaly. The potential for the products of microcephaly genes to be therapeutic targets in brain tumors are highlighted hereby reviewing research on EG5, KIF14, ASPM, CDK6, and ATR. Treatments that disrupt these proteins may open new avenues for brain tumor therapy that have increased efficacy and decreased toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Y. Lang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Timothy R. Gershon
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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24
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Rosenberg T, Aaberg-Jessen C, Petterson SA, Kristensen BW. Heterogenic expression of stem cell markers in patient-derived glioblastoma spheroid cultures exposed to long-term hypoxia. CNS Oncol 2018; 7:CNS15. [PMID: 29708435 PMCID: PMC5977272 DOI: 10.2217/cns-2017-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the time profile of hypoxia and stem cell markers in glioblastoma spheroids of known molecular subtype. Materials & methods: Patient-derived glioblastoma spheroids were cultured up to 7 days in either 2% or 21% oxygen. Levels of proliferation (Ki-67), hypoxia (HIF-1α, CA9 and VEGF) and stem cell markers (CD133, nestin and musashi-1) were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results: Hypoxia markers as well as CD133 and partially nestin increased in long-term hypoxia. The proliferation rate and spheroid size were highest in normoxia. Conclusion: We found differences in hypoxia and stem cell marker profiles between the patient-derived glioblastoma cultures. This heterogeneity should be taken into consideration in development of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of ORL - Head & Neck Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Aaberg-Jessen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Stine Asferg Petterson
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Winther Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
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25
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Proinvasive extracellular matrix remodeling in tumor microenvironment in response to radiation. Oncogene 2018; 37:3317-3328. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells have genetic and functional characteristics that can turn them resistant to standard cancer therapeutic targets. Identification of these cells is challenging and is mostly done by detecting the expression of their antigens in a group of stem cells. Currently, there are a significant number of surface markers available which can detect the cancer stem cells by directly targeting their specific antigens present in cells. These markers possess differential expression patterns and sub-localizations in cancer stem cells when compared to non-neoplastic stem cells and somatic cells. In addition to molecular markers, multiple analytical methods and techniques including functional assays, cell sorting, filtration approaches, and xenotransplantation methods are used to identify cancer stem cells. This chapter will overview the functional significance of cancer stem cells, its biological correlations, specific markers, and detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.
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27
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RAD51 Is a Selective DNA Repair Target to Radiosensitize Glioma Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:125-139. [PMID: 28076755 PMCID: PMC5233453 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with glioblastoma die from local relapse despite surgery and high-dose radiotherapy. Resistance to radiotherapy is thought to be due to efficient DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in stem-like cells able to survive DNA damage and repopulate the tumor. We used clinical samples and patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) to confirm that the DSB repair protein RAD51 is highly expressed in GSCs, which are reliant on RAD51-dependent DSB repair after radiation. RAD51 expression and RAD51 foci numbers fall when these cells move toward astrocytic differentiation. In GSCs, the small-molecule RAD51 inhibitors RI-1 and B02 prevent RAD51 focus formation, reduce DNA DSB repair, and cause significant radiosensitization. We further demonstrate that treatment with these agents combined with radiation promotes loss of stem cells defined by SOX2 expression. This indicates that RAD51-dependent repair represents an effective and specific target in GSCs. RAD51 is overexpressed in glioma stem cells RAD51 expression levels fall when GSCs are differentiated RAD51 inhibitors abrogate DNA repair leading to radiosensitization in GSCs RAD51 inhibition + XR removes SOX2-expressing cells and abolishes clonogenicity
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Yao Q, Cai G, Yu Q, Shen J, Gu Z, Chen J, Shi W, Shi J. IDH1 mutation diminishes aggressive phenotype in glioma stem cells. Int J Oncol 2017; 52:270-278. [PMID: 29115585 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The R132H mutation in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1-R132H) is associated with better prognosis in glioma patients. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) in glioma are believed to be responsible for glioma growth and maintenance. However, the relation between the R132H mutation and GSCs is not fully understood. In the present study, GSC markers were detected in patients with IDH1-R132H or wild-type IDH1 (IDH1-wt) by tissue microarray immunohistochemistry (TMA-IHC). The relationship between the expression patterns of GSC markers and the clinicopathological characteristics in glioma were analyzed. To confirm this mutation's role in GSCs, the IDH1-R132H in GSCs isolated from glioblastoma patients with IDH1 mutations was overexpressed by using lentiviral constructs in vitro, and then the proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of the transfected GSCs were explored. At the molecular level, we detected Wnt/β-catenin signaling expression to verify its role in regulating the cellular properties of GSCs. The results showed that the positive rate of GSCs in patients with IDH1-R132H was significantly less than that in patients with IDH1-wt. The positive rate of GSCs was correlated with IDH1 mutation, TNM stage and poor overall survive. After transfection in vitro, IDH1-R132H overexpression led to reduced GSCs proliferation, migration and invasion, inducing apoptosis and improving GSC differentiation, accompanied by a significant reduction in activity of β-catenin. Several mediators, effectors and targets of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling were downregulated. The data demonstrate that IDH1 mutation reduces the malignant progression of glioma by causing a less aggressive phenotype of GSCs which are involved in the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Gang Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jianhong Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Zhikai Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jinlong Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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Pang LY, Saunders L, Argyle DJ. Epidermal growth factor receptor activity is elevated in glioma cancer stem cells and is required to maintain chemotherapy and radiation resistance. Oncotarget 2017; 8:72494-72512. [PMID: 29069805 PMCID: PMC5641148 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains among the most aggressive of all human and canine malignancies, displaying high mortality rates and limited treatment options. We propose that given the similarities between canine and human gliomas, such as incidence of occurrence, histopathology, molecular characteristics, and response to therapy, that canine gliomas are a natural model of the human disease. A range of human and canine tumours have been shown to harbor specific subpopulations of cells with stem cell-like properties that initiate and maintain neoplasticity while resisting conventional therapies. Here, we show that both canine and human glioma cell lines contain a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and by molecular profiling highlight the important role of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway in canine CSCs. EGFR signaling is crucial in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, migration and survival. To date EGFR-targeted interventions alone have been largely ineffective. Our findings confirm that specifically inhibiting EGFR signaling alone has no significant effect on the viability of CSCs. However inhibition of EGFR did enhance the chemo- and radio-sensitivity of both canine and human glioma CSCs, enabling this resistant, tumourigenic population of cells to be effectively targeted by conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y Pang
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Lauren Saunders
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - David J Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
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Nakajima H, Furukawa C, Chang YC, Ogata H, Magae J. Delayed Growth Suppression and Radioresistance Induced by Long-Term Continuous Gamma Irradiation. Radiat Res 2017; 188:181-190. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14666.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Nakajima
- Department of Breast Surgery, Misugi-kai Sato Hospital, 65-1 Yabuhigashi-machi, Hirakata-shi, Osaka 573-1124, Japan
| | - Chiharu Furukawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Research and Innovation, 1201 Takada, Kashiwa 277-0861, Japan
| | - Young-Chae Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, Catholic University of Daegu, School of Medicine, 3056-6 Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiromitsu Ogata
- Center for Public Health Informatics, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Junji Magae
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Research and Innovation, 1201 Takada, Kashiwa 277-0861, Japan
- Center for Public Health Informatics, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
- Magae Bioscience Institute, 49-4 Fujimidai, Tsukuba 300-1263, Japan
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado Kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
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Tran AN, Boyd NH, Walker K, Hjelmeland AB. NOS Expression and NO Function in Glioma and Implications for Patient Therapies. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:986-999. [PMID: 27411305 PMCID: PMC5467121 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Gliomas are central nervous system tumors that primarily occur in the brain and arise from glial cells. Gliomas include the most common malignant brain tumor in adults known as grade IV astrocytoma, or glioblastoma (GBM). GBM is a deadly disease for which the most significant advances in treatment offer an improvement in survival of only ∼2 months. CRITICAL ISSUES To develop novel treatments and improve patient outcomes, we and others have sought to determine the role of molecular signals in gliomas. Recent Advances: One signaling molecule that mediates important biologies in glioma is the free radical nitric oxide (NO). In glioma cells and the tumor microenvironment, NO is produced by three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3. NO and NOS affect glioma growth, invasion, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, differentiation state, and therapeutic resistance. FUTURE DIRECTIONS These multifaceted effects of NO and NOS on gliomas both in vitro and in vivo suggest the potential of modulating the pathway for antiglioma patient therapies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 986-999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh N Tran
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nathaniel H Boyd
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kiera Walker
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anita B Hjelmeland
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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Howard CM, Valluri J, Alberico A, Julien T, Mazagri R, Marsh R, Alastair H, Cortese A, Griswold M, Wang W, Denning K, Brown L, Claudio PP. Analysis of Chemopredictive Assay for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells in Glioblastoma Patients. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:241-254. [PMID: 28199863 PMCID: PMC5310181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM) treated with standard-of-care maximal surgical resection and concurrent adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ)/radiotherapy remains very poor (less than 15 months). GBMs have been found to contain a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that contribute to tumor propagation, maintenance, and treatment resistance. The highly invasive nature of high-grade gliomas and their inherent resistance to therapy lead to very high rates of recurrence. For these reasons, not all patients with similar diagnoses respond to the same chemotherapy, schedule, or dose. Administration of ineffective anticancer therapy is not only costly but more importantly burdens the patient with unnecessary toxicity and selects for the development of resistant cancer cell clones. We have developed a drug response assay (ChemoID) that identifies the most effective chemotherapy against CSCs and bulk of tumor cells from of a panel of potential treatments, offering great promise for individualized cancer management. Providing the treating physician with drug response information on a panel of approved drugs will aid in personalized therapy selections of the most effective chemotherapy for individual patients, thereby improving outcomes. A prospective study was conducted evaluating the use of the ChemoID drug response assay in GBM patients treated with standard of care. METHODS Forty-one GBM patients (mean age 54 years, 59% male), all eligible for a surgical biopsy, were enrolled in an Institutional Review Board-approved protocol, and fresh tissue samples were collected for drug sensitivity testing. Patients were all treated with standard-of-care TMZ plus radiation with or without maximal surgery, depending on the status of the disease. Patients were prospectively monitored for tumor response, time to recurrence, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Odds ratio (OR) associations of 12-month recurrence, PFS, and OS outcomes were estimated for CSC, bulk tumor, and combined assay responses for the standard-of-care TMZ treatment; sensitivities/specificities, areas under the curve (AUCs), and risk reclassification components were examined. RESULTS Median follow-up was 8 months (range 3-49 months). For every 5% increase in in vitro CSC cell kill by TMZ, 12-month patient response (nonrecurrence of cancer) increased two-fold, OR=2.2 (P=.016). Similar but somewhat less supported associations with the bulk tumor test were seen, OR=2.75 (P=.07) for each 5% bulk tumor cell kill by TMZ. Combining CSC and bulk tumor assay results in a single model yielded a statistically supported CSC association, OR=2.36 (P=.036), but a much attenuated remaining bulk tumor association, OR=1.46 (P=.472). AUCs and [sensitivity/specificity] at optimal outpoints (>40% CSC cell kill and >55% bulk tumor cell kill) were AUC=0.989 [sensitivity=100/specificity=97], 0.972 [100/89], and 0.989 [100/97] for the CSC only, bulk tumor only, and combined models, respectively. Risk categorization of patients was improved by 11% when using the CSC test in conjunction with the bulk test (risk reclassification nonevent net reclassification improvement [NRI] and overall NRI=0.111, P=.030). Median recurrence time was 20 months for patients with a positive (>40% cell kill) CSC test versus only 3 months for those with a negative CSC test, whereas median recurrence time was 13 months versus 4 months for patients with a positive (>55% cell kill) bulk test versus negative. Similar favorable results for the CSC test were observed for PFS and OS outcomes. Panel results across 14 potential other treatments indicated that 34/41 (83%) potentially more optimal alternative therapies may have been chosen using CSC results, whereas 27/41 (66%) alternative therapies may have been chosen using bulk tumor results. CONCLUSIONS The ChemoID CSC drug response assay has the potential to increase the accuracy of bulk tumor assays to help guide individualized chemotherapy choices. GBM cancer recurrence may occur quickly if the CSC test has a low in vitro cell kill rate even if the bulk tumor test cell kill rate is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace M Howard
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Jagan Valluri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755
| | - Anthony Alberico
- Department of Neuroscience, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25705
| | - Terrence Julien
- Department of Neuroscience, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25705
| | - Rida Mazagri
- Department of Neuroscience, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25705
| | - Robert Marsh
- Department of Neuroscience, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25705
| | - Hoyt Alastair
- Department of Neuroscience, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25705
| | - Antonio Cortese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Michael Griswold
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Wanmei Wang
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Krista Denning
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25705
| | - Linda Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25705
| | - Pier Paolo Claudio
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center Cancer Institute, Jackson, MS 39216.
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Cilibrasi C, Riva G, Romano G, Cadamuro M, Bazzoni R, Butta V, Paoletta L, Dalprà L, Strazzabosco M, Lavitrano M, Giovannoni R, Bentivegna A. Resveratrol Impairs Glioma Stem Cells Proliferation and Motility by Modulating the Wnt Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169854. [PMID: 28081224 PMCID: PMC5231344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a grade IV astrocytoma and the most common form of malignant brain tumor in adults. GBM remains one of the most fatal and least successfully treated solid tumors: current therapies provide a median survival of 12–15 months after diagnosis, due to the high recurrence rate. Glioma Stem Cells (GSCs) are believed to be the real driving force of tumor initiation, progression and relapse. Therefore, better therapeutic strategies GSCs-targeted are needed. Resveratrol is a polyphenolic phytoalexin found in fruits and vegetables displaying pleiotropic health benefits. Many studies have highlighted its chemo-preventive and chemotherapeutic activities in a wide range of solid tumors. In this work, we analyzed the effects of Resveratrol exposure on cell viability, proliferation and motility in seven GSC lines isolated from GBM patients. For the first time in our knowledge, we investigated Resveratrol impact on Wnt signaling pathway in GSCs, evaluating the expression of seven Wnt signaling pathway-related genes and the protein levels of c-Myc and β-catenin. Finally, we analyzed Twist1 and Snail1 protein levels, two pivotal activators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program. Results showed that although response to Resveratrol exposure was highly heterogeneous among GSC lines, generally it was able to inhibit cell proliferation, increase cell mortality, and strongly decrease cell motility, modulating the Wnt signaling pathway and the EMT activators. Treatment with Resveratrol may represent a new interesting therapeutic approach, in order to affect GSCs proliferation and motility, even if further investigations are needed to deeply understand the GSCs heterogeneous response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cilibrasi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
- NeuroMI, Milan center of Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Dept. of Neurology and Neuroscience, San Gerardo Hospital, via Pergolesi, Monza, Italy
| | - Gabriele Riva
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
- NeuroMI, Milan center of Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Dept. of Neurology and Neuroscience, San Gerardo Hospital, via Pergolesi, Monza, Italy
| | - Gabriele Romano
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
- PhD Program in Translational and Molecular Medicine (DIMET), University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bazzoni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
| | - Valentina Butta
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Paoletta
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
| | - Leda Dalprà
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Lavitrano
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
| | - Roberto Giovannoni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
| | - Angela Bentivegna
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
- NeuroMI, Milan center of Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Dept. of Neurology and Neuroscience, San Gerardo Hospital, via Pergolesi, Monza, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Hsu CC, Chang WC, Hsu TI, Liu JJ, Yeh SH, Wang JY, Liou JP, Ko CY, Chang KY, Chuang JY. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid represses glioma stem-like cells. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:81. [PMID: 27863490 PMCID: PMC5116136 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) are proposed to be responsible for high resistance in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment. In order to find new strategies aimed at reducing GSC stemness and improving GBM patient survival, we investigated the effects and mechanism of a histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), since HDAC activity has been linked to cancer stem-like cell (CSC) abundance and properties. Methods Human GBM cell lines were plated in serum-free suspension cultures allowed for sphere forming and CSC enrichment. Subsequently, upon SAHA treatment, the stemness markers, cell proliferation, and viability of GSCs as well as cellular apoptosis and senescence were examined in order to clarify whether inhibition of GSCs occurs. Results We demonstrated that SAHA attenuated cell proliferation and diminished the expression stemness-related markers (CD133 and Bmi1) in GSCs. Furthermore, at high concentrations (more than 5 μM), SAHA triggered apoptosis of GSCs accompanied by increases in both activation of caspase 8- and caspase 9-mediated pathways. Interestingly, we found that a lower dose of SAHA (1 μM and 2.5 μM) inhibited GSCs via cell cycle arrest and induced premature senescence through p53 up-regulation and p38 activation. Conclusion SAHA induces apoptosis and functions as a potent modulator of senescence via the p38-p53 pathway in GSCs. Our results provide a perspective on targeting GSCs via SAHA treatment, and suggest that SAHA could be used as a potent agent to overcome drug resistance in GBM patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-016-0296-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Chia Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-I Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Jiun Liu
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 367 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70456, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Hwa Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yuan Ko
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Yu Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 367 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70456, Taiwan.
| | - Jian-Ying Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Tonekaboni SAM, Dhawan A, Kohandel M. Mathematical modelling of plasticity and phenotype switching in cancer cell populations. Math Biosci 2016; 283:30-37. [PMID: 27832999 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis suggests that cancer stem cells proliferate via a hierarchical model of unidirectional differentiation. However, growing experimental evidence has advanced this hypothesis by introducing a bidirectional hierarchy, in which non-CSCs may dedifferentiate into CSCs. Various models have been developed enabling the incorporation of this plasticity within cancer cell populations, focusing on behaviour in the limit of a large number of cells. However, stochastic effects predominate in the limit of small numbers of cells, which correlates with biologically relevant assays such as the mammosphere formation assay (MFA). Here, we consider two mathematical models incorporating cellular plasticity, namely a two-compartment model and a hierarchical model, and by parameterizing these models with experimental data, we show this behavioural difference in the limits of large and small numbers of cells. Additionally, we analyse the effects of varying cellular plasticity on the survival of the cancer cell population, and show that interestingly, increased plasticity, in certain cases, may be advantageous in reducing the survival probability. Thus, this analysis highlights the necessity of experimentally studying both small and large populations of cancer cells concurrently to obtain valid model predictions, potentially aiding the design of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Dhawan
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Mohammad Kohandel
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Fahey JM, Emmer JV, Korytowski W, Hogg N, Girotti AW. Antagonistic Effects of Endogenous Nitric Oxide in a Glioblastoma Photodynamic Therapy Model. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 92:842-853. [PMID: 27608331 PMCID: PMC5161550 DOI: 10.1111/php.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are aggressive brain tumors that are resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Much of this resistance is attributed to endogenous nitric oxide (NO). Recent studies revealed that 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) has advantages over conventional treatments for glioblastoma. In this study, we used an in vitro model to assess whether NO from glioblastoma cells can interfere with ALA-PDT. Human U87 and U251 cells expressed significant basal levels of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) and its inducible counterpart (iNOS). After an ALA/light challenge, iNOS level increased three- to fourfold over 24 h, whereas nNOS remained unchanged. Elevated iNOS resulted in a large increase in intracellular NO. Extent of ALA/light-induced apoptosis increased substantially when an iNOS inhibitor or NO scavenger was present, implying that iNOS/NO was acting cytoprotectively. Moreover, cells surviving a photochallenge exhibited a striking increase in proliferation, migration and invasion rates, iNOS/NO again playing a dominant role. Also observed was a large iNOS/NO-dependent increase in matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, decrease in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression and increase in survivin and S100A4 expression, each effect being consistent with accelerated migration/invasion as a prelude to metastasis. Our findings suggest introduction of iNOS inhibitors as pharmacologic adjuvants for glioblastoma PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Fahey
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Joseph V. Emmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Witold Korytowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Neil Hogg
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Albert W. Girotti
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Aranda-Anzaldo A, Dent MAR. Why Cortical Neurons Cannot Divide, and Why Do They Usually Die in the Attempt? J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:921-929. [PMID: 27402311 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cortical neurons are prime examples of terminally differentiated, postmitotic cells. However, under experimental or pathological conditions, they can re-enter the cell cycle and replicate DNA but are unable to divide, dying by apoptosis or becoming either polyploid or aneuploid. Any cellular state that depends on the action of genes and their products can be reverted or bypassed by spontaneous or induced mutations, yet there are currently no reports of dividing cortical neurons. Thus, it seems unlikely that the remarkably stable postmitotic condition of cortical neurons depends on specific gene functions. This Review summarizes evidence that the postmitotic state of cortical neurons depends on the high stability of its underlying nuclear structure that results from an entropy-driven process aimed at dissipating the intrinsic structural stress present in chromosomal DNA in such a way that the structural stability of the neuronal nucleus becomes an insurmountable energy barrier for karyokinesis and mitosis. From this perspective, the integral properties of the nuclear higher order structure in neurons provide an explanation not only for why cortical neurons cannot divide but also for why they usually die if they happen to replicate their DNA. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Aranda-Anzaldo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado México, México
| | - Myrna A R Dent
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado México, México
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Ferguson SD, Srinivasan VM, Ghali MG, Heimberger AB. Cytomegalovirus-targeted immunotherapy and glioblastoma: hype or hope? Immunotherapy 2016; 8:413-23. [PMID: 26973123 DOI: 10.2217/imt.16.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas, including glioblastoma (GBM), are the most common primary brain tumors. Despite extensive research only modest gains have been made in long-term survival. Standard of care involves maximizing safe surgical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiation with temozolomide. Immunotherapy for GBM is an area of intense research in recent years. New immunotherapies, although promising, have not been integrated into standard practice. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. Human seroprevalence is approximately 80%, and in most cases, is associated with asymptomatic infection. HCMV may be an important agent in the initiation, promotion and/or progression of tumorigenesis. Regardless of a possible etiologic role in GBM, interest has centered on exploiting this association for development of immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherise D Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, 1400 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 442, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Visish M Srinivasan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, 1400 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 442, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Gz Ghali
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, PA, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, 1400 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 442, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Jang SJ, Kang JH, Lee YJ, Kim KI, Lee TS, Choe JG, Lim SM. Detection of metastatic tumors after γ-irradiation using longitudinal molecular imaging and gene expression profiling of metastatic tumor nodules. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1361-8. [PMID: 26892334 PMCID: PMC4777593 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A few recent reports have indicated that metastatic growth of several human cancer cells could be promoted by radiotherapy. C6-L cells expressing the firefly luciferase (fLuc) gene were implanted subcutaneously into the right thigh of BALB/c nu/nu mice. C6-L xenograft mice were treated locally with 50-Gy γ-irradiation (γ-IR) in five 10-Gy fractions. Metastatic tumors were evaluated after γ-IR by imaging techniques. Total RNA from non-irradiated primary tumor (NRPT), γ-irradiated primary tumor (RPT), and three metastatic lung nodule was isolated and analyzed by microarray. Metastatic lung nodules were detected by BLI and PET/CT after 6–9 weeks of γ-IR in 6 (17.1%) of the 35 mice. The images clearly demonstrated high [18F]FLT and [18F]FDG uptake into metastatic lung nodules. Whole mRNA expression patterns were analyzed by microarray to elucidate the changes among NRPT, RPT and metastatic lung nodules after γ-IR. In particular, expression changes in the cancer stem cell markers were highly significant in RPT. We observed the metastatic tumors after γ-IR in a tumor-bearing animal model using molecular imaging methods and analyzed the gene expression profile to elucidate genetic changes after γ-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Jang
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Kang
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Lee
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sup Lee
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gol Choe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Moo Lim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
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Hadjimichael C, Chanoumidou K, Papadopoulou N, Arampatzi P, Papamatheakis J, Kretsovali A. Common stemness regulators of embryonic and cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:1150-1184. [PMID: 26516408 PMCID: PMC4620423 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i9.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells is regulated by a well characterized gene transcription circuitry. The circuitry is assembled by ESC specific transcription factors, signal transducing molecules and epigenetic regulators. Growing understanding of stem-like cells, albeit of more complex phenotypes, present in tumors (cancer stem cells), provides a common conceptual and research framework for basic and applied stem cell biology. In this review, we highlight current results on biomarkers, gene signatures, signaling pathways and epigenetic regulators that are common in embryonic and cancer stem cells. We discuss their role in determining the cell phenotype and finally, their potential use to design next generation biological and pharmaceutical approaches for regenerative medicine and cancer therapies.
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Soroceanu L, Matlaf L, Khan S, Akhavan A, Singer E, Bezrookove V, Decker S, Ghanny S, Hadaczek P, Bengtsson H, Ohlfest J, Luciani-Torres MG, Harkins L, Perry A, Guo H, Soteropoulos P, Cobbs CS. Cytomegalovirus Immediate-Early Proteins Promote Stemness Properties in Glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3065-76. [PMID: 26239477 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive human brain tumor. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate-early (IE) proteins that are endogenously expressed in GBM cells are strong viral transactivators with oncogenic properties. Here, we show how HCMV IEs are preferentially expressed in glioma stem-like cells (GSC), where they colocalize with the other GBM stemness markers, CD133, Nestin, and Sox2. In patient-derived GSCs that are endogenously infected with HCMV, attenuating IE expression by an RNAi-based strategy was sufficient to inhibit tumorsphere formation, Sox2 expression, cell-cycle progression, and cell survival. Conversely, HCMV infection of HMCV-negative GSCs elicited robust self-renewal and proliferation of cells that could be partially reversed by IE attenuation. In HCMV-positive GSCs, IE attenuation induced a molecular program characterized by enhanced expression of mesenchymal markers and proinflammatory cytokines, resembling the therapeutically resistant GBM phenotype. Mechanistically, HCMV/IE regulation of Sox2 occurred via inhibition of miR-145, a negative regulator of Sox2 protein expression. In a spontaneous mouse model of glioma, ectopic expression of the IE1 gene (UL123) specifically increased Sox2 and Nestin levels in the IE1-positive tumors, upregulating stemness and proliferation markers in vivo. Similarly, human GSCs infected with the HCMV strain Towne but not the IE1-deficient strain CR208 showed enhanced growth as tumorspheres and intracranial tumor xenografts, compared with mock-infected human GSCs. Overall, our findings offer new mechanistic insights into how HCMV/IE control stemness properties in GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Soroceanu
- Department of Neurosciences, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California.
| | - Lisa Matlaf
- Department of Neurosciences, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Sabeena Khan
- Department of Neurosciences, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Armin Akhavan
- Department of Neurosciences, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric Singer
- Department of Neurosciences, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Vladimir Bezrookove
- Department of Neurosciences, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Stacy Decker
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Saleena Ghanny
- Center for Applied Genomics, Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Piotr Hadaczek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Henrik Bengtsson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - John Ohlfest
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Maria-Gloria Luciani-Torres
- Department of Neurosciences, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Lualhati Harkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Arie Perry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Hong Guo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Patricia Soteropoulos
- Center for Applied Genomics, Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Charles S Cobbs
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Ben and Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Seattle, Washington.
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Rosenberg T, Thomassen M, Jensen SS, Larsen MJ, Sørensen KP, Hermansen SK, Kruse TA, Kristensen BW. Acute hypoxia induces upregulation of microRNA-210 expression in glioblastoma spheroids. CNS Oncol 2015; 4:25-35. [PMID: 25586423 DOI: 10.2217/cns.14.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Tumor hypoxia and presence of tumor stem cells are related to therapeutic resistance and tumorigenicity in glioblastomas. The aim of the present study was therefore to identify microRNAs deregulated in acute hypoxia and to identify possible associated changes in stem cell markers. MATERIALS & METHODS Glioblastoma spheroid cultures were grown in either 2 or 21% oxygen. Subsequently, miRNA profiling was performed and expression of ten stem cell markers was examined. RESULTS MiRNA-210 was significantly upregulated in hypoxia in patient-derived spheroids. The stem cell markers displayed a complex regulatory pattern. CONCLUSION MiRNA-210 appears to be upregulated in hypoxia in immature glioblastoma cells. This miRNA may represent a therapeutic target although it is not clear from the results whether this miRNA may be related to specific cancer stem cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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Lee EJ, Rath P, Liu J, Ryu D, Pei L, Noonepalle SK, Shull AY, Feng Q, Litofsky NS, Miller DC, Anthony DC, Kirk MD, Laterra J, Deng L, Xin HB, Wang X, Choi JH, Shi H. Identification of Global DNA Methylation Signatures in Glioblastoma-Derived Cancer Stem Cells. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:355-71. [PMID: 26233891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. The existence of a small population of stem-like tumor cells that efficiently propagate tumors and resist cytotoxic therapy is one proposed mechanism leading to the resilient behavior of tumor cells and poor prognosis. In this study, we performed an in-depth analysis of the DNA methylation landscape in GBM-derived cancer stem cells (GSCs). Parallel comparisons of primary tumors and GSC lines derived from these tumors with normal controls (a neural stem cell (NSC) line and normal brain tissue) identified groups of hyper- and hypomethylated genes that display a trend of either increasing or decreasing methylation levels in the order of controls, primary GBMs, and their counterpart GSC lines, respectively. Interestingly, concurrent promoter hypermethylation and gene body hypomethylation were observed in a subset of genes including MGMT, AJAP1 and PTPRN2. These unique DNA methylation signatures were also found in primary GBM-derived xenograft tumors indicating that they are not tissue culture-related epigenetic changes. Integration of GSC-specific epigenetic signatures with gene expression analysis further identified candidate tumor suppressor genes that are frequently down-regulated in GBMs such as SPINT2, NEFM and PENK. Forced re-expression of SPINT2 reduced glioma cell proliferative capacity, anchorage independent growth, cell motility, and tumor sphere formation in vitro. The results from this study demonstrate that GSCs possess unique epigenetic signatures that may play important roles in the pathogenesis of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joon Lee
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Prakash Rath
- Department of Biology, College of Art and Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jimei Liu
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Dungsung Ryu
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lirong Pei
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Satish K Noonepalle
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Austin Y Shull
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Qi Feng
- Division of Neurological Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - N Scott Litofsky
- Division of Neurological Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Douglas C Miller
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Douglas C Anthony
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University and Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Mark D Kirk
- Department of Biology, College of Art and Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - John Laterra
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc. and The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Libin Deng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hong-Bo Xin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xinguo Wang
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Choi
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Huidong Shi
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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44
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PKCδ maintains phenotypes of tumor initiating cells through cytokine-mediated autocrine loop with positive feedback. Oncogene 2015; 34:5749-59. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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45
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Cui YH, Suh Y, Lee HJ, Yoo KC, Uddin N, Jeong YJ, Lee JS, Hwang SG, Nam SY, Kim MJ, Lee SJ. Radiation promotes invasiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer cells through granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor. Oncogene 2015; 34:5372-82. [PMID: 25639867 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite ionizing radiation (IR) is being widely used as a standard treatment for lung cancer, many evidences suggest that IR paradoxically promotes cancer malignancy. However, its molecular mechanisms underlying radiation-induced cancer progression remain obscure. Here, we report that exposure to fractionated radiation (2 Gy per day for 3 days) induces the secretion of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) that has been commonly used in cancer therapies to ameliorate neutropenia. Intriguingly, radiation-induced G-CSF promoted the migratory and invasive properties by triggering the epithelial-mesenchymal cell transition (EMT) in non-small-cell lung cancer cells (NSCLCs). By irradiation, G-CSF was upregulated transcriptionally by β-catenin/TCF4 complex that binds to the promoter region of G-CSF as a transcription factor. Importantly, irradiation increased the stability of β-catenin through the activation of PI3K/AKT (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT), thereby upregulating the expression of G-CSF. Radiation-induced G-CSF is recognized by G-CSFR and transduced its intracellular signaling JAK/STAT3 (Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription), thereby triggering EMT program in NSCLCs. Taken together, our findings suggest that the application of G-CSF in cancer therapies to ameliorate neutropenia should be reconsidered owing to its effect on cancer progression, and G-CSF could be a novel therapeutic target to mitigate the harmful effect of radiotherapy for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Cui
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemisty, Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y Suh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemisty, Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H-J Lee
- Division of Radiation Effect, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - K-C Yoo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemisty, Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - N Uddin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemisty, Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y-J Jeong
- Division of Radiation Effect, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-S Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - S-G Hwang
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-Y Nam
- Radiation Health Institute, Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea
| | - M-J Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-J Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemisty, Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Suh Y, Lee SJ. Radiation treatment and cancer stem cells. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:408-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Malhi S, Gu X. Nanocarrier-mediated drugs targeting cancer stem cells: an emerging delivery approach. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1177-201. [PMID: 25601619 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.998648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in the development of drug resistance, metastasis and recurrence. Current conventional therapies do not commonly target CSCs. Nanocarrier-based delivery systems targeting cancer cells have entered a new era of treatment, where specific targeting to CSCs may offer superior outcomes to efficient cancer therapies. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the involvement of CSCs in tumor progression and relevant mechanisms associated with CSCs resistance to conventional chemo- and radio-therapies. It highlights CSCs-targeted strategies that are either under evaluation or could be explored in the near future, with a focus on various nanocarrier-based delivery systems of drugs and nucleic acids to CSCs. Novel nanocarriers targeting CSCs are presented in a cancer-specific way to provide a current perspective on anti-CSCs therapeutics. EXPERT OPINION The field of CSCs-targeted therapeutics is still emerging with a few small molecules and macromolecules currently proving efficacy in clinical trials. However considering the complexities of CSCs and existing delivery difficulties in conventional anticancer therapies, CSC-specific delivery systems would face tremendous technical and clinical challenges. Nanocarrier-based approaches have demonstrated significant potential in specific drug delivery and targeting; their success in CSCs-targeted drug delivery would not only significantly enhance anticancer treatment but also address current difficulties associated with cancer resistance, metastasis and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarandeep Malhi
- University of Manitoba, College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences , 750 McDermot Avenue Winnipeg, MB R3E 0H5 , Canada
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48
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Bayin NS, Modrek AS, Dietrich A, Lebowitz J, Abel T, Song HR, Schober M, Zagzag D, Buchholz CJ, Chao MV, Placantonakis DG. Selective lentiviral gene delivery to CD133-expressing human glioblastoma stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116114. [PMID: 25541984 PMCID: PMC4277468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a deadly primary brain malignancy. Glioblastoma stem cells (GSC), which have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into tumor lineages, are believed to cause tumor recurrence due to their resistance to current therapies. A subset of GSCs is marked by cell surface expression of CD133, a glycosylated pentaspan transmembrane protein. The study of CD133-expressing GSCs has been limited by the relative paucity of genetic tools that specifically target them. Here, we present CD133-LV, a lentiviral vector presenting a single chain antibody against CD133 on its envelope, as a vehicle for the selective transduction of CD133-expressing GSCs. We show that CD133-LV selectively transduces CD133+ human GSCs in dose-dependent manner and that transduced cells maintain their stem-like properties. The transduction efficiency of CD133-LV is reduced by an antibody that recognizes the same epitope on CD133 as the viral envelope and by shRNA-mediated knockdown of CD133. Conversely, the rate of transduction by CD133-LV is augmented by overexpression of CD133 in primary human GBM cultures. CD133-LV selectively transduces CD133-expressing cells in intracranial human GBM xenografts in NOD.SCID mice, but spares normal mouse brain tissue, neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells and primary human astrocytes. Our findings indicate that CD133-LV represents a novel tool for the selective genetic manipulation of CD133-expressing GSCs, and can be used to answer important questions about how these cells contribute to tumor biology and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Sumru Bayin
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Aram S. Modrek
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - August Dietrich
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Lebowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Tobias Abel
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Hae-Ri Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Markus Schober
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - David Zagzag
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Christian J. Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moses V. Chao
- Skirball Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Dimitris G. Placantonakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Brain Tumor Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kim RK, Cui YH, Yoo KC, Kim IG, Lee M, Choi YH, Suh Y, Lee SJ. Radiation promotes malignant phenotypes through SRC in breast cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2014; 106:78-85. [PMID: 25533622 PMCID: PMC4317785 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that ionizing radiation (IR) is widely used as a standard treatment for breast cancer, much evidence suggests that IR paradoxically promotes cancer malignancy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying radiation-induced cancer progression remain obscure. Here, we report that irradiation activates SRC signaling among SRC family kinase proteins, thereby promoting malignant phenotypes such as invasiveness, expansion of the cancer stem-like cell population, and resistance to anticancer agents in breast cancer cells. Importantly, radiation-activated SRC induced SLUG expression and caused epithelial–mesenchymal cell transition through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B and p38 MAPK signaling. In agreement, either inhibition of SRC or downstream signaling of p38 MAPK or protein kinase B effectively attenuated radiation-induced epithelial–mesenchymal cell transition along with an increase in the cancer stem-like cell population. In addition, downregulation of SRC also abolished radiation-acquired resistance of breast cancer cells to anticancer agents such as cisplatin, etoposide, paclitaxel, and IR. Taken together, our findings suggest that combining radiotherapy with targeting of SRC might attenuate the harmful effects of radiation and enhance the efficacy of breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae-Kwon Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Sundar SJ, Hsieh JK, Manjila S, Lathia JD, Sloan A. The role of cancer stem cells in glioblastoma. Neurosurg Focus 2014; 37:E6. [DOI: 10.3171/2014.9.focus14494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recurrence in glioblastoma is nearly universal, and its prognosis remains dismal despite significant advances in treatment over the past decade. Glioblastoma demonstrates considerable intratumoral phenotypic and molecular heterogeneity and contains a population of cancer stem cells that contributes to tumor propagation, maintenance, and treatment resistance. Cancer stem cells are functionally defined by their ability to self-renew and to differentiate, and they constitute the diverse hierarchy of cells composing a tumor. When xenografted into an appropriate host, they are capable of tumorigenesis. Given the critical role of cancer stem cells in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma, research into their molecular and phenotypic characteristics is a therapeutic priority. In this review, the authors discuss the evolution of the cancer stem cell model of tumorigenesis and describe the specific role of cancer stem cells in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma and their molecular and microenvironmental characteristics. They also discuss recent clinical investigations into targeted therapies against cancer stem cells in the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason K. Hsieh
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
- 2Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
| | - Sunil Manjila
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center
| | - Justin D. Lathia
- 2Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
- 4Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic; and
- 5Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Andrew Sloan
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center
- 5Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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