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Ellsworth L, Harman E, Padmanabhan V, Gregg B. Lactational programming of glucose homeostasis: a window of opportunity. Reproduction 2018; 156:R23-R42. [PMID: 29752297 PMCID: PMC6668618 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The window of lactation is a critical period during which nutritional and environmental exposures impact lifelong metabolic disease risk. Significant organ and tissue development, organ expansion and maturation of cellular functions occur during the lactation period, making this a vulnerable time during which transient insults can have lasting effects. This review will cover current literature on factors influencing lactational programming such as milk composition, maternal health status and environmental endocrine disruptors. The underlying mechanisms that have the potential to contribute to lactational programming of glucose homeostasis will also be addressed, as well as potential interventions to reduce offspring metabolic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Ellsworth
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emma Harman
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Brigid Gregg
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Mousavi SN, Koohdani F, Shidfar F, Eslaminejad MB, Izadi P, Eshraghian M, Shafieineek L, Tohidinik H. Effects of Maternal Isocaloric Diet Containing Different Amounts of Soy Oil and Extra Virgin Olive Oil on Weight, Serum Glucose, and Lipid Profile of Female Mice Offspring. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 42:161-169. [PMID: 28360442 PMCID: PMC5366364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health status of offspring is programmed by maternal diet throughout gestation and lactation. The present study investigates the lasting effects of maternal supplementation with different amounts of soy oil or extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on weight and biochemical parameters during gestation and lactation of female mice offspring. METHODS Eight weeks old female C57BL/6 mice (n=40) were assigned through simple randomization into four isocaloric dietary groups (16% of calories as soy oil (LSO) or EVOO (LOO) and 45% of calories as soy oil (HSO) or EVOO (HOO)) during three weeks of gestation and lactation. After weaning (at 3 weeks), all offspring received a diet containing 16% of calories as soy oil and were sacrificed at 6 weeks. Two-way ANOVA was used to adjust for confounding variables and repeated measures test for weight gain trend. Statistical analyses were performed with the IBM SPSS package. RESULTS At birth and adolescence, the weight of offspring was significantly higher in the soy oil than the olive oil groups (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). Adolescence weight was significantly higher in the offspring born to mothers fed with 16% oil than those with 45% oil (P=0.001). Serum glucose, triglyceride and total cholesterol were significantly higher in the LSO than LOO (P<0.001, P<0.001 and P<0.001), LSO than HSO (P<0.001, P=0.03 and P<0.001), and LOO than HOO (P<0.001, P<0.001 and P<0.001) dietary groups, respectively. Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol were significantly higher in the offspring of HSO than HOO fed mothers (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION A maternal diet containing EVOO has better effects on birth weight, as well as weight and serum biochemical parameters in offspring at adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Neda Mousavi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Koohdani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Colorectal Research Center, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence: Farzad Shidfar, PhD; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Colorectal Research Center, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tel: +98 21 88622533 Fax: +98 21 88622755
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pantea Izadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Eshraghian
- Department of Statistics, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Shafieineek
- Department of Sport Physiology, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Tohidinik
- School of Public Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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Maternal Flaxseed Oil During Lactation Enhances Bone Development in Male Rat Pups. Lipids 2016; 51:923-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Strandvik B. Perinatal programming by diets with essential fatty acid deficient/high saturated fatty acids or different n‐6/n‐3 ratios for diseases in adulthood. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Strandvik
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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DOHaD research with populations in transition: a case study of prenatal diet remote recall with Yup'ik Alaskan women. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 6:79-87. [PMID: 25627659 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174415000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Maternal prenatal diet can exert a powerful influence on the health of children when they reach adulthood--an orienting phenomenon in the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease research paradigm. Similar to other subsistence-based communities experiencing a rapid nutrition transition, obesity is increasing among Yup'ik Alaskans. Diabetes prevalence, however, remains relatively low and may reflect developmental nutritional processes that have yet to be thoroughly considered. Here we investigate recall of Yup'ik women's diets during a past pregnancy using a mixed-methods approach as a critical first step in exploring such alternative developmental hypotheses. For certain populations, retrospective dietary reports might be the only source of information on factors relevant to understanding developmental pathways to health and disease. Our analysis identified community-specific factors that will likely improve the accuracy of future retrospective dietary analyses investigating the role of prenatal nutrition in the developmental origins of metabolic disease, especially among Alaska Natives.
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Palsdottir V, Wickman A, Andersson N, Hezaveh R, Olsson B, Gabrielsson BG, Strandvik B. Postnatal deficiency of essential fatty acids in mice results in resistance to diet-induced obesity and low plasma insulin during adulthood. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 84:85-92. [PMID: 21177089 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the long-term metabolic effects of postnatal essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). Mouse dams were fed an EFAD diet or an isoenergetic control diet 4 days before delivery and throughout lactation. The pups were weaned to standard diet (STD) and were later subdivided into two groups: receiving high fat diet (HFD) or STD. Body composition, energy expenditure, food intake and leptin levels were analyzed in adult offspring. Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were measured before and during a glucose tolerance test. EFAD offspring fed STD were leaner with lower plasma leptin and insulin concentrations compared to controls. EFAD offspring fed HFD were resistant to diet-induced obesity, had higher energy expenditure and lower levels of plasma leptin and insulin compared to controls. These results indicate that the fatty acid composition during lactation is important for body composition and glucose tolerance in the adult offspring.
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Marabou Conference 2005: Nutrition and Human Development. Nutr Rev 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Das UN. Is metabolic syndrome X a disorder of the brain with the initiation of low-grade systemic inflammatory events during the perinatal period? J Nutr Biochem 2007; 18:701-13. [PMID: 17475465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules occurs in metabolic syndrome X. High-energy diet, saturated fats and trans-fats during perinatal period could suppress Delta(6) and Delta(5) desaturases both in the maternal and fetal tissues, resulting in a decrease in the concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs): arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that have a negative feedback control on inflammation. EPA, DHA and AA augment endothelial nitric oxide synthesis, potentiate insulin action both in the peripheral tissues and brain and alter leptin production. LCPUFAs are essential for brain growth and development and synaptogenesis and modulate the action of several neurotransmitters and hypothalamic peptides. This suggests that metabolic syndrome X could be a disorder of the brain due to suboptimal LCPUFAs during perinatal period that triggers low-grade systemic inflammation, implying that perinatal strategies are needed to prevent its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Care Hospital, The Institute of Medical Sciences, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500 034, India; UND Life Sciences, Shaker Heights, OH 44120, USA
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Abstract
The early (intrauterine and neonatal) life environment plays an important role in programming the susceptibility in later life to chronic degenerative diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, cancer and osteoporosis. Among other hormones, leptin plays a major role in the regulation of the overall metabolism and has multiple neuroendocrine (adeno- and neuro-hypophysis axes and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis) and immune functions. The hormone exerts its actions beginning in the early life time period, regulating the intrauterine and early extrauterine life growth and development, as well as the adaptation to extrauterine life, neonatal thermogenesis and response to stress. Recent findings also support a role of leptin in the process of fetal bone remodeling and brain development. Therefore, it is of interest to explore the physiology of leptin in early life, as well as those factors that may perturb the balance of the hormone with pathological consequences in terms of confining an increased risk for disease in later life. This review aims to summarize reported findings concerning the role of leptin in early life, as well as the association of fetal, maternal and placental factors with leptin levels, while attempting to speculate mechanisms through which these factors may influence the risk for developing chronic diseases in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia-Marina Alexe
- Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Athens University School of Medicine, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
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Levin BE. Metabolic imprinting: critical impact of the perinatal environment on the regulation of energy homeostasis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 361:1107-21. [PMID: 16815795 PMCID: PMC1642705 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies in humans suggest that maternal undernutrition, obesity and diabetes during gestation and lactation can all produce obesity in offspring. Animal models have allowed us to investigate the independent consequences of altering the pre- versus post-natal environments on a variety of metabolic, physiological and neuroendocrine functions as they effect the development in the offspring of obesity, diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia (the 'metabolic syndrome'). During gestation, maternal malnutrition, obesity, type 1 and type 2 diabetes and psychological, immunological and pharmacological stressors can all promote offspring obesity. Normal post-natal nutrition can reduce the adverse impact of some of these pre-natal factors but maternal high-fat diets, diabetes and increased neonatal access to food all enhance the development of obesity and the metabolic syndrome in offspring. The outcome of these perturbations of the perinatal environmental is also highly dependent upon the genetic background of the individual. Those with an obesity-prone genotype are more likely to be affected by factors such as maternal obesity and high-fat diets than are obesity-resistant individuals. Many perinatal manipulations appear to promote offspring obesity by permanently altering the development of central neural pathways, which regulate food intake, energy expenditure and storage. Given their strong neurotrophic properties, either excess or an absence of insulin and leptin during the perinatal period are likely to be effectors of these developmental changes. Because obesity is associated with an increased morbidity and mortality and because of its resistance to treatment, prevention is likely to be the best strategy for stemming the tide of the obesity epidemic. Such prevention should begin in the perinatal period with the identification and avoidance of factors which produce permanent, adverse alterations in neural pathways which control energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry E Levin
- Neurology Service (127C), Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, NJ 07018-1095, USA.
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Gorski JN, Dunn-Meynell AA, Hartman TG, Levin BE. Postnatal environment overrides genetic and prenatal factors influencing offspring obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:R768-78. [PMID: 16614055 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00138.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the postnatal environment can have a major impact on the development of obesity and insulin resistance in offspring. We postulated that cross-fostering obesity-prone offspring to lean, obesity-resistant dams would ameliorate their development of obesity and insulin resistance, while fostering lean offspring to genetically obese dams would lead them to develop obesity and insulin resistance as adults. We found that obesity-prone pups cross-fostered to obesity-resistant dams remained obese but did improve their insulin sensitivity as adults. In contrast, obesity-resistant pups cross-fostered to genetically obese dams showed a diet-induced increase in adiposity, reduced insulin sensitivity, and associated changes in hypothalamic neuropeptide, insulin, and leptin receptors, which might have contributed to their metabolic defects. There was a selective increase in insulin levels and differences in fatty acid composition of obese dam milk which might have contributed to the increased adiposity, insulin resistance, and hypothalamic changes in obesity-resistant cross-fostered offspring. These results demonstrate that postnatal factors can overcome both genetic predisposition and prenatal factors in determining the development of adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and the brain pathways that mediate these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith N Gorski
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, USA
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Lin YT, Tang CH, Chuang WJ, Wang SM, Huang TF, Fu WM. Inhibition of adipogenesis by RGD-dependent disintegrin. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1469-78. [PMID: 16197920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adipogenesis plays a central role in obesity development. The processes of adipogenesis include migration, adhesion, proliferation and survival of preadipocytes and differentiation to mature adipocytes. Many of these biological functions are related to integrins. Here, we found that snake venom-derived arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-containing disintegrin inhibited adipogenesis. Rhodostomin but not rhodostomin RGD mutants (RGE-Rn and AKGDWN-Rn) caused the detachment of primary cultured preadipocyte. Furthermore, rhodostomin also inhibited focal adhesion of preadipocyte, including the inhibition of the expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and FAK phosphorylation, assembly of vinculin and reorganization of actin cytoskeleton. Cell viability of preadipocytes was decreased after rhodostomin treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. The results of flow cytometric analysis showed that rhodostomin induced cell apoptosis. In addition, chromatin condensation was observed in DAPI staining. The increase of Bax expression and activation of capsase-3 was detected following rhodostomin treatment. Addition of dexamethasone, IBMX and insulin induced differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes and treatment of cells with rhodostomin during the initial 3 days showed less mature adipocytes following 9-10 days of differentiating period. The triglyceride content and gene expression of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and leptin also decreased in response to the treatment of rhodostomin. These results suggest that disintegrin inhibits processes of adipogenesis and may be developed to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
A few studies conducted over the past decade suggest that formulas supplemented with long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids may adversely affect growth of preterm infants. Others suggest that a high intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 n-3), the precursor of the long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids, also may limit growth. The majority of studies, however, have not shown an effect of either long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids or their precursor on growth. Nonetheless, the importance of growth during infancy and the possibility that these fatty acids may inhibit growth under some circumstances makes the issue worthy of further consideration. At the very least, plausible mechanisms for such an effect of n-3 PUFA on growth should be considered. These include (1) altered nutrient intake, absorption, and/or utilization; (2) low plasma and tissue contents of arachidonic acid (ARA;20:4 n-6); (3) an imbalance between n-6 and n-3 LCPUFA eicosanoid precursors and, hence, the eicosanoids produced from each; (4) altered membrane characteristics; and (5) effects on gene expression. Each of these is discussed. It is concluded that any or all are feasible but that none can be specifically implicated. Moreover, since few studies were designed specifically to assess growth, the reported effects of n-3 PUFA on growth could represent chance findings secondary to the suboptimal design. Furthermore, although additional data are needed for a definitive conclusion, the observed effects on growth, regardless of mechanism, does not appear to be biologically significant.
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Korotkova M, Gabrielsson B, Lönn M, Hanson LA, Strandvik B. Leptin levels in rat offspring are modified by the ratio of linoleic to alpha-linolenic acid in the maternal diet. J Lipid Res 2002; 43:1743-9. [PMID: 12364559 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m200105-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is important for optimal fetal and postnatal development. We have previously shown that leptin levels in suckling rats are reduced by maternal PUFA deficiency. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of maternal dietary intake of (n-3) and (n-6) PUFA on the leptin content in rat milk and serum leptin levels in suckling pups. For the last 10 days of gestation and throughout lactation, the rats were fed an isocaloric diet containing 7% linseed oil (n-3 diet), sunflower oil (n-6 diet), or soybean oil (n-6/n-3 diet). Body weight, body length, inguinal fat pad weight, and adipocyte size of the pups receiving the n-3 diet were significantly lower during the whole suckling period compared with n-6/n-3 fed pups. Body and fat pad weights of the n-6 fed pups were in between the other two groups at week one, but not different from the n-6/n-3 group at week 3. Feeding dams the n-3 diet resulted in decreased serum leptin levels in the suckling pups compared with pups in the n-6/n-3 group. The mean serum leptin levels of the n-6 pups were between the other two groups but not different from either group. There were no differences in the milk leptin content between the groups. These results show that the balance between the n-6 and n-3 PUFA in the maternal diet rather than amount of n-6 or n-3 PUFA per se could be important for adipose tissue growth and for maintaining adequate serum leptin levels in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Korotkova
- Departments of Pediatrics, Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Göteborg University, Sweden.
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