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Strohmeier V, Andrieux G, Unger S, Pascual-Reguant A, Klocperk A, Seidl M, Marques OC, Eckert M, Gräwe K, Shabani M, von Spee-Mayer C, Friedmann D, Harder I, Gutenberger S, Keller B, Proietti M, Bulashevska A, Grimbacher B, Provaznik J, Benes V, Goldacker S, Schell C, Hauser AE, Boerries M, Hasselblatt P, Warnatz K. Interferon-Driven Immune Dysregulation in Common Variable Immunodeficiency-Associated Villous Atrophy and Norovirus Infection. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:371-390. [PMID: 36282455 PMCID: PMC9892141 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE About 15% of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) develop a small intestinal enteropathy, which resembles celiac disease with regard to histopathology but evolves from a distinct, poorly defined pathogenesis that has been linked in some cases to chronic norovirus (NV) infection. Interferon-driven inflammation is a prominent feature of CVID enteropathy, but it remains unknown how NV infection may contribute. METHODS Duodenal biopsies of CVID patients, stratified according to the presence of villous atrophy (VA), IgA plasma cells (PCs), and chronic NV infection, were investigated by flow cytometry, multi-epitope-ligand cartography, bulk RNA-sequencing, and RT-qPCR of genes of interest. RESULTS VA development was connected to the lack of intestinal (IgA+) PC, a T helper 1/T helper 17 cell imbalance, and increased recruitment of granzyme+CD8+ T cells and pro-inflammatory macrophages to the affected site. A mixed interferon type I/III and II signature occurred already in the absence of histopathological changes and increased with the severity of the disease and in the absence of (IgA+) PCs. Chronic NV infection exacerbated this signature when compared to stage-matched NV-negative samples. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that increased IFN signaling and T-cell cytotoxicity are present already in mild and are aggravated in severe stages (VA) of CVID enteropathy. NV infection preempts local high IFN-driven inflammation, usually only seen in VA, at milder disease stages. Thus, revealing the impact of different drivers of the pathological mixed IFN type I/III and II signature may allow for more targeted treatment strategies in CVID enteropathy and supports the goal of viral elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Strohmeier
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Unger
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Pascual-Reguant
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adam Klocperk
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, 2Nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University and University Hospital of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Otavio Cabral Marques
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy and Postgraduate Program of Health and Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Marleen Eckert
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Gräwe
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Shabani
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Caroline von Spee-Mayer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Friedmann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ina Harder
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Gutenberger
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Baerbel Keller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michele Proietti
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alla Bulashevska
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Provaznik
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genomics Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genomics Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sigune Goldacker
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schell
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hasselblatt
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Perez F, Ruera CN, Miculan E, Carasi P, Dubois-Camacho K, Garbi L, Guzman L, Hermoso MA, Chirdo FG. IL-33 Alarmin and Its Active Proinflammatory Fragments Are Released in Small Intestine in Celiac Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581445. [PMID: 33133101 PMCID: PMC7578377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially described as Th2 promoter cytokine, more recently, IL-33 has been recognized as an alarmin, mainly in epithelial and endothelial cells. While localized in the nucleus acting as a gene regulator, it can be also released after injury, stress or inflammatory cell death. As proinflammatory signal, IL-33 binds to the surface receptor ST2, which enhances mast cell, Th2, regulatory T cell, and innate lymphoid cell type 2 functions. Besides these Th2 roles, free IL-33 can activate CD8+ T cells during ongoing Th1 immune responses to potentiate its cytotoxic function. Celiac Disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by a predominant Th1 response leading to multiple pathways of mucosal damage in the proximal small intestine. By immunofluorescence and western blot analysis of duodenal tissues, we found an increased expression of IL-33 in duodenal mucosa of active CD (ACD) patients. Particularly, locally digested IL-33 releases active 18/21kDa fragments which can contribute to expand the proinflammatory signal. Endothelial (CD31+) and mesenchymal, myofibroblast and pericyte cells from microvascular structures in villi and crypts, showed IL-33 nuclear location; while B cells (CD20+) showed a strong cytoplasmic staining. Both ST2 forms, ST2L and sST2, were also upregulated in duodenal mucosa of CD patients. This was accompanied by increased number of CD8+ST2+ T cells and the expression of T-bet in some ST2+ intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria cells. IL-33 and sST2 mRNA levels correlated with IRF1, an IFN induced factor relevant in responses to viral infections and interferon mediated proinflammatory responses highly represented in duodenal tissues in ACD. These findings highlight the potential contribution of IL-33 and its fragments to exacerbate the proinflammatory circuit and potentiate the cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells in CD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perez
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), UNLP, CONICET, CIC PBA, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carolina N Ruera
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), UNLP, CONICET, CIC PBA, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Emanuel Miculan
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), UNLP, CONICET, CIC PBA, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Paula Carasi
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), UNLP, CONICET, CIC PBA, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Karen Dubois-Camacho
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Laura Garbi
- Servicio de Gastroenterologia, Hospital General San Martin, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Luciana Guzman
- Servicio de Gastroenterologia, Sor Maria Ludovica, Hospital de Niños, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcela A Hermoso
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando G Chirdo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), UNLP, CONICET, CIC PBA, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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Rostami-Nejad M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Zadeh-Esmaeel MM, RezaeiTavirani S, Akbari Z, Esmaeili S, Okhovatian F. Assessment of Cytokine-Mediated Signaling Pathway Dysregulation in Arm Skin After CO2 Laser Therapy. J Lasers Med Sci 2019; 10:257-263. [PMID: 31875116 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2019.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Laser therapy is known as an efficient approach in dermatology surgery. CO2 laser therapy is a gold standard treatment in skin surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the interferons change after CO2 laser surgery Methods: Significant differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) of arm skin after 7 days of treatment by the CO2 laser relative to the controls are downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and are included in the protein-protein interaction network via a STRING database (an application of Cytoscape software). The central DEGs were identified and enriched via gene ontology by using Clue GO software. Results: A network including 78 DEGs and 100 neighbors was constructed and STAT1, MX1, ISG15, OAS1, IFIT1, IRF8, OASL, OAS2, and RSAD2 as hubs and STAT1, PTPRC, MX1, IRF8, ISG15, IL6, RORC, SAMSN1, and IFIT1 as bottlenecks were introduced. The cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, interferon gamma signaling, hepatitis C, interferon alpha/beta signaling, and the type I interferon signaling pathway were identified as 5 clusters of biological terms which are related to the central nodes. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway is the major pathway that is dysregulated after laser application in the treated skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sina RezaeiTavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Akbari
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Esmaeili
- Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Okhovatian
- Physiotherapy Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Age-of-diagnosis dependent ileal immune intensification and reduced alpha-defensin in older versus younger pediatric Crohn Disease patients despite already established dysbiosis. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:491-502. [PMID: 30542108 PMCID: PMC6375755 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Age-of-diagnosis associated variation in disease location and antimicrobial sero-reactivity has suggested fundamental differences in pediatric Crohn Disease (CD) pathogenesis. This variation may be related to pubertal peak incidence of ileal involvement and Peyer's patches maturation, represented by IFNγ-expressing Th1 cells. However, direct mucosal evidence is lacking. We characterize the global pattern of ileal gene expression and microbial communities in 525 treatment-naive pediatric CD patients and controls (Ctl), stratifying samples by their age-of-diagnosis. We show a robust ileal gene signature notable for higher expression of specific immune genes including GM-CSF and INFγ, and reduced expression of antimicrobial Paneth cell α-defensins, in older compared to younger patients. Reduced α-defensin expression in older patients was associated with higher IFNγ expression. By comparison, the CD-associated ileal dysbiosis, characterized by expansion of Enterobacteriaceae and contraction of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, was already established within the younger group and did not vary systematically with increasing age-of-diagnosis. Multivariate analysis considering individual taxa, however did demonstrate negative associations between Lachnospiraceae and IFNγ, and positive associations between Bacteroides and α-defensin expression. These data provide evidence for maturation of mucosal Th1 immune responses and loss of epithelial antimicrobial α-defensins which are associated with specific taxa with increasing age-of-diagnosis in pediatric CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy J. Brown
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Terence S. Dermody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Verdu
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - Alberto Caminero
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Immunopathology of childhood celiac disease-Key role of intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185025. [PMID: 28934294 PMCID: PMC5608296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Celiac disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the small intestine mucosa due to permanent intolerance to dietary gluten. The aim was to elucidate the role of small intestinal epithelial cells in the immunopathology of celiac disease in particular the influence of celiac disease-associated bacteria. METHODS Duodenal biopsies were collected from children with active celiac disease, treated celiac disease, and clinical controls. Intestinal epithelial cells were purified and analyzed for gene expression changes at the mRNA and protein levels. Two in vitro models for human intestinal epithelium, small intestinal enteroids and polarized tight monolayers, were utilized to assess how interferon-γ, interleukin-17A, celiac disease-associated bacteria and gluten influence intestinal epithelial cells. RESULTS More than 25 defense-related genes, including IRF1, SPINK4, ITLN1, OAS2, CIITA, HLA-DMB, HLA-DOB, PSMB9, TAP1, BTN3A1, and CX3CL1, were significantly upregulated in intestinal epithelial cells at active celiac disease. Of these genes, 70% were upregulated by interferon-γ via the IRF1 pathway. Most interestingly, IRF1 was also upregulated by celiac disease-associated bacteria. The NLRP6/8 inflammasome yielding CASP1 and biologically active interleukin-18, which induces interferon-γ in intraepithelial lymphocytes, was expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. CONCLUSION A key factor in the epithelial reaction in celiac disease appears to be over-expression of IRF1 that could be inherent and/or due to presence of undesirable microbes that act directly on IRF1. Dual activation of IRF1 and IRF1-regulated genes, both directly and via the interleukin-18 dependent inflammasome would drastically enhance the inflammatory response and lead to the pathological situation seen in active celiac disease.
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Zundler S, Neurath MF. Pathogenic T cell subsets in allergic and chronic inflammatory bowel disorders. Immunol Rev 2017; 278:263-276. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center; Erlangen Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center; Erlangen Germany
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9
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Bouziat R, Hinterleitner R, Brown JJ, Stencel-Baerenwald JE, Ikizler M, Mayassi T, Meisel M, Kim SM, Discepolo V, Pruijssers AJ, Ernest JD, Iskarpatyoti JA, Costes LMM, Lawrence I, Palanski BA, Varma M, Zurenski MA, Khomandiak S, McAllister N, Aravamudhan P, Boehme KW, Hu F, Samsom JN, Reinecker HC, Kupfer SS, Guandalini S, Semrad CE, Abadie V, Khosla C, Barreiro LB, Xavier RJ, Ng A, Dermody TS, Jabri B. Reovirus infection triggers inflammatory responses to dietary antigens and development of celiac disease. Science 2017; 356:44-50. [PMID: 28386004 PMCID: PMC5506690 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah5298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections have been proposed to elicit pathological processes leading to the initiation of T helper 1 (TH1) immunity against dietary gluten and celiac disease (CeD). To test this hypothesis and gain insights into mechanisms underlying virus-induced loss of tolerance to dietary antigens, we developed a viral infection model that makes use of two reovirus strains that infect the intestine but differ in their immunopathological outcomes. Reovirus is an avirulent pathogen that elicits protective immunity, but we discovered that it can nonetheless disrupt intestinal immune homeostasis at inductive and effector sites of oral tolerance by suppressing peripheral regulatory T cell (pTreg) conversion and promoting TH1 immunity to dietary antigen. Initiation of TH1 immunity to dietary antigen was dependent on interferon regulatory factor 1 and dissociated from suppression of pTreg conversion, which was mediated by type-1 interferon. Last, our study in humans supports a role for infection with reovirus, a seemingly innocuous virus, in triggering the development of CeD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Bouziat
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Reinhard Hinterleitner
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judy J Brown
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer E Stencel-Baerenwald
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mine Ikizler
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Toufic Mayassi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marlies Meisel
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sangman M Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Valentina Discepolo
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, and CeInGe-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea J Pruijssers
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jordan D Ernest
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason A Iskarpatyoti
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Léa M M Costes
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ian Lawrence
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brad A Palanski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mukund Varma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew A Zurenski
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Solomiia Khomandiak
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nicole McAllister
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pavithra Aravamudhan
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Karl W Boehme
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Fengling Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Janneke N Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans-Christian Reinecker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sonia S Kupfer
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stefano Guandalini
- University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carol E Semrad
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Valérie Abadie
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, University of Montreal, and the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aylwin Ng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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10
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Diosdado B, Wijmenga C. Molecular mechanisms of the adaptive, innate and regulatory immune responses in the intestinal mucosa of celiac disease patients. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 5:681-700. [PMID: 16149872 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.5.5.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a complex genetic disorder that affects the small intestine of genetically predisposed individuals when they ingest gluten, a dietary protein. Although several genome screens have been successful in identifying susceptibility loci in celiac disease, the only genetic contributors identified so far are the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2/DQ8 molecules. One of the most important aspects in the pathogenesis of celiac disease is the activation of a T-helper 1 immune response, when the antigen-presenting cells that express HLA-DQ2/DQ8 molecules present the toxic gluten peptides to reactive CD4(+) T-cells. Recently, new insights into the activation of an innate immune response have also been described. It is generally accepted that the immune response triggers destruction of the mucosa in the small intestine of celiac disease patients. Hence, the activation of a detrimental immune response in the intestine of celiac disease patients appears to be key in the initiation and progression of the disease. This review summarizes the immunologic pathways that have been studied in celiac disease thus far, and will point to new potential candidate genes and pathways involved in the etiopathogenesis of celiac disease, which should lead to novel alternatives for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Diosdado
- University Medical Centre, Complex Genetics Section, Stratenum 2.117, Department of Biomedical Genetics, PO Box 85060, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Immunoregulatory pathways are active in the small intestinal mucosa of patients with potential celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108:1775-84. [PMID: 24060758 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2013.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Potential celiac disease (CD) relates to subjects with a normal small intestinal mucosa who are at increased risk of developing CD as indicated by positive CD-associated serology. The objective of this study was to investigate in the small intestinal mucosa of such patients the state of immunological activation with special emphasis on immunoregulatory circuits. METHODS Duodenal biopsies from active CD (n=48), potential CD (n=58), and control patients (n=45) were studied. RNA expression for interferon γ (IFNγ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. The percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Foxp3+Tregs) was determinated by flow cytometry and the number of Foxp3+ and IL-15+ cells by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we analyzed the suppressive function of CD4+CD25+ T cells, isolated from potential CD biopsy samples, as well as the effect of IL-15, on autologous peripheral blood responder CD4+CD25- T cells. RESULTS In potential CD patients with Marsh 1 lesion, IFNγ-RNA expression was significantly less than in active, but enhanced if compared with potential CD patients with Marsh 0 lesion and with controls (P<0.001). The number of IL-15+ cells in subjects with potential CD was increased in comparison with controls (P<0.05), but lower than active CD (P<0.01). IL-10-RNA expression was upregulated in Marsh 0 potential CD patients if compared with those with Marsh 1 lesion (P<0.01) and controls (P<0.001), whereas there were no differences with active CD. The ratio IL-10/IFNγ reached the highest value in Marsh 0 potential CD compared with the other groups (P<0.05). The percentage of Foxp3+Tregs was also higher in potential CD compared with controls (P<0.05), although it was lower than in active CD (P<0.01). In co-culture assay, intestinal CD4+CD25+ T cells from potential CD patients exerted suppressive effects on T responder cells, and their activity was not impaired by IL-15. CONCLUSIONS Potential CD patients show a low grade of inflammation that likely could be due to active regulatory mechanisms preventing the progression toward a mucosal damage.
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Zanzi D, Stefanile R, Santagata S, Iaffaldano L, Iaquinto G, Giardullo N, Lania G, Vigliano I, Vera AR, Ferrara K, Auricchio S, Troncone R, Mazzarella G. IL-15 interferes with suppressive activity of intestinal regulatory T cells expanded in Celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106:1308-17. [PMID: 21468011 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Celiac disease (CD) is a condition in which the regulation of the mucosal immune response to dietary gliadin might be altered. The transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) has been identified as a marker of a subset of regulatory T cells (Treg). In this study, we have investigated the presence and the suppressive function of Treg cells in the celiac small intestinal mucosa, their correlation with the disease state, and the inducibility by gliadin in an organ culture system; moreover, we tried to define whether interleukin 15 (IL-15), overexpressed in CD, could influence the regulatory activity of such cells. METHODS The expression of Foxp3, CD3, CD4, and CD8 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry in duodenal biopsies taken from patients with untreated CD, treated CD, and from non-CD controls, as well as in vitro cultured biopsy samples from treated CD patients, upon challenge with gliadin. Furthermore, we analyzed the suppressive function of CD4+CD25+ T cells, isolated from untreated CD biopsy samples, on autologous responder CD4+CD25- T cells, in the presence of a polyclonal stimulus, with or without IL-15. RESULTS Higher density of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells was seen in duodenal biopsy samples from active CD patients in comparison with treated CD and non-CD controls. In coculture, CD4+CD25+ T cells were functionally suppressive, but their activity was impaired by IL-15. Cells from CD subjects showed increased sensitivity to the IL-15 action, likely due to enhanced expression of IL-15 receptor. Finally, we demonstrated an expansion of Foxp3 in treated CD mucosa following in vitro challenge with gliadin. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells are induced in situ by gliadin. However, their suppressor capacity might be impaired in vivo by IL-15; this phenomenon contributes to maintain and expand the local inflammatory response in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Zanzi
- Department of Paediatrics University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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13
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Medina M, De Palma G, Ribes-Koninckx C, Calabuig M, Sanz Y. Bifidobacterium strains suppress in vitro the pro-inflammatory milieu triggered by the large intestinal microbiota of coeliac patients. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2008; 5:19. [PMID: 18980693 PMCID: PMC2640389 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Coeliac disease (CD) is an enteropathy characterized by an aberrant immune response to cereal-gluten proteins. Although gluten peptides and microorganisms activate similar pro-inflammatory pathways, the role the intestinal microbiota may play in this disorder is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the faecal microbiota of coeliac patients could contribute to the pro-inflammatory milieu characteristic of CD and the possible benefits of bifidobacteria. Methods The effect of faeces of 26 CD patients with active disease (mean age 5.5 years, range 2.1–12.0 years), 18 symptom-free coeliac disease (SFCD) patients (mean age 5.5 years, range 1.0–12.3 years) on a gluten-free diet for 1–2 years; and 20 healthy children (mean age 5.3 years, range 1.8–10.8 years) on induction of cytokine production and surface antigen expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were determined. The possible regulatory roles of Bifidobacterium longum ES1 and B. bifidum ES2 co-incubated with faecal samples were also assessed in vitro. Results Faeces of both active CD and SFCD patients, representing an imbalanced microbiota, significantly increased TNF-α production and CD86 expression in PBMCs, while decreased IL-10 cytokine production and CD4 expression compared with control samples. Active CD-patient samples also induced significantly higher IFN-γ production compared with controls. However, Bifidobacterium strains suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokine pattern induced by the large intestinal content of CD patients and increased IL-10 production. Cytokine effects induced by faecal microbiota seemed to be mediated by the NFκB pathway. Conclusion The intestinal microbiota of CD patients could contribute to the Th1 pro-inflammatory milieu characteristic of the disease, while B. longum ES1 and B. bifidum ES2 could reverse these deleterious effects. These findings hold future perspectives of interest in CD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Medina
- Microbial Ecophysiology and Nutrition, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Apartado 73, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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14
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Di Sabatino A, Pickard KM, Gordon JN, Salvati V, Mazzarella G, Beattie RM, Vossenkaemper A, Rovedatti L, Leakey NAB, Croft NM, Troncone R, Corazza GR, Stagg AJ, Monteleone G, MacDonald TT. Evidence for the role of interferon-alfa production by dendritic cells in the Th1 response in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:1175-87. [PMID: 17919493 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in immune responses by controlling the extent and type of T-cell response to antigen. Celiac disease is a condition in which T-cell immunity to gluten plays an important pathogenic role, yet information on DCs is scant. We examined mucosal DCs in celiac disease in terms of phenotype, activation/maturation state, cytokine production, and function. METHODS Mucosal DCs from 48 celiacs and 30 controls were investigated by flow cytometry. In situ distribution of DCs was analyzed by confocal microscopy. Interferon (IFN)-alfa, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, IL-18, IL-23p19, IL-27, and transforming growth factor-beta transcripts were measured by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in sorted DCs. DC expression of IL-6, IL-12p40, and IL-10 was assessed by intracellular cytokine staining. The effect of IFN-alfa and IL-18 blockade on the gluten-induced IFN-gamma response in celiac biopsy specimens grown ex vivo also was investigated. RESULTS Mucosal DCs were increased in untreated, but not treated, celiacs. The majority of them were plasmacytoid with higher levels of maturation (CD83) and activation (CD80/CD86) markers. Higher transcripts of Th1 relevant cytokines, such as IFN-alfa, IL-18, and IL-23p19, were produced by celiac DCs, but because IL-12p40 was undetectable, a role for IL-23 is unlikely. Intracellular cytokine staining of celiac DCs showed higher IL-6, but lower IL-10 expression, and confirmed the lack of IL-12p40. Blocking IFN-alfa inhibited IFN-gamma transcripts in ex vivo organ culture of celiac biopsy specimens challenged with gluten. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that IFN-alfa-producing DCs contribute to the Th1 response in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Sabatino
- Centre for Infectious Disease, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
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15
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De Stefano D, Maiuri MC, Simeon V, Grassia G, Soscia A, Cinelli MP, Carnuccio R. Lycopene, quercetin and tyrosol prevent macrophage activation induced by gliadin and IFN-gamma. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 566:192-9. [PMID: 17477920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in inflammatory process of celiac disease. We have studied the effect of the lycopene, quercetin and tyrosol natural antioxidants on the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by gliadin in association with IFN-gamma. The IFN-gamma plus gliadin combination treatment was capable of enhancing iNOS and COX-2 gene expression and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1alpha (STAT-1alpha) activation induced by reactive oxygen species generation at 24 h. Lycopene, quercetin and tyrosol inhibited all these effects. The results here reported suggest that these compounds may represent non toxic agents for the control of pro-inflammatory genes involved in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela De Stefano
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Via D. Montesano, 49, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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16
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Branski D, Fasano A, Troncone R. Latest developments in the pathogenesis and treatment of celiac disease. J Pediatr 2006; 149:295-300. [PMID: 16939736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Branski
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospitals, Hadassah Medical Organization, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
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Abstract
Coeliac disease is a gluten-sensitive enteropathy characterized by villous atrophy, hyperplastic crypts and increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes which are reversed by gluten withdrawal. Diverse autoimmune disorders are frequently associated with the disease, and patients also carry an increased risk of gastrointestinal malignancy. This review is aimed at outlining the current knowledge on the contribution of the innate immunity to the whole progress of coeliac disease, catalogued as the prototype of an immune-mediated response dominated by the activation of the adaptive immune system. The accumulated data suggest a model in which the gliadin moiety triggers the upregulation of costimulatory molecules on antigen presenting cells in the lamina propria, and the generation of specialized functions on intraepithelial lymphocytes. In the lamina propria, gliadin effects are essential for the generation of a robust T cell response while in the epithelial compartment, gliadin effects confer both innate-like and TCR-mediated cytotoxicity strongly contributing to tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Periolo
- División Inmunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Córdoba 2351 (1120) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gianfrani C, Auricchio S, Troncone R. Adaptive and innate immune responses in celiac disease. Immunol Lett 2005; 99:141-5. [PMID: 15876458 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a complex small intestinal disorder due to a dysregulated immune response to wheat gliadin and related proteins which leads to a small intestinal enteropathy. It is generally accepted that CD is a T-cell mediated disease, in which, gliadin derived peptides, either in native form or deamidated by tissue transglutaminase, activate lamina propria infiltrating T lymphocytes which release proinflammatory cytokines. Recent studies indicate that gliadin contains also peptides able to activate an innate immune response. In particular, they induce a selective expansion of IEL, particularly TCRgamma/delta+ and CD8+TCR alpha/beta+ lymphocytes bearing the CD94 NK receptor, as well as a strong epithelial expression of MICA molecules which interact with NKG2D receptor expressed on TCRgamma/delta+ and NK cells. Most of the events of innate immune activation events are inhibited by antibodies neutralizing IL-15, thus confirming the key role of this cytokine as a mediator of intestinal mucosa damage induced by ingestion of gliadin. It remains to be established to what extent the ability of gliadin peptides to activate innate immunity relates to other biological properties exerted not only on celiac cells and tissues; the specificity of celiac patients is probably related to their genetic make up.
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