1
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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Yi X, Wang Q, Zhang T, Li Y. Gabapentinoids for the treatment of stroke. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1509-1516. [PMID: 38051893 PMCID: PMC10883501 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gabapentinoid drugs (pregabalin and gabapentin) have been successfully used in the treatment of neuropathic pain and in focal seizure prevention. Recent research has demonstrated their potent activities in modulating neurotransmitter release in neuronal tissue, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which matches the mechanism of action via voltage-gated calcium channels. In this review, we briefly elaborate on the medicinal history and ligand-binding sites of gabapentinoids. We systematically summarize the preclinical and clinical research on gabapentinoids in stroke, including ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, seizures after stroke, cortical spreading depolarization after stroke, pain after stroke, and nerve regeneration after stroke. This review also discusses the potential targets of gabapentinoids in stroke; however, the existing results are still uncertain regarding the effect of gabapentinoids on stroke and related diseases. Further preclinical and clinical trials are needed to test the therapeutic potential of gabapentinoids in stroke. Therefore, gabapentinoids have both opportunities and challenges in the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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2
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Nascimento AA, Pereira-Figueiredo D, Borges-Martins VP, Kubrusly RC, Calaza KC. GABAergic system and chloride cotransporters as potential therapeutic targets to mitigate cell death in ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25355. [PMID: 38808645 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a critical inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that plays a vital role in modulating neuronal excitability. Dysregulation of GABAergic signaling, particularly involving the cotransporters NKCC1 and KCC2, has been implicated in various pathologies, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, and ischemia. NKCC1 facilitates chloride influx, whereas KCC2 mediates chloride efflux via potassium gradient. Altered expression and function of these cotransporters have been associated with excitotoxicity, inflammation, and cellular death in ischemic events characterized by reduced cerebral blood flow, leading to compromised tissue metabolism and subsequent cell death. NKCC1 inhibition has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach to attenuate intracellular chloride accumulation and mitigate neuronal damage during ischemic events. Similarly, targeting KCC2, which regulates chloride efflux, holds promise for improving outcomes and reducing neuronal damage under ischemic conditions. This review emphasizes the critical roles of GABA, NKCC1, and KCC2 in ischemic pathologies and their potential as therapeutic targets. Inhibiting or modulating the activity of these cotransporters represents a promising strategy for reducing neuronal damage, preventing excitotoxicity, and improving neurological outcomes following ischemic events. Furthermore, exploring the interactions between natural compounds and NKCC1/KCC2 provides additional avenues for potential therapeutic interventions for ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Nascimento
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Graduate Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - D Pereira-Figueiredo
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences (Physiology and Pharmacology), Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - V P Borges-Martins
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - R C Kubrusly
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - K C Calaza
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Graduate Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences (Physiology and Pharmacology), Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
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3
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Wu T, Chen SR, Pan HL, Luo Y. The α2δ-1-NMDA receptor complex and its potential as a therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1148697. [PMID: 37153659 PMCID: PMC10157046 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1148697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play a critical role in excitotoxicity caused by ischemic stroke, but NMDAR antagonists have failed to be translated into clinical practice for treating stroke patients. Recent studies suggest that targeting the specific protein-protein interactions that regulate NMDARs may be an effective strategy to reduce excitotoxicity associated with brain ischemia. α2δ-1 (encoded by the Cacna2d1 gene), previously known as a subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels, is a binding protein of gabapentinoids used clinically for treating chronic neuropathic pain and epilepsy. Recent studies indicate that α2δ-1 is an interacting protein of NMDARs and can promote synaptic trafficking and hyperactivity of NMDARs in neuropathic pain conditions. In this review, we highlight the newly identified roles of α2δ-1-mediated NMDAR activity in the gabapentinoid effects and NMDAR excitotoxicity during brain ischemia as well as targeting α2δ-1-bound NMDARs as a potential treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shao-Rui Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Hui-Lin Pan
| | - Yi Luo
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Luo
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4
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Cai H, Wang XP, Yang GY. Sleep Disorders in Stroke: An Update on Management. Aging Dis 2021; 12:570-585. [PMID: 33815883 PMCID: PMC7990374 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality all over the world. Due to an aging population, the incidence of stroke is rising significantly, which has led to devastating consequences for patients. In addition to traditional risk factors such as age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and atrial fibrillation, sleep disorders, as independent modifiable risk factors for stroke, have been highlighted increasingly. In this review, we provide an overview of common types of current sleep disturbances in cerebrovascular diseases, including insomnia, hypersomnia, breathing-related sleep disorders, and parasomnias. Moreover, evidence-based clinical therapeutic strategies and pitfalls of specific sleep disorders after stroke are discussed. We also review the neurobiological mechanisms of these treatments as well as their effects on stroke. Since depression after stroke is so prevalent and closely related to sleep disorders, treatments of post-stroke depression are also briefly mentioned in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Cai
- Department of Neurology, Tong-Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tong-Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Wiciński M, Puk O, Malinowski B. Cenobamate: Neuroprotective Potential of a New Antiepileptic Drug. Neurochem Res 2020; 46:439-446. [PMID: 33252771 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries annually afflict approximately 2.7 million people in United States only, inflicting costs of nearly 100 billion US dollars. The gravity of this problem is a consequence of severe and prolonged disability of patients due to a scarce regeneration of CNS, along with the lack of efficient neuroprotective and neuroregenrative therapies. Therefore, the first and most important task in managing the CNS injury is reduction of the damaged area, and apoptosis of neurons occurs not only during the trauma, but in great extent within the following minutes and hours. This process, called secondary injury phase, is a result of trauma-induced metabolic changes in nervous tissue and neuron apoptosis. Cenobamate is a new antiepileptic drug approved by FDA on November 21, 2019. Regardless of its primary purpose, cenobamate, as a blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels and positive modulator of GABAa receptors, it appears to be a promising neuroprotective agent. Moreover, through activation of PI3K/Akt-CREB-BDNF pathway, it leads to the increase of anti-apoptotic factor levels and the decrease of pro-apoptotic factor levels, which induce inhibition of apoptosis and increase neuron survival. Similarly to riluzole, cenobamate could be an important part of a perioperative procedure in neurosurgery, decreasing the occurrence of neurological deficits. Provided that cenobamate will be effective in aforementioned conditions, it could improve treatment outcomes of millions of patients every year, thereby an extensive investigation of its efficacy as a neuroprotective treatment after central nervous system trauma should follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Wiciński
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Oskar Puk
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Malinowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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6
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Wagley PK, Williamson J, Skwarzynska D, Kapur J, Burnsed J. Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32597865 DOI: 10.3791/61346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia ischemia is the most common cause of neonatal seizures. Animal models are crucial for understanding the mechanisms and physiology underlying neonatal seizures and hypoxia ischemia. This manuscript describes a method for continuous video electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring in neonatal mice to detect seizures and analyze EEG background during hypoxia ischemia. Use of video and EEG in conjunction allows description of seizure semiology and confirmation of seizures. This method also allows analysis of power spectrograms and EEG background pattern trends over the experimental time period. In this hypoxia ischemia model, the method allows EEG recording prior to injury to obtain a normative baseline and during injury and recovery. Total monitoring time is limited by the inability to separate pups from the mother for longer than four hours. Although, we have used a model of hypoxic-ischemic seizures in this manuscript, this method for neonatal video EEG monitoring could be applied to diverse disease and seizure models in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin K Wagley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia
| | | | | | - Jaideep Kapur
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia; Brain Institute, University of Virginia; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia
| | - Jennifer Burnsed
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia;
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7
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Jung S, Ballheimer YE, Brackmann F, Zoglauer D, Geppert CI, Hartmann A, Trollmann R. Seizure-induced neuronal apoptosis is related to dysregulation of the RNA-edited GluR2 subunit in the developing mouse brain. Brain Res 2020; 1735:146760. [PMID: 32142720 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (AMPAR) which crucially modify maturational programs of the developing brain are involved in seizure-induced glutamate excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Regulatory effects on AMPAR subunit composition and RNA-editing in the developing brain and their significance as therapeutic targets are not well understood. Here, we analyzed acute effects of recurrent pilocarpine-induced neonatal seizures on age- and region-specific expression of AMPAR subunits and adenosine deaminases (ADAR) in the developing mouse brain (P10). After recurrent seizure activity and regeneration periods of 6-72 h cerebral mRNA levels of GluR (glutamate receptor subunit) 1, GluR2, GluR3, and GluR4 were unaffected compared to controls. However, ratio of GluR2 and GluR4 to pooled GluR1-4 mRNA concentration significantly decreased in seizure-exposed brains in comparison to controls. After a regeneration period of 24-72 h ADAR1 and ADAR2 mRNA expression was significantly lower in seizure-exposed brains than in those of controls. This was confirmed at the protein level in the hippocampal CA3 region. We observed a regionally increased apoptosis (TUNEL+ and CC3+ cells) in the hippocampus, parietal cortex and subventricular zone of seizure-exposed brains in comparison to controls. Together, present in vivo data demonstrate the maturational age-specific, functional role of RNA-edited GluR2 in seizure-induced excitotoxicity in the developing mouse brain. In response to recurrent seizure activity, we observed reduced expression of GluR2 and the GluR2 mRNA-editing enzymes ADAR1 and ADAR2 accompanied by increased apoptosis in a region-specific manner. Thus, AMPA receptor subtype-specific mRNA editing is assessed as a promising target of novel neuroprotective treatment strategies in consideration of age-related developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yili E Ballheimer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Brackmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Zoglauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carol-Immanuel Geppert
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regina Trollmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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8
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Klein P, Friedman A, Hameed MQ, Kaminski RM, Bar-Klein G, Klitgaard H, Koepp M, Jozwiak S, Prince DA, Rotenberg A, Twyman R, Vezzani A, Wong M, Löscher W. Repurposed molecules for antiepileptogenesis: Missing an opportunity to prevent epilepsy? Epilepsia 2020; 61:359-386. [PMID: 32196665 PMCID: PMC8317585 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of epilepsy is a great unmet need. Acute central nervous system (CNS) insults such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), and CNS infections account for 15%-20% of all epilepsy. Following TBI and CVA, there is a latency of days to years before epilepsy develops. This allows treatment to prevent or modify postinjury epilepsy. No such treatment exists. In animal models of acquired epilepsy, a number of medications in clinical use for diverse indications have been shown to have antiepileptogenic or disease-modifying effects, including medications with excellent side effect profiles. These include atorvastatin, ceftriaxone, losartan, isoflurane, N-acetylcysteine, and the antiseizure medications levetiracetam, brivaracetam, topiramate, gabapentin, pregabalin, vigabatrin, and eslicarbazepine acetate. In addition, there are preclinical antiepileptogenic data for anakinra, rapamycin, fingolimod, and erythropoietin, although these medications have potential for more serious side effects. However, except for vigabatrin, there have been almost no translation studies to prevent or modify epilepsy using these potentially "repurposable" medications. We may be missing an opportunity to develop preventive treatment for epilepsy by not evaluating these medications clinically. One reason for the lack of translation studies is that the preclinical data for most of these medications are disparate in terms of types of injury, models within different injury type, dosing, injury-treatment initiation latencies, treatment duration, and epilepsy outcome evaluation mode and duration. This makes it difficult to compare the relative strength of antiepileptogenic evidence across the molecules, and difficult to determine which drug(s) would be the best to evaluate clinically. Furthermore, most preclinical antiepileptogenic studies lack information needed for translation, such as dose-blood level relationship, brain target engagement, and dose-response, and many use treatment parameters that cannot be applied clinically, for example, treatment initiation before or at the time of injury and dosing higher than tolerated human equivalent dosing. Here, we review animal and human antiepileptogenic evidence for these medications. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge for each molecule that need to be filled in order to consider clinical translation, and we suggest a platform of preclinical antiepileptogenesis evaluation of potentially repurposable molecules or their combinations going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Klein
- Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alon Friedman
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, and Brain and Cognitive Science, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Departments of Medical Neuroscience and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Mustafa Q. Hameed
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rafal M. Kaminski
- Neurosymptomatic Domains Section, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guy Bar-Klein
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Henrik Klitgaard
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Mathias Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sergiusz Jozwiak
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David A. Prince
- Neurology and the Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Yan BC, Wang J, Rui Y, Cao J, Xu P, Jiang D, Zhu X, Won MH, Bo P, Su P. Neuroprotective Effects of Gabapentin Against Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion-Induced Neuronal Autophagic Injury via Regulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathways. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:157-171. [PMID: 30597043 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gabapentin (GBP), an analgesic, adjunct antiepileptic, and migraine prophylactic drug, reduces neuronal injury induced by cerebral ischemia reperfusion (IR). However, the underlying biological molecular mechanism of GBP neuroprotection is not clear. In this study, we confirmed that dose-dependent (75 and 150 mg/kg) GBP treatment could significantly reduce IR-induced neuronal death. IR-induced neuronal death was inhibited by pretreatment with 150 mg/kg GBP in a middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model. In addition, 150 mg/kg GBP treatment remarkably promoted the levels of antioxidants and reduced the autophagy of neurons in the infarct penumbra. Moreover, the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway was activated by pretreatment with 150 mg/kg GBP, as detected by Western blot analyses. In vitro, pretreatment of PC12 cells with 450 µM GBP significantly reduced cell death induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation, increased antioxidant function, and reduced the levels of autophagy and reactive oxygen species via activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. This neuroprotection by GBP was inhibited significantly by 10 µM LY294002. In summary, dose-dependent pretreatment with GBP protected against cerebral IR injury via activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which provided a neuroprotective function to inhibit oxidative stress-related neuronal autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chun Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical college of Yangzhou University.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical college of Yangzhou University.,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanggang Rui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical college of Yangzhou University
| | - Jianwen Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical college of Yangzhou University
| | - Pei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical college of Yangzhou University
| | - Dan Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical college of Yangzhou University
| | - Xiaolu Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical college of Yangzhou University
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ping Bo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical college of Yangzhou University
| | - Peiqing Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical college of Yangzhou University
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10
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Shamsi Meymandi M, Soltani Z, Sepehri G, Amiresmaili S, Farahani F, Moeini Aghtaei M. Effects of pregabalin on brain edema, neurologic and histologic outcomes in experimental traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Bull 2018; 140:169-175. [PMID: 29730418 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain edema and increased intracranial pressure (ICP) are among the main causes of neurological disturbance and mortality following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Since pregabalin neuroprotective effects have been shown, this study was performed to evaluate the possible neuroprotective effects of pregabalin in experimental TBI of male rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: sham, vehicle, pregabalin 30 mg/kg and pregabalin 60 mg/kg. TBI was induced in vehicle and pregabalin groups by Marmarou method. Pregabalin was administered 30 min after TBI. Sham and vehicle groups received saline. Brain water and Evans blue content and histopathological changes were evaluated 24, 5 and 24 h after TBI, respectively. The ICP and neurological outcomes (veterinary coma scale, VCS) were recorded before, 1 h and 24 h post TBI. The results showed a significant reduction in brain water content and ICP, and a significant increase in VCS of pregabalin group (60 mg/kg) as compared to vehicle group (P < 0.05). Also, pregabalin reduced brain edema and apoptosis score as compared to vehicle group. Post TBI pregabalin administration revealed a delayed but significant improvement in ICP and neurological outcomes in experimental TBI. The underlying mechanism(s) was not determined and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzumeh Shamsi Meymandi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman School of Medical, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,; Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Kerman Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,.
| | - Gholamreza Sepehri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Farahani
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Kerman Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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11
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Margrey KA, Levens A, Nicewicz DA. Direct Aryl C−H Amination with Primary Amines Using Organic Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaila A. Margrey
- Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599-3290 USA
| | - Alison Levens
- Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599-3290 USA
| | - David A. Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599-3290 USA
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12
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Margrey KA, Levens A, Nicewicz DA. Direct Aryl C-H Amination with Primary Amines Using Organic Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15644-15648. [PMID: 29063646 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The direct catalytic C-H amination of arenes is a powerful synthetic strategy with useful applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials chemistry. Despite the advances in catalytic C-H functionalization, the use of aliphatic amine coupling partners is limited. Described herein is the construction of C-N bonds, using primary amines, by direct C-H functionalization with an acridinium photoredox catalyst under an aerobic atmosphere. A wide variety of primary amines, including amino acids and more complex amines are competent coupling partners. Various electron-rich aromatics and heteroaromatics are useful scaffolds in this reaction, as are complex, biologically active arenes. We also describe the ability to functionalize arenes that are not oxidized by an acridinium catalyst, such as benzene and toluene, thus supporting a reactive amine cation radical intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaila A Margrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Alison Levens
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
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13
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Lau LA, Noubary F, Wang D, Dulla CG. α2δ-1 Signaling Drives Cell Death, Synaptogenesis, Circuit Reorganization, and Gabapentin-Mediated Neuroprotection in a Model of Insult-Induced Cortical Malformation. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO.0316-17.2017. [PMID: 29109971 PMCID: PMC5672548 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0316-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental cortical malformations (DCMs) result from pre- and perinatal insults, as well as genetic mutations. Hypoxia, viral infection, and traumatic injury are the most common environmental causes of DCMs, and are associated with the subsyndromes focal polymicrogyria and focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) Type IIId, both of which have a high incidence of epilepsy. Understanding the molecular signals that lead to the formation of a hyperexcitable network in DCMs is critical to devising novel treatment strategies. In a previous study using the freeze-lesion (FL) murine model of DCM, we found that levels of thrombospondin (TSP) and the calcium channel auxiliary subunit α2δ-1 were elevated. TSP binds to α2δ-1 to drive the formation of excitatory synapses during development, suggesting that overactivation of this pathway may lead to exuberant excitatory synaptogenesis and network hyperexcitability seen in DCMs. In that study, antagonizing TSP/α2δ-1 signaling using the drug gabapentin (GBP) reduced many FL-induced pathologies. Here, we used mice with a genetic deletion of α2δ-1 to determine how α2δ-1 contributes to cell death, elevated excitatory synapse number, and in vitro network function after FL and to examine the molecular specificity of GBP's effects. We identified a critical role for α2δ-1 in FL-induced pathologies and in mediating the neuroprotective effects of GBP. Interestingly, genetic deletion of α2δ-1 did not eliminate GBP's effects on synaptogenesis, suggesting that GBP can have α2δ-1-independent effects. Taken together these studies suggests that inhibiting α2δ-1 signaling may have therapeutic promise to reduce cell death and network reorganization associated with insult-induced DCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Lau
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
- Neuroscience Program, Tufts Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Farzad Noubary
- The Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Dongqing Wang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Chris G. Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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Combination therapy of levetiracetam and gabapentin against nonconvulsive seizures induced by penetrating traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017; 83:S25-S34. [PMID: 28452872 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic seizures are a medical problem affecting patients with traumatic brain injury. Yet effective treatment is lacking owing to the limitations of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) applicable to these patients. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the dose-response efficacy of levetiracetam (12.5-100.0 mg/kg) and gabapentin (1.25-25.0 mg/kg) administered either individually or in pairs at fixed-dose ratios as a combination in mitigating posttraumatic nonconvulsive seizures induced by severe penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) in rats. Seizures were detected by continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring for 72 hours postinjury. Animals were treated twice per day for 3 days by intravenous injections. RESULTS Both levetiracetam (25-100 mg/kg) and gabapentin (6.25-25 mg/kg) significantly reduced PBBI-induced seizure frequency by 44% to 73% and 61% to 69%, and seizure duration by 45% to 64% and 70% to 78%, respectively. However, the two drugs manifested different dose-response profiles. Levetiracetam attenuated seizure activity in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas the beneficial effects of gabapentin plateaued across the three highest doses tested. Combined administration of levetiracetam and gabapentin mirrored the more classic dose-response profile of levetiracetam monotherapy. However, no additional benefit was derived from the addition of gabapentin. Furthermore, isobolographic analysis of the combination dose-response profile of levetiracetam and gabapentin failed to reach the expected level of additivity, suggesting an unlikelihood of favorable interactions between these two drugs against spontaneously occurring posttraumatic seizure activities at the particular set of dose ratios tested. CONCLUSION This study was the first attempt to apply isobolographic approach to studying AED combination therapy in the context of spontaneously occurring posttraumatic seizures. Despite the failure to achieve additivity from levetiracetam and gabapentin combination, it is important to recognize the objectivity of the isobolographic approach in the evaluation of AED combination therapy against seizures directly associated with brain injuries.
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Lykens NM, Coughlin DJ, Reddi JM, Lutz GJ, Tallent MK. AMPA GluA1-flip targeted oligonucleotide therapy reduces neonatal seizures and hyperexcitability. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171538. [PMID: 28178321 PMCID: PMC5298276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate-activated α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPA-Rs) mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission in brain and thus are major drug targets for diseases associated with hyperexcitability or neurotoxicity. Due to the critical nature of AMPA-Rs in normal brain function, typical AMPA-R antagonists have deleterious effects on cognition and motor function, highlighting the need for more precise modulators. A dramatic increase in the flip isoform of alternatively spliced AMPA-R GluA1 subunits occurs post-seizure in humans and animal models. GluA1-flip produces higher gain AMPA channels than GluA1-flop, increasing network excitability and seizure susceptibility. Splice modulating oligonucleotides (SMOs) bind to pre-mRNA to influence alternative splicing, a strategy that can be exploited to develop more selective drugs across therapeutic areas. We developed a novel SMO, GR1, which potently and specifically decreased GluA1-flip expression throughout the brain of neonatal mice lasting at least 60 days after single intracerebroventricular injection. GR1 treatment reduced AMPA-R mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents at hippocampal CA1 synapses, without affecting long-term potentiation or long-term depression, cellular models of memory, or impairing GluA1-dependent cognition or motor function in mice. Importantly, GR1 demonstrated anti-seizure properties and reduced post-seizure hyperexcitability in neonatal mice, highlighting its drug candidate potential for treating epilepsies and other neurological diseases involving network hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Lykens
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- LifeSplice Pharma, Malvern, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David J. Coughlin
- Department of Biology, Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jyoti M. Reddi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gordon J. Lutz
- LifeSplice Pharma, Malvern, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Melanie K. Tallent
- LifeSplice Pharma, Malvern, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kim TY, Niimi K, Takahashi E. Analysis of the protective effects of the α 2 /δ subunit of voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in brain injury. Brain Res 2017; 1655:138-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Different response to antiepileptic drugs according to the type of epileptic events in a neonatal ischemia-reperfusion model. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 99:145-153. [PMID: 28042096 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal arterial stroke is the most frequent form of cerebral infarction in children. Neonatal seizures are the most frequent symptom during the neonatal period. The current management of perinatal stroke is based on supportive care. It is currently unknown if treatment of the seizures modifies the outcome, and no clinical studies have focused on seizures during neonatal stroke. We studied the effect of phenobarbital and levetiracetam on an ischemic-reperfusion stroke model in P7 rats using prolonged electroencephalographic recordings and a histologic analysis of the brain (24h after injury). The following two types of epileptic events were observed: 1) bursts of high amplitude spikes during ischemia and the first hours of reperfusion and 2) organized seizures consisting in discharges of a 1-2Hz spike-and-wave. Both phenobarbital and levetiracetam decreased the total duration of the bursts of high amplitude spikes. Phenobarbital also delayed the start of seizures without changing the total duration of epileptic discharges. The markedly limited efficacy of the antiepileptic drugs studied in our neonatal stroke rat model is frequently observed in human neonatal seizures. Both drugs did not modify the stroke volume, which suggests that the modification of the quantity of bursts of high amplitude spikes does not influence the infarct size. In the absence of a reduction in seizure burden by the antiepileptic drugs, we increased the seizure burden and stroke volume by combining our neonatal stroke model with a lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Our data suggest that the reduction of burst of spikes did not influence the stroke volume. The presence of organized seizure with a pattern close to what is observed in human newborns seems related to the presence of the infarct. Further research is required to determine the relationship between seizure burden and infarct volume.
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Fox CK, Glass HC, Sidney S, Smith SE, Fullerton HJ. Neonatal seizures triple the risk of a remote seizure after perinatal ischemic stroke. Neurology 2016; 86:2179-86. [PMID: 27164703 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine incidence rates and risk factors of remote seizure after perinatal arterial ischemic stroke. METHODS We retrospectively identified a population-based cohort of children with perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (presenting acutely or in a delayed fashion) from a large Northern Californian integrated health care system. We determined incidence and predictors of a remote seizure (unprovoked seizure after neonatal period, defined as 28 days of life) by survival analyses, and measured epilepsy severity in those with active epilepsy (≥1 remote seizure and maintenance anticonvulsant treatment) at last follow-up. RESULTS Among 87 children with perinatal stroke, 40 (46%) had a seizure in the neonatal period. During a median follow-up of 7.1 years (interquartile range 3.2-10.5), 37 children had ≥1 remote seizure. Remote seizure risk was highest during the first year of life, with a 20% (95% confidence interval [CI] 13%-30%) cumulative incidence by 1 year of age, 46% (CI 35%-58%) by 5 years, and 54% (CI 41%-67%) by 10 years. Neonatal seizures increased the risk of a remote seizure (hazard ratio 2.8, CI 1.3-5.8). Children with neonatal seizures had a 69% (CI 48%-87%) cumulative incidence of remote seizure by age 10 years. Among the 24 children with active epilepsy at last follow-up, 8 (33%) were having monthly seizures despite an anticonvulsant and 7 (29%) were on more than one anticonvulsant. CONCLUSIONS Remote seizures and epilepsy, including medically refractory epilepsy, are common after perinatal stroke. Neonatal seizures are associated with nearly 3-fold increased remote seizure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K Fox
- From the Departments of Neurology (C.K.F., H.C.G., H.J.F.), Pediatrics (C.K.F., H.C.G., H.J.F.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.C.G.), University of California, San Francisco; the Division of Research (S.S.), Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland; and the Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.E.S.), Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, CA.
| | - Hannah C Glass
- From the Departments of Neurology (C.K.F., H.C.G., H.J.F.), Pediatrics (C.K.F., H.C.G., H.J.F.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.C.G.), University of California, San Francisco; the Division of Research (S.S.), Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland; and the Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.E.S.), Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, CA
| | - Stephen Sidney
- From the Departments of Neurology (C.K.F., H.C.G., H.J.F.), Pediatrics (C.K.F., H.C.G., H.J.F.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.C.G.), University of California, San Francisco; the Division of Research (S.S.), Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland; and the Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.E.S.), Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, CA
| | - Sabrina E Smith
- From the Departments of Neurology (C.K.F., H.C.G., H.J.F.), Pediatrics (C.K.F., H.C.G., H.J.F.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.C.G.), University of California, San Francisco; the Division of Research (S.S.), Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland; and the Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.E.S.), Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, CA
| | - Heather J Fullerton
- From the Departments of Neurology (C.K.F., H.C.G., H.J.F.), Pediatrics (C.K.F., H.C.G., H.J.F.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.C.G.), University of California, San Francisco; the Division of Research (S.S.), Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland; and the Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.E.S.), Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, CA
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Mirza MA, Ritzel R, Xu Y, McCullough LD, Liu F. Sexually dimorphic outcomes and inflammatory responses in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:32. [PMID: 25889641 PMCID: PMC4359482 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important cause of motor and cognitive impairment in children. Clinically, male infants are more vulnerable to ischemic insults and suffer more long-term deficits than females; however, the mechanisms underlying this sex difference remain elusive. Inflammatory processes initiated by microglial activation are fundamental in the pathophysiology of ischemia. Recent studies report a sexual dimorphism in microglia numbers and expression of activation markers in the neonatal brain under normal conditions. How these basal sex differences in microglia affect HIE remains largely unexplored. This study investigated sex differences in ischemic outcomes and inflammation triggered by HIE. We hypothesize that ischemia induces sex-specific brain injury in male and female neonates and that microglial activation and inflammatory responses play an important role in this sexual dimorphism. Methods Male and female C57BL6 mice were subjected to 60-min Rice-Vanucci modeling (RVM) at post-natal day 10 (P10) to induce HIE. Stroke outcomes were measured 1, 3, 7, and 30 days after stroke. Microglial activation and inflammatory responses were evaluated by flow cytometry and cytokine analysis. Results On day 1 of HIE, no difference in infarct volumes or seizure scores was seen between male and female neonates. However, female neonates exhibited significantly smaller infarct size and fewer seizures compared to males 3 days after HIE. Females also had less brain tissue loss and behavioral deficits compared to males at the chronic stage of HIE. Male animals demonstrated increased microglial activation and up-regulated inflammatory response compared to females at day 3. Conclusions HIE leads to an equivalent primary brain injury in male and female neonates at the acute stage that develops into sexually dimorphic outcomes at later time points. An innate immune response secondary to the primary injury may contribute to sexual dimorphism in HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish A Mirza
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Rodney Ritzel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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Vox F, Capron AM, Kraus MF, Alexander GC, Kirschner KL. Balancing burdens and benefits: ethical issues of off-label prescription pharmaceutical use. PM R 2014; 5:882-9. [PMID: 24160301 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.08.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ford Vox
- Brain Injury Rehabilitation, Shepherd Center; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA∗
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Akman O, Moshé SL, Galanopoulou AS. Sex-specific consequences of early life seizures. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt B:153-66. [PMID: 24874547 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are very common in the early periods of life and are often associated with poor neurologic outcome in humans. Animal studies have provided evidence that early life seizures may disrupt neuronal differentiation and connectivity, signaling pathways, and the function of various neuronal networks. There is growing experimental evidence that many signaling pathways, like GABAA receptor signaling, the cellular physiology and differentiation, or the functional maturation of certain brain regions, including those involved in seizure control, mature differently in males and females. However, most experimental studies of early life seizures have not directly investigated the importance of sex on the consequences of early life seizures. The sexual dimorphism of the developing brain raises the question that early seizures could have distinct effects in immature females and males that are subjected to seizures. We will first discuss the evidence for sex-specific features of the developing brain that could be involved in modifying the susceptibility and consequences of early life seizures. We will then review how sex-related biological factors could modify the age-specific consequences of induced seizures in the immature animals. These include signaling pathways (e.g., GABAA receptors), steroid hormones, growth factors. Overall, there are very few studies that have specifically addressed seizure outcomes in developing animals as a function of sex. The available literature indicates that a variety of outcomes (histopathological, behavioral, molecular, epileptogenesis) may be affected in a sex-, age-, region-specific manner after seizures during development. Obtaining a better understanding for the gender-related mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis and seizure comorbidities will be necessary to develop better gender and age appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Akman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Bilim University, 34394 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Solomon L Moshé
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Montefiore Epilepsy Management Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Montefiore Epilepsy Management Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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Sereno M, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez G, Gómez-Raposo C, López-Gómez M, Merino-Salvador M, Tébar FZ, Rodriguez-Antona C, Casado E. Oxaliplatin induced-neuropathy in digestive tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 89:166-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Li H, Graber KD, Jin S, McDonald W, Barres BA, Prince DA. Gabapentin decreases epileptiform discharges in a chronic model of neocortical trauma. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 48:429-38. [PMID: 22766033 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gabapentin (GBP) is an anticonvulsant that acts at the α2δ-1 submit of the L-type calcium channel. It is recently reported that GBP is a potent inhibitor of thrombospondin (TSP)-induced excitatory synapse formation in vitro and in vivo. Here we studied effects of chronic GBP administration on epileptogenesis in the partial cortical isolation ("undercut") model of posttraumatic epilepsy, in which abnormal axonal sprouting and aberrant synaptogenesis contribute to occurrence of epileptiform discharges. Results showed that 1) the incidence of evoked epileptiform discharges in undercut cortical slices studied 1 day or ~2 weeks after the last GBP dose, was significantly reduced by GBP treatments, beginning on the day of injury; 2) the expression of GFAP and TSP1 protein, as well as the number of FJC stained cells was decreased in GBP treated undercut animals; 3) in vivo GBP treatment of rats with undercuts for 3 or 7 days decreased the density of vGlut1-PSD95 close appositions (presumed synapses) in comparison to saline treated controls with similar lesions;4) the electrophysiological data are compatible with the above anatomical changes, showing decreases in mEPSC and sEPSC frequency in the GBP treated animals. These results indicate that chronic administration of GBP after cortical injury is antiepileptogenic in the undercut model of post-traumatic epilepsy, perhaps by both neuroprotective actions and decreases in excitatory synapse formation. The findings may suggest the potential use of GBP as an antiepileptogenic agent following traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Therapy development for spinal muscular atrophy in SMN independent targets. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:456478. [PMID: 22701806 PMCID: PMC3369530 DOI: 10.1155/2012/456478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder, leading to progressive muscle weakness, atrophy, and sometimes premature death. SMA is caused by mutation or deletion of the survival motor neuron-1 (SMN1) gene. An effective treatment does not presently exist. Since the severity of the SMA phenotype is inversely correlated with expression levels of SMN, the SMN-encoded protein, SMN is the most important therapeutic target for development of an effective treatment for SMA. In recent years, numerous SMN independent targets and therapeutic strategies have been demonstrated to have potential roles in SMA treatment. For example, some neurotrophic, antiapoptotic, and myotrophic factors are able to promote survival of motor neurons or improve muscle strength shown in SMA mouse models or clinical trials. Plastin-3, cpg15, and a Rho-kinase inhibitor regulate axonal dynamics and might reduce the influences of SMN depletion in disarrangement of neuromuscular junction. Stem cell transplantation in SMA model mice resulted in improvement of motor behaviors and extension of survival, likely from trophic support. Although most therapies are still under investigation, these nonclassical treatments might provide an adjunctive method for future SMA therapy.
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Kumar P, Kalonia H, Kumar A. Possible GABAergic mechanism in the neuroprotective effect of gabapentin and lamotrigine against 3-nitropropionic acid induced neurotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 674:265-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gleich O, Strutz J. The Effect of Gabapentin on Gap Detection and Forward Masking in Young and Old Gerbils. Ear Hear 2011; 32:741-9. [DOI: 10.1097/aud.0b013e318222289f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kale A, Börcek AÖ, Emmez H, Yildirim Z, Durdağ E, Lortlar N, Kurt G, Doğulu F, Kılıç N. Neuroprotective effects of gabapentin on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits. J Neurosurg Spine 2011; 15:228-37. [DOI: 10.3171/2011.4.spine10583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Extensive research has been focused on neuroprotection after spinal cord trauma to alleviate the effects of secondary injury. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effects of gabapentin in an experimental spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury.
Methods
Thirty-two adult male New Zealand white rabbits received spinal cord ischemic injury using the aortic occlusion model. Animals were divided into 4 groups (sham, control, low-dose, and high-dose treatment groups; 8 rabbits in each group). High (200 mg/kg) and low (30 mg/kg) doses of gabapentin were administered to the animals in the treatment groups after spinal cord ischemic injury. Neurological status of the animals, ultrastructural findings in injured tissue samples, and levels of tissue injury markers in these 2 groups were compared with findings in the animals that did not receive the ischemic procedure (sham-operated group) and those that received normal saline after administration of ischemia.
Results
Regarding levels of tissue injury marker levels after ischemic injury, animals in the gabapentin-treated groups demonstrated better results than animals in the other groups. The ultrastructural findings and caspase-3 activity were similar. The treatment groups demonstrated better results than the other groups.
Conclusions
Gabapentin demonstrated significant neuroprotection after early phases of ischemic injury. Further studies with different experimental settings including neurological outcome are required to achieve conclusive results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zuhal Yildirim
- 3Biochemistry, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | - Nedret Kılıç
- 3Biochemistry, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
Spreading depression (SD) is an intense depolarization wave implicated in brain injury. In focal ischemia, recurrent peri-infarct depolarization (PID) waves akin to SD worsen the ischemic injury by exacerbating the blood flow-metabolism mismatch. We recently showed that gabapentin suppresses SD. We, therefore, tested gabapentin on PIDs and stroke outcome. Gabapentin pretreatment (200 mg/kg, intravenously) reduced the infarct volume by 23% after transient focal ischemia in mice. However, the frequency and duration of PIDs were not suppressed when recorded for 2 hours during ischemia, suggesting that gabapentin reduces infarct volume independent of PID suppression.
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Markowitz GJ, Kadam SD, Smith DR, Johnston MV, Comi AM. Different effects of high- and low-dose phenobarbital on post-stroke seizure suppression and recovery in immature CD1 mice. Epilepsy Res 2011; 94:138-48. [PMID: 21481568 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal stroke presents with seizures that are usually treated with phenobarbital. We hypothesized that anticonvulsants would attenuate ischemic injury, but that the dose-dependent effects of standard anticonvulsants would impact important age-dependent and injury-dependent consequences. In this study, ischemia induced by unilateral carotid ligation in postnatal day 12 (P12) CD1 mice was immediately followed by an i.p. dose of vehicle, low-dose or high-dose phenobarbital. Severity of acute behavioral seizures was scored. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered from P18 to P20, behavioral testing performed, and mice perfused at P40. Atrophy quantification and counts of BrdU/NeuN-labeled cells in the dentate gyrus were performed. Blood phenobarbital concentrations were measured. 30mg/kg phenobarbital reduced acute seizures and chronic brain injury, and restored normal weight gain and exploratory behavior. By comparison, 60mg/kg was a less efficacious anticonvulsant, was not neuroprotective, did not restore normal weight gain, and impaired behavioral and cognitive recovery. Hippocampal neurogenesis was not different between treatment groups. These results suggest a protective effect of lower-dose phenobarbital, but a lack of this effect at higher concentrations after stroke in P12 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Markowitz
- Dept. of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shilpa D Kadam
- Dept. of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Dept. of Neuroscience, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Dept. of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dani R Smith
- Neurogenetics and Behavior Center, Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael V Johnston
- Dept. of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Dept. of Neuroscience, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Dept. of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Dept. of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anne M Comi
- Dept. of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Dept. of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Dept. of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Holopainen IE, Laurén HB. Glutamate signaling in the pathophysiology and therapy of prenatal insults. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:825-34. [PMID: 21443898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Birth asphyxia and hypoxia-ischemia (HI) are important factors affecting the normal development and maturation of the central nervous system (CNS). Depending on the maturity of the brain, HI-induced damage at different ages is region-selective, the white matter (WM) peripheral to the lateral ventricles being selectively vulnerable to damage in premature infants. As a squeal of primary or secondary HI in the preterm infant, the brain injury comprises periventricular leukomalasia (PVL), accompanied by neuronal and axonal damage, which affects several brain regions. Premature delivery and improved neonatal intensive care have led to a survival rate of about 75% to 90% of infants weighting under 1500g both in Europe and in the United States. However, about 5-10% of these survivors exhibit cerebral palsy (CP), and many have cognitive, behavioral, attentional or socialization deficits. In this review, we first shortly discuss developmental changes in the expression of the excitatory glutamate receptors (GluRs), and then in more detail elucidate the contribution of GluRs to oligodendrocyte (OL) damage both in experimental models and in preterm human infants. Finally, therapeutic interventions targeted at GluRs at the young age are discussed in the light of results obtained from recent experimental HI animal models and from humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma E Holopainen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, and Medicity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 4th floor, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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Kim YK, Leem JG, Sim JY, Jeong SM, Joung KW. The effects of gabapentin pretreatment on brain injury induced by focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in the rat. Korean J Anesthesiol 2010; 58:184-90. [PMID: 20498798 PMCID: PMC2872851 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2010.58.2.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental studies have shown that gabapentin can reduce neuronal injury in the setting of cerebral ischemia, but the mechanisms have not yet been clearly determined. This study was conducted to determine whether gabapentin pretreatment altered expression levels of heat shock protein 70 and reduced acute phase neuronal injury in rats subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Methods Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (260-300 g) were randomly assigned to one of four groups (saline-treated, or 0.1, 0.5, or 5 mg/kg gabapentin group). In all animals, focal cerebral ischemia was induced by intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion for 1 hour. The animals of the gabapentin groups were pretreated with a single intravenous administration of gabapentin 20 minutes before ischemic insults. The infarct volume, brain edema and motor behavior deficits were analyzed 24 hours after ischemic insult. Caspase-3-reactive cells and cells showing Hsp70 activity were counted in the caudoputamen and fronto-parietal cortex. Results The infarction ratio was significantly decreased in the 5 mg/kg gabapentin group (P < 0.05) and brain edema ratios were significantly reduced in the 0.1 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, and 5 mg/kg gabapentin groups 24 hours after ischemia/reperfusion injury (P < 0.05). There were more Hsp70-reactive cells in the 5 mg/kg gabapentin group than in the saline group in both the caudoputamen and fronto-parietal cortex (P < 0.05). Conclusions These results indicate that gabapentin may have a neuroprotective effect and can reduce early neuronal injury caused by focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion; this may be mediated by expression of Hsp70. However, gabapentin pretreatment did not prevent caspase-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Kyung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: clinical features, diagnosis, prevention and treatment strategies. Clin Transl Oncol 2010; 12:81-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-010-0474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Jeon YT. Pharmacological neuroprotection: that long, long road from idea to practice. Korean J Anesthesiol 2010; 58:115-6. [PMID: 20498787 PMCID: PMC2872856 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2010.58.2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tae Jeon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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34
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Eroglu C, Allen NJ, Susman MW, O'Rourke NA, Park CY, Ozkan E, Chakraborty C, Mulinyawe SB, Annis DS, Huberman AD, Green EM, Lawler J, Dolmetsch R, Garcia KC, Smith SJ, Luo ZD, Rosenthal A, Mosher DF, Barres BA. Gabapentin receptor alpha2delta-1 is a neuronal thrombospondin receptor responsible for excitatory CNS synaptogenesis. Cell 2009; 139:380-92. [PMID: 19818485 PMCID: PMC2791798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synapses are asymmetric cellular adhesions that are critical for nervous system development and function, but the mechanisms that induce their formation are not well understood. We have previously identified thrombospondin as an astrocyte-secreted protein that promotes central nervous system (CNS) synaptogenesis. Here, we identify the neuronal thrombospondin receptor involved in CNS synapse formation as alpha2delta-1, the receptor for the anti-epileptic and analgesic drug gabapentin. We show that the VWF-A domain of alpha2delta-1 interacts with the epidermal growth factor-like repeats common to all thrombospondins. alpha2delta-1 overexpression increases synaptogenesis in vitro and in vivo and is required postsynaptically for thrombospondin- and astrocyte-induced synapse formation in vitro. Gabapentin antagonizes thrombospondin binding to alpha2delta-1 and powerfully inhibits excitatory synapse formation in vitro and in vivo. These findings identify alpha2delta-1 as a receptor involved in excitatory synapse formation and suggest that gabapentin may function therapeutically by blocking new synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagla Eroglu
- Duke University Medical Center, Cell Biology Department, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Comi AM, Trescher WH, Abi-Raad R, Johnston MV, Wilson MA. Impact of age and strain on ischemic brain injury and seizures after carotid ligation in immature mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 27:271-7. [PMID: 19154784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is an important cause of neurologic injury in the neonatal period and frequently results in lifelong neurologic impairments. We reported previously that unilateral carotid ligation on postnatal day (P)12 in CD1 mice causes acute behavioral seizures and unilateral brain injury and provides a model for neonatal stroke in human infants. In the present study we confirmed that behavioral seizures observed after ligation on P12 in the CD1 strain are associated with rhythmic ictal discharges that show temporal progression on electrocorticograms. We also examined the effects of carotid ligation performed at different ages in CD1 mice or performed in the C57Bl/6 strain. The right common carotid was ligated at P7, P10, P12 or P21 in CD1 mice or at P12 in C57Bl/6 mice. Littermate controls received sham surgery. Seizures were rated for 4h after surgery; brain injury was scored one week later. In a separate group of P12 CD1 mice, electrocorticographic activity was recorded continuously for 4h after carotid ligation or sham surgery. Brain injury and cumulative seizure score varied significantly with age (p<0.001) and strain (p<0.001). In CD1 mice, injury was greatest after ligation on P10 to P12 and seizure score was maximal at P12. Seizure scores were significantly correlated with injury after ligation on P10 or P12. C57Bl/6 mice, like C3Heb/FeJ mice examined previously, were much less vulnerable to seizures and injury than CD1 mice after ligation on P12. This study demonstrates that carotid ligation in the CD1 mouse on P12 causes acute electrographic rhythmic discharges that correlate with behavioral seizures. We also found that the age at which ligation is performed and genetic strain have a strong influence on the severity of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Comi
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Kadam SD, Mulholland JD, Smith DR, Johnston MV, Comi AM. Chronic brain injury and behavioral impairments in a mouse model of term neonatal strokes. Behav Brain Res 2008; 197:77-83. [PMID: 18761039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stroke in term neonates remains a significant cause of long-term neurological morbidity. This study was designed to assess the relationships between ischemic stroke induced by permanent unilateral carotid ligation in P12 CD1 mice and the structural and functional outcomes in the young mice as a consequence. After P12 ischemic strokes, mice were behaviorally tested using accelerated rotorod, spontaneous alternation on a T-maze, open-field, and cylinder tests between P33 and P39. Brain injury was scored by histology at P40 with cresyl violet-stained coronal sections and computerized quantification of the ischemic injury. The ligation-injured mice were not different from controls on cylinder testing for asymmetric use of their forelimb, or on rotorod measures. In the spontaneous alternation task, however, injured mice demonstrated significantly lower rates of alternation indicating a deficit in working memory. Open-field testing repeated on two consecutive days revealed that the ligated mice were less active than the controls and that they failed to habituate to the open field environment between sessions indicating a learning deficit. Overall, our results demonstrate that ischemia induced by our neonatal stroke model produces behavioral deficits that are consistent with the brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa D Kadam
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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