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Pan S, Zhang Z, Pang W. The causal relationship between bacterial pneumonia and diabetes: a two-sample mendelian randomization study. Islets 2024; 16:2291885. [PMID: 38095344 PMCID: PMC10730180 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2023.2291885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous observational studies have established the high prevalence of bacterial pneumonia in diabetic patients, which in turn leads to increased mortality. However, the presence of a causal connection between bacterial pneumonia and diabetes remains unobserved. METHODS We chose genome-wide significant (Ρ < 1 × 10-5 and Ρ < 1 × 10-6) and independent (r2 < 0.001) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables (IVs) to proceed a bidirectional two-sample MR study. The extracted SNPs explored the relationship between bacterial pneumonia and diabetes by Inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median methods. In addition, we conducted the Heterogeneity test, the Pleiotropy test, MR-presso and the Leave-one-out (LOO) sensitivity test to validate the reliability of results. RESULTS In an MR study with bacterial pneumonia as an exposure factor, four different types of diabetes as outcome. It was observed that bacterial pneumonia increases the incidence of GDM (OR = 1.150 (1.027-1.274, P = 0.011) and T1DM (OR = 1.277 (1.024-1.531), P = 0.016). In the reverse MR analysis, it was observed that GDM (OR = 1.112 (1.023-1.201, P = 0.009) is associated with an elevated risk of bacterial pneumonia. However, no significant association was observed bacterial pneumonia with T1DM and other types of diabetes (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION This study utilizing MR methodology yields robust evidence supporting a bidirectional causal association between bacterial pneumonia and GDM. Furthermore, our findings suggest a plausible causal link between bacterial pneumonia and T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songying Pan
- The School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhongqi Zhang
- The School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Weiyi Pang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
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2
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Shil A, Banerjee A, Roy J, Pal M, Das D, Paul R, Maji BK, Sikdar Nee Bhakta M. The potential antibacterial effects of tea polyphenols. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2024:dmdi-2024-0058. [PMID: 39263725 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2024-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
The current review of tea and its parts is focused on the antibacterial properties, considering the possible applications and modes of action against bacterial illnesses. It shows the backdrop of antibiotic resistance and the huge demand for antibacterial treatments out there. From the interactions with bacterial components, the theory presented that tea polyphenols are antibacterial and therefore would be a substitute or supplementary therapy to the usual antibiotics. The study highlighted the role of tea polyphenols as potential antibacterial compounds that may interact with various bacterial components and different polyphenolic compounds occurring in tea. Future research directions may be directed toward testing more plant-based sources for antibacterial properties, in vivo validation of the studies, and possible synergistic effects with classical antibiotics. By addressing the controversies and disagreements involved, the present understanding of the topic of tea's antibacterial properties and enable the entry of new ways for fighting microorganisms resistant to antibiotics. In conclusion, this review adds to the growing body of evidence regarding the antimicrobial properties of tea and emphasizes the need for further studies that will allow the full exploitation of its therapeutic potential for countering the rising problem of antibiotic resistance in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Shil
- Department of Physiology, Harimohan Ghose College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Banerjee
- Department of Physiology (UG & PG), Serampore College, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
| | - Jayati Roy
- Department of Physiology (UG & PG), Serampore College, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
| | - Manisha Pal
- Department of Physiology (UG & PG), Serampore College, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
| | - Debasmita Das
- Department of Physiology (UG & PG), Serampore College, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajarshi Paul
- Department of Physiology (UG & PG), Serampore College, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
| | - Bithin Kumar Maji
- Department of Physiology (UG & PG), Serampore College, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
| | - Mausumi Sikdar Nee Bhakta
- Department of Life Sciences, Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics Laboratory, Physiology Unit, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Bhattacharya S, Khanra PK, Dutta A, Gupta N, Aliakbar Tehrani Z, Severová L, Šrédl K, Dvořák M, Fernández-Cusimamani E. Computational Screening of T-Muurolol for an Alternative Antibacterial Solution against Staphylococcus aureus Infections: An In Silico Approach for Phytochemical-Based Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9650. [PMID: 39273596 PMCID: PMC11395065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infections present a significant threat to the global healthcare system. The increasing resistance to existing antibiotics and their limited efficacy underscores the urgent need to identify new antibacterial agents with low toxicity to effectively combat various S. aureus infections. Hence, in this study, we have screened T-muurolol for possible interactions with several S. aureus-specific bacterial proteins to establish its potential as an alternative antibacterial agent. Based on its binding affinity and interactions with amino acids, T-muurolol was identified as a potential inhibitor of S. aureus lipase, dihydrofolate reductase, penicillin-binding protein 2a, D-Ala:D-Ala ligase, and ribosome protection proteins tetracycline resistance determinant (RPP TetM), which indicates its potentiality against S. aureus and its multi-drug-resistant strains. Also, T-muurolol exhibited good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity by showing strong binding interactions with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) oxidase, and cyclooxygenase-2. Consequently, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and recalculating binding free energies elucidated its binding interaction stability with targeted proteins. Furthermore, quantum chemical structure analysis based on density functional theory (DFT) depicted a higher energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (EHOMO-LUMO) with a lower chemical potential index, and moderate electrophilicity suggests its chemical hardness and stability and less polarizability and reactivity. Additionally, pharmacological parameters based on ADMET, Lipinski's rules, and bioactivity score validated it as a promising drug candidate with high activity toward ion channel modulators, nuclear receptor ligands, and enzyme inhibitors. In conclusion, the current findings suggest T-muurolol as a promising alternative antibacterial agent that might be a potential phytochemical-based drug against S. aureus. This study also suggests further clinical research before human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Bhattacharya
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pijush Kanti Khanra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Adrish Dutta
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Neha Gupta
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zahra Aliakbar Tehrani
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Severová
- Department of Economic Theories, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Šrédl
- Department of Economic Theories, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Dvořák
- Department of Trade and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eloy Fernández-Cusimamani
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
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Farazin A, Mahjoubi S. Dual-functional Hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone regeneration and precision drug delivery. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 157:106661. [PMID: 39018918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Addressing infected bone defects remains a significant challenge in orthopedics, requiring effective infection control and bone defect repair. A promising therapeutic approach involves the development of dual-functional engineered biomaterials with drug delivery systems that combine antibacterial properties with osteogenesis promotion. The Hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds offer a one-stage treatment, eliminating the need for multiple surgeries and thereby streamlining the process and reducing treatment time. This review delves into the impaired bone repair mechanisms within pathogen-infected and inflamed microenvironments, providing a theoretical foundation for treating infectious bone defects. Additionally, it explores composite scaffolds made of antibacterial and osteogenic materials, along with advanced drug delivery systems that possess both antibacterial and bone-regenerative properties. By offering a comprehensive understanding of the microenvironment of infectious bone defects and innovative design strategies for dual-function scaffolds, this review presents significant advancements in treatment methods for infectious bone defects. Continued research and clinical validation are essential to refine these innovations, ensuring biocompatibility and safety, achieving controlled release and stability, and developing scalable manufacturing processes for widespread clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Farazin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, United States
| | - Soroush Mahjoubi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States.
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5
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Panickar A, Manoharan A, Anbarasu A, Ramaiah S. Respiratory tract infections: an update on the complexity of bacterial diversity, therapeutic interventions and breakthroughs. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:382. [PMID: 39153075 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) have a significant impact on global health, especially among children and the elderly. The key bacterial pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and non-fermenting Gram Negative bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are most commonly associated with RTIs. These bacterial pathogens have evolved a diverse array of resistance mechanisms through horizontal gene transfer, often mediated by mobile genetic elements and environmental acquisition. Treatment failures are primarily due to antimicrobial resistance and inadequate bacterial engagement, which necessitates the development of alternative treatment strategies. To overcome this, our review mainly focuses on different virulence mechanisms and their resulting pathogenicity, highlighting different therapeutic interventions to combat resistance. To prevent the antimicrobial resistance crisis, we also focused on leveraging the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning to manage RTIs. Integrative approaches combining mechanistic insights are crucial for addressing the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance in respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avani Panickar
- Medical and Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Anand Manoharan
- Infectious Diseases Medical and Scientific Affairs, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Worli, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anand Anbarasu
- Medical and Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Sudha Ramaiah
- Medical and Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Verma KK, Matthew EJ, Wealther R, Pendse R, Tarbox M. Strategies for Diagnosing and Treating Disseminated Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Insights From a Pustular Eruption. Cureus 2024; 16:e67516. [PMID: 39310552 PMCID: PMC11416146 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.67516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A 63-year-old immunocompromised male with a history of renal transplant and stage III large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma undergoing rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) therapy presented with fever and a disseminated pustular eruption. Initial laboratory values indicated septicemia. Differential diagnoses included Sweet's syndrome, septic emboli, and leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Punch biopsies and bacterial cultures confirmed disseminated methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infection. Histopathology revealed intraepidermal vesiculopustules and bacterial cocci colonies in the superficial dermis, suggesting hematogenous spread. The patient's indwelling venous access port was identified as the infection source and removed. Treatment included antibiotics such as cefepime, vancomycin, fluconazole, and acyclovir, as well as filgrastim for neutropenia. Following port removal and a four-week course of ceftriaxone, the patient's condition improved. This case highlights the importance of clinicopathologic correlation in diagnosing and managing disseminated staphylococcal infections in immunocompromised patients. The rare presentation of vesiculopustular eruptions secondary to MSSA emphasizes the need for prompt identification and treatment to prevent severe complications. This report contributes to the limited literature on disseminated staphylococcal infections presenting as vesiculopustular eruptions in immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritin K Verma
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
| | - Ethan J Matthew
- Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
| | - Ryan Wealther
- Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
| | - Rohan Pendse
- Neurosurgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
| | - Michelle Tarbox
- Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
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7
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Saifi F, Jeoboam B, Demory Beckler M, Costin JM. The Association Between Lactational Infective Mastitis and the Microbiome: Development, Onset, and Treatments. Cureus 2024; 16:e62717. [PMID: 39036221 PMCID: PMC11259407 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactational infective mastitis (LIM) was previously thought to occur due to trapped milk causing inadequate milk drainage and consequent infection. However, advances in genome sequencing techniques have shown that the abundance of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Lactobacilli species, and Bifidobacterium species in the breast milk of lactating women play a key role in the development of LIM. Recent discoveries have revealed that the breast milk microbiome is composed of bacteria and other microorganisms, which are seeded through multiple pathways and are influenced by maternal factors. An imbalance in the microbial abundance in breast milk can lead to LIM. Given that this infection can cause early termination of breastfeeding, it is imperative to discuss prevention and treatment options. The objective of this review is to highlight the pathogens involved in LIM affecting human mothers, routes of bacterial transfer, and contributing factors that may influence changes in the composition of the milk microbiota, as well as propose preventative and curative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farishta Saifi
- Biomedical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Benscar Jeoboam
- Biomedical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Michelle Demory Beckler
- Microbiology and Immunology, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Joshua M Costin
- Medical Education, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
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Liu X, Guo X, Su X, Ji B, Chang Y, Huang Q, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang P. Extracellular Vehicles from Commensal Skin Malassezia restricta Inhibit Staphylococcus aureus Proliferation and Biofilm Formation. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:624-637. [PMID: 38295002 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The colonizing microbiota on the body surface play a crucial role in barrier function. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a significant contributor to skin infection, and the utilization of colonization resistance of skin commensal microorganisms to counteract the invasion of pathogens is a viable approach. However, most studies on colonization resistance have focused on skin bacteria, with limited research on the resistance of skin fungal communities to pathogenic bacteria. Extracellular vehicles (EVs) play an important role in the colonization of microbial niches and the interaction between distinct strains. This paper explores the impact of Malassezia restricta (M. restricta), the fungus that dominates the normal healthy skin microbiota, on the proliferation of S. aureus by examining the distribution disparities between the two microorganisms. Based on the extraction of EVs, the bacterial growth curve, and biofilm formation, it was determined that the EVs of M. restricta effectively suppressed the growth and biofilm formation of S. aureus. The presence of diverse metabolites was identified as the primary factor responsible for the growth inhibition of S. aureus, specifically in relation to glycerol phospholipid metabolism, ABC transport, and arginine synthesis. These findings offer valuable experimental evidence for understanding microbial symbiosis and interactions within healthy skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Xiaomin Su
- Shaanxi Province Blood Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Bingru Ji
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Yawei Chang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Qichao Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Shaanxi Province Blood Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Pan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
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Shipman JG, Onyenwoke RU, Sivaraman V. Vaping-Dependent Pulmonary Inflammation Is Ca 2+ Mediated and Potentially Sex Specific. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1785. [PMID: 38339063 PMCID: PMC10855597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Here we use the SCIREQ InExpose system to simulate a biologically relevant vaping model in mice to investigate the role of calcium signaling in vape-dependent pulmonary disease as well as to investigate if there is a gender-based difference of disease. Male and female mice were vaped with JUUL Menthol (3% nicotine) using the SCIREQ InExpose system for 2 weeks. Additionally, 2-APB, a known calcium signaling inhibitor, was administered as a prophylactic for lung disease and damage caused by vaping. After 2 weeks, mice were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic a bacterial infection. Post-infection (24 h), mice were sacrificed, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lungs were taken. Vaping primed the lungs for worsened disease burden after microbial challenge (LPS) for both males and females, though females presented increased neutrophilia and inflammatory cytokines post-vape compared to males, which was assessed by flow cytometry, and cytokine and histopathological analysis. This increased inflammatory burden was controlled by calcium signaling inhibition, suggesting that calcium dysregulation may play a role in lung injury caused by vaping in a gender-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G. Shipman
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (J.G.S.); (R.U.O.)
| | - Rob U. Onyenwoke
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (J.G.S.); (R.U.O.)
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Vijay Sivaraman
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (J.G.S.); (R.U.O.)
- The Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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Xu X, Zhou T, Fang X, Hu L, Zhu J, Zheng F. Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of a Staphylococcus aureus strain with an incomplete hemolytic phenotype isolated from bovine milk. Microbiol Immunol 2024; 68:6-14. [PMID: 37985160 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen capable of infecting both humans and animals and causing various severe diseases. Here, we aimed to determine the biological features and pathogenicity of S. aureus strain Sa9, of the incomplete hemolysis phenotype, isolated from bovine milk. Sa9 was classified as ST97 by multilocus sequence typing, and it showed increased β-hemolysin expression and lower Hla and Hld expression levels compared with that in the S. aureus USA300 strain LAC. RT-PCR and ELISA results showed that the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were higher in Sa9-induced mouse primary peritoneal macrophages compared with those induced by the LAC strain. However, the Sa9 strain also mediated anti-inflammatory effects by upregulating IL-10 and IFN-β in macrophages, which were not apparently induced by S. aureus culture supernatants. Phagocytosis and whole-blood survival assays were also performed to assess the in vitro survival of bacteria, and the virulence was evaluated in mice. Although the Sa9 strain showed lower ability of intracellular survival in macrophages than LAC, similar multiplication in human whole blood and pathogenicity toward mice were observed. Taken together, we report that the distinctive immune response induced by the S. aureus strain with an incomplete hemolysis phenotype occurs in cattle, and its potential pathogenicity and risk of transmission to humans require attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueyao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Medicine in Jiangxi Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Longhua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicine in Jiangxi Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, China
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11
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Goormaghtigh F, Van Bambeke F. Understanding Staphylococcus aureus internalisation and induction of antimicrobial tolerance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2024; 22:87-101. [PMID: 38180805 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2024.2303018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus, a human commensal, is also one of the most common and serious pathogens for humans. In recent years, its capacity to survive and replicate in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells has been largely demonstrated. In these intracellular niches, bacteria are shielded from the immune response and antibiotics, turning host cells into long-term infectious reservoirs. Moreover, neutrophils carry intracellular bacteria in the bloodstream, leading to systemic spreading of the disease. Despite the serious threat posed by intracellular S. aureus to human health, the molecular mechanisms behind its intracellular survival and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure remain elusive. AREA COVERED We give an overview of the killing mechanisms of phagocytes and of the impressive arsenal of virulence factors, toxins and stress responses deployed by S. aureus as a response. We then discuss the different barriers to antibiotic activity in this intracellular niche and finally describe innovative strategies to target intracellular persisting reservoirs. EXPERT OPINION Intracellular niches represent a challenge in terms of diagnostic and treatment. Further research using ad-hoc in-vivo models and single cell approaches are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying intracellular survival and tolerance to antibiotics in order to identify strategies to eliminate these persistent bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Goormaghtigh
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Van Bambeke
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Sorour HK, Shalaby AG, Abdelmagid MA, Hosny RA. Characterization and pathogenicity of multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci isolates in chickens. Int Microbiol 2023; 26:989-1000. [PMID: 37055707 PMCID: PMC10622361 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic potential of vancomycin and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (VMRCoNS) on Egyptian poultry farms has received little attention. Therefore, this study aims to study the prevalence of CoNS in imported poultry flocks and commercial poultry farms, evaluate the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, and mecA), and assess their pathogenicity in broiler chicks. Seven species were identified among 25 isolates, such as 8 S. gallinarum, 5 S. saprophyticus, 5 S. chromogens, 3 S. warneri, 2 S. hominis, 1 S. caprae, and 1 S. epidermidis. All isolates were resistant to clindamycin, doxycycline, vancomycin, methicillin, rifampicin, and penicillin. The mecA gene was confirmed in 14 isolates, while the sed gene was revealed in seven isolates. Commercial 1-day-old Ross broiler chicks were divided into eight groups of three replicates (10 birds/group): group Ӏ was negative control; groups (П, Ш, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) were subcutaneously inoculated with 108 CFUml-1 of S. hominis, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, S. gallinarum, S. chromogens, S. warneri, and S. saprophyticus, respectively. Groups VIII and V had mortality rates of 100% and 20%, respectively, with no evidence of mortalities in the other groups. The highest re-isolation of CoNS species was recorded in groups VII, VIII, and V. Postmortem and histopathological examination revealed the common presence of polyserositis in the internal organs, and hepatic and myocardial necrosis in groups IV, V, and VI. These findings revealed the pathogenic potential of CoNS, so special attention must be directed toward their public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend K Sorour
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azhar G Shalaby
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Abdelmagid
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reham A Hosny
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
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13
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Kerda M, Šlechta P, Jand'ourek O, Konečná K, Hatoková P, Paterová P, Zitko J. N-Pyrazinylhydroxybenzamides as biologically active compounds: a hit-expansion study and antimicrobial evaluation. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:1791-1806. [PMID: 37877255 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The development of novel antimicrobial drugs is an essential part of combatting the uprising of antimicrobial resistance. Proper hit-to-lead development is crucially needed. Methods & results: We present a hit-expansion study of N-pyrazinyl- and N-pyridyl-hydroxybenzamides with a comprehensive determination of structure-activity relationships. The antimicrobial screening revealed high selectivity to staphylococci along with antimycobacterial activity with the best value of 6.25 μg/ml against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. We proved an inhibition of proteosynthesis and a membrane depolarization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: Our results are a good starting point for further development of new antimicrobial compounds, where the next step would be tuning the potential between relatively nonspecific membrane depolarization effect and specific inhibition of proteosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kerda
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šlechta
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Jand'ourek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Konečná
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Paulina Hatoková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Paterová
- University Hospital Hradec Králové, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zitko
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
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14
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Almuhayawi MS, Alruhaili MH, Gattan HS, Alharbi MT, Nagshabandi M, Al Jaouni S, Selim S, Alanazi A, Alruwaili Y, Faried OA, Elnosary ME. Staphylococcus aureus Induced Wound Infections Which Antimicrobial Resistance, Methicillin- and Vancomycin-Resistant: Assessment of Emergence and Cross Sectional Study. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:5335-5346. [PMID: 37605760 PMCID: PMC10440082 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s418681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wound infection is a prevalent concern in the medical field, being is a multi-step process involving several biological processes. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) infections often occur in areas of damaged skin, such as abrasions and open wounds. Methods This research aims to light the incidence of MRSA and VRSA in wound swabs, the antimicrobial susceptibility configuration of isolated S. aureus patterns in pus/wound samples collected from Saudi Arabian tertiary hospital. The cross section study, β- lactamase detection, VRSA genotyping, MAR index, D-test and VRSA genotyping are methods, which used for completed this research. Results Patients of several ages and genders delivered specimens from two hospitals in the Al jouf area, in the northern province of Saudi Arabia. S. aureus was found in 188 (34.7%) of the 542 wounds. The traumatized wounds provided 71 isolates (38.8%), surgical wound provided 49 isolates (26.8%) and abscess were represented 16 by isolates (8.7%). In the study, 123 (65.4%) out of 188 were MRSA, 60 (31.9%) were MSSA, and five (2.7%) were VRSA. Linezolid and rifampin were found to be the most effective antimicrobials with 100% in vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus isolates. The Multiple antimicrobials resistance (MAR) index revealed 73 isolates (38.9%) with a MAR index greater than 0.2, and 115 (61.1%) less than 0.2. The D-test showed that of MLSb phenotypes among S. aureus, 22 (11.7%) strains were D-test positive (MLSbi phenotype), 53 (28.2%) strains were constitutive MLSc phenotypes, and 17 (9%) strains were shown to have MSb phenotypes. All VRSA isolates (n=5) were found to be positive for vanA, and no vanB positive isolates were detected in the study. Conclusion Regular monitoring and an antimicrobials stewardship program should be in place to provide critical information that can be utilized for empirical therapy and future prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Almuhayawi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H Alruhaili
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hattan S Gattan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohanned Talal Alharbi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Nagshabandi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awadh Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir Alruwaili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Ahmed Faried
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Elnosary
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Rancan F, Jurisch J, Hadam S, Vogt A, Blume-Peytavi U, Bayer IS, Contardi M, Schaudinn C. Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Polyvinylpyrrolidone Foils for the Topical Treatment of Wound Infections with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1876. [PMID: 37514062 PMCID: PMC10385417 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a constant challenge in the management of acute and chronic wounds. Chronic wounds, such as diabetic foot ulcers, have increased significantly in the last few years due to the rise of an aging population. A better understanding of the infectious pathophysiological mechanisms is urgently needed along with new options for the treatment of wound infections and wound-healing disorders. New advances in the preparation of biocompatible dressing materials that can be loaded with antimicrobial drugs may improve the topical treatment of infected wounds. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) foils loaded with ciprofloxacin (Cipro-foils) in the presence of acetic acid as a co-solvent. We used ex vivo human wounds that were infected with two bacterial strains: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1). The effectiveness of the treatment was demonstrated by the quantification of the living bacteria extracted from the wound and the detection of released immunological mediators in skin extracts and in the skin culture media. We found that Cipro-foils effectively treated the infection with both PAO1 and MRSA. Other than PAO1, MRSA had no lytic activity toward skin proteins. MRSA infections increased cytokines' expression and release. Interestingly, treatment with Cipro-foils could partially counteract these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Rancan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Jurisch
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hadam
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Vogt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilker S Bayer
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Contardi
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Christoph Schaudinn
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Zentrum für Biologische Gefahren und Spezielle Pathogene 4, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Venkateswaran P, Vasudevan S, David H, Shaktivel A, Shanmugam K, Neelakantan P, Solomon AP. Revisiting ESKAPE Pathogens: virulence, resistance, and combating strategies focusing on quorum sensing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1159798. [PMID: 37457962 PMCID: PMC10339816 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1159798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The human-bacterial association is long-known and well-established in terms of both augmentations of human health and attenuation. However, the growing incidents of nosocomial infections caused by the ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter sp.) call for a much deeper understanding of these organisms. Adopting a holistic approach that includes the science of infection and the recent advancements in preventing and treating infections is imperative in designing novel intervention strategies against ESKAPE pathogens. In this regard, this review captures the ingenious strategies commissioned by these master players, which are teamed up against the defenses of the human team, that are equally, if not more, versatile and potent through an analogy. We have taken a basketball match as our analogy, dividing the human and bacterial species into two teams playing with the ball of health. Through this analogy, we make the concept of infectious biology more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Venkateswaran
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Sahana Vasudevan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Helma David
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Adityan Shaktivel
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Karthik Shanmugam
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
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Patel H, Rawat S. A genetic regulatory see-saw of biofilm and virulence in MRSA pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1204428. [PMID: 37434702 PMCID: PMC10332168 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1204428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common opportunistic human pathogens causing several infectious diseases. Ever since the emergence of the first methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain decades back, the organism has been a major cause of hospital-acquired infections (HA-MRSA). The spread of this pathogen across the community led to the emergence of a more virulent subtype of the strain, i.e., Community acquired Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Hence, WHO has declared Staphylococcus aureus as a high-priority pathogen. MRSA pathogenesis is remarkable because of the ability of this "superbug" to form robust biofilm both in vivo and in vitro by the formation of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), extracellular DNA (eDNA), wall teichoic acids (WTAs), and capsule (CP), which are major components that impart stability to a biofilm. On the other hand, secretion of a diverse array of virulence factors such as hemolysins, leukotoxins, enterotoxins, and Protein A regulated by agr and sae two-component systems (TCS) aids in combating host immune response. The up- and downregulation of adhesion genes involved in biofilm formation and genes responsible for synthesizing virulence factors during different stages of infection act as a genetic regulatory see-saw in the pathogenesis of MRSA. This review provides insight into the evolution and pathogenesis of MRSA infections with a focus on genetic regulation of biofilm formation and virulence factors secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seema Rawat
- Microbiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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18
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Dzyhovskyi V, Stokowa-Sołtys K. Divalent metal ion binding to Staphylococcus aureus FeoB transporter regions. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 244:112203. [PMID: 37018851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal ions such as iron, copper, zinc, manganese or, nickel are essential in many biological processes. Bacteria have developed a number of mechanisms for their acquisition and transport, in which numerous of proteins and smaller molecules are involved. One of the representatives of these proteins is FeoB, which belongs to the Feo (ferrous ion transporter) family. Although ferrous iron transport system is widespread among microorganisms, it is still poorly described in Gram-positive pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus. In this work, combined potentiometric and spectroscopic studies (UV-Vis, CD and EPR) were carried out to determine Cu(II), Fe(II) and Zn(II) binding modes to FeoB fragments (Ac-IDYHKLMK-NH2, Ac-ETSHDKY-NH2, and Ac-SFLHMVGS-NH2). For the first time iron(II) complexes with peptides were characterized by potentiometry. All studied ligands are able to form a variety of thermodynamically stable complexes with transition metal ions. It was concluded that among the studied systems, the most effective metal ion binding is observed for the Ac-ETSHDKY-NH2 peptide. Moreover, comparing preferences of all ligands towards different metal ions, copper(II) complexes are the most stable ones at physiological pH.
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19
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Mahapatra SR, Dey J, Raj TK, Misra N, Suar M. Designing a Next-Generation Multiepitope-Based Vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus Using Reverse Vaccinology Approaches. Pathogens 2023; 12:376. [PMID: 36986298 PMCID: PMC10058999 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a human bacterial pathogen that can cause a wide range of symptoms. As virulent and multi-drug-resistant strains of S. aureus have evolved, invasive S. aureus infections in hospitals and the community have become one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. The development of novel techniques is therefore necessary to overcome this bacterial infection. Vaccines are an appropriate alternative in this context to control infections. In this study, the collagen-binding protein (CnBP) from S. aureus was chosen as the target antigen, and a series of computational methods were used to find epitopes that may be used in vaccine development in a systematic way. The epitopes were passed through a filtering pipeline that included antigenicity, toxicity, allergenicity, and cytokine inducibility testing, with the objective of identifying epitopes capable of eliciting both T and B cell-mediated immune responses. To improve vaccine immunogenicity, the final epitopes and phenol-soluble modulin α4 adjuvant were fused together using appropriate linkers; as a consequence, a multiepitope vaccine was developed. The chosen T cell epitope ensemble is expected to cover 99.14% of the global human population. Furthermore, docking and dynamics simulations were used to examine the vaccine's interaction with the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), revealing great affinity, consistency, and stability between the two. Overall, the data indicate that the vaccine candidate may be extremely successful, and it will need to be evaluated in experimental systems to confirm its efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Ranjan Mahapatra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dey
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - T. Kiran Raj
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Namrata Misra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
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20
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Verma NK, Dewangan RP, Harioudh MK, Ghosh JK. Introduction of a β-leucine residue instead of leucine 9 and glycine 10 residues in Temporin L for improved cell selectivity, stability and activity against planktonic and biofilm of methicillin resistant S. aureus. Bioorg Chem 2023; 134:106440. [PMID: 36870201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Leucine and glycine residues, at the 9th and 10th positions of helical domain of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide (AMP), Temporin L were substituted with an unnatural amino acid, β-leucine (homovaline) to improve its serum protease stability, haemolytic/cytotoxic properties and reduce the size to some extent. The designed analogue, L9βl-TL showed either equal or improved antimicrobial activity to TL against different microorganisms including the resistant strains. Interestingly, L9βl-TL also exhibited lower haemolytic and cytotoxic activities against human red blood cells and 3T3 cells, respectively. Moreover, L9βl-TL showed antibacterial activity in presence of 25% (v/v) human serum and showed resistance against proteolytic cleavage in presence of it that suggested the serum protease stability of the TL-analogue. L9βl-TL exhibited un-ordered secondary structures in both bacterial and mammalian membrane mimetic lipid vesicles as compared to the helical structures of TL in these environments. However, tryptophan fluorescence studies demonstrated more selective interaction of L9βl-TL with bacterial membrane mimetic lipid vesicles in comparison to non-selective interactions of TL with both kinds of lipid vesicles. Membrane depolarization studies with live MRSA and bacterial membrane-mimetic lipid vesicles suggested a membrane-disrupting mode of action of L9βl-TL. L9βl-TL showed faster bactericidal mechanism compared to TL against MRSA. Interestingly, L9βl-TL was found as more potent than TL either in inhibiting biofilm formation or in eradicating the mature biofilm formed by MRSA. Overall, the present work demonstrates a simple and useful strategy to design of an analogue of TL, with minimal modifications while maintaining its antimicrobial activity with lesser toxicity and higher stability which could be attempted for other AMPs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar Verma
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rikeshwer Prasad Dewangan
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India.
| | - Munesh Kumar Harioudh
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Jimut Kanti Ghosh
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India.
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21
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Billings C, Rifkin R, Abouelkhair M, Jones RD, Bow A, Kolape J, Rajeev S, Kania S, Anderson DE. In vitro and in vivo assessment of caprine origin Staphylococcus aureus ST398 strain UTCVM1 as an osteomyelitis pathogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1015655. [PMID: 36726643 PMCID: PMC9885270 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1015655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a significant and well-recognized causative organism of bacterial osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory bone disease characterized by progressive bone destruction and loss. This disease causes significant morbidity and mortality to the patient and poses therapeutic challenges for clinicians. To improve the efficacy of therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial osteomyelitis, there is a need to define the molecular epidemiology of bacterial organisms more clearly and further the understanding of the pathogenesis of SA osteomyelitis. We conducted in vitro characterization of the pathogenic capabilities of an isolate of SA ST398 derived from a clinical case of osteomyelitis in a goat. We also report a rodent mandibular defect model to determine the ability of ST398 to cause reproducible osteomyelitis. Our results indicate that ST398 can invade and distort pre-osteoblastic cells in culture, induce significant inflammation and alter expression of osteoregulatory cytokines. We also demonstrate the ability of ST398 to induce osteomyelitis in a rat mandibular model. When compiled, these data support ST398 as a competent osteomyelitis pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Billings
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Caroline Billings,
| | - Rebecca Rifkin
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Mohamed Abouelkhair
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Rebekah Duckett Jones
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Austin Bow
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jaydeep Kolape
- Advanced Microscopy and Imaging Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Sreekumari Rajeev
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Stephen Kania
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - David E. Anderson
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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González-Villarreal JA, González-Lozano KJ, Aréchiga-Carvajal ET, Morlett-Chávez JA, Luévanos-Escareño MP, Balagurusamy N, Salinas-Santander MA. Molecular mechanisms of multidrug resistance in clinically relevant enteropathogenic bacteria (Review). Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:753. [PMID: 36561977 PMCID: PMC9748766 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistant (MDR) enteropathogenic bacteria are a growing problem within the clinical environment due to their acquired tolerance to a wide range of antibiotics, thus causing severe illnesses and a tremendous economic impact in the healthcare sector. Due to its difficult treatment, knowledge and understanding of the molecular mechanisms that confer this resistance are needed. The aim of the present review is to describe the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance from a genomic perspective observed in bacteria, including naturally acquired resistance. The present review also discusses common pharmacological and alternative treatments used in cases of infection caused by MDR bacteria, thus covering necessary information for the development of novel antimicrobials and adjuvant molecules inhibiting bacterial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katia Jamileth González-Lozano
- Microbiology Department, Phytopathology and Mycology Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Genetic Manipulation Unit, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León 66459, Mexico
| | - Elva Teresa Aréchiga-Carvajal
- Microbiology Department, Phytopathology and Mycology Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Genetic Manipulation Unit, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León 66459, Mexico
| | - Jesús Antonio Morlett-Chávez
- Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Saltillo Unit, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25000, Mexico
| | | | - Nagamani Balagurusamy
- Bioremediation Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Torreón, Coahuila 27275, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Andrés Salinas-Santander
- Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Saltillo Unit, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25000, Mexico,Correspondence to: Dr Mauricio Andrés Salinas-Santander, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Saltillo Unit, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Calle Francisco Murguía Sur 205, Zona Centro, Saltillo, Coahuila 25000, Mexico
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Yee T, Wert KJ. Base and Prime Editing in the Retina-From Preclinical Research toward Human Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12375. [PMID: 36293232 PMCID: PMC9604474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of diseases that are one of the leading causes of vision loss in young and aged individuals. IRDs are mainly caused by a loss of the post-mitotic photoreceptor neurons of the retina, or by the degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium. Unfortunately, once these cells are damaged, it is irreversible and leads to permanent vision impairment. Thought to be previously incurable, gene therapy has been rapidly evolving to be a potential treatment to prevent further degeneration of the retina and preserve visual function. The development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) base and prime editors have increased the capabilities of the genome editing toolbox in recent years. Both base and prime editors evade the creation of double-stranded breaks in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the requirement of donor template of DNA for repair, which make them advantageous methods in developing clinical therapies. In addition, establishing a permanent edit within the genome could be better suited for patients with progressive degeneration. In this review, we will summarize published uses of successful base and prime editing in treating IRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Yee
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Katherine J. Wert
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Jang JH, Kim S, Kim SG, Lee J, Lee DG, Jang J, Jeong YS, Song DH, Min JK, Park JG, Lee MS, Han BS, Son JS, Lee J, Lee NK. A Sensitive Immunodetection Assay Using Antibodies Specific to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Produced by Baculovirus Expression. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100787. [PMID: 36290925 PMCID: PMC9599101 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a potent bacterial toxin that causes inflammatory stimulation and toxic shock, thus it is necessary to detect SEB in food and environmental samples. Here, we developed a sensitive immunodetection system using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Our study is the first to employ a baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) to produce recombinant wild-type SEB. BEVS facilitated high-quantity and pure SEB production from suspension-cultured insect cells, and the SEB produced was characterized by mass spectrometry analysis. The SEB was stable at 4 °C for at least 2 years, maintaining its purity, and was further utilized for mouse immunization to generate mAbs. An optimal pair of mAbs non-competitive to SEB was selected for sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based immunodetection. The limit of detection of the immunodetection method was 0.38 ng/mL. Moreover, it displayed higher sensitivity in detecting SEB than commercially available immunodetection kits and retained detectability in various matrices and S. aureus culture supernatants. Thus, the results indicate that BEVS is useful for producing pure recombinant SEB with its natural immunogenic property in high yield, and that the developed immunodetection assay is reliable and sensitive for routine identification of SEB in various samples, including foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hong Jang
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sungsik Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seul-Gi Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jaemin Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dong-Gwang Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jieun Jang
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Young-Su Jeong
- Agency for Defense Development, 488 Bugyuseoung-daero, Daejeon 34060, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Song
- Agency for Defense Development, 488 Bugyuseoung-daero, Daejeon 34060, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jong-Gil Park
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Baek-Soo Han
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jee-Soo Son
- iNtRON Biotechnology, 137 Sagimakgol-ro, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si 13202, Korea
| | - Jangwook Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (N.-K.L.); Tel.: +82-42-860-4123 (J.L.); +82-42-860-4117 (N.-K.L.)
| | - Nam-Kyung Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (N.-K.L.); Tel.: +82-42-860-4123 (J.L.); +82-42-860-4117 (N.-K.L.)
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Karuppiah V, Seralathan M. Quorum sensing inhibitory potential of vaccenic acid against Chromobacterium violaceum and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:146. [PMID: 35759150 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a potential target for inhibiting bacterial antibiotic resistance and associated pathogenicity. The present study aimed to investigate vaccenic acid anti-QS and antibiofilm potential against Chromobacterium violaceum and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In the broth microdilution method, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vaccenic acid against C. violaceum and MRSA. Then, we determined the vaccenic acid anti-QS potential against C. violaceum via a violacein inhibition assay. Vaccenic acid at a sub-MIC concentration significantly inhibited violacein pigment production. Vaccenic acid also inhibits C. violaceum and MRSA biofilm formation at sub-MIC concentrations. The effect of vaccenic acid antivirulence potential was evaluated by phenotypic virulence assays. The results showed that vaccenic acid at a sub-MIC concentration significantly inhibited the virulence production of C. violaceum (chitinase and motility) and MRSA (hemolysin and staphyloxanthin production). Quantitative PCR analysis revealed the downregulation of QS associated genes upon vaccenic acid treatment. This resulted in the downregulation of genes involved in QS mechanisms such as cviI, cviR, and SarA and pigment production such as vioB and crtM. The results of the present study suggest that vaccenic acid is a promising agent to combat C. violaceum and MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Karuppiah
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, 608 502, India.
- PAR Life Sciences and Research Private Limited, Woraiyur, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, 620003, India.
| | - Muhilvannan Seralathan
- PAR Life Sciences and Research Private Limited, Woraiyur, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, 620003, India
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26
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Bakr ME, Kashef MT, Hosny AEDMS, Ramadan MA. Effect of spdC gene expression on virulence and antibiotic resistance in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Int Microbiol 2022; 25:649-659. [PMID: 35608714 PMCID: PMC9307553 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Surface protein display C (SpdC) protein was described as a novel virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus that affects biofilm formation and pathogenesis and favors resistance to antimicrobials targeting cell wall. We evaluated the possible correlation between spdC gene expression level and virulence as well as antibiotic resistance phenotypes in S. aureus clinical isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus clinical isolates (n = 100) was determined by the disk diffusion method. Vancomycin susceptibility was determined by the broth microdilution method. The level of the extracellular proteases and delta-hemolysin was evaluated by measuring the proteolysis and hemolysis zone diameters in skim milk and blood agar plates, respectively. Biofilm formation was assayed using the 96-well microtiter plate method. Most of the isolates (81%) were multidrug-resistant and about half of the isolates (49%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Hemolysin, protease, and biofilm production were detectable in 79%, 71%, and 96% of the isolates. No significant correlation was detectable between the level of spdC gene expression and the activity of tested virulence factors or the antimicrobial resistance phenotype. Therefore, the role of SpdC protein as a virulence regulator in S. aureus needs further evaluation together with the determination of the predominant regulators for each virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada E Bakr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona T Kashef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Alaa El-Dien M S Hosny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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27
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Ramond E, Lepissier A, Ding X, Bouvier C, Tan X, Euphrasie D, Monbernard P, Dupuis M, Saubaméa B, Nemazanyy I, Nassif X, Ferroni A, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Charbit A, Coureuil M, Jamet A. Lung-adapted Staphylococcus aureus isolates with dysfunctional agr system trigger a proinflammatory response. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1276-1285. [PMID: 35524969 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) dominates the lung microbiota of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) children and persistent clones are able to establish chronic infection for years, having a direct deleterious impact on lung function. However, in this context, the exact contribution of Sa to the decline in respiratory function in CF children is not elucidated. METHODS To investigate the contribution of persistent S. aureus clones in CF disease, we undertook the analysis of sequential isogenic isolates recovered from 15 young CF patients. RESULTS Using an Air-Liquid infection model, we observed a strong correlation between Sa adaption in the lung (late isolates), low toxicity and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Conversely, early isolates appeared to be highly cytotoxic but did not promote cytokine secretion. We found that cytokine secretion was dependent on Staphylococcal protein A (Spa), which was selectively expressed in late compared to early isolates as a consequence of dysfunctional agr quorum-sensing system. Finally, we demonstrated the involvement of TNF-α receptor 1 signaling in the inflammatory response of airway epithelial cells to these lung-adapted Sa isolates. CONCLUSION Our results suggest an unexpected direct role of bacterial lung adaptation in the progression of chronic lung disease by promoting a pro-inflammatory response through acquired agr dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Ramond
- Université de Paris; Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team: Pathogenesis of Systemic Infections, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Lepissier
- Université de Paris; Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team: Epithelial channellopathies, Cystic Fibrosis and other diseases, Paris, France
| | - Xiongqi Ding
- Université de Paris; Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team: Pathogenesis of Systemic Infections, Paris, France
| | - Clémence Bouvier
- Université de Paris; Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team: Pathogenesis of Systemic Infections, Paris, France
| | - Xin Tan
- Université de Paris; Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team: Pathogenesis of Systemic Infections, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Euphrasie
- Université de Paris; Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team: Pathogenesis of Systemic Infections, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Monbernard
- Université de Paris; Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team: Pathogenesis of Systemic Infections, Paris, France
| | - Marion Dupuis
- Université de Paris; Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team: Pathogenesis of Systemic Infections, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging facility, INSERM US25, UMS3612 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Nemazanyy
- Plateforme Etude du métabolisme, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker INSERM US24-CNRS UMS 3633, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Nassif
- Université de Paris; Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team: Pathogenesis of Systemic Infections, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Ferroni
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP Centre Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Sermet-Gaudelus
- Université de Paris; Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team: Epithelial channellopathies, Cystic Fibrosis and other diseases, Paris, France
| | - Alain Charbit
- Université de Paris; Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team: Pathogenesis of Systemic Infections, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Coureuil
- Université de Paris; Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team: Pathogenesis of Systemic Infections, Paris, France
| | - Anne Jamet
- Université de Paris; Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151 - CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades. Team: Pathogenesis of Systemic Infections, Paris, France.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP Centre Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in cancer patients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266919. [PMID: 35427384 PMCID: PMC9012398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bloodstream infections have been the leading complications in cancer patients because they are at high risk for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. There is increasing evidence from different parts of the world of the high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial strains in cancer patients. The burden of the infection is high in developing countries, especially in Ethiopia. Data on bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among cancer patients in Ethiopia is limited. Thus, this study aimed to determine the predominant bacterial species causing bacteremia and their antibiotic resistance pattern among cancer patients at University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital. Methods A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 study participants from March to July 2021. All cancer patients who developed a fever at the time of hospital visit were included in this study, and their socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples (10 mL for adults and 4 mL for children) were collected from each patient, and the collected blood samples were transferred into sterile tryptic soy broth, then incubated at 37°C for 7 days. Tryptic soy broth which showed signs of growth were Gram-stained and sub-cultured on blood agar, chocolate agar, MacConkey agar, and mannitol salt agar. The inoculated plates were then aerobically incubated at 37°C for 18–24 hours and the isolates obtained were identified using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done using a modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique following CLSI 2021 guidelines. Data were entered using EPI data version 4.6 and analyzed with SPSS version 20. Results In this study, out of 200 cancer patients included and 67.5% (135/200) of them were males. The majorities of study participants, 56% (113/200) of cancer patients were pediatrics and 26.5% (53/200) of them belong under five years of age. Out of 200 patient samples that had undergone culture, 27% (54/200) samples had bacterial growth. Gram-positive bacterial isolates were predominant, 61.1%, and S. aureus was the predominant Gram-positive isolate, (51.5.6%), followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (48.5%). Moreover, K. pneumoniae (47%) and P. aeruginosa (29.5%) were the most common Gram-negative bacterial isolates. Among patients who had BSIs, the highest prevalence of BSIs was observed among males (66.7%), and in pediatrics cancer patients (44.2%). Pediatric study participants were more venerable to bloodstream infection (P = 0.000) compared to adult participants. Meropenem (100%), amikacin (100%), piperacillin/tazobactam (72.3%), and ceftazidime (73.5%) were effective against for Gram-negative isolates while cefoxitin (81.2%) and penicillin (70.5%) were effective for Gram-positive isolates. Additionally, most Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial isolates were sensitive for gentamycin (75.9%). Multidrug resistance was seen among 17.1% bacterial isolates, and MDR in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were 83.3% and 16.7%, respectively. Gram-negative bacterial isolates showed a high prevalence of MDR than Gram-positive isolates. Conclusions and recommendation BSI’s remains an important health problem in cancer patients, and Gram-positive bacteria were more common as etiologic agents of BSIs in cancer patients. S. aureus was the dominant bacteria followed by CoNS, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa. Multidrug-resistant isolates found in cancer patients and routine bacterial surveillance and study of their resistance patterns may guide successful antimicrobial therapy and improve the quality of care. Therefore, strict regulation of antibiotic stewardship and infection control programs should be considered in the study area.
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The arginine deaminase system plays distinct roles in Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia hermsii. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010370. [PMID: 35286343 PMCID: PMC8947608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia species are amino acid auxotrophs that utilize di- and tri- peptides obtained through their oligopeptide transport system to supply amino acids for replicative growth during their enzootic cycles. However, Borrelia species from both the Lyme disease (LD) and relapsing fever (RF) groups harbor an amino acid transport and catabolism system, the Arginine Deiminase System (ADI), that could potentially augment intracellular L-arginine required for growth. RF spirochetes contain a “complete”, four gene ADI (arcA, B, D, and C) while LD spirochetes harbor arcA, B, and sometimes D but lack arcC (encoding carbamate kinase). In this study, we evaluated the role of the ADI system in bacterial survival and virulence and discovered important differences in RF and LD ADIs. Both in vitro and in a murine model of infection, B. hermsii cells significantly reduced extracellular L-arginine levels and that reduction was dependent on arginine deiminase expression. Conversely, B. burgdorferi did not reduce the concentration of L-arginine during in vitro growth experiments nor during infection of the mammalian host, suggesting a fundamental difference in the ability to directly utilize L-arginine compared to B. hermsii. Further experiments using a panel of mutants generated in both B. burgdorferi and B. hermsii, identified important differences in growth characteristics and ADI transcription and protein expression. We also found that the ADI system plays a key role in blood and spleen colonization in RF spirochetes. In this study we have identified divergent metabolic strategies in two closely related human pathogens, that ultimately impacts the host-pathogen interface during infection. Reports of tick-borne diseases have been steadily increasing in the US and the number of Lyme disease cases caused by B. burgdorferi have tripled since the late 1990’s. Although less common, cases of tick-borne relapsing fever, caused by B. hermsii and B. turicatae in the US, have increased as well. While transmitted by different ticks and maintained in unique enzootic cycles, the closely related spirochetes B. burgdorferi and B. hermsii share numerous genetic features including a truncated and streamlined capacity for metabolic activity. In this study we combine genetic and biochemical assays to define the role of the ADI in the infective cycles of B. burgdorferi and B. hermsii. When we compared B. burgdorferi and B. hermsii, we identified important differences in their respective ADI’s including operon arrangement, sensitivity to L-arginine and L-ornithine levels, as well as gene and protein expression. In addition, we show that arginine deiminase is required to reduce host L-arginine levels during murine infection with B. hermsii. This study provides new insights into the metabolic activities of two medically relevant spirochetes and highlights the dynamic nature of host-pathogen interactions.
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30
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Nikolic P, Mudgil P, Harman DG, Whitehall J. Untargeted lipidomic differences between clinical strains of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Dis (Lond) 2022; 54:497-507. [DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2022.2049863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Nikolic
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Poonam Mudgil
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - David G. Harman
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - John Whitehall
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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Choueiry F, Xu R, Zhu J. Adaptive Metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus Revealed by Untargeted Metabolomics. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:470-481. [PMID: 35043624 PMCID: PMC9199441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause a wide spectrum of infections, from superficial skin inflammation to severe and potentially fatal and invasive diseases. Due to the many potential routes of infection, host-derived environmental signals (oxygen availability, nutrients, etc.) are vital for host colonization and thus contribute to SA's pathogenesis. To uncover the direct effects of environmental factors on SA metabolism, we performed a series of experiments in diverse culture environments and correlated our findings of SA's metabolic adaptation to some of the pathogen's known virulence factors. Untargeted metabolomics was conducted on a Thermo Q-Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometer. We detected 260 intracellular polar metabolites from our bacteria cultured under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions and in glucose- and dextrin-supplemented cultures. These metabolites were mapped to relevant metabolic pathways to elucidate the adaptive metabolic processes of both methicillin-sensitive SA (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA). We also detected an increased expression of virulence genes agr-I and sea of MRSA supplemented with both glucose and dextrin by qPCR. With the metabolic data collected that may be associated with the adaptive growth and virulence of SA, our study could set up the foundations for future work to identify metabolic inhibitors/modulators to mitigate SA infections in different growth environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Choueiry
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210,James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 400 W 12 th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210,Corresponding author: Jiangjiang Zhu, Ph.D., , Tel: 614-685-2226
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Mixed Populations and Co-Infection: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1386:397-424. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-08491-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Navidinia M, Mohammadi A, Ghaderi Afshari S, Fazeli M, Pouriran R, Goudarzi M. High prevalence of spa type t790, coa type III and the emergence of spa types t309, t571 and t127 in community-acquired methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wound, Tehran-Iran. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kim DG, Baek I, Lee Y, Kim H, Kim JY, Bang G, Kim S, Yoon HJ, Han BW, Suh SW, Kim HS. Structural basis for SdgB- and SdgA-mediated glycosylation of staphylococcal adhesive proteins. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1460-1474. [PMID: 34726173 PMCID: PMC8561734 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation of infection of host tissues by Staphylococcus aureus requires a family of staphylococcal adhesive proteins containing serine-aspartate repeat (SDR) domains, such as ClfA. The O-linked glycosylation of the long-chain SDR domain mediated by SdgB and SdgA is a key virulence factor that protects the adhesive SDR proteins against host proteolytic attack in order to promote successful tissue colonization, and has also been implicated in staphylococcal agglutination, which leads to sepsis and an immunodominant epitope for a strong antibody response. Despite the biological significance of these two glycosyltransferases involved in pathogenicity and avoidance of the host innate immune response, their structures and the molecular basis of their activity have not been investigated. This study reports the crystal structures of SdgB and SdgA from S. aureus as well as multiple structures of SdgB in complex with its substrates (for example UDP, N-acetylglucosamine or SDR peptides), products (glycosylated SDR peptides) or phosphate ions. Together with biophysical and biochemical analyses, this structural work uncovered the novel mechanism by which SdgB and SdgA carry out the glycosyl-transfer process to the long SDR region in SDR proteins. SdgB undergoes dynamic changes in its structure such as a transition from an open to a closed conformation upon ligand binding and takes diverse forms, both as a homodimer and as a heterodimer with SdgA. Overall, these findings not only elucidate the putative role of the three domains of SdgB in recognizing donor and acceptor substrates, but also provide new mechanistic insights into glycosylation of the SDR domain, which can serve as a starting point for the development of antibacterial drugs against staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gyun Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Inwha Baek
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yeon Lee
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerry Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- R&D Center, Voronoi Inc., Incheon 21984, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chungbuk 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Geul Bang
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chungbuk 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- R&D Center, Voronoi Inc., Incheon 21984, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Woo Han
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Suh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Sook Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
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Shipman JG, Onyenwoke RU, Sivaraman V. Calcium-Dependent Pulmonary Inflammation and Pharmacological Interventions and Mediators. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1053. [PMID: 34681152 PMCID: PMC8533358 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary diseases present a significant burden worldwide and lead to severe morbidity and mortality. Lung inflammation caused by interactions with either viruses, bacteria or fungi is a prominent characteristic of many pulmonary diseases. Tobacco smoke and E-cig use ("vaping") are considered major risk factors in the development of pulmonary disease as well as worsening disease prognosis. However, at present, relatively little is known about the mechanistic actions by which smoking and vaping may worsen the disease. One theory suggests that long-term vaping leads to Ca2+ signaling dysregulation. Ca2+ is an important secondary messenger in signal transduction. Cellular Ca2+ concentrations are mediated by a complex series of pumps, channels, transporters and exchangers that are responsible for triggering various intracellular processes such as cell death, proliferation and secretion. In this review, we provide a detailed understating of the complex series of components that mediate Ca2+ signaling and how their dysfunction may result in pulmonary disease. Furthermore, we summarize the recent literature investigating the negative effects of smoking and vaping on pulmonary disease, cell toxicity and Ca2+ signaling. Finally, we summarize Ca2+-mediated pharmacological interventions that could potentially lead to novel treatments for pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G. Shipman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA;
| | - Rob U. Onyenwoke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA;
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Vijay Sivaraman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA;
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Alfaiz FA. Molecular studies of immunological enzyme clumping factor B for the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus with essential oils of Nigella sativa. J Mol Recognit 2021; 34:e2941. [PMID: 34626016 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils from black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa) have largely been used in the manufacturing of nutraceuticals and functional food products due to the presence of a wide variety of bioactive compounds. However, their applications in the pharmaceutical sector have recently attracted interest and started blooming. The present research elucidates the in silico and in vitro efficacies of active leads from essential oil of N sativa against the human pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Biofilm development has become an inevitable situation in the health care sector. Lowering the efficacies of antimicrobial drugs is one of the vital ramifications that resulted in the emergence of multidrug resistance. Clumping factor B (clfB) of S aureus plays a key role in the human immune functions during pathogenesis. Through STRING analysis, the interacting protein partners of clfB were found to regulate biofilm pathway. Therefore, eight ligands from essential oil are docked with the critical clfB protein, which revealed p-cymene, thymoquinone and carvacrol as the robust ligands with highest binding affinity. Therefore, antibiofilm potential of N sativa essential oil at in vitro states was evaluated against S aureus. Further, real time PCR analysis showed that the expression of clfB and intercellular adhesion gene (icaA and icaD) was significantly altered upon treatment with essential oil. Altogether, the findings confirmed the antibiofilm efficacy of N sativa essential oil against S aureus. Hence, the essential oil from N. sativa was envisaged to be promising candidate to treat S aureus biofilm mediated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Abdulaziz Alfaiz
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
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Kristensen CS, Varming AK, Leinweber HAK, Hammer K, Lo Leggio L, Ingmer H, Kilstrup M. Characterization of the genetic switch from phage ɸ13 important for Staphylococcus aureus colonization in humans. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1245. [PMID: 34713608 PMCID: PMC8516035 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperate phages are bacterial viruses that after infection either reside integrated into a bacterial genome as prophages forming lysogens or multiply in a lytic lifecycle. The decision between lifestyles is determined by a switch involving a phage-encoded repressor, CI, and a promoter region from which lytic and lysogenic genes are divergently transcribed. Here, we investigate the switch of phage ɸ13 from the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. ɸ13 encodes several virulence factors and is prevalent in S. aureus strains colonizing humans. We show that the ɸ13 switch harbors a cI gene, a predicted mor (modulator of repression) gene, and three high-affinity operator sites binding CI. To quantify the decision between lytic and lysogenic lifestyle, we introduced reporter plasmids that carry the 1.3 kb switch region from ɸ13 with the lytic promoter fused to lacZ into S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Analysis of β-galactosidase expression indicated that decision frequency is independent of host factors. The white "lysogenic" phenotype, which relies on the expression of cI, could be switched to a stable blue "lytic" phenotype by DNA damaging agents. We have characterized lifestyle decisions of phage ɸ13, and our approach may be applied to other temperate phages encoding virulence factors in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla S. Kristensen
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | | | | | - Karin Hammer
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenKobenhavnDenmark
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenKobenhavnDenmark
| | - Mogens Kilstrup
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
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Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Arab Countries of the Middle East and North African (MENA) Region. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2021; 13:e2021050. [PMID: 34527202 PMCID: PMC8425352 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2021.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Available data suggest a high burden of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). To review the MRSA rates and molecular epidemiology in this region, we used PubMed search engine to identify relative articles published from January 2005 to December 2019. Great heterogeneity in reported rates was expectedly seen. Nasal MRSA colonization ranged from 2%–16% in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 1–9% in the Levant, and 0.2%–9% in North African Arab states. Infective MRSA rates ranged from 9%–38% in GCC, 28%–67% in the Levant, and 28%–57% in North African states. Studies demonstrated a wide clonal diversity in the MENA. The most common molecular types belonged to 5 clonal complexes (CC) known to spread worldwide: CC5, CC8, CC22, CC30, and CC80. The most prevalent strains had genotypes related to the European community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA), Brazilian/Hungarian hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA), UK-EMRSA-15 HA-MRSA, and USA300 CA-MRSA. Finally, significant antimicrobial resistance was seen in the region with variation in patterns depending on location and clonal type. For a more accurate assessment of MRSA epidemiology and burden, the Arab countries need to implement national surveillance systems.
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Le Masters T, Johnson S, Jeraldo PR, Greenwood-Quaintance KE, Cunningham SA, Abdel MP, Chia N, Patel R. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Periprosthetic Joint Infection under in Vivo and in Vitro Conditions. J Mol Diagn 2021; 23:986-999. [PMID: 34098085 PMCID: PMC8351120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic analysis can provide insight as to how Staphylococcus aureus adapts to the environmental niche of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), a challenging clinical infection. Here, in vivo RNA expression of eight S. aureus PJIs was compared with expression of the corresponding isolates in planktonic culture using a total RNA-sequencing approach. Expression varied among isolates, with a common trend showing increased expression of several ica-independent biofilm formation genes, including sdr, fnb, ebpS, and aaa; genes encoding enzymes and toxins, including coa, nuc, hlb, and hlgA/B/C; and genes facilitating acquisition of iron via the iron-binding molecule siderophore B (snb) and heme consumption protein (isd) pathways in PJI. Several antimicrobial resistance determinants were detected; although their presence correlated with phenotypic susceptibility of the associated isolates, no difference in expression between in vivo and in vitro conditions was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Le Masters
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stephen Johnson
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Patricio R Jeraldo
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kerryl E Greenwood-Quaintance
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott A Cunningham
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew P Abdel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nicholas Chia
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robin Patel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Babu B, Mack J, Nyokong T. An octabrominated Sn(iv) tetraisopropylporphyrin as a photosensitizer dye for singlet oxygen biomedical applications. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:9568-9573. [PMID: 32578634 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01915a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Two novel Sn(iv) tetraisopropylphenylporphyrins have been synthesized to explore the effect of octabromination at the β-pyrrole positions on their photophysical properties and photodynamic activity. The lower energy Q band of an octabrominated complex lies at 675 nm well within the therapeutic window. The octabrominated dye has a relatively high singlet oxygen quantum yield of 0.78 in DMF and exhibits favorable photodynamic activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 10.7 μM and a 5.74 log reduction value (5 μM) towards S. aureus under illumination at 660 nm for 60 min with a Thorlabs M660L3 LED (280 mW cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
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Nour El-Din HT, Yassin AS, Ragab YM, Hashem AM. Phenotype-Genotype Characterization and Antibiotic-Resistance Correlations Among Colonizing and Infectious Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Recovered from Intensive Care Units. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:1557-1571. [PMID: 33907431 PMCID: PMC8071083 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s296000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a profound hazard to public health. MRSA colonizing skin, mucous membranes, and the anterior nares without clinical symptoms is termed "colonizing MRSA". Upon manifestation of clinical symptoms, it is termed "infectious MRSA". Here, we characterize and differentiate colonizing and infectious MRSA, and analyze the phenotypic-genotypic and antibiotic susceptibility correlations. Methodology Clinical MRSA isolates were recovered from intensive care units (ICUs) of two major Egyptian hospitals and their biofilm formation ability was tested. Antibiograms against 16 antibiotics were determined, in addition to the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin and linezolid. The entire collection was typed by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR, as well as multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Representative resistance and virulence genes were detected by PCR amplification. Results Forty-nine isolates were confirmed as MRSA, of which 30 isolates were infectious and 19 were colonizing. Versatile resistance patterns were observed in both groups of isolates. We report a higher tendency for biofilm-formation and borderline minimum inhibitory concentrations among infectious isolates. A Positive antibiotic correlation was observed between susceptibility to protein synthesis inhibitors and cell wall inhibitors. Positive correlations were observed between isolation site and rifampicin resistance: nasal samples were enriched in rifampicin-resistant isolates, while urine and blood samples were enriched in susceptible ones. Furthermore, biofilm formation ability was slightly associated with amikacin resistance, and an association between teicoplanin resistance and the presence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene was the only significant phenotype-genotype correlation observed. Finally, ERIC typing and MLST had congruent results. Conclusion Linezolid and vancomycin are still the most convenient choice for MRSA treatment. ERIC PCR and MLST show promising typing combination that could be easily used periodically for tracking the genotypic changes of MRSA, especially within the healthcare facilities. Several correlations were established between groups of antibiotics and the genotypes/phenotypes of the selected isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzada T Nour El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Aymen S Yassin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Ragab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Abdelgawad M Hashem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
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Mirzaei B, Babaei R, Haghshenas MR, Mohammadi F, Homayoni P, Shafaei E. PIA and rSesC Mixture Arisen Antibodies Could Inhibit the Biofilm-Formation in Staphylococcus aureus. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 10:1-12. [PMID: 34277863 PMCID: PMC8279720 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.10.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus as a causative agent of hospital-acquired infections has been considered as the primary concern in biomaterial-related infections (BAIs). METHODS Following the purification of polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) as an efficient macromolecule in biofilm formation in the native condition, recombinant S. epidermidis surface-exposed rSesC protein, with the most homology to clumping factor A (ClfA) in S. aureus was cloned and expressed in a prokaryotic host as well. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and Western blotting procedure analyzed purified PIA and protein, respectively. Then, the immune response was evaluated by measuring total IgG titers. Moreover, the capacity of Anti-biofilm forming activity of arisen antibodies to a biofilm-forming S. aureus strains was assessed by the semi-quantitative micro-plate procedure. RESULTS Data showed that the total IgGs were boosted in mice immunized sera. By performing an inhibition assay, the biofilm inhibitory effect of secreted antibodies to test strain was observed. Arisen antibodies against the mixture significantly were more potent than PIA and rSesC, when comparing individual antigens in a biofilm inhibition assay. CONCLUSION immunization of mice with mentioned antigens especially a mixture of them, could eliminate the biofilm formation process in S. aureus. Hopefully, this study corresponds to the suggestion that the immunization of mice with PIA and rSesC candidate vaccines could protect against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Science.
| | - Ryhane Babaei
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Science.
| | - Mohammad Reza Haghshenas
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Science.
| | - Pegah Homayoni
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Science.
| | - Ebrahim Shafaei
- Infectious diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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Park B, Liu GY. Staphylococcus aureus and Hyper-IgE Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239152. [PMID: 33271763 PMCID: PMC7729741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyper-immunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES) is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by recurrent Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections, eczema, skeletal abnormalities and high titers of serum immunoglobulin E. Although the genetic basis of HIES was not known for almost a half century, HIES most frequently exhibits autosomal dominant trait that is transmitted with variable expressivity. Careful genetic studies in recent years identified dominant-negative mutations in human signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) gene as the cause of sporadic and dominant forms of HIES. The STAT3 mutations were localized to DNA-binding, SRC homology 2 (SH2) and transactivating domains and disrupted T helper 17 (TH17) cell differentiation and downstream expression of TH17 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22. Deficiency of IL-17 and IL-22 in turn is responsible for suboptimal expression of anti-staphylococcal host factors, such as neutrophil-recruiting chemokines and antimicrobial peptides, by human keratinocytes and bronchial epithelial cells. TH17 cytokines deficiency thereby explains the recurrent staphylococcal lung and skin infections of HIES patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonggoo Park
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - George Y. Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence:
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Jaradat ZW, Ababneh QO, Sha’aban ST, Alkofahi AA, Assaleh D, Al Shara A. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and public fomites: a review. Pathog Glob Health 2020; 114:426-450. [PMID: 33115375 PMCID: PMC7759291 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1824112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus genus is a Gram-positive coccus normally associated with skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. It is part of the commensal human microflora, or found in animals, or contaminating surfaces in the community and hospital settings. Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic species belonging to this genus, as it possesses a collection of virulence factors that are expressed solely to evade the immune system. The increase in the misuse of antimicrobial agents predisposed S. aureus to develop antibiotic resistance, including the resistance to methicillin which led to the emergence of Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA). MRSA is considered one of the most dangerous nosocomial pathogens causing many hard to treat infections in hospitals and was named as Hospital Associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). Over the past 20-25 years, MRSA was isolated from community settings and thus Community Associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) has emerged. Inside hospitals, MRSA has been isolated from fomites in contact with patients, as well as staff's protective and personal items. This review highlights the worldwide prevalence of MRSA on fomites within the contexts of hospital and community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | | | - Sherin T Sha’aban
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ayesha A Alkofahi
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Duaa Assaleh
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Anan Al Shara
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Vlaeminck J, Raafat D, Surmann K, Timbermont L, Normann N, Sellman B, van Wamel WJB, Malhotra-Kumar S. Exploring Virulence Factors and Alternative Therapies against Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110721. [PMID: 33218049 PMCID: PMC7698915 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is an acute pulmonary infection associated with high mortality and an immense financial burden on healthcare systems. Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen capable of inducing S. aureus pneumonia (SAP), with some lineages also showing multidrug resistance. Given the high level of antibiotic resistance, much research has been focused on targeting S. aureus virulence factors, including toxins and biofilm-associated proteins, in an attempt to develop effective SAP therapeutics. Despite several promising leads, many hurdles still remain for S. aureus vaccine research. Here, we review the state-of-the-art SAP therapeutics, highlight their pitfalls, and discuss alternative approaches of potential significance and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Vlaeminck
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (D.R.); (N.N.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Kristin Surmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Leen Timbermont
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
| | - Nicole Normann
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (D.R.); (N.N.)
| | - Bret Sellman
- Microbiome Discovery, Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R & D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA;
| | - Willem J. B. van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-265-27-52
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Casey D, Sleator RD. A genomic analysis of osmotolerance in Staphylococcus aureus. Gene 2020; 767:145268. [PMID: 33157201 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A key phenotypic characteristic of the Gram-positive bacterial pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, is its ability to grow in low aw environments. A homology transfer based approach, using the well characterised osmotic stress response systems of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, was used to identify putative osmotolerance loci in Staphylococcus aureus ST772-MRSA-V. A total of 17 distinct putative hyper and hypo-osmotic stress response systems, comprising 78 genes, were identified. The ST772-MRSA-V genome exhibits significant degeneracy in terms of the osmotic stress response; with three copies of opuD, two copies each of nhaK and mrp/mnh, and five copies of opp. Furthermore, regulation of osmotolerance in ST772-MRSA-V appears to be mediated at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Casey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown Campus, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roy D Sleator
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown Campus, Cork, Ireland.
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Case Series of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia With Discordant Genotypic and Phenotypic Categorization of Methicillin Susceptibility. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Piskorz J, Porolnik W, Kucinska M, Dlugaszewska J, Murias M, Mielcarek J. BODIPY-Based Photosensitizers as Potential Anticancer and Antibacterial Agents: Role of the Positive Charge and the Heavy Atom Effect. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:399-411. [PMID: 32964632 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Boron-dipyrromethene derivatives, including cationic and iodinated analogs, were obtained and subjected to physicochemical and in vitro photodynamic activity studies. Iodinated derivatives revealed a substantial heavy atom effect manifested by a bathochromic shift of the absorption band by about 30 nm and fluorescence intensity reduced by about 30-35 times, compared to that obtained for non-iodinated ones. In consequence, singlet oxygen generation significantly increased with ΦΔ values in the range 0.69-0.97. The in vitro photodynamic activity was evaluated on Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative Escherichia coli, and on human androgen-sensitive prostate adenocarcinoma cells (LNCaP). The novel cationic, iodinated BODIPY, demonstrated the highest activity toward all studied cells. An excellent cytotoxic effect was found against LNCaP cells with an IC50 value of 19.3 nM, whereas the viability of S. aureus was reduced by >5.6 log10 at 0.25 μM concentration and by >5.3 log10 in the case of E. coli at 5 μM. Thus, this analog seems to be a very promising candidate for the application in both anticancer and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Piskorz
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Weronika Porolnik
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kucinska
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Dojazd 30 Street, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dlugaszewska
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego, Poznań, 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Murias
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Dojazd 30 Street, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Mielcarek
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
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Mrochen DM, Fernandes de Oliveira LM, Raafat D, Holtfreter S. Staphylococcus aureus Host Tropism and Its Implications for Murine Infection Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7061. [PMID: 32992784 PMCID: PMC7582387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathobiont of humans as well as a multitude of animal species. The high prevalence of multi-resistant and more virulent strains of S. aureus necessitates the development of new prevention and treatment strategies for S. aureus infection. Major advances towards understanding the pathogenesis of S. aureus diseases have been made using conventional mouse models, i.e., by infecting naïve laboratory mice with human-adapted S.aureus strains. However, the failure to transfer certain results obtained in these murine systems to humans highlights the limitations of such models. Indeed, numerous S. aureus vaccine candidates showed promising results in conventional mouse models but failed to offer protection in human clinical trials. These limitations arise not only from the widely discussed physiological differences between mice and humans, but also from the lack of attention that is paid to the specific interactions of S. aureus with its respective host. For instance, animal-derived S. aureus lineages show a high degree of host tropism and carry a repertoire of host-specific virulence and immune evasion factors. Mouse-adapted S.aureus strains, humanized mice, and microbiome-optimized mice are promising approaches to overcome these limitations and could improve transferability of animal experiments to human trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Mrochen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Liliane M. Fernandes de Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
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Ogundipe FO, Ojo OE, Feßler AT, Hanke D, Awoyomi OJ, Ojo DA, Akintokun AK, Schwarz S, Maurischat S. Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Human, Chicken and Environmental Samples within Live Bird Markets in Three Nigerian Cities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090588. [PMID: 32911712 PMCID: PMC7558163 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a major threat to public health. This study investigated the occurrence of MRSA in humans, chickens, chicken meat and environmental samples within poultry farms and live bird markets in southwestern Nigeria. Methods: MRSA were isolated using selective culture and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by broth microdilution. Selected isolates were characterized by whole genome sequencing (WGS). From WGS data, spa, dru, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and SCCmec types, but also virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, were identified. Results: Fifty-six MRSA isolates were detected in 734 samples. They showed resistance to β-lactams (100%), tetracycline (60.7%), ciprofloxacin (33.9%), erythromycin (28.6%), gentamicin (32.1%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (10.7%). All 30 isolates investigated by WGS carried mecA, dfrG, and tet(38) genes. Other resistance genes detected were blaZ (83.3%), fosB (73.3%), tet(K) (60.0%), aacA-aphD (36.6%), aphA3 (33.3%), msr(A) (30.0%), mph(C) (30.0%), dfrS1 (3.3%), and sat4 (3.3%). Seven spa types (t091, t314, t657, t1476, t2331, t4690 and t12236), four known (dt9aw, dt10ao, dt10cj, and dt11a) and two novel (dt10dr and dt11dw) dru types, as well as five sequence types (ST8, ST121, ST152, ST772 and ST789) were found among the MRSA isolates. All ST121 isolates carried an SCCmec type IV cassette and were not dru-typeable. ST152 and ST121 were found only in specific sample categories within defined locations, while ST8 and ST772 were distributed across most sample categories and locations. Three SCCmec types, IVa, V and Vc, were identified. All MRSA isolates possessed virulence genes including aur, clpP, coa, fnbA, esaA, hly, hla, ica, isdA, srtB, sspA, and vWbp, among others. The toxic shock syndrome toxin gene (tst) was not detected in any isolate, whereas the Pantone-Valentine leukocidin genes lukF-PV/lukS-PV were present in all ST121, all ST772, and all but one ST152 isolates. Conclusion: The results of this study (i) showed that chicken meat is contaminated by MRSA and (ii) suggested that live bird markets may serve as focal points for the dissemination of MRSA within the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Olubunmi Ogundipe
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (F.O.O.); (D.A.O.); (A.K.A.)
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (A.T.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Olufemi Ernest Ojo
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (A.T.F.); (D.H.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria;
| | - Andrea T. Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (A.T.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Dennis Hanke
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (A.T.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Olajoju Jokotola Awoyomi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria;
| | - David Ajiboye Ojo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (F.O.O.); (D.A.O.); (A.K.A.)
| | - Aderonke Kofoworola Akintokun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (F.O.O.); (D.A.O.); (A.K.A.)
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (A.T.F.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sven Maurischat
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany;
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