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Paulus A, Renn K, Wentura D. One plus one is more than two: The interactive influence of group membership and emotional facial expressions on the modulation of the affective startle reflex. Biol Psychol 2019; 142:140-146. [PMID: 30677430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated repeatedly that the evaluation of a face is not only influenced by the social message that is signaled by the face's emotional expression, but also by other social factors such as ethnicity or group membership. Studies in the field of startle research, however, have hitherto investigated only the effects of one of the two factors - that is, either emotional expression or group membership - on the startle response. Yet, we propose that the startle reflex is a sensitive marker for the interactive effect of both factors. Specifically, we predicted that group membership influences the social meaning signaled by an emotional expression, leading to an interactive effect. In two experiments, we examined the modulation of the startle response by happy, fearful, and angry expressions shown by ingroup and outgroup members. As predicted, an interaction between group membership and emotional expression emerged, such that happiness expressed by an ingroup member resulted in lower startle responses compared to the same expression shown by an outgroup member; the opposite pattern emerged for fearful and angry expressions. This effect was found in both experiments and independent of the exact stimulus materials employed, pointing to the generalizability of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paulus
- Chair of Psychology, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstr. 21, D-80333 München, Germany.
| | - Katrin Renn
- Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Building A2 4, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Dirk Wentura
- Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Building A2 4, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Ramos-Oliveira D, Santos de Oliveira F. Contributions of Social Neuroscience in the Study of Schadenfreude, Social Cognition and Emotion Intergroup: Integrative Review. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.upsy17-4.cnse] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present article is a bibliographic research on the integrative literature review mode, on social neuroscience, social cognition and Schadenfreude in intergroup relations. The objective was to identify an understanding of how social neuroscience could contribute and offer new insights into the Social Cognition (eg: stereotypes, prejudice, social comparison), the Schadenfreude and neural process in social interactions. From the criteria of location and selection, 28 articles published in the databases PubMed, Web of Science and SCIELO between 2006 and 2015 were retrieved, using keywords: Schadenfreude and Social Cognition, Schadenfreude and Brain, Schadenfreude and Neural, Schadenfreude and Neuro, Schadenfreude and Intergroup relation. Generally, such articles are descriptive and qualitative, and they developed mostly with the samples that showed no pathology or disease in samples. A link it showed between the Schadenfreude and the neural interface, as well as social cognition and neuronal relationship with the aim of understanding how interact in a social context. It is perceived from the approach on the subject a better understanding of social behavior in real life through neurocognitive mechanisms offering evidence in the relationship between Schadenfreude, social neuroscience and social cognition.
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Tatar A, Saltukoğlu G, Özmen E. Development of a Self Report Stress Scale Using Item Response Theory-I: Item Selection, Formation of Factor Structure and Examination of Its Psychometric Properties. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2018; 55:161-170. [PMID: 30057459 PMCID: PMC6060653 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2017.18065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to the absence of Turkish psychometric devices assessing stress, in the present study it was aimed to develop a stress scale, and examine its basic psychometric properties. METHODS Current study included two processes, formation of item pool and examination of psychometric properties of the selected items through three studies. In the first study, 611 individuals aged between 18 and 77 responded to 130 selected items. In the second study, 2223 individuals aged between 18 and 68 responded to 80 items. In the third study, 1969 individuals aged between 18 and 79 responded to the final form of 36 items. Further, in study 3 for criterion related validity 163 individuals completed the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, 113 individuals completed the Beck Anxiety Inventory, 104 individuals completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, 107 individuals completed the Beck Depression Inventory, and 265 individuals completed the Perceived Stress Scale. Moreover, in the investigation of test-retest reliability, 119 individuals took the final form of the test after 2 weeks, and 111 individuals took the final form of the test after 3 weeks. RESULTS In the first study, out of 130 items, 54 that showed item-total score correlations below 0.30 were excluded from the scale. Fifty-seven items were preserved exactly, and 19 items' sentence structures were changed. Furthermore, by adding 4 new items, 80 were prepared for the second study. In the second study, two factors structure namely "Physiological Reactions/Strain" and "Psychological/Cognitive Appraisals" sub-dimensions were identified, and 36 items were selected via Item Response Theory representing these sub-dimensions. In study 3, exploratory factor analysis provided strong support for our hypothesized two factors structure. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated hypothesized model had a better fit to the data. Internal consistency coefficients were 0.94 for the entire scale, 0.90 for Physiological Reactions/Strain sub-dimension, and 0.91 for Psychological/Cognitive Appraisals sub-dimension. Correlation coefficients between the entire scale and other criterion scales ranged from 0.22 to 0.63. Test-retest correlation coefficients between the first administration of the scale, and the administrations at two and three week intervals were 0.88. CONCLUSION Results showed that the scale has basic psychometric requirements provided that the scale will be supported by validity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkun Tatar
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Liberal Arts, Department of Psychology, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Gaye Saltukoğlu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature, University of FSM (Fatih Sultan Mehmet) Foundation, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ercan Özmen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature, University of FSM (Fatih Sultan Mehmet) Foundation, İstanbul, Turkey
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March DS, Gaertner L, Olson MA. On the Prioritized Processing of Threat in a Dual Implicit Process Model of Evaluation. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2018.1435680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. March
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Lowell Gaertner
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Michael A. Olson
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
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Savage MW, Scarduzio JA, Harris KL, Carlyle KE. A Mixed Method Study of Intimate Partner Violence: How Sex and Severity Impact Perpetrator Prior Involvement, Abnormality, and Responsibility. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2017; 32:897-918. [PMID: 28810944 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study employed a mixed method approach to examine the effects of participant sex, perpetrator sex, and severity of violence on perceptions of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators. Quantitative participants (n = 449) completed a survey and qualitative participants (n = 31) participated in a focus group or an interview. Participants believed that it was more likely male perpetrators had prior involvement in IPV. Participants rated stories of female perpetrators as more abnormal than stories of male perpetrators. Participants in the weak severity of violence condition had lower evaluations of responsibility than the strong or fatal severity of violence conditions and only women were discerning about perpetrator sex in their ratings of responsibility. Theoretical implications extend intimate terrorism and defensive attribution theory.
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March DS, Gaertner L, Olson MA. In Harm’s Way: On Preferential Response to Threatening Stimuli. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 43:1519-1529. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167217722558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Given the evolutionary significance of survival, the mind might be particularly sensitive (in terms of strength and speed of reaction) to stimuli that pose an immediate threat to physical harm. To rectify limitations in past research, we pilot-tested stimuli to obtain images that are threatening, nonthreatening-negative, positive, or neutral. Three studies revealed that participants (a) were faster to detect a threatening than nonthreatening-negative image when each was embedded among positive or neutral images, (b) oriented their initial gaze more frequently toward threatening than nonthreatening-negative, positive, or neutral images, and (c) evidenced larger startle-eyeblinks to threatening than to nonthreatening-negative, positive, or neutral images. Social-psychological implications for the mind’s sensitivity to threat are discussed.
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Leyens JP, Paladino PM, Rodriguez-Torres R, Vaes J, Demoulin S, Rodriguez-Perez A, Gaunt R. The Emotional Side of Prejudice: The Attribution of Secondary Emotions to Ingroups and Outgroups. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0402_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
If people favor their ingroup, are especially concerned with their own group, and attribute different essences to different groups, it follows that their essence must be superior to the essence of other groups. Intelligence, language, and certain emotions are all considered to be distinctive elements of human nature or essence. The role of inteligence and language in discrimination, prejudice, and racism has already been largely investigated, and this article focuses on attributed emotions. Specifically, we investigate the idea that secondary emotions are typically human characteristics, and as such, they should be especially associated with and attributed to the ingroup. Seondary emotions may even be denied to outgroups. These differential associations and attributions of specifically human emotions to ingroups versus outgroups should affect intergroup relations. Results from several initial experiments are summarized that support our reasoning. This emotional approach to prejudice and racism is contrasted with more classic, cognitive perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola M. Paladino
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ramon Rodriguez-Torres
- Department of Cognitive, Social, and Organizational Psychology, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Stéphanie Demoulin
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Armando Rodriguez-Perez
- Department of Cognitive, Social, and Organizational Psychology, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ruth Gaunt
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Maio GR, Greenland K, Bernard M, Esses VM. Effects of Intergroup Ambivalence on Information Processing: The Role of Physiological Arousal. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430201004004005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has found that people who are ambivalent toward a group process new information about the group more carefully than people who are nonambivalent toward the group. It has been suggested that this effect occurs because people who are ambivalent toward a group (a) experience a high level of physiological arousal when they think about the group and (b) seek to reduce this arousal by carefully processing new information about the group. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a correlational study (Study 1) and an experimental study (Study 2). Unexpectedly, Study 1 found that intergroup ambivalence is negatively correlated with the physiological arousal that is experienced when target outgroups are salient. Study 2 replicated this pattern and demonstrated an effect of intergroup ambivalence on information processing, while also discovering that the effects of ambivalence on arousal and on information processing were independent. Overall, these results indicate that arousal is not a necessary mediator of the relation between intergroup ambivalence and information processing.
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Kiebel EM, McFadden SL, Herbstrith JC. Disgusted but not afraid: Feelings toward same-sex kissing reveal subtle homonegativity. The Journal of Social Psychology 2016; 157:263-278. [PMID: 27142772 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2016.1184127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Overt sexual prejudice is declining, but heterosexuals who report little to no prejudice may still harbor subtle biases against gay men and lesbians. We examined implicit prejudice in a sample of 37 heterosexual college students who reported little or no sexual prejudice, using the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) and psychophysiological measures of affect. Skin conductance, heart rate, and facial electromyographic responses were recorded as participants viewed photos of mixed- and same-sex couples kissing and rated them on valence, arousal, and disgustingness. Sexual prejudice was evident in implicit (AMP) ratings and explicit ratings of valence and disgustingness, but not in psychophysiological responses. Results suggest that implicit prejudice harbored by young adults who endorse low levels of sexual prejudice is more cognitively than emotionally based, unlike the fear-based reactions commonly described for racism. Limitations and future directions for research are discussed.
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Galli G, Lenggenhager B, Scivoletto G, Molinari M, Pazzaglia M. Don't look at my wheelchair! The plasticity of longlasting prejudice. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2015; 49:1239-1247. [PMID: 26611189 DOI: 10.1111/medu.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Scientific research has consistently shown that prejudicial behaviour may contribute to discrimination and disparities in social groups. However, little is known about whether and how implicit assumptions and direct contact modulate the interaction and quality of professional interventions in education and health contexts. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to examine implicit and explicit attitudes towards wheelchair users. METHODS We investigated implicit and explicit attitudes towards wheelchair users in three different groups: patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI); health professionals with intense contact with wheelchair users, and healthy participants without personal contact with wheelchair users. To assess the short-term plasticity of prejudices, we used a valid intervention that aims to change implicit attitudes through brief direct contact with a patient who uses a wheelchair in an ecologically valid real-life interaction. RESULTS We found that: (i) wheelchair users with SCI held positive explicit but negative implicit attitudes towards their novel in-group; (ii) the amount of experience with wheelchair users affected implicit attitudes among health professionals, and (iii) interacting with a patient with SCI who contradicts prejudices modulated implicit negative bias towards wheelchair users in healthy participants. CONCLUSIONS The use of a wheelchair immediately and profoundly affects how a person is perceived. However, our findings highlight the dynamic nature of perceptions of social identity, which are not only sensitive to personal beliefs, but also highly permeable to intergroup interactions. Having direct contact with people with disabilities might foster positive attitudes in multidisciplinary health care teams. Such interventions could be integrated into medical education programmes to successfully prevent or reduce hidden biases in a new generation of health professionals and to increase the general acceptance of disability in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galli
- IRCCS (Istituto di Recovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico [Research Hospital]) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Bigna Lenggenhager
- Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Scivoletto
- IRCCS (Istituto di Recovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico [Research Hospital]) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- IRCCS (Istituto di Recovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico [Research Hospital]) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- IRCCS (Istituto di Recovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico [Research Hospital]) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
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Paolini S, Harris NC, Griffin AS. Learning anxiety in interactions with the outgroup: Towards a learning model of anxiety and stress in intergroup contact. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430215572265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
While “knowledge learning” about the outgroup has been regarded as one of the key mechanisms for the contact–prejudice relation since the contact hypothesis’ first inception (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2008), “learning,” more broadly, has rarely been used as an explanatory framework to investigate the consequences of intergroup contact. In this article, we lay the foundation of a learning model of anxiety and stress in ingroup–outgroup interactions. We distinguish between episodic and chronic anxiety responses to the outgroup and recommend investigations on the complexities of their dynamic interplay, as individuals accumulate and dynamically integrate their experiences with the outgroup over time. Through a review of established and emerging psychophysiological and behavioral research of anxiety during ingroup–outgroup interactions, we identify evidence consistent with this dynamic outlook of intergroup contact effects. In this context, we also advance novel and untested predictions for future investigations onto the temporal integration of contact effects during an individual’s lifespan.
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12
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March DS, Graham R. Exploring implicit ingroup and outgroup bias toward Hispanics. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430214542256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Racial and ethnic biases often manifest without awareness. The underlying causes of these attitudes are not fully understood. While outgroup bias is well studied, ingroup bias has received far less attention. We examined ingroup biases among Hispanic women and outgroup biases toward Hispanics among White (Caucasian non-Hispanic) females using the startle eyeblink paradigm, the Implicit Association Test (IAT), and an explicit self-report measure. Hispanic and White male faces were used as exemplars during both the startle task and the IAT. A similar pattern of results were observed for indirect measures: both groups displayed startle and IAT responses indicative of negative attitudes toward Hispanic male faces relative to White male faces, although less so for Hispanic participants. Combined groups correlational analyses revealed a significant positive relationship between startle eyeblink amplitude and subtle subscale bias scores. However, no relationships were found between any measures when groups were examined separately. The comparable pattern of startle and IAT results suggests that in spite of the likelihood that these measures index different aspects of attitudes and tap into different processes, inter and intragroup biases are manifested similarly. The finding of negative ingroup biases among Hispanic females is consistent with system justification theory, which posits that members of devalued groups internalize negative stereotypes about their ingroup. This study extends startle eyeblink research of intergroup racial biases, while also expanding this line of research to intragroup biases. In doing so, these results add to our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the persistent nature of stereotypes.
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Hehman E, Volpert HI, Simons RF. The N400 as an index of racial stereotype accessibility. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:544-52. [PMID: 23386742 PMCID: PMC3989137 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current research examined the viability of the N400, an event-related potential (ERP) related to the detection of semantic incongruity, as an index of both stereotype accessibility and interracial prejudice. Participants' EEG was recorded while they completed a sequential priming task, in which negative or positive, stereotypically black (African American) or white (Caucasian American) traits followed the presentation of either a black or white face acting as a prime. ERP examination focused on the N400, but additionally examined N100 and P200 reactivity. Replicating and extending previous N400 stereotype research, results indicated that the N400 can indeed function as an index of stereotype accessibility in an interracial domain, as greater N400 reactivity was elicited by trials in which the face prime was incongruent with the target trait than when primes and traits matched. Furthermore, N400 activity was moderated by participants' self-reported explicit bias. More explicitly biased participants demonstrated greater N400 reactivity to stereotypically white traits following black faces than black traits following black faces. P200 activity was additionally associated with participants' implicit biases, as more implicitly biased participants similarly demonstrated greater P200 reactivity to stereotypically white traits following black faces than black traits following black faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hehman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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O'Brien KM, Tronick EZ, Moore CL. Relationship between hair cortisol and perceived chronic stress in a diverse sample. Stress Health 2013; 29:337-44. [PMID: 23225553 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hair cortisol (CORT) is a biomarker of chronic stress via long-term alterations in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Relationships to perceived stress measures, however, have rarely been specifically investigated. A diverse sample of 135 adults participated in a study assessing relationships between chronic stress indicator CORT to perceived stress and health indicators. CORT was not correlated to single perceived domain indices but with a global stress composite. Differences in objective and subjective measures were found for sociodemographics: racial/ethnic identity, sex and socioeconomic status (SES). Race by SES interactions predicted both CORT and perceived stress, but produced a complex and partially unanticipated pattern of results. For minorities, low and high SES showed the highest CORT, with mid-SES showing the lowest CORT; there was little change in perceived stress at all levels of SES. For non-minorities, mid-SES showed the highest CORT, with decreases in both CORT and perceived stress in high SES. The unanticipated findings of deleterious outcomes for high SES minorities highlight the importance of investigating potential stressors and moderators, including perceived discrimination and social identity. Moreover, these results suggest that CORT may not always correlate with single stress indices but may provide a global assessment of chronic stress, with implications for the allostatic load literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M O'Brien
- University of Massachusetts Boston, HORIZON Center, Department of Psychology, Boston, MA, USA.
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Dijker AJM. Stigmatization, Repair, or Undesirable Side Effect of Tolerance? Being Clear About What We Study and Target for Intervention. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2012.746149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Greenland K, Xenias D, Maio G. Intergroup anxiety from the self and other: Evidence from self-report, physiological effects, and real interactions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Littleford LN, Wright MO, Sayoc-Parial M. White Students' Intergroup Anxiety During Same-Race and Interracial Interactions: A Multimethod Approach. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s15324834basp2701_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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O'Brien LT, Crandall CS, Horstman-Reser A, Warner R, Alsbrooks A, Blodorn A. But I'm No Bigot: How Prejudiced White Americans Maintain Unprejudiced Self-Images. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Different studies regarding the role of norms on the expression of prejudice have shown that the anti-prejudice norm influences people to inhibit prejudice expressions. However, if norm pressure has led to a substantial decrease in the public expression of prejudice against certain targets (e.g., blacks, women, blind people), little theoretical and empirical attention has been paid to the role of this general norm regarding sexual minorities (e.g., prostitutes, lesbians and gays). In this sense, the issue we want to address is whether general anti-prejudice norms can reduce the expression of prejudice against homosexual individuals. In this research we investigate the effect of activating an anti-prejudice norm against homosexuals on blatant and subtle expressions of prejudice. The anti-prejudice norm was experimentally manipulated and its effects were observed on rejection to intimacy (blatant prejudice) and on positive-negative emotions (subtle prejudice) regarding homosexuals. 136 university students were randomly allocated to activated-norm and control conditions and completed a questionnaire that included norm manipulation and the dependent variables. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) as well as subsequent ANOVAS showed that only in the high normative pressure condition participants expressed less rejection to intimacy and less negative emotions against homosexuals, when compared to the simple norm-activation and the control conditions. Positive emotions, however, were similar both in the high normative pressure and the control conditions. We concluded that a high anti-prejudice pressure regarding homosexuals could reduce blatant prejudice but not subtle prejudice, considering that the expression of negative emotions decreased while the expression of positive emotions remained stable.
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Ito TA, Bartholow BD. The neural correlates of race. Trends Cogn Sci 2009; 13:524-31. [PMID: 19896410 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral analyses are a natural choice for understanding the wide-ranging behavioral consequences of racial stereotyping and prejudice. However, studies using neuroimaging and electrophysiological research have recently considered the neural mechanisms that underlie racial categorization and the activation and application of racial stereotypes and prejudice, revealing exciting new insights. Work that we review here points to the importance of neural structures previously associated with face processing, semantic knowledge activation, evaluation and self-regulatory behavioral control, enabling specification of a neural model of race processing. We show how research on the neural correlates of race can serve to link otherwise disparate lines of evidence on the neural underpinnings of a broad array of social-cognitive phenomena; we also consider the implications for effecting change in race relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Ito
- University of Colorado, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA.
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Amodio DM. Intergroup anxiety effects on the control of racial stereotypes: A psychoneuroendocrine analysis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dovidio JF, Pearson AR, Orr P. Social Psychology and Neuroscience: Strange Bedfellows or a Healthy Marriage? GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430207088041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we assess what neuroscience theory and method have contributed to the study of group processes and intergroup relations and what we see as potential future contributions to the discipline. We briefly review the historical relation between neuroscience and social psychology, identify issues that may limit the value of neuroscience to the study of group processes and relations, and then argue that social neuroscience indeed holds significant promise for understanding many key elements of group processes and intergroup relations. Both the potential problems and the potential benefits of bridging neuroscience and social psychology are considered in terms of theoretical considerations, empirical issues, and practical implications. We conclude that, although not all group phenomena may be reducible to neural activity and pathways, there are significant benefits to social psychology by having an even broader multidisciplinary orientation within social psychology, one that incorporates the complementary perspectives, techniques, and knowledge of neuroscience.
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Vaes J, Paladino MP, Leyens JP. Priming uniquely human emotions and the in-group (but not the out-group) activates humanity concepts. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Graves RE, Cassisi JE, Penn DL. Psychophysiological evaluation of stigma towards schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2005; 76:317-27. [PMID: 15949664 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2004] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Stigma is a potentially destructive phenomenon that may result in negative consequences for individuals diagnosed or labeled as having a mental illness. Several recent studies suggest that contact with various stigmatized out-group members result in psychophysiological reactions indicative of negative affect. It is unclear whether such reactions extend to encounters with individuals with mental illness. Participants imagined interacting with individuals labeled or unlabeled as having schizophrenia, while corrugator supercilii (brow) EMG, palmer skin conductance, and heart rate activity were monitored. Participants were 15 males and 20 females mainly African American students between the ages of 18 and 28 who attended a historically black university in the Southeastern region of the United States. Participants reported higher SUDS ratings and exhibited higher brow muscle tension during imagery with labeled than non-labeled individuals. Psychophysiological reactivity predicted global self-reported attitudes of stigma towards labeled individuals. The findings suggest that one reason why individuals avoid individuals with mental illness is physiological arousal, which is likely experienced as negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Elaine Graves
- Department of Psychiatry, Howard University, Suite 5B02, 2041 Georgia Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA.
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Chiu P, Ambady N, Deldin P. Contingent Negative Variation to Emotional In- and Out-Group Stimuli Differentiates High- and Low-Prejudiced Individuals. J Cogn Neurosci 2004; 16:1830-9. [PMID: 15701232 DOI: 10.1162/0898929042947946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Low- and high-prejudiced individuals exhibited differential cortical and behavioral responses to the pending and actual evaluation of emotional in- and out-group faces. Participants viewed warning stimuli indicating the subsequent presentation of an angry or happy African-American or Caucasian face. Upon presentation of the face, participants judged whether they would enjoy working with the individual. The contingent negative variation (CNV) component of the event-related potential in response to the pending presentation of in- and out-group emotional stimuli distinguished low- from high-prejudiced individuals. Specifically, low-prejudiced individuals showed greater early CNV in anticipation of angry African-American targets, and increased reaction time to evaluating these faces. High-prejudiced individuals showed decreased early CNV in anticipation of angry African-American faces, accompanied by decreased response latencies, and enhanced CNV in anticipation of happy Caucasian faces. Notably, no group differences emerged in either the pending or actual evaluation of happy out-group faces. The data are discussed with regard to implications for understanding the nature of prejudice, and underscore both the importance of emotional expression on how a target is appraised and also the utility of using converging measures to clarify processes that may contribute to social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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27
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Stewart TL, Laduke JR, Bracht C, Sweet BAM, Gamarel KE. Do the "Eyes" Have It? A Program Evaluation of Jane Elliott's "Blue-Eyes/Brown-Eyes" Diversity Training Exercise1. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb02086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Crandall CS, Eshleman A. A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice. Psychol Bull 2003; 129:414-46. [PMID: 12784937 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors propose a justification-suppression model (JSM), which characterizes the processes that lead to prejudice expression and the experience of one's own prejudice. They suggest that "genuine" prejudices are not directly expressed but are restrained by beliefs, values, and norms that suppress them. Prejudices are expressed when justifications (e.g., attributions, ideologies, stereotypes) release suppressed prejudices. The same process accounts for which prejudices are accepted into the self-concept The JSM is used to organize the prejudice literature, and many empirical findings are recharacterized as factors affecting suppression or justification, rather than directly affecting genuine prejudice. The authors discuss the implications of the JSM for several topics, including prejudice measurement, ambivalence, and the distinction between prejudice and its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Crandall
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, 1415 Jay-hawk Boulevard, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.
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Nail PR, Harton HC, Decker BP. Political orientation and modern versus aversive racism: tests of Dovidio and Gaertner's (1998) integrated model. J Pers Soc Psychol 2003; 84:754-70. [PMID: 12703647 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
According to J. F. Dovidio and S. L. Gaertner's (1998) integrated model of racism, politically liberal European Americans tend to express racism differently than conservative European Americans, with liberals demonstrating aversive racism and conservatives, symbolic or modern racism. In support of the model, in Experiment 1 liberals showed bias in favor of a twice-prosecuted African American relative to a European American in their judgment of double jeopardy, whereas conservatives did the reverse. Experiment 2 replicated these effects while eliminating a confound in the design of Experiment 1. Experiment 3 found evidence for the intrapsychic conflict hypothesized to underlie aversive racism. Specifically, only liberals displayed greater physiological arousal to the touch of an African American versus a European American experimenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Nail
- Department of Psychology, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, 73096, USA.
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Amodio DM, Harmon-Jones E, Devine PG. Individual differences in the activation and control of affective race bias as assessed by startle eyeblink response and self-report. J Pers Soc Psychol 2003; 84:738-53. [PMID: 12703646 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The activation and control of affective race bias were measured using startle eyeblink responses (Study 1) and self-reports (Study 2) as White American participants viewed White and Black faces. Individual differences in levels of bias were predicted using E. A. Plant and P. G. Devine's (1998) Internal and External Motivation to Respond Without Prejudice scales (IMS/EMS). Among high-IMS participants, those low in EMS exhibited less affective race bias in their blink responses than other participants. In contrast, both groups of high-IMS participants exhibited less affective race bias in self-reported responses compared with low-IMS participants. Results demonstrate individual differences in implicit affective race bias and suggest that controlled, belief-based processes are more effectively implemented in deliberative responses (e.g., self-reports).
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA.
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31
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Emotional prejudice, essentialism, and nationalism The 2002 Tajfel lecture. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Level of Prejudice in Relation to Knowledge of Cultural Stereotypes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/jesp.2000.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Blascovich J, Mendes WB, Hunter SB, Lickel B, Kowai-Bell N. Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. J Pers Soc Psychol 2001; 80:253-67. [PMID: 11220444 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which stigmatized interaction partners engender perceivers' threat reactions (i.e., stigma-threat hypothesis) was examined. Experiments 1 and 2 included the manipulation of stigma using facial birthmarks. Experiment 3 included manipulations of race and socioeconomic status. Threat responses were measured physiologically, behaviorally, and subjectively. Perceivers interacting with stigmatized partners exhibited cardiovascular reactivity consistent with threat and poorer performance compared with participants interacting with nonstigmatized partners, who exhibited challenge reactivity. In Experiment 3, intergroup contact moderated physiological reactivity such that participants who reported more contact with Black persons exhibited less physiological threat when interacting with them. These results support the stigma-threat hypothesis and suggest the utility of a biopsychosocial approach to the study of stigma and related constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blascovich
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106-9660, USA
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Leyens JP, Rodriguez-Perez A, Rodriguez-Torres R, Gaunt R, Paladino MP, Vaes J, Demoulin S. Psychological essentialism and the differential attribution of uniquely human emotions to ingroups and outgroups. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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