1
|
Persia D, Mangiavacchi F, Marcotullio MC, Rosati O. Cannabinoids as multifaceted compounds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 212:113718. [PMID: 37196772 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, Cannabis and its preparations have found various applications such as for medical, recreational and industrial purposes. Subsequently the 1930s, legislation in many countries has restricted its use due to its psychotropic properties. More recently, the discovery of endocannabinoid system, including new receptors, ligands, and mediators, its role in maintaining the homeostasis of the human body and the possible implication in various physiological and pathophysiological processes has also been understood. Based on this evidence, researchers were able to develop new therapeutic targets for the treatment of various pathological disorders. For this purpose, Cannabis and cannabinoids were subjected for the evaluation of their pharmacological activities. The renewed interest in the medical use of cannabis for its potential therapeutic application has prompted legislators to take action to regulate the safe use of cannabis and products containing cannabinoids. However, each country has an enormous heterogeneity in the regulation of laws. Here, we are pleased to show a general and prevailing overview of the findings regarding cannabinoids and the multiple research fields such as chemistry, phytochemistry, pharmacology and analytics in which they are involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Persia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Mangiavacchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy; Current Address: Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', Via Della Lastruccia, 16 - Università Degli Studi di Firenze, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Marcotullio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ornelio Rosati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang H, Taouil A, Awwa M, Clement T, Zhu C, Kim J, Rendina D, Jayanetti K, Maharaj A, Wang L, Bogdan D, Pepe A, Kaczocha M, Ojima I. SAR study on Novel truxillic acid monoester-Based inhibitors of fatty acid binding proteins as Next-Generation antinociceptive agents. Bioorg Chem 2022; 129:106184. [PMID: 36244323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) is a highly promising target for the development of analgesics as its inhibition is devoid of CB<sub>1</sub>R-dependent side-effects. The design and discovery of highly potent and FABP5-selective truxillic acid (TA) monoesters (TAMEs) is the primary aim of the present study. On the basis of molecular docking analysis, ca. 2,000 TAMEs were designed and screened in silico, to funnel down to 55 new TAMEs, which were synthesized and assayed for their affinity (Ki) to FABP5, 3 and 7. The SAR study revealed that the introduction of H-bond acceptors to the far end of the 1,1'-biphenyl-3-yl and 1,1'-biphenyl-2-yl ester moieties improved the affinity of α-TAMEs to FABP5. Compound γ-3 is the first γ-TAME, demonstrating a high affinity to FABP5 and competing with α-TAMEs. We identified the best 20 TAMEs based on the FABP5/3 selectivity index. The clear front runner is α-16, bearing a 2‑indanyl ester moiety. In sharp contrast, no ε-TAMEs made the top 20 in this list. However, α-19 and ε-202, have been identified as potent FABP3-selective inhibitors for applications related to their possible use in the protection of cardiac myocytes and the reduction of α-synuclein accumulation in Parkinson's disease. Among the best 20 TAMEs selected based on the affinity to FABP7, 13 out of 20 TAMEs were found to be FABP7-selective, with α-21 as the most selective. This study identified several TAMEs as FABP7-selective inhibitors, which would have potentially beneficial therapeutic effects in diseases such as Down's syndrome, schizophrenia, breast cancer, and astrocytoma. We successfully introduced the α-TA monosilyl ester (TAMSE)-mediated protocol to dramatically improve the overall yields of α-TAMEs. α-TAMSEs with TBDPS as the silyl group is isolated in good yields and unreacted α-TA/ α-MeO-TA, as well as disilyl esters (α-TADSEs) are fully recycled. Molecular docking analysis provided rational explanations for the observed binding affinity and selectivity of the FABP3, 5 and 7 inhibitors, including their α, γ and ε isomers, in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hehe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Adam Taouil
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Monaf Awwa
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Timothy Clement
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Chuanzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Jinwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Dominick Rendina
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Kalani Jayanetti
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Atri Maharaj
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Liqun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8480, United States
| | - Diane Bogdan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8480, United States
| | - Antonella Pepe
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Martin Kaczocha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8480, United States; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Iwao Ojima
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Celik M, Fuehrlein B. A Review of Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Substance Use Disorders: Current Status and Future Prospects. Immunotargets Ther 2022; 11:55-66. [PMID: 36199734 PMCID: PMC9528911 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s370435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Celik
- Research Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian Fuehrlein
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Mental Health Service Line, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Correspondence: Brian Fuehrlein, Mental Health Service Line, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT, 06516, Tel +1-203-932-5711 x4471, Fax +1-203-937-4904, Email
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Niu L, Hou Y, Jiang M, Bai G. The rich pharmacological activities of Magnolia officinalis and secondary effects based on significant intestinal contributions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114524. [PMID: 34400262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Magnolia officinalis Cortex (M. officinalis) is a traditional herbal drug widely used in Asian countries. Depending on its multiple biological activities, M. officinalis is used to regulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility, relieve cough and asthma, prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and treat depression and anxiety. AIM OF THE REVIEW We aimed to review the abundant form of pharmacodynamics activity and potential mechanisms of action of M. officinalis and the characteristics of the internal processes of the main components. The potential mechanisms of local and distance actions of M. officinalis based on GI tract was provided, and it was used to reveal the interconnections between traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Published literatures about M. officinalis and its main components were collected from several scientific databases, including PubMed, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Web of Science etc. RESULTS: M. officinalis was shown multiple effects including effects on digestive system, respiratory system, central system, which is consistent with traditional applications, as well as some other activities such as cardiovascular system, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and so on. The mechanisms of these activities are abundant. Its chief ingredients such as magnolol and honokiol can be metabolized into active metabolites in vivo, which can increase water solubility and bioavailability and exert pharmacological activity in the whole body. In the GI tract, M. officinalis and its main ingredient can regulate GI hormones and substance metabolism, protect the intestinal barrier and affect the gut microbiota (GM). These actions are effective to improve local discomfort and some distal symptoms such as depression, asthma, or metabolic disorders. CONCLUSIONS Although M. officinalis has rich pharmacological effects, the GI tract makes great contributions to it. The GI tract is not only an important place for absorption and metabolism but also a key site to help M. officinalis exert local and distal efficacy. Pharmacodynamical studies on the efficacies of distal tissues based on the contributions of the GI tract hold great potential for understanding the benefits of M. officinalis and providing new ideas for the treatment of important diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Niu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
R C Coelho MP, de O P Leme F, A Moreira F, E M T Branco S, M Melo M, G de Melo E. Current review of hemp-based medicines in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:870-882. [PMID: 34605042 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Medical use of Cannabis (or hemp) began thousands of years ago. In the 20th century, mechanisms of action were demonstrated with the discovery of its active substances, the phytocannabinoids, and its pharmacological targets, the endocannabinoid system. This system is composed of receptors, endogenous substances, and enzymes, and it participates in the modulation of physiological mechanisms in several species, including dogs. Studies indicate that changes in this system may contribute to the genesis of some diseases. Therefore, the use of substances that act on its components may help in the treatment of these diseases. The main phytocannabinoids described are Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). In humans, the benefits of using CBD in several diseases have been demonstrated. The popularization of this type of treatment has also reached veterinary medicine, which on one hand was related to an increase in adverse event records, but on the other also allowed reports of anecdotal evidences of its effectiveness and safety in animals. Clinical studies published so far indicate that the use of CBD in dogs can be safe at given doses and can contribute to osteoarthritis and idiopathic epilepsy treatments. Clinical and pre-clinical studies and case reports were reviewed in this report to identify the main characteristics of hemp-based therapies in dogs, including its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and efficacy in the treatment of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula R C Coelho
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiola de O P Leme
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabricio A Moreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stephanie E M T Branco
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marilia M Melo
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eliane G de Melo
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bosnjak Kuharic D, Markovic D, Brkovic T, Jeric Kegalj M, Rubic Z, Vuica Vukasovic A, Jeroncic A, Puljak L. Cannabinoids for the treatment of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 9:CD012820. [PMID: 34532852 PMCID: PMC8446835 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012820.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia is a common chronic condition, mainly affecting older adults, characterised by a progressive decline in cognitive and functional abilities. Medical treatments for dementia are limited. Cannabinoids are being investigated for the treatment of dementia. OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy and safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of dementia. SEARCH METHODS We searched ALOIS - the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group's Specialised Register - on 8 July 2021, using the terms cannabis or cannabinoid or endocannabinoid or cannabidiol or THC or CBD or dronabinol or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or marijuana or marihuana or hashish. The register contains records from all major healthcare databases (the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LILACS), as well as from many clinical trials registries and grey literature sources. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of cannabinoids for the treatment of dementia. We included participants of any age and of either sex with diagnosed dementia of any subtype, or with unspecified dementia of any severity, from any setting. We considered studies of cannabinoids administered by any route, at any dose, for any duration, compared with placebo, no treatment, or any active control intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened and selected studies for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias in included studies. When necessary, other review authors were involved in reaching consensus decisions. We conducted meta-analyses using a generic inverse variance fixed-effect model to derive estimates of effect size. We used GRADE methods to assess our confidence in the effect estimates. MAIN RESULTS We included four studies (126 participants) in this review. Most participants had Alzheimer's disease; a few had vascular dementia or mixed dementia. Three studies had low risk of bias across all domains; one study had unclear risk of bias for the majority of domains. The included studies tested natural delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (Namisol) and two types of synthetic THC analogue (dronabinol and nabilone). Three trials had a cross-over design. Interventions were applied over 3 to 14 weeks; one study reported adverse events over 70 weeks of follow-up. One trial was undertaken in the USA, one in Canada, and two in The Netherlands. Two studies reported non-commercial funding, and two studies were conducted with the support of both commercial and non-commercial funding. Primary outcomes in this review were changes in global and specific cognitive function, overall behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), and adverse events. We found very low-certainty evidence suggesting there may be little or no clinically important effect of a synthetic THC analogue on cognition assessed with the standardised Mini-Mental State Examination (sMMSE) (mean difference (MD) 1.1 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1 to 2.1; 1 cross-over trial, 28 participants). We found low-certainty evidence suggesting there may be little or no clinically important effect of cannabinoids on overall behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (or its modified nursing home version) (MD -1.97, 95% CI -3.87 to -0.07; 1 parallel group and 2 cross-over studies, 110 participants). All included studies reported data on adverse events. However, the total number of adverse events, the total numbers of mild and moderate adverse events, and the total number of serious adverse events (SAEs) were not reported in a way that permitted meta-analysis. There were no clear differences between groups in numbers of adverse events, with the exception of sedation (including lethargy), which was more frequent among participants taking nabilone (N = 17) than placebo (N = 6) (odds ratio (OR) 2.83, 95% CI 1.07 to 7.48; 1 cross-over study, 38 participants). We judged the certainty of evidence for adverse event outcomes to be low or very low due to serious concerns regarding imprecision and indirectness. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Based on data from four small, short, and heterogeneous placebo-controlled trials, we cannot be certain whether cannabinoids have any beneficial or harmful effects on dementia. If there are benefits of cannabinoids for people with dementia, the effects may be too small to be clinically meaningful. Adequately powered, methodologically robust trials with longer follow-up are needed to properly assess the effects of cannabinoids in dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Domagoj Markovic
- Clinic for Heart and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Split Hospital Center, Split, Croatia
| | - Tonci Brkovic
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Split Hospital Center, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Zana Rubic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Split Hospital Center, Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Vuica Vukasovic
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Split Hospital Center, Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Jeroncic
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Livia Puljak
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Health Care, Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ahmed M, Boileau I, Le Foll B, Carvalho AF, Kloiber S. The endocannabinoid system in social anxiety disorder: from pathophysiology to novel therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 44:81-93. [PMID: 34468550 PMCID: PMC8827369 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2021-1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder that presents with an early age of onset, chronic disease course, and increased risk of psychiatric comorbidity. Current treatment options for SAD are associated with low response rates, suboptimal efficacy, and possible risk of adverse effects. Investigation of new neurobiological mechanisms may aid in the identification of more specific therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disorder. Emerging evidence suggests that the endogenous cannabinoid system, also referred to as the endocannabinoid system (ECS), could play a potential role in the pathophysiology of SAD. This review discusses the known pathophysiological mechanisms of SAD, the potential role of the ECS in this disorder, current drugs targeting the ECS, and the potential of these novel compounds to enhance the therapeutic armamentarium for SAD. Further investigational efforts, specifically in human populations, are warranted to improve our knowledge of the ECS in SAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mashal Ahmed
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia, 3216
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rahaman O, Ganguly D. Endocannabinoids in immune regulation and immunopathologies. Immunology 2021; 164:242-252. [PMID: 34053085 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are key bioactive components of the endocannabinoid system, and the profound influence of endocannabinoids on the modulation of the immune system is being increasingly appreciated. The knowledge of endocannabinoid-immune cell crosstalk will pave the way to therapeutic implications of modulators of this pathway in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders. Endocannabinoids seem to exert both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects in specific contexts, based on specific receptor engagement and the downstream signalling pathways involved. In this review, we summarized the biosynthesis, signalling and degradation of two well-studied endocannabinoids-anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol in immune cells. Then, we discussed the effects of these two endocannabinoids on the functioning of major innate and adaptive immune cells, along with the choice of receptors employed in such interactions. Finally, we outline our current knowledge on the involvement of anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol in context of inflammation, allergies, autoimmunity and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oindrila Rahaman
- Dendritic Cell Biology Laboratory, IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipyaman Ganguly
- Dendritic Cell Biology Laboratory, IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Takamura Y, Kakuta H. In Vivo Receptor Visualization and Evaluation of Receptor Occupancy with Positron Emission Tomography. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5226-5251. [PMID: 33905258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is useful for noninvasive in vivo visualization of disease-related receptors, for evaluation of receptor occupancy to determine an appropriate drug dosage, and for proof-of-concept of drug candidates in translational research. For these purposes, the specificity of the PET tracer for the target receptor is critical. Here, we review work in this area, focusing on the chemical structures of reported PET tracers, their Ki/Kd values, and the physical properties relevant to target receptor selectivity. Among these physical properties, such as cLogP, cLogD, molecular weight, topological polar surface area, number of hydrogen bond donors, and pKa, we focus especially on LogD and LogP as important physical properties that can be easily compared across a range of studies. We discuss the success of PET tracers in evaluating receptor occupancy and consider likely future developments in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Takamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Delayed on- and off-retinal responses of cones pathways in regular cannabis users: An On-Off flash electroretinogram case-control study. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 136:312-318. [PMID: 33636687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The retina is considered a useful area for investigating synaptic transmission abnormalities in neuropsychiatric disorders, including as a result of using cannabis, the most widely consumed illicit substance in the developed world. The impact of regular cannabis use on retinal function has already been evaluated, using pattern and flash electroretinogram (ERG) to demonstrate a delay in ganglion and bipolar cell response. Using multifocal ERG, it was showed that the delay to be preferentially located in the central retina. ERG tests do not separately examine the impact of cannabis on the On and Off pathways. The purpose of this study is to assess On and Off pathway function using On-Off ERG. We conducted an On-Off ERG test in 42 regular cannabis users and 26 healthy controls. The protocol was compliant with the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) standards. Amplitude and peak time were measured for the a-, b- and d-waves. Results in the regular cannabis users showed a significant increase in the latencies of both the b- and the d-wave (p = 0.020, p = 0.022, respectively, Mann-Whitney U test), with no change in the wave amplitudes. A-wave peak time and amplitude were unchanged. These findings are reflective of an effect of regular cannabis use on the On and Off pathways and are consistent with previous findings which also identified increases in retinal neuron response times. We confirm here that regular cannabis use impacts the post-receptoral cones pathway at the level of bipolar cells, affecting the On and Off pathways.
Collapse
|
11
|
De Briyne N, Holmes D, Sandler I, Stiles E, Szymanski D, Moody S, Neumann S, Anadón A. Cannabis, Cannabidiol Oils and Tetrahydrocannabinol-What Do Veterinarians Need to Know? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030892. [PMID: 33804793 PMCID: PMC8003882 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As cannabis-derived products have become more available, veterinarians are seeing more cases of toxicosis. In addition, animal owners are having an increasing interest in using these products for their pets. This review looks at the situation in Europe and North America, the different types of cannabis and cannabis-derived products with historical examples of use in animals, and the cannabis industry. The existing regulatory framework for use in humans and animals as medicines and/or supplements was examined. Finally, a review of the clinical indications for which medicinal cannabis is authorised, a discussion of toxicosis, and recommendations and warnings around medical cannabis use are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy De Briyne
- Federation of Veterinarians of Europe (FVE), 1040 Brussels, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
| | - Danny Holmes
- Holmes St Anthony’s Veterinary Hospital, St Anthonys, Caherslee, V92 V6YK Tralee, Ireland;
| | - Ian Sandler
- Canadian Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA), Ottawa, ON K1R 7K1, Canada; (I.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Enid Stiles
- Canadian Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA), Ottawa, ON K1R 7K1, Canada; (I.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Dharati Szymanski
- American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), Schaumburg, IL 60173, USA;
| | - Sarah Moody
- Federation of Veterinarians of Europe (FVE), 1040 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Stephan Neumann
- Companion Animal Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goettingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ali AM, El-Tawil OS, Al-Mokaddem AK, Abd El-Rahman SS. Promoted inhibition of TLR4/miR-155/ NF kB p65 signaling by cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist (AM1241), aborts inflammation and progress of hepatic fibrosis induced by thioacetamide. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 336:109398. [PMID: 33503444 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays a pivotal role, whether it is promoting or dampening hepatic fibrosis. This study investigated the role of Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) activation by the synthetic analog (AM1241) on revoking the progress of liver fibrosis. Thioacetamide (TAA) was used to induce liver fibrosis in rats for three weeks followed by its concurrent administration with AM1241 at two different doses for another three weeks. Markers for liver function and oxidative stress, hepatic TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, qRT-PCR expression of Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), TGF-β1, α-SMA and microRNA-155 (miR-155) genes, Western blot for protein levels of Vimentin and E-cadherin, immunohistochemical expression of NFκB p65 and histopathology of liver tissue were all investigated. AM1241 administration significantly maintained liver function markers and decreased; malondialdehyde, Vimentin, TLR4, TGF-β1, α-SMA and miR-155 genes expression, NFκB p65 immune-expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6). Additionally, AM1241 significantly increased E-Cadherin level, GSH and SOD content. Histologically, AM1241 limited fibroplasia extension, and broke the itinerary of bridging fibrosis. In conclusion, activation of the CB2 receptors by AM1241 promoted liver regeneration and overrun the progression of liver fibrosis through; inhibition of TLR4/miR-155/NFκB p65 pathway, suppression of pro-inflammatory IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, reducing TGF-β1, α-SMA, Vimentin and up-regulating E-Cadherin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Ali
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Osama S El-Tawil
- Department of Toxicology, Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Regulations, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Asmaa K Al-Mokaddem
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Emerging Roles of Cannabinoids and Synthetic Cannabinoids in Clinical Experimental Models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1264:47-65. [PMID: 33332003 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57369-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of investigations has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of molecules targeting the endocannabinoid system. Cannabinoids of endogenous, phytogenic, and synthetic nature have been assessed in a wide variety of disease models ranging from neurological to metabolic disorders. Even though very few compounds of this type have already reached the market, numerous preclinical and clinical studies suggest that cannabinoids are suitable drugs for the clinical management of diverse pathologies.In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the endocannabinoid system under certain physiopathological conditions, with a focus on neurological, oncologic, and metabolic disorders. Cannabinoids evaluated as potential therapeutic agents in experimental models with an emphasis in the most successful chemical entities and their perspectives towards the clinic will be discussed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pertwee RG. The 90th Birthday of Professor Raphael Mechoulam, a Top Cannabinoid Scientist and Pioneer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207653. [PMID: 33081122 PMCID: PMC7593926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Pertwee
- School of Medical Sciences, The Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs produce antinociceptive effects mainly through peripheral cyclooxygenase inhibition. In opposition to the classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol and dipyrone exert weak anti-inflammatory activity, their antinociceptive effects appearing to be mostly due to mechanisms other than peripheral cyclooxygenase inhibition. In this review, we classify classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol and dipyrone as “non-opioid analgesics” and discuss the mechanisms mediating participation of the endocannabinoid system in their antinociceptive effects. Non-opioid analgesics and their metabolites may activate cannabinoid receptors, as well as elevate endocannabinoid levels through different mechanisms: reduction of endocannabinoid degradation via fatty acid amide hydrolase and/or cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition, mobilization of arachidonic acid for the biosynthesis of endocannabinoids due to cyclooxygenase inhibition, inhibition of endocannabinoid cellular uptake directly or through the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase production, and induction of endocannabinoid release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruhan Deniz Topuz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Özgur Gündüz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Çetin Hakan Karadağ
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ulugöl
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Furqan T, Batool S, Habib R, Shah M, Kalasz H, Darvas F, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Batool S, Nurulain SM. Cannabis Constituents and Acetylcholinesterase Interaction: Molecular Docking, In Vitro Studies and Association with CNR1 rs 806368 and ACHE rs17228602. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050758. [PMID: 32414087 PMCID: PMC7277636 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study documented here was aimed to find the molecular interactions of some of the cannabinoid constituents of cannabis with acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Molecular docking and LogP determination were performed to predict the AChE inhibitory effect and lipophilicity. AChE enzyme activity was measured in the blood of cannabis addicted human subjects. Further, genetic predisposition to cannabis addiction was investigated by association analysis of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs806368 and ACHE rs17228602 using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. All the understudied cannabis constituents showed promising binding affinities with AChE and are lipophilic in nature. The AChE activity was observed to be indifferent in cannabis addicted and non-addicted healthy controls. There was no significant association with CNR1 SNP rs806368 and ACHE rs17228602. The study concludes that in silico prediction for individual biomolecules of cannabis is different from in vivo physiological action in human subjects when all are present together. However, for a deeper mechanistic insight into these interactions and association, multi-population studies are suggested. Further studies to explore the inhibitory potential of different cannabis constituents for intended AChE inhibitor-based drug are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiyyaba Furqan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (T.F.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Sidra Batool
- Department of Biosciences, Bioinformatics laboratory, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan;
| | - Rabia Habib
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (T.F.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Mamoona Shah
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (T.F.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Huba Kalasz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
| | | | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (S.M.N.)
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Sajida Batool
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (T.F.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Syed M Nurulain
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (T.F.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (S.M.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mustafa M, Donvito G, Moncayo L, Swafford A, Poklis J, Grauer R, Olszewska T, Ignatowska-Jankowska B, Kendall DA, Lu D, Lichtman AH. In vivo evaluation of the CB1 allosteric modulator LDK1258 reveals CB1-receptor independent behavioral effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 190:172840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
18
|
Sánchez-Gutiérrez T, Fernandez-Castilla B, Barbeito S, González-Pinto A, Becerra-García JA, Calvo A. Cannabis use and nonuse in patients with first-episode psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing neurocognitive functioning. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63:e6. [PMID: 32093788 PMCID: PMC8057396 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2019.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The implications of cannabis use in the onset of early psychosis and the severity of psychotic symptoms have resulted in a proliferation of studies on this issue. However, few have examined the effects of cannabis use on the cognitive symptoms of psychosis (i.e., neurocognitive functioning) in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP). This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to assess the neurocognitive functioning of cannabis users (CU) and nonusers (NU) with FEP. Methods. Of the 110 studies identified through the systematic review of 6 databases, 7 met the inclusion criteria, resulting in 14 independent samples and 78 effect sizes. The total sample included 304 CU with FEP and 369 NU with FEP. The moderator variables were age at first use, duration of use, percentage of males, and age. Results. Effect sizes were not significantly different from zero in any neurocognitive domain when users and NU were compared. Part of the variability in effect sizes was explained by the inclusion of the following moderator variables: (1) frequency of cannabis use (β = 0.013, F = 7.56, p = 0.017); (2) first-generation antipsychotics (β = 0.019, F = 34.46, p ≤ 0.001); and (3) country where the study was carried out (β = 0.266, t = 2.06, p = 0.043). Conclusions. This meta-analysis indicates that cannabis use is not generally associated with neurocognitive functioning in patients with FEP. However, it highlights the deleterious effect of low doses of cannabis in some patients. It also stresses the importance of the type of antipsychotic prescription and cannabis dose as moderator variables in the neurocognitive functioning of CU with FEP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Belén Fernandez-Castilla
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven. Belgium
| | - Sara Barbeito
- Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana González-Pinto
- Hospital Universitario de Alava, Servicio de Psiquiatría, BIOARABA, CIBERSAM, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Ana Calvo
- Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dopart R, Immadi SS, Lu D, Kendall DA. Structural Optimization of the Diarylurea PSNCBAM-1, an Allosteric Modulator of Cannabinoid Receptor 1. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2019; 92:100574. [PMID: 32021660 PMCID: PMC6994307 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2019.100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PSNCBAM-1 is an allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid receptor 1. Derivatives of PSNCBAM-1 were made, to reduce the total rings in the structure. Several derivatives maintained allosteric activity, as shown by binding experiments. Some calculated physicochemical properties for these derivatives are provided.
Background Structure–activity relationship studies improve the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of a lead compound such as PSNCBAM-1, an allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid receptor 1. Objectives Here, several derivatives of PSNCBAM-1 were synthesized with the aim of reducing the number of rings within its structure and enhancing the solubility of the compounds. The derivatives studied contain substituents previously shown to enhance binding of agonists (ie, a cyano group and a pyrimidine ring), with a reduced number of rings compared with the parent compound, PSNCBAM-1. Methods The synthesized compounds were tested for the enhancement of the binding of orthosteric cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist CP55,940 in the presence of varying concentrations of each test compound. Select compounds were also tested for their effects on cannabinoid receptor 1 inverse agonist SR141716A binding. The compounds were also subjected to computational analysis of drug-like properties and solubility. Results Consistent with a positive allosteric modulator for orthosteric ligand binding, compounds LDK1317 (12a), LDK1320 (12b), LDK1321 (6a), LDK1323 (8a), and LDK1324 (6b) all enhanced the binding of agonist CP55,940 to some degree. Reduction in the number of rings did not abolish the activity. The new lead compounds LDK1317 (12a) and LDK1321 (6a) showed improved drug-like properties and enhanced solubility in silico. Conclusions In contrast to PSNCBAM-1, the synthesized compounds are analogs with fewer rings. The compounds LDK1317 (12a) and LDK1321 (6a) contained only 2 or 3 rings, respectively, and showed the binding parameters (KB = 110 nM, α = 2.3, and KB = 85 nM, α = 5.9). Further, the computationally predicted drug-like properties and solubility suggest these compounds are acceptable new lead compounds for further development of cannabinoid receptor 1 allosteric modulators. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2020; 81:XXX–XXX)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Dopart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Sri Sujana Immadi
- Rangel College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas
| | - Dai Lu
- Rangel College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas
| | - Debra A Kendall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alves LCV, Lisboa MRP, da Silveira HF, de Sousa LM, Gusmão JNFM, Dias DBS, Ervolino E, Furlaneto FAC, Vale ML, Gondim DV. Electroacupuncture increases immunoexpression of CB1 and CB2 receptors in experimental model of inflammatory bone loss. Bone 2019; 127:59-66. [PMID: 31121356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the participation of CB1 and CB2 receptors in the antiresorptive effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on an experimental model of inflammatory bone loss in rats. 30 rats were divided into five groups: C (control); EP (experimental periodontitis); EA (C+ EA); EP-EA (EP+ EA in the acupoints LI4, LG11, ST36, ST44); EP - EA-sham (EP+ EA in sham acupoints). For the EP groups, a ligature was placed around the right mandibular first molars at day 1. Sessions of EA or EA-sham were assigned every other day. Animals were euthanized at day 11. Histometric analysis was performed to evaluate the percentage of bone area in the furcation area. Immunolabeling patterns in the periodontal tissues and immunofluorescent staining in the trigeminal ganglia and in the trigeminal spinal tract for CB1 and CB2 receptors were performed. It was observed increased bone loss in the furcation in the EP and EP-EA-sham groups, in comparison to the other groups (p < 0.05). Enhanced CB2 immunolabeling was observed in the periodontal tissues in the EP-EA group, when compared to the EP and EP-EA-sham groups (p < 0.05). Increased CB1 immunofluorescent staining was observed in the neural tissues in the EA treated group in comparison with the other groups (p < 0.05), while no expression of CB2 was observed in those regions. Our study showed that in the presence of inflammatory bone disease, EA treatment reduced bone erosion and increased the immunoexpression of CB1 in the neural tissues and CB2 in the periodontal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Clertiani Vieira Alves
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luane Macêdo de Sousa
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Bernarde Souza Dias
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of |Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Edilson Ervolino
- Division of Histology, Department of Basic Sciences, Dental School of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia Aparecida Chaves Furlaneto
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo - USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lima Vale
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Delane Viana Gondim
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nguyen T, Gamage TF, Decker AM, German N, Langston TL, Farquhar CE, Kenakin TP, Wiley JL, Thomas BF, Zhang Y. Diarylureas Containing 5-Membered Heterocycles as CB 1 Receptor Allosteric Modulators: Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:518-527. [PMID: 30188693 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulators have attracted significant interest as an alternate strategy to modulate CB1 receptor signaling for therapeutic benefits that may avoid the adverse effects associated with orthosteric ligands. Here we extended our previous structure-activity relationship studies on the diarylurea-based CB1 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) by introducing five-membered heterocycles to replace the 5-pyrrolidinylpyridinyl group in PSNCBAM-1 (1), one of the first generation CB1 allosteric modulators. Many of these compounds had comparable potency to 1 in blocking the CB1 agonist CP55,940 stimulated calcium mobilization and [35S]GTP-γ-S binding. Similar to 1, most compounds showed positive cooperativity by increasing [3H]CP55,940 binding, consistent with the positive allosteric modulator (PAM)-antagonist mechanism. Interestingly, these compounds exhibited differences in ability to increase specific binding of [3H]CP55,940 and decrease binding of the antagonist [3H]SR141716. In saturation binding studies, only increases in [3H]CP55,940 Bmax, but not Kd, were observed, suggesting that these compounds stabilize low affinity receptors into a high affinity state. Among the series, the 2-pyrrolyl analogue (13) exhibited greater potency than 1 in the [35S]GTP-γ-S binding assay and significantly enhanced the maximum binding level in the [3H]CP5,5940 binding assay, indicating greater CB1 receptor affinity and/or cooperativity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Thomas F. Gamage
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Nadezhda German
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Tiffany L. Langston
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Charlotte E. Farquhar
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Terry P. Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jenny L. Wiley
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F. Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Endocannabinoids in Body Weight Control. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11020055. [PMID: 29849009 PMCID: PMC6027162 DOI: 10.3390/ph11020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of body weight is fundamental to maintain one's health and to promote longevity. Nevertheless, it appears that the global obesity epidemic is still constantly increasing. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid messengers that are involved in overall body weight control by interfering with manifold central and peripheral regulatory circuits that orchestrate energy homeostasis. Initially, blocking of eCB signaling by first generation cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) inverse agonists such as rimonabant revealed body weight-reducing effects in laboratory animals and men. Unfortunately, rimonabant also induced severe psychiatric side effects. At this point, it became clear that future cannabinoid research has to decipher more precisely the underlying central and peripheral mechanisms behind eCB-driven control of feeding behavior and whole body energy metabolism. Here, we will summarize the most recent advances in understanding how central eCBs interfere with circuits in the brain that control food intake and energy expenditure. Next, we will focus on how peripheral eCBs affect food digestion, nutrient transformation and energy expenditure by interfering with signaling cascades in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, fat depots and endocrine glands. To finally outline the safe future potential of cannabinoids as medicines, our overall goal is to address the molecular, cellular and pharmacological logic behind central and peripheral eCB-mediated body weight control, and to figure out how these precise mechanistic insights are currently transferred into the development of next generation cannabinoid medicines displaying clearly improved safety profiles, such as significantly reduced side effects.
Collapse
|
23
|
Enhanced endocannabinoid tone as a potential target of pharmacotherapy. Life Sci 2018; 204:20-45. [PMID: 29729263 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is up-regulated in numerous pathophysiological states such as inflammatory, neurodegenerative, gastrointestinal, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, pain, and cancer. It has been suggested that this phenomenon primarily serves an autoprotective role in inhibiting disease progression and/or diminishing signs and symptoms. Accordingly, enhancement of endogenous endocannabinoid tone by inhibition of endocannabinoid degradation represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of many diseases. Importantly, this allows for the avoidance of unwanted psychotropic side effects that accompany exogenously administered cannabinoids. The effects of endocannabinoid metabolic pathway modulation are complex, as endocannabinoids can exert their actions directly or via numerous metabolites. The two main strategies for blocking endocannabinoid degradation are inhibition of endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes and inhibition of endocannabinoid cellular uptake. To date, the most investigated compounds are inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), an enzyme that degrades the endocannabinoid anandamide. However, application of FAAH inhibitors (and consequently other endocannabinoid degradation inhibitors) in medicine became questionable due to a lack of therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials and serious adverse effects evoked by one specific compound. In this paper, we discuss multiple pathways of endocannabinoid metabolism, changes in endocannabinoid levels across numerous human diseases and corresponding experimental models, pharmacological strategies for enhancing endocannabinoid tone and potential therapeutic applications including multi-target drugs with additional targets outside of the endocannabinoid system (cyclooxygenase-2, cholinesterase, TRPV1, and PGF2α-EA receptors), and currently used medicines or medicinal herbs that additionally enhance endocannabinoid levels. Ultimately, further clinical and preclinical studies are warranted to develop medicines for enhancing endocannabinoid tone.
Collapse
|
24
|
Tóth V, Fehér Á, Németh J, Gyertyán I, Zádori Z, Gyires K. Modulation of central endocannabinoid system results in gastric mucosal protection in the rat. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:224-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
25
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The endocannabinoid system modulates cell signaling targets that are essential for energy homeostasis. Endocannabinoids bind to G protein-coupled receptors in the central nervous system and periphery, including the kidney. Modulation of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and CB2 activity in the kidney in diabetes and obesity has been identified as potential therapeutic target to reduce albuminuria and renal fibrosis. This review will highlight the results of recent studies that have identified a role for CB1 and CB2 in normal and pathological renal conditions. RECENT FINDINGS CB1 and CB2 have been reported to play key roles in renal function and dysfunction. Recent studies have determined that antagonism of CB1 and agonism of CB2 in diabetic nephropathy and obesity associated kidney disease can reduce albuminuria, potentially by acting on both the glomeruli and tubules. Emerging studies have also identified a role for CB1 in renal diseases associated with fibrosis, with CB1 upregulated in multiple models of human nephropathies. SUMMARY Emerging studies using isolated cells, rodent models, and human studies have identified a critical role for the endocannabinoid system in renal function and disease. Thus, therapeutics that modulate the activity of CB1 and CB2 in renal disease could become clinically relevant.
Collapse
|
26
|
Peripheral modulation of the endocannabinoid system in metabolic disease. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:592-604. [PMID: 29331500 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been identified in metabolic disease. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is abundantly expressed in the brain but also expressed in the periphery. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is more abundant in the periphery, including the immune cells. In obesity, global antagonism of overexpressed CB1 reduces bodyweight but leads to centrally mediated adverse psychological outcomes. Emerging research in isolated cultured cells or tissues has demonstrated that targeting the endocannabinoid system in the periphery alleviates the pathologies associated with metabolic disease. Further, peripheral specific cannabinoid ligands can reverse aspects of the metabolic phenotype. This Keynote review will focus on current research on the functionality of peripheral modulation of the ECS for the treatment of obesity.
Collapse
|
27
|
Evans-Brown M, Sedefov R. Responding to New Psychoactive Substances in the European Union: Early Warning, Risk Assessment, and Control Measures. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 252:3-49. [PMID: 30194542 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are drugs that are not controlled by the United Nations international drug control conventions of 1961 and 1971 but that may pose similar threats to public health. Many of them are traded as "legal" replacements to controlled drugs such as cannabis, heroin, benzodiazepines, cocaine, amphetamines, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Driven by globalization, there has been a large increase in the availability and, subsequently, harms caused by these substances over the last decade in Europe. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is monitoring more than 670 NPS that have appeared on Europe's drug market in the last 20 years, of which almost 90% have appeared in the last decade. While some recent policy responses have been successful in reducing availability and sales of these substances in some settings - such as "legal highs" and "research chemicals" sold openly in the high street and online - and there are signs that growth in the market is slowing, new challenges have emerged. This includes monitoring a growing number of highly potent substances - including 179 synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and 28 fentanils - that can pose a high risk of life-threatening poisoning to users and can cause explosive outbreaks. This chapter briefly traces the origins of NPS, provides an overview of the situation in Europe, and discusses the work of the EMCDDA as part of a legal framework of early warning, risk assessment, and control measures that allows the European Union to rapidly detect, assess, and respond to public health and social threats caused by these substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roumen Sedefov
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jee Kim M, Tanioka M, Woo Um S, Hong SK, Hwan Lee B. Analgesic effects of FAAH inhibitor in the insular cortex of nerve-injured rats. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918814345. [PMID: 30380982 PMCID: PMC6247483 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918814345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The insular cortex is an important region of brain involved in the processing of pain and emotion. Recent studies indicate that lesions in the insular cortex induce pain asymbolia and reverse neuropathic pain. Endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids), which have been shown to attenuate pain, are simultaneously degraded by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) that halts the mechanisms of action. Selective inhibitor URB597 suppresses FAAH activity by conserving endocannabinoids, which reduces pain. The present study examined the analgesic effects of URB597 treatment in the insular cortex of an animal model of neuropathic pain. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to nerve injury and cannula implantation. On postoperative day 14, rodents received microinjection of URB597 into the insular cortex. In order to verify the analgesic mechanisms of URB597, cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist AM251, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) antagonist GW6471, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist Iodoresiniferatoxin (I-RTX) were microinjected 15 min prior to URB597 injection. Changes in mechanical allodynia were measured using the von-Frey test. Expressions of CB1R, N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD), and TRPV1 significantly increased in the neuropathic pain group compared to the sham-operated control group. Mechanical threshold and expression of NAPE-PLD significantly increased in groups treated with 2 nM and 4 nM URB597 compared with the vehicle-injected group. Blockages of CB1R and PPAR alpha diminished the analgesic effects of URB597. Inhibition of TRPV1 did not effectively reduce the effects of URB597 but attenuated expression of NAPE-PLD compared with the URB597-injected group. In addition, optical imaging demonstrated that neuronal activity of the insular cortex was reduced following URB597 treatment. Our results suggest that microinjection of FAAH inhibitor into the insular cortex causes analgesic effects by decreasing neural excitability and increasing signals related to the endogenous cannabinoid pathway in the insular cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jee Kim
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Motomasa Tanioka
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Um
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Karp Hong
- Division of Bio and Health Sciences, Mokwon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae Hwan Lee
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shevchenko KV, Bezuglov VV, Akimov MG, Nagaev IY, Shevchenko VP, Myasoedov NF. Synthesis of N-acyl derivatives of Pro-Gly-Pro-Leu peptide: Proteolytic stability in vitro and effects on mouse macrophage cells RAW264.7. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2017; 476:333-336. [PMID: 29101744 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672917050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetyl, oleoyl, arachidonoyl, and docosahexaenoyl derivatives of the Pro-Gly-Pro-Leu peptide with a chemical purity of 99.8% were synthesized. The degradation kinetics of the Pro-Gly-Pro-Leu derivatives under the action of leucine aminopeptidase, nasal mucus, and microsomal fraction of the brain and blood of rats was studied. It was shown that the N-acyl derivatives of Pro-Gly-Pro-Leu proved to be more resistant to the action of leucine aminopeptidase and other enzyme systems. The study of the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity of preparations on the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 showed that acylation with oleic and arachidonic acid makes the peptide cytotoxic with LC50 in the range of 70-15 μM and gives it anti-inflammatory properties with EC50 of 32 and 36 μM, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K V Shevchenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - V V Bezuglov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - M G Akimov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - I Yu Nagaev
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - V P Shevchenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - N F Myasoedov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Markovic D, Bošnjak D, Brkovic T, Jeric M, Rubic Z, Vuica Vukasović A, Puljak L. Cannabinoids for the treatment of dementia. Hippokratia 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Markovic
- University Hospital Split; Clinic for Heart and Cardiovascular Diseases; Spinciceva 1 Split Croatia 21000
| | - Dina Bošnjak
- University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapče; Bolnicka cesta 32 Zagreb Grad Zagreb Croatia 10000
| | - Tonci Brkovic
- University of Split Hospital Center; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine; Mejaši 31 Split Croatia 21000
| | - Milka Jeric
- General Hospital Zadar; Department of Dermatovenerology; Matoseva 59b Split CRO Croatia 21000
| | - Zana Rubic
- University of Split Hospital Center; Department of Clinical Microbiology; Spinciceva 1 Split Croatia 21000
| | - Ana Vuica Vukasović
- University of Split Hospital Center; Department of Nuclear Medicine; Split Croatia 21000
| | - Livia Puljak
- University of Split School of Medicine; Cochrane Croatia; Soltanska 2 Split Croatia 21000
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nguyen T, German N, Decker AM, Langston TL, Gamage TF, Farquhar CE, Li JX, Wiley JL, Thomas BF, Zhang Y. Novel Diarylurea Based Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor: Evaluation of Importance of 6-Pyrrolidinylpyridinyl Substitution. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7410-7424. [PMID: 28792219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor have recently been reported as an alternative approach to modulate the CB1 receptor for therapeutic benefits. In this study, we report the design and synthesis of a series of diarylureas derived from PSNCBAM-1 (2). Similar to 2, these diarylureas dose-dependently inhibited CP55,940-induced intracellular calcium mobilization and [35S]GTP-γ-S binding while enhancing [3H]CP55,940 binding to the CB1 receptor. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that the pyridinyl ring of 2 could be replaced by other aromatic rings and the pyrrolidinyl ring is not required for CB1 allosteric modulation. 34 (RTICBM-74) had similar potencies as 2 in all in vitro assays but showed significantly improved metabolic stability to rat liver microsomes. More importantly, 34 was more effective than 2 in attenuating the reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior in rats, demonstrating the potential of this diarylurea series as promising candidates for the development of relapse treatment of cocaine addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen
- Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Nadezhda German
- Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M Decker
- Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Tiffany L Langston
- Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Thomas F Gamage
- Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Charlotte E Farquhar
- Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cairns EA, Szczesniak AM, Straiker AJ, Kulkarni PM, Pertwee RG, Thakur GA, Baldridge WH, Kelly MEM. The In Vivo Effects of the CB 1-Positive Allosteric Modulator GAT229 on Intraocular Pressure in Ocular Normotensive and Hypertensive Mice. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:582-590. [PMID: 28719234 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Orthosteric cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) activation leads to decreases in intraocular pressure (IOP). However, use of orthosteric CB1 agonists chronically has several disadvantages, limiting their usefulness as clinically relevant drugs. Allosteric modulators interact with topographically distinct sites to orthosteric ligands and may be useful to circumvent some of these disadvantages. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the novel CB1-positive allosteric modulator (PAM) GAT229 on IOP. METHODS IOP was measured using rebound tonometry in anesthetized normotensive C57Bl/6 mice and in a genetic model of ocular hypertension [nose, eyes, ears (nee) mice] before drug administration, and at 1, 6, and 12 h thereafter. RESULTS In normotensive mice, topical administration of 5 μL GAT229 alone at either 0.2% or 2% did not reduce IOP. However, a subthreshold dose (0.25%) of the nonselective orthosteric CB1 agonist WIN 55,212-2, when combined with 0.2% GAT229, significantly reduced IOP compared with vehicle at 6 and 12 h. Similarly, combination of subthreshold Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (a nonselective orthosteric CB1 agonist; 1 mg/kg) with topical 0.2% GAT229 produced IOP lowering at 6 h. In nee mice, administration of topical 0.2% GAT229 or 10 mg/kg GAT229 alone was sufficient to lower IOP at 6 and 12 h, and 12 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The CB1 PAM GAT229 reduces IOP in ocular hypertensive mice and enhanced CB1-mediated IOP reduction when combined with subthreshold CB1 orthosteric ligands in normotensive mice. Administration of CB1 PAMs may provide a novel approach to reduce IOP with fewer of the disadvantages associated with orthosteric CB1 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Cairns
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Alex J Straiker
- 2 Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Pushkar M Kulkarni
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roger G Pertwee
- 4 School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Ganesh A Thakur
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William H Baldridge
- 5 Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada .,6 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Melanie E M Kelly
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada .,6 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Huizenga MN, Wicker E, Beck VC, Forcelli PA. Anticonvulsant effect of cannabinoid receptor agonists in models of seizures in developing rats. Epilepsia 2017; 58:1593-1602. [PMID: 28691158 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although drugs targeting the cannabinoid system (e.g., CB1 receptor agonists) display anticonvulsant efficacy in adult animal models of seizures/epilepsy, they remain unexplored in developing animal models. However, cannabinoid system functions emerge early in development, providing a rationale for targeting this system in neonates. We examined the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting the cannabinoid system in three seizure models in developing rats. METHODS Postnatal day (P) 10, Sprague-Dawley rat pups were challenged with the chemoconvulsant methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (DMCM) or pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), after treatment with either CB1/2 mixed agonist (WIN 55,212-2), CB1 agonist (arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide [ACEA]), CB2 agonist (HU-308), CB1 antagonist (AM-251), CB2 antagonist (AM-630), fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor (URB-597), or G protein-coupled receptor 55 agonist (O-1602). P20 Sprague-Dawley pups were challenged with DMCM after treatment with WIN, ACEA, or URB. Finally, after pretreatment with WIN, P10 Sprague-Dawley rats were challenged against acute hypoxia-induced seizures. RESULTS The mixed CB1/2 agonist and the CB1-specific agonist, but no other drugs, displayed anticonvulsant effects against clonic seizures in the DMCM model. By contrast, both CB1 and CB2 antagonism increased seizure severity. Similarly, we found that the CB1/2 agonist displayed antiseizure efficacy against acute hypoxia-induced seizures (automatisms, clonic and tonic-clonic seizures) and tonic-clonic seizures evoked by PTZ. Anticonvulsant effects were seen in P10 animals but not P20 animals. SIGNIFICANCE Early life seizures represent a significant cause of morbidity, with 30-40% of infants and children with epilepsy failing to achieve seizure remission with current pharmacotherapy. Identification of new therapies for neonatal/infantile epilepsy syndromes is thus of high priority. These data indicate that the anticonvulsant action of the CB system is specific to CB1 receptor activation during early development and provide justification for further examination of CB1 receptor agonists as novel antiepileptic drugs targeting epilepsy in infants and children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Huizenga
- Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A
| | - Evan Wicker
- Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A
| | - Veronica C Beck
- Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A
| | - Patrick A Forcelli
- Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A.,Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cairns EA, Toguri JT, Porter RF, Szczesniak AM, Kelly MEM. Seeing over the horizon - targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of ocular disease. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 27:253-65. [PMID: 26565550 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The observation that marijuana reduces intraocular pressure was made by Hepler and Frank in the 1970s. Since then, there has been a significant body of work investigating cannabinoids for their potential use as therapeutics. To date, no endocannabinoid system (ECS)-modulating drug has been approved for clinical use in the eye; however, recent advances in our understanding of the ECS, as well as new pharmacological tools, has renewed interest in the development of ocular ECS-based therapeutics. This review summarizes the current state-of-affairs for the use of ECS-modulating drugs for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular inflammatory and ischemic disease.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gyires K, Zádori ZS. Role of Cannabinoids in Gastrointestinal Mucosal Defense and Inflammation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:935-951. [PMID: 26935536 PMCID: PMC5333598 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160303110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulating the activity of the endocannabinoid system influences various gastrointestinal physiological and pathophysiological processes, and cannabinoid receptors as well as regulatory enzymes responsible for the synthesis or degradation of endocannabinoids representing potential targets to reduce the development of gastrointestinal mucosal lesions, hemorrhage and inflammation. Direct activation of CB1 receptors by plant-derived, endogenous or synthetic cannabinoids effectively reduces both gastric acid secretion and gastric motor activity, and decreases the formation of gastric mucosal lesions induced by stress, pylorus ligation, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or alcohol, partly by peripheral, partly by central mechanisms. Similarly, indirect activation of cannabinoid receptors through elevation of endocannabinoid levels by globally acting or peripherally restricted inhibitors of their metabolizing enzymes (FAAH, MAGL) or by inhibitors of their cellular uptake reduces the gastric mucosal lesions induced by NSAIDs in a CB1 receptor-dependent fashion. Dual inhibition of FAAH and cyclooxygenase enzymes induces protection against both NSAID-induced gastrointestinal damage and intestinal inflammation. Moreover, in intestinal inflammation direct or indirect activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors exerts also multiple beneficial effects. Namely, activation of both CB receptors was shown to ameliorate intestinal inflammation in various murine colitis models, to decrease visceral hypersensitivity and abdominal pain, as well as to reduce colitis-associated hypermotility and diarrhea. In addition, CB1 receptors suppress secretory processes and also modulate intestinal epithelial barrier functions. Thus, experimental data suggest that the endocannabinoid system represents a promising target in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, and this assumption is also confirmed by preliminary clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klára Gyires
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4., 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Haider A, Müller Herde A, Slavik R, Weber M, Mugnaini C, Ligresti A, Schibli R, Mu L, Mensah Ametamey S. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Thiophene-Based Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Radiotracers for PET Imaging. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:350. [PMID: 27512365 PMCID: PMC4961704 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, our understanding of the endocannabinoid system has greatly improved due to the wealth of results obtained from exploratory studies. Currently, two cannabinoid receptor subtypes have been well-characterized. The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) is widely expressed in the central nervous system, while the levels of the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) in the brain and spinal cord of healthy individuals are relatively low. However, recent studies demonstrated a CB2 upregulation on activated microglia upon neuroinflammation, an indicator of neurodegeneration. Our research group aims to develop a suitable positron emission tomography (PET) tracer to visualize the CB2 receptor in patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. Herein we report two novel thiophene-based (11)C-labeled PET ligands designated [(11)C]AAT-015 and [(11)C]AAT-778. The reference compounds were synthesized using Gewald reaction conditions to obtain the aminothiophene intermediates, followed by amide formation. Saponification of the esters provided their corresponding precursors. Binding affinity studies revealed Ki-values of 3.3 ± 0.5 nM (CB2) and 1.0 ± 0.2 μM (CB1) for AAT-015. AAT-778 showed similar Ki-values of 4.3 ± 0.7 nM (CB2) and 1.1 ± 0.1 μM (CB1). Radiosynthesis was carried out under basic conditions using [(11)C]iodomethane as methylating agent. After semi-preparative HPLC purification both radiolabeled compounds were obtained in 99% radiochemical purity and the radiochemical yields ranged from 12 to 37%. Specific activity was between 96 and 449 GBq/μmol for both tracers. In order to demonstrate CB2 specificity of [(11)C]AAT-015 and [(11)C]AAT-778, we carried out autoradiography studies using CB2-positive mouse/rat spleen tissues. The obtained results revealed unspecific binding in spleen tissue that was not blocked by an excess of CB2-specific ligand GW402833. For in vivo analysis, [(11)C]AAT-015 was administered to healthy rats via tail-vein injection. Evaluation of the CB2-positive spleen, however, showed no accumulation of the radiotracer. Despite the promising in vitro binding affinities, specific binding of [(11)C]AAT-015, and [(11)C]AAT-778 could not be demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Haider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrienne Müller Herde
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Slavik
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Markus Weber
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic, Kantonsspital St. Gallen St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Mugnaini
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Counsil of Italy Naples, Italy
| | - Roger Schibli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Mensah Ametamey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
A Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor-Positive Allosteric Modulator Reduces Neuropathic Pain in the Mouse with No Psychoactive Effects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2948-59. [PMID: 26052038 PMCID: PMC4864630 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The CB1 receptor represents a promising target for the treatment of several disorders including pain-related disease states. However, therapeutic applications of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and other CB1 orthosteric receptor agonists remain limited because of psychoactive side effects. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) offer an alternative approach to enhance CB1 receptor function for therapeutic gain with the promise of reduced side effects. Here we describe the development of the novel synthetic CB1 PAM, 6-methyl-3-(2-nitro-1-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl)-2-phenyl-1H-indole (ZCZ011), which augments the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological actions of the CB1 orthosteric agonists CP55,940 and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA). ZCZ011 potentiated binding of [(3)H]CP55,940 to the CB1 receptor as well as enhancing AEA-stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding in mouse brain membranes and β-arrestin recruitment and ERK phosphorylation in hCB1 cells. In the whole animal, ZCZ011 is brain penetrant, increased the potency of these orthosteric agonists in mouse behavioral assays indicative of cannabimimetic activity, including antinociception, hypothermia, catalepsy, locomotor activity, and in the drug discrimination paradigm. Administration of ZCZ011 alone was devoid of activity in these assays and did not produce a conditioned place preference or aversion, but elicited CB1 receptor-mediated antinociceptive effects in the chronic constriction nerve injury model of neuropathic pain and carrageenan model of inflammatory pain. These data suggest that ZCZ011 acts as a CB1 PAM and provide the first proof of principle that CB1 PAMs offer a promising strategy to treat neuropathic and inflammatory pain with minimal or no cannabimimetic side effects.
Collapse
|
38
|
McPartland JM, Duncan M, Di Marzo V, Pertwee RG. Are cannabidiol and Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabivarin negative modulators of the endocannabinoid system? A systematic review. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:737-53. [PMID: 25257544 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Based upon evidence that the therapeutic properties of Cannabis preparations are not solely dependent upon the presence of Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), pharmacological studies have been recently carried out with other plant cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids), particularly cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV). Results from some of these studies have fostered the view that CBD and THCV modulate the effects of THC via direct blockade of cannabinoid CB1 receptors, thus behaving like first-generation CB1 receptor inverse agonists, such as rimonabant. Here, we review in vitro and ex vivo mechanistic studies of CBD and THCV, and synthesize data from these studies in a meta-analysis. Synthesized data regarding mechanisms are then used to interpret results from recent pre-clinical animal studies and clinical trials. The evidence indicates that CBD and THCV are not rimonabant-like in their action and thus appear very unlikely to produce unwanted CNS effects. They exhibit markedly disparate pharmacological profiles particularly at CB1 receptors: CBD is a very low-affinity CB1 ligand that can nevertheless affect CB1 receptor activity in vivo in an indirect manner, while THCV is a high-affinity CB1 receptor ligand and potent antagonist in vitro and yet only occasionally produces effects in vivo resulting from CB1 receptor antagonism. THCV has also high affinity for CB2 receptors and signals as a partial agonist, differing from both CBD and rimonabant. These cannabinoids illustrate how in vitro mechanistic studies do not always predict in vivo pharmacology and underlie the necessity of testing compounds in vivo before drawing any conclusion on their functional activity at a given target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M McPartland
- Division of Molecular Biology, GW Pharmaceuticals, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Onyango MG, Beebe NW, Gopurenko D, Bellis G, Nicholas A, Ogugo M, Djikeng A, Kemp S, Walker PJ, Duchemin JB. Assessment of population genetic structure in the arbovirus vector midge, Culicoides brevitarsis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), using multi-locus DNA microsatellites. Vet Res 2015; 231:39-58. [PMID: 26408175 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20825-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a major pathogen of ruminants that is transmitted by biting midges (Culicoides spp.). Australian BTV serotypes have origins in Asia and are distributed across the continent into two distinct episystems, one in the north and another in the east. Culicoides brevitarsis is the major vector of BTV in Australia and is distributed across the entire geographic range of the virus. Here, we describe the isolation and use of DNA microsatellites and gauge their ability to determine population genetic connectivity of C. brevitarsis within Australia and with countries to the north. Eleven DNA microsatellite markers were isolated using a novel genomic enrichment method and identified as useful for genetic analyses of sampled populations in Australia, northern Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Timor-Leste. Significant (P < 0.05) population genetic subdivision was observed between all paired regions, though the highest levels of genetic sub-division involved pair-wise tests with PNG (PNG vs. Australia (FST = 0.120) and PNG vs. Timor-Leste (FST = 0.095)). Analysis of multi-locus allelic distributions using STRUCTURE identified a most probable two-cluster population model, which separated PNG specimens from a cluster containing specimens from Timor-Leste and Australia. The source of incursions of this species in Australia is more likely to be Timor-Leste than PNG. Future incursions of BTV positive C. brevitarsis into Australia may be genetically identified to their source populations using these microsatellite loci. The vector's panmictic genetic structure within Australia cannot explain the differential geographic distribution of BTV serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Onyango
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portalington Road, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pidgons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
| | - Nigel W Beebe
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia. .,CSIRO Health & Biosecurity Ecosciences Precinct, 41, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
| | - David Gopurenko
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, PMB, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2650, Australia. .,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia.
| | - Glenn Bellis
- Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 1 Pederson Road, Marrara, Northern Territory, 0812, Australia.
| | - Adrian Nicholas
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia.
| | - Moses Ogugo
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Biosciences eastern and central Africa - ILRI Hub (BecA-ILRI Hub), ILRI, PO Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Steve Kemp
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Peter J Walker
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portalington Road, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
| | - Jean-Bernard Duchemin
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portalington Road, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Khajehali E, Malone DT, Glass M, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Leach K. Biased Agonism and Biased Allosteric Modulation at the CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:368-79. [PMID: 26044547 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.099192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CB1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) are attractive therapeutic targets for numerous central nervous system disorders. However, clinical application of cannabinoid ligands has been hampered owing to their adverse on-target effects. Ligand-biased signaling from, and allosteric modulation of, CB1Rs offer pharmacological approaches that may enable the development of improved CB1R drugs, through modulation of only therapeutically desirable CB1R signaling pathways. There is growing evidence that CB1Rs are subject to ligand-biased signaling and allosterism. Therefore, in the present study, we quantified ligand-biased signaling and allosteric modulation at CB1Rs. Cannabinoid agonists displayed distinct biased signaling profiles at CB1Rs. For instance, whereas 2-arachidonylglycerol and WIN55,212-2 [(R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-napthalenylmethanone] showed little preference for inhibition of cAMP and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2), N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), methanandamide, CP55940 [2-[(1R,2R,5R)-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexyl]-5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol], and HU-210 [11-hydroxy-Δ(8)-THC-dimethylheptyl] were biased toward cAMP inhibition. The small-molecule allosteric modulator Org27569 [5-chloro-3-ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid [2-(4-piperidin-1-yl-phenyl)ethyl]amide] displayed biased allosteric effects by blocking cAMP inhibition mediated by all cannabinoid ligands tested, at the same time having little or no effect on ERK1/2 phosphorylation mediated by a subset of these ligands. Org27569 also displayed negative binding cooperativity with [(3)H]SR141716A [5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-4-methyl-N-(piperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide]; however, it had minimal effects on binding of cannabinoid agonists. Furthermore, we highlight the need to validate the reported allosteric effects of the endogenous ligands lipoxin A4 and pregnenolone at CB1Rs. Pregnenolone but not lipoxin A4 displaced [(3)H]SR141716A, but there was no functional interaction between either of these ligands and cannabinoid agonists. This study demonstrates an approach to validating and quantifying ligand-biased signaling and allosteric modulation at CB1Rs, revealing ligand-biased "fingerprints" that may ultimately allow the development of improved CB1R-targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Khajehali
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia (E.K., D.T.M., P.M.S., A.C., K.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (M.G.)
| | - Daniel T Malone
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia (E.K., D.T.M., P.M.S., A.C., K.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (M.G.)
| | - Michelle Glass
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia (E.K., D.T.M., P.M.S., A.C., K.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (M.G.)
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia (E.K., D.T.M., P.M.S., A.C., K.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (M.G.)
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia (E.K., D.T.M., P.M.S., A.C., K.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (M.G.)
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia (E.K., D.T.M., P.M.S., A.C., K.L.); and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ahmed AIA, van der Marck MA, van den Elsen GAH, Olde Rikkert MGM. Cannabinoids in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 97:597-606. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AIA Ahmed
- Department of Psychogeriatric Medicine; Vincent van Gogh Institute; Venray The Netherlands
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, and Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - MA van der Marck
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, and Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - GAH van den Elsen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, and Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - MGM Olde Rikkert
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, and Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Turcotte C, Chouinard F, Lefebvre JS, Flamand N. Regulation of inflammation by cannabinoids, the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and arachidonoyl-ethanolamide, and their metabolites. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1049-70. [PMID: 25877930 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0115-021r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) and arachidonyl-ethanolamide (AEA) are endocannabinoids that have been implicated in many physiologic disorders, including obesity, metabolic syndromes, hepatic diseases, pain, neurologic disorders, and inflammation. Their immunomodulatory effects are numerous and are not always mediated by cannabinoid receptors, reflecting the presence of an arachidonic acid (AA) molecule in their structure, the latter being the precursor of numerous bioactive lipids that are pro- or anti-inflammatory. 2-AG and AEA can thus serve as a source of AA but can also be metabolized by most eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes, yielding additional lipids. In this regard, enhancing endocannabinoid levels by using endocannabinoid hydrolysis inhibitors is likely to augment the levels of these lipids that could regulate inflammatory cell functions. This review summarizes the metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of AEA and 2-AG, as well as the biologic effects of the 2-AG and AEA lipidomes in the regulation of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Turcotte
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - François Chouinard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Julie S Lefebvre
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nguyen T, German N, Decker AM, Li JX, Wiley JL, Thomas BF, Kenakin TP, Zhang Y. Structure-activity relationships of substituted 1H-indole-2-carboxamides as CB1 receptor allosteric modulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2195-2203. [PMID: 25797163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted 1H-indole-2-carboxamides structurally related to compounds Org27569 (1), Org29647 (2) and Org27759 (3) were synthesized and evaluated for CB1 allosteric modulating activity in calcium mobilization assays. Structure-activity relationship studies showed that the modulation potency of this series at the CB1 receptor was enhanced by the presence of a diethylamino group at the 4-position of the phenyl ring, a chloro or fluoro group at the C5 position and short alkyl groups at the C3 position on the indole ring. The most potent compound (45) had an IC₅₀ value of 79 nM which is ∼2.5 and 10 fold more potent than the parent compounds 3 and 1, respectively. These compounds appeared to be negative allosteric modulators at the CB1 receptor and dose-dependently reduced the Emax of agonist CP55,940. These analogs may provide the basis for further optimization and use of CB1 allosteric modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Nadezhda German
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Terry P Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Isolation and structure elucidation of most of the major cannabinoid constituents--including Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC), which is the principal psychoactive molecule in Cannabis sativa--was achieved in the 1960s and 1970s. It was followed by the identification of two cannabinoid receptors in the 1980s and the early 1990s and by the identification of the endocannabinoids shortly thereafter. There have since been considerable advances in our understanding of the endocannabinoid system and its function in the brain, which reveal potential therapeutic targets for a wide range of brain disorders.
Collapse
|
45
|
German N, Decker AM, Gilmour BP, Gay EA, Wiley JL, Thomas BF, Zhang Y. Diarylureas as allosteric modulators of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor: structure-activity relationship studies on 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-{3-[6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl]phenyl}urea (PSNCBAM-1). J Med Chem 2014; 57:7758-69. [PMID: 25162172 PMCID: PMC4175001 DOI: 10.1021/jm501042u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of allosteric modulators of the CB1 receptor including PSNCBAM-1 (4) has generated significant interest in CB1 receptor allosteric modulation. Here in the first SAR study on 4, we have designed and synthesized a series of analogs focusing on modifications at two positions. Pharmacological evaluation in calcium mobilization and binding assays revealed the importance of alkyl substitution at the 2-aminopyridine moiety and electron deficient aromatic groups at the 4-chlorophenyl position for activity at the CB1 receptor, resulting in several analogs with comparable potency to 4. These compounds increased the specific binding of [(3)H]CP55,940, in agreement with previous reports. Importantly, 4 and two analogs dose-dependently reduced the Emax of the agonist curve in the CB1 calcium mobilization assays, confirming their negative allosteric modulator characteristics. Given the side effects associated with CB1 receptor orthosteric antagonists, negative allosteric modulators provide an alternative approach to modulate the pharmacologically important CB1 receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda German
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian P. Gilmour
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Elaine A. Gay
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jenny L. Wiley
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F. Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Prospective therapeutic agents for obesity: Molecular modification approaches of centrally and peripherally acting selective cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 79:298-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
47
|
1,2-Dihydro-2-oxopyridine-3-carboxamides: The C-5 substituent is responsible for functionality switch at CB2 cannabinoid receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:524-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
48
|
Sousa-Valente J, Varga A, Ananthan K, Khajuria A, Nagy I. Anandamide in primary sensory neurons: too much of a good thing? Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:409-18. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- João Sousa-Valente
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care; Department of Surgery and Cancer; Imperial College London; 369 Fulham Road London SW10 9NH UK
| | - Angelika Varga
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care; Department of Surgery and Cancer; Imperial College London; 369 Fulham Road London SW10 9NH UK
| | - Kajaluxy Ananthan
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care; Department of Surgery and Cancer; Imperial College London; 369 Fulham Road London SW10 9NH UK
| | - Ankur Khajuria
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care; Department of Surgery and Cancer; Imperial College London; 369 Fulham Road London SW10 9NH UK
| | - Istvan Nagy
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care; Department of Surgery and Cancer; Imperial College London; 369 Fulham Road London SW10 9NH UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Viscomi MT, Molinari M. Remote neurodegeneration: multiple actors for one play. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:368-89. [PMID: 24442481 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Remote neurodegeneration significantly influences the clinical outcome in many central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. Because these processes develop days or months after injury, they are accompanied by a therapeutic window of opportunity. The complexity and clinical significance of remote damage is prompting many groups to examine the factors of remote degeneration. This research is providing insights into key unanswered questions, opening new avenues for innovative neuroprotective therapies. In this review, we evaluate data from various remote degeneration models to describe the complexity of the systems that are involved and the importance of their interactions in reducing damage and promoting recovery after brain lesions. Specifically, we recapitulate the current data on remote neuronal degeneration, focusing on molecular and cellular events, as studied in stroke and brain and spinal cord injury models. Remote damage is a multifactorial phenomenon in which many components become active in specific time frames. Days, weeks, or months after injury onset, the interplay between key effectors differentially affects neuronal survival and functional outcomes. In particular, we discuss apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative damage, and autophagy-all of which mediate remote degeneration at specific times. We also review current findings on the pharmacological manipulation of remote degeneration mechanisms in reducing damage and sustaining outcomes. These novel treatments differ from those that have been proposed to limit primary lesion site damage, representing new perspectives on neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Experimental Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143, Rome, Italy,
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rempel V, Atzler K, Behrenswerth A, Karcz T, Schoeder C, Hinz S, Kaleta M, Thimm D, Kiec-Kononowicz K, Müller CE. Bicyclic imidazole-4-one derivatives: a new class of antagonists for the orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR18 and GPR55. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00394a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
GPR18 and GPR55 are orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that interact with certain cannabinoid (CB) receptor ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. Rempel
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - K. Atzler
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - A. Behrenswerth
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - T. Karcz
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs
| | - C. Schoeder
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - S. Hinz
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Kaleta
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs
- Jagiellonian University Medical College
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Kraków, Poland
| | - D. Thimm
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - K. Kiec-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs
- Jagiellonian University Medical College
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Kraków, Poland
| | - C. E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|