1
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Domsta V, Boralewski T, Ulbricht M, Schick P, Krause J, Seidlitz A. Stability of Dexamethasone during Hot-Melt Extrusion of Filaments based on Eudragit® RS, Ethyl Cellulose and Polyethylene Oxide. Int J Pharm X 2024; 8:100263. [PMID: 39040516 PMCID: PMC11260382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2024.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hot-melt extrusion (HME) potentially coupled with 3D printing is a promising technique for the manufacturing of dosage forms such as drug-eluting implants which might even be individually adapted to patient-specific anatomy. However, these manufacturing methods involve the risk of thermal degradation of incorporated drugs during processing. In this work, the stability of the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (DEX) was studied during HME using the polymers Eudragit® RS, ethyl cellulose and polyethylene oxide. The extrusion process was performed at different temperatures. Furthermore, the influence of accelerated screw speed, the addition of the plasticizers triethyl citrate and polyethylene glycol 6000 or the addition of the antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene and tocopherol in two concentrations were studied. The DEX recovery was analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography method suitable for the detection of thermal degradation products. The strongest impact on the drug stability was found for the processing temperature, which was found to reduce the DEX recovery to <20% for certain processing conditions. In addition, differences between tested polymers were observed, whereas the use of additives did not result in remarkable changes in drug stability. In conclusion, suitable extrusion parameters were identified for the processing of DEX with high drug recovery rates for the tested polymers. Moreover, the importance of a suitable analysis method for drug stability during HME that is influenced by several parameters was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Domsta
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tessa Boralewski
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Ulbricht
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Schick
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julius Krause
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Seidlitz
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Badruddoza AZM, Moseson DE, Lee HG, Esteghamatian A, Thipsay P. Role of rheology in formulation and process design of hot melt extruded amorphous solid dispersions. Int J Pharm 2024; 664:124651. [PMID: 39218326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion (HME) has been widely used as a continuous and highly flexible pharmaceutical manufacturing process for the production of a variety of dosage forms. In particular, HME enables preparation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) which can improve bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The rheological properties of drug-polymer mixtures can significantly influence the processability of drug formulations via HME and eventually the end-use product properties such as physical stability and drug release. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of various rheological techniques and properties that can be used to evaluate the flow behavior and processability of the drug-polymer mixtures as well as formulation characteristics such as drug-polymer interactions, miscibility/solubility, and plasticization to improve the HME processability. An overview of the thermodynamics and kinetics of ASD processing by HME is also provided, as well as aspects of scale-up and process modeling, highlighting rheological properties on formulation design and process development. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into critical rheological properties which can be used as a predictive tool to optimize the HME processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecule, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Dana E Moseson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecule, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Hong-Guann Lee
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecule, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Amir Esteghamatian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecule, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Priyanka Thipsay
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecule, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
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3
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Lenhart J, Lunter DJ. Dosage by design - 3D printing individualized cabozantinib tablets with immediate release. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024:114501. [PMID: 39278333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Production of patient-specific dosage forms is important to improve patient adherence and effectiveness while reducing the prevalence and severity of adverse effects. Due to its possibility of rapid prototyping 3D printing can be used to produce individual dosages while utilizing techniques such as hot melt extrusion to increase the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. In this work, Parteck MXP and Kollicoat IR were used as water-soluble polymer bases for formulation development for 3D printing of various dosages incorporating cabozantinib while enabling immediate release. The effect of tablet design and the excipients sorbitol, croscarmellose sodium, and sodium starch glycolate was investigated for this goal. A way to calculate the size of tablets for predetermined dosages is proposed to enable the printing of individual strengths from one formulation. Rheological data were collected to deepen the understanding of the role of melt viscosity in 3D printing and hot melt extrusion processes. The production of immediate-release cabozantinib tablets containing every therapeutically relevant dosage in a single unit produced by two-step 3D printing was realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Lenhart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dominique J Lunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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4
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Lenhart J, Pöstges F, Wagner KG, Lunter DJ. Evaluation of Printability of PVA-Based Tablets from Powder and Assessment of Critical Rheological Parameters. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:553. [PMID: 38675214 PMCID: PMC11054527 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a rather new technology in the production of personalized dosage forms. The melting and printing of polymer-active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)-mixtures can be used to produce oral dosage forms with different dosage as well as release behavior. This process is utilized to increase the bioavailability of pharmaceutically relevant active ingredients that are poorly soluble in physiological medium by transforming them into solid amorphous dispersions (ASD). The release from such ASDs is expected to be faster and higher compared to the raw materials and thus enhance bioavailability. Printing directly from powder while forming ASDs from loperamide in Polyvinylalcohol was realized. Different techniques such as a change in infill and the incorporation of sorbitol as a plastisizer to change release patterns as well as a non-destructive way for the determination of API distribution were shown. By measuring the melt viscosities of the mixtures printed, a rheological model for the printer used is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Lenhart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Florian Pöstges
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (F.P.); (K.G.W.)
| | - Karl G. Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (F.P.); (K.G.W.)
| | - Dominique J. Lunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
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5
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Pluntze A, Beecher S, Anderson M, Wright D, Mudie D. Material-Sparing Feasibility Screening for Hot Melt Extrusion. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:76. [PMID: 38258087 PMCID: PMC10819182 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion (HME) offers a high-throughput process to manufacture amorphous solid dispersions. A variety of experimental and model-based approaches exist to predict API solubility in polymer melts, but these methods are typically aimed at determining the thermodynamic solubility and do not take into account kinetics of dissolution or the associated degradation of the API during thermal processing, both of which are critical considerations in generating a successful amorphous solid dispersion by HME. This work aims to develop a material-sparing approach for screening manufacturability of a given pharmaceutical API by HME using physically relevant time, temperature, and shear. Piroxicam, ritonavir, and phenytoin were used as model APIs with PVP VA64 as the dispersion polymer. We present a screening flowchart, aided by a simple custom device, that allows rapid formulation screening to predict both achievable API loadings and expected degradation from an HME process. This method has good correlation to processing with a micro compounder, a common HME screening industry standard, but only requires 200 mg of API or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Pluntze
- Global Research and Development, Small Molecules, Lonza, 64550 Research Road, Bend, OR 97703, USA (D.M.)
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6
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Li Y, Xu J, Guan Q, Zhang H, Ding Z, Wang Q, Wang Z, Han J, Liu M, Zhao Y. Impact of hypromellose acetate succinate and Soluplus® on the performance of β-carotene solid dispersions with the aid of sorbitan monolaurate: In vitro-in vivo comparative assessment. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126639. [PMID: 37657570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Solid dispersions (SDs) possess the potential to enhance the bioavailability of insoluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) by effectively converting them into amorphous state. However, SDs have a tendency to recrystallize unless appropriate excipients are employed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of hypromellose acetate succinate HF (HPMCAS-HF) and Soluplus® to inhibit the recrystallization of β-carotene and improve its in vivo bioavailability through the fabrication of ternary β-carotene solid dispersions (SDs) with the aid of specific surfactant. Due to rapid micellization, the dissolution profiles of β-carotene SDs based on HPMCAS-HF/Span 20 (5:5, w/w) or Soluplus®/Span 20 (6:4, w/w) combinations exhibited significant improvement, which were almost 7-10 times higher than β-carotene bulk powder. DSC and PXRD analysis indicated a notable reduction in the crystallinity degree of β-carotene within the SDs. The stability study demonstrated a half-life of β-carotene in the SDs exceeding 30 days. Additionally, the in vivo pharmacokinetics analysis confirmed that the cellulose derivatives/surfactant combinations significantly enhanced the bioavailability of β-carotene by 1.37-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively. Notably, the HPMCAS-HF/Span 20 combination exhibited superior performance. Consequently, the HPMCAS-HF/Span 20 combination held potential for the advancement of an effective drug delivery system for β-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglan Li
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingran Guan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaizhen Zhang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanna Zhao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Attia L, Chen LH, Doyle PS. Orthogonal Gelations to Synthesize Core-Shell Hydrogels Loaded with Nanoemulsion-Templated Drug Nanoparticles for Versatile Oral Drug Delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301667. [PMID: 37507108 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are ubiquitous in the drug development pipeline, but their poor bioavailability often prevents their translation into drug products. Industrial processes to formulate hydrophobic APIs are expensive, difficult to optimize, and not flexible enough to incorporate customizable drug release profiles into drug products. Here, a novel, dual-responsive gelation process that exploits orthogonal thermo-responsive and ion-responsive gelations is introduced. This one-step "dual gelation" synthesizes core-shell (methylcellulose-alginate) hydrogel particles and encapsulates drug-laden nanoemulsions in the hydrogel matrices. In situ crystallization templates drug nanocrystals inside the polymeric core, while a kinetically stable amorphous solid dispersion is templated in the shell. Drug release is explored as a function of particle geometry, and programmable release is demonstrated for various therapeutic applications including delayed pulsatile release and sequential release of a model fixed-dose combination drug product of ibuprofen and fenofibrate. Independent control over drug loading between the shell and the core is demonstrated. This formulation approach is shown to be a flexible process to develop drug products with biocompatible materials, facile synthesis, and precise drug release performance. This work suggests and applies a novel method to leverage orthogonal gel chemistries to generate functional core-shell hydrogel particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Attia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Liang-Hsun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Patrick S Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
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8
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Al-Japairai K, Hamed Almurisi S, Mahmood S, Madheswaran T, Chatterjee B, Sri P, Azra Binti Ahmad Mazlan N, Al Hagbani T, Alheibshy F. Strategies to improve the stability of amorphous solid dispersions in view of the hot melt extrusion (HME) method. Int J Pharm 2023; 647:123536. [PMID: 37865133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration of drugs is preferred over other routes for several reasons: it is non-invasive, easy to administer, and easy to store. However, drug formulation for oral administration is often hindered by the drug's poor solubility, which limits its bioavailability and reduces its commercial value. As a solution, amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) was introduced as a drug formulation method that improves drug solubility by changing the molecular structure of the drugs from crystalline to amorphous. The hot melt extrusion (HME) method is emerging in the pharmaceutical industry as an alternative to manufacture ASD. However, despite solving solubility issues, ASD also exposes the drug to a high risk of crystallisation, either during processing or storage. Formulating a successful oral administration drug using ASD requires optimisation of the formulation, polymers, and HME manufacturing processes applied. This review presents some important considerations in ASD formulation, including strategies to improve the stability of the final product using HME to allow more new drugs to be formulated using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khater Al-Japairai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Gambang 26300, Malaysia.
| | - Samah Hamed Almurisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Bappaditya Chatterjee
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Mumbai 400055, India.
| | - Prasanthi Sri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
| | | | - Turki Al Hagbani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fawaz Alheibshy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Aden University, Aden 6075, Yemen.
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9
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Li J, Wang Y, Yu D. Effects of Additives on the Physical Stability and Dissolution of Polymeric Amorphous Solid Dispersions: a Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:175. [PMID: 37603110 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a popular approach for enhancing the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, achieving both physical stability and dissolution performance in an ASD prepared with a single polymer can be challenging. Therefore, a secondary excipient can be added. In this paper, we review three classes of additives that can be added internally to ASDs: (i) a second polymer, to form a ternary drug-polymer-polymer ASD, (ii) counterions, to facilitate in situ salt formation, and (iii) surfactants. In an ASD prepared with a combination of polymers, each polymer exerts a unique function, such as a stabilizer in the solid state and a crystallization inhibitor during dissolution. In situ salt formation in ASD usually leads to substantial increases in the glass transition temperature, contributing to improved physical stability. Surfactants can enhance the wettability of ASD particles, thereby promoting rapid drug release. However, their potential adverse effects on physical stability and dissolution, resulting from enhanced molecular mobility and competitive molecular interaction with the polymer, respectively, warrant careful consideration. Finally, we discuss the impact of magnesium stearate and inorganic salts, excipients added externally upon downstream processing, on the solid-state stability as well as the dissolution of ASD tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 North Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Dongyue Yu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, USA.
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10
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Budiman A, Handini AL, Muslimah MN, Nurani NV, Laelasari E, Kurniawansyah IS, Aulifa DL. Amorphous Solid Dispersion as Drug Delivery Vehicles in Cancer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3380. [PMID: 37631436 PMCID: PMC10457821 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment has improved over the past decades, but a major challenge lies in drug formulation, specifically for oral administration. Most anticancer drugs have poor water solubility which can affect their bioavailability. This causes suboptimal pharmacokinetic performance, resulting in limited efficacy and safety when administered orally. As a result, it is essential to develop a strategy to modify the solubility of anticancer drugs in oral formulations to improve their efficacy and safety. A promising approach that can be implemented is amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) which can enhance the aqueous solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The addition of a polymer can cause stability in the formulations and maintain a high supersaturation in bulk medium. Therefore, this study aimed to summarize and elucidate the mechanisms and impact of an amorphous solid dispersion system on cancer therapy. To gather relevant information, a comprehensive search was conducted using keywords such as "anticancer drug" and "amorphous solid dispersion" in the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The review provides an overview and discussion of the issues related to the ASD system used to improve the bioavailability of anticancer drugs based on molecular pharmaceutics. A thorough understanding of anticancer drugs in this system at a molecular level is imperative for the rational design of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Budiman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.L.H.); (M.N.M.); (N.V.N.); (E.L.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Annisa Luthfiyah Handini
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.L.H.); (M.N.M.); (N.V.N.); (E.L.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Mutia Nur Muslimah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.L.H.); (M.N.M.); (N.V.N.); (E.L.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Neng Vera Nurani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.L.H.); (M.N.M.); (N.V.N.); (E.L.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Eli Laelasari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.L.H.); (M.N.M.); (N.V.N.); (E.L.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Insan Sunan Kurniawansyah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.L.H.); (M.N.M.); (N.V.N.); (E.L.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Diah Lia Aulifa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia;
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11
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Shi M, McHugh KJ. Strategies for overcoming protein and peptide instability in biodegradable drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114904. [PMID: 37263542 PMCID: PMC10526705 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The global pharmaceutical market has recently shifted its focus from small molecule drugs to peptide, protein, and nucleic acid drugs, which now comprise a majority of the top-selling pharmaceutical products on the market. Although these biologics often offer improved drug specificity, new mechanisms of action, and/or enhanced efficacy, they also present new challenges, including an increased potential for degradation and a need for frequent administration via more invasive administration routes, which can limit patient access, patient adherence, and ultimately the clinical impact of these drugs. Controlled-release systems have the potential to mitigate these challenges by offering superior control over in vivo drug levels, localizing these drugs to tissues of interest (e.g., tumors), and reducing administration frequency. Unfortunately, adapting controlled-release devices to release biologics has proven difficult due to the poor stability of biologics. In this review, we summarize the current state of controlled-release peptides and proteins, discuss existing techniques used to stabilize these drugs through encapsulation, storage, and in vivo release, and provide perspective on the most promising opportunities for the clinical translation of controlled-release peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miusi Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Kevin J McHugh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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12
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Kasbaum FE, de Carvalho DM, de Jesus Rodrigues L, Cardoso G, Pinho LAG, Martins FT, Cunha-Filho M, Taveira SF, Marreto RN. Development of Lipid Polymer Hybrid Drug Delivery Systems Prepared by Hot-Melt Extrusion. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:156. [PMID: 37468721 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to develop polymer-lipid hybrid solid dispersions containing the poorly soluble drug lopinavir (LPV) by hot-melt extrusion (HME). Hence, the lipid and polymeric adjuvants were selected based on miscibility and compatibility studies. Film casting was used to assess the miscibility, whereas thermal, spectroscopic, and chromatographic analyses were employed to evaluate drug-excipient compatibility. Extrudates were obtained and characterized by physicochemical tests, including in vitro LPV dissolution. Preformulation studies led to select the most appropriate materials, i.e., the polymers PVPVA and Soluplus®, the plasticizers polyethylene glycol 400 and Kolliphor® HS15, phosphatidylcholine, and sodium taurodeoxycholate. HME processing did not result in LPV degradation and significantly increased entrapment efficiency (93.8% ± 2.8 for Soluplus® extrudate against 19.8% ± 0.5 of the respective physical mixture). LPV dissolution was also increased from the extrudates compared to the corresponding physical mixtures (p < 0.05). The dissolution improvement was considerably greater for the Soluplus®-based formulation (24.3 and 2.8-fold higher than pure LPV and PVPVA-based extrudate after 120 min, respectively), which can be attributed to the more pronounced effects of HME processing on the average size and LPV solid-state properties in the Soluplus® extrudates. Transmission electron microscopy and chemical microanalysis suggested that the polymer-lipid interactions in Soluplus®-based formulation depended on thermal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Eduardo Kasbaum
- Laboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Devices (NanoSYS), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 240, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Danilo Monteiro de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Devices (NanoSYS), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 240, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Laís de Jesus Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Devices (NanoSYS), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 240, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Gleidson Cardoso
- Laboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Devices (NanoSYS), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 240, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Alvim Gomes Pinho
- Laboratory of Food, Drug and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drug and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Stephânia Fleury Taveira
- Laboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Devices (NanoSYS), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 240, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Neves Marreto
- Laboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Devices (NanoSYS), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 240, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil.
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13
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Nyamba I, Jennotte O, Sombie CB, Lechanteur A, Sacre PY, Djande A, Semde R, Evrard B. Preformulation study for the selection of a suitable polymer for the development of ellagic acid-based solid dispersion using hot-melt extrusion. Int J Pharm 2023:123088. [PMID: 37257795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ellagic acid is one of the most studied polyphenolic compounds due to its numerous promising therapeutic properties. However, this therapeutic potential remains difficult to exploit owing to its low solubility and low permeability, resulting in low oral bioavailability. In order to allow an effective therapeutic application of EA, it is therefore necessary to develop strategies that sufficiently enhance its solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability. For this purpose, solid dispersions based on pre-selected polymers such as Eudragit® EPO, Soluplus® and Kollidon® VA 64, with 5% w/w ellagic acid loading were prepared by hot extrusion and characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and in vitro dissolution tests in order to select the most suitable polymer for future investigations. The results showed that Eudragit® EPO was the most promising polymer for ellagic acid solid dispersions development because its extrudates allowed to obtain a solution supersaturated in ellagic acid that was stable for at least 90 min. Moreover, the resulting apparent solubility was 20 times higher than the actual solubility of ellagic acid. The extrudates also showed a high dissolution rate of ellagic acid (96.25% in 15 min), compared to the corresponding physical mixture (6.52% in 15 min) or the pure drug (1.56% in 15 min). Furthermore, increasing the loading rate of ellagic acid up to 12% in extrudates based on this polymer did not negatively influence its release profile through dissolution tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaïe Nyamba
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Université de Liège, 4000 Liège (Belgium); Laboratory of Drug Development, Center of training, research and expertise in pharmaceutical sciences (CFOREM), Doctoral School of Sciences and Health, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03 (Burkina Faso).
| | - Olivier Jennotte
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Université de Liège, 4000 Liège (Belgium)
| | - Charles B Sombie
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Center of training, research and expertise in pharmaceutical sciences (CFOREM), Doctoral School of Sciences and Health, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03 (Burkina Faso)
| | - Anna Lechanteur
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Université de Liège, 4000 Liège (Belgium)
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacre
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Abdoulaye Djande
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry and Materials, Research Team: Organic Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03 (Burkina Faso)
| | - Rasmané Semde
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Center of training, research and expertise in pharmaceutical sciences (CFOREM), Doctoral School of Sciences and Health, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03 (Burkina Faso)
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Université de Liège, 4000 Liège (Belgium)
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14
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Winck J, Gottschalk T, Thommes M. Predicting Residence Time and Melt Temperature in Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051417. [PMID: 37242659 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hot-melt extrusion is increasingly applied in the pharmaceutical area as a continuous processing technology, used to design custom products by co-processing drugs together with functional excipients. In this context, the residence time and processing temperature during extrusion are critical process parameters for ensuring the highest product qualities, particularly of thermosensitive materials. Within this study, a novel strategy is proposed to predict the residence time distribution and melt temperature during pharmaceutical hot-melt extrusion processes based on experimental data. To do this, an autogenic extrusion mode without external heating and cooling was applied to process three polymers (Plasdone S-630, Soluplus and Eudragit EPO) at different specific feed loads, which were set by the screw speed and the throughput. The residence time distributions were modeled based on a two-compartment approach that couples the behavior of a pipe and a stirred tank. The throughput showed a substantial effect on the residence time, whereas the influence of the screw speed was minor. On the other hand, the melt temperatures during extrusion were mainly affected by the screw speed compared to the influence of the throughput. Finally, the compilation of model parameters for the residence time and the melt temperature within design spaces serve as the basis for an optimized prediction of pharmaceutical hot-melt extrusion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Winck
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 68, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tobias Gottschalk
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 68, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Drug Delivery Innovation Center, INVITE GmbH, Chempark Building W32, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Markus Thommes
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 68, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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15
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Thompson SA, Davis DA, Miller DA, Kucera SU, Williams RO. Pre-Processing a Polymer Blend into a Polymer Alloy by KinetiSol Enables Increased Ivacaftor Amorphous Solid Dispersion Drug Loading and Dissolution. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1281. [PMID: 37238952 PMCID: PMC10215938 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compares the effects of pre-processing multiple polymers together to form a single-phase polymer alloy prior to amorphous solid dispersion formulation. KinetiSol compounding was used to pre-process a 1:1 (w/w) ratio of hypromellose acetate succinate and povidone to form a single-phase polymer alloy with unique properties. Ivacaftor amorphous solid dispersions comprising either a polymer, an unprocessed polymer blend, or the polymer alloy were processed by KinetiSol and examined for amorphicity, dissolution performance, physical stability, and molecular interactions. A polymer alloy ivacaftor solid dispersion with a drug loading of 50% w/w was feasible versus 40% for the other compositions. Dissolution in fasted simulated intestinal fluid revealed that the 40% ivacaftor polymer alloy solid dispersion reached a concentration of 595 µg/mL after 6 h, 33% greater than the equivalent polymer blend dispersion. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance revealed changes in the ability of the povidone contained in the polymer alloy to hydrogen bond with the ivacaftor phenolic moiety, explaining the differences in the dissolution performance. This work demonstrates that the creation of polymer alloys from polymer blends is a promising technique that provides the ability to tailor properties of a polymer alloy to maximize the drug loading, dissolution performance, and stability of an ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Thompson
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 W. University Ave, PHR 4.214, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Daniel A. Davis
- AustinPx, LLC, 111 W Cooperative Way, Suite 300, Georgetown, TX 78626, USA
| | - Dave A. Miller
- AustinPx, LLC, 111 W Cooperative Way, Suite 300, Georgetown, TX 78626, USA
| | - Sandra U. Kucera
- AustinPx, LLC, 111 W Cooperative Way, Suite 300, Georgetown, TX 78626, USA
| | - Robert O. Williams
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 W. University Ave, PHR 4.214, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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16
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Narala S, Komanduri N, Nyavanandi D, Youssef AAA, Mandati P, Alzahrani A, Kolimi P, Narala N, Repka MA. Hard Gelatin Capsules Containing Hot Melt Extruded Solid Crystal Suspension of Carbamazepine for improving dissolution: Preparation and In vitro Evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023; 82:104384. [PMID: 37124158 PMCID: PMC10134907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous solubility is one of the key parameters for achieving the desired drug concentration in systemic circulation for better therapeutic outcomes. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is practically insoluble in water, is a BCS class II drug, and exhibits dissolution-dependent oral bioavailability. This study explored a novel application of hot-melt extrusion in the manufacture and development of a thermodynamically stable solid crystal suspension (SCS) to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of CBZ. The SCSs were prepared using sugar alcohols, such as mannitol or xylitol, as crystalline carriers. The drug-sugar blend was processed by hot melt extrusion up to 40 % (w/w) drug loading. The extruded SCS was evaluated for drug content, saturation solubility, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in vitro release, and stability studies. The physicochemical characterization revealed the highly crystalline existence of pure drug, pure carriers, and extruded SCS. FTIR analysis did not reveal any physical or chemical incompatibilities between the drug and sugar alcohols and showed a homogeneous CBZ distribution within respective crystalline carriers. The SEM micrographs of the solidified SCS revealed the presence of approximately 100 μm crystalline agglomerates. In vitro dissolution and solubility studies showed that the CBZ dissolution rate and solubility were improved significantly from both crystalline carriers for all tested drug loads. The SCSs showed no significant changes in drug content, in vitro release profiles, and thermal characteristics over 3 months of storage at accelerated stability conditions (40±2°C/75±5% RH). As a result, it can be inferred that the SCS strategy can be employed as a contemporary alternative technique to improve the dissolution rate of BCS class II drugs via HME technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Neeraja Komanduri
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Dinesh Nyavanandi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Ahmed Adel Ali Youssef
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Preethi Mandati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Abdullah Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Praveen Kolimi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Nagarjuna Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
| | - Michael A. Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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17
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Corum I, Spangenberg A, Miller K, Kucera S, Miller D. Minimization of Acid-Catalyzed Degradation in KinetiSol Processing through HPMCAS Neutralization. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1599-1612. [PMID: 36787489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) is an enteric polymer that has been successfully employed as a carrier in amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Deprotonation of succinic acid substituents at intestinal pH levels results in solubilization of the polymer. However, the acidic moieties responsible for favorable pH-dependent solubility can also result in incompatibilities between acid-sensitive drugs and HPMCAS. Solution-state conversion of the carboxylic acid substituents of enteric polymers into carboxylate salts to reduce acid-mediated drug degradation is a demonstrated effective strategy for generating ASDs in enteric polymers. This work aimed to extend the use of a pre-ionized enteric polymer to KinetiSol solvent-free processing to reduce acid- or base-mediated drug degradation during processing. Pre-ionization of HPMCAS was accomplished by reaction with a stoichiometric quantity of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) delivered as a saturated aqueous solution. The resulting ionized polymer, HPMCAS-Na, was dried thoroughly before processing. Tetrabenazine (TBZ) was chosen as a model drug for its susceptibility to degradation via both acid- and base-catalyzed reaction mechanisms and for its tendency to form a single impurity by these mechanisms. The use of HPMCAS-Na in KinetiSol solid dispersions (KSDs) of TBZ resulted in a 6- to 8-fold reduction of the acid- and base-generated TBZ impurity compared with KSDs formulated with untreated HPMCAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Corum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, AustinPx, Pharmaceutics and Manufacturing, 111 W. Cooperative Way, Bldg. 3, Georgetown, Texas 78626 United States
| | - Angela Spangenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, AustinPx, Pharmaceutics and Manufacturing, 111 W. Cooperative Way, Bldg. 3, Georgetown, Texas 78626 United States
| | - Krystal Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutics, AustinPx, Pharmaceutics and Manufacturing, 111 W. Cooperative Way, Bldg. 3, Georgetown, Texas 78626 United States
| | - Sandra Kucera
- Department of Pharmaceutics, AustinPx, Pharmaceutics and Manufacturing, 111 W. Cooperative Way, Bldg. 3, Georgetown, Texas 78626 United States
| | - Dave Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutics, AustinPx, Pharmaceutics and Manufacturing, 111 W. Cooperative Way, Bldg. 3, Georgetown, Texas 78626 United States
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18
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Nano-enabled agglomerates and compact: Design aspects of challenges. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100794. [PMID: 37035131 PMCID: PMC10074506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale medicine confers passive and active targeting potential. The development of nanomedicine is however met with processing, handling and administration hurdles. Excessive solid nanoparticle aggregation and caking result in low product yield, poor particle flowability and inefficient drug administration. These are overcome by converting the nanoparticles into a microscale dosage form via agglomeration or compaction techniques. Agglomeration and compaction nonetheless predispose the nanoparticles to risks of losing their nanogeometry, surface composition or chemistry being altered and negating biological performance. This study reviews risk factors faced during agglomeration and compaction that could result in these changes to nanoparticles. The potential risk factors pertain to materials choice in nanoparticle and microscale dosage form development, and their interplay effects with process temperature, physical forces and environmental stresses. To render the physicochemical and biological behaviour of the nanoparticles unaffected by agglomeration or compaction, modes to modulate the interplay effects of material and formulation with processing and environment variables are discussed.
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19
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Frank DS, Punia A, Fahy M, Dalton C, Rowe J, Schenck L. Densifying Co-Precipitated Amorphous Dispersions to Achieve Improved Bulk Powder Properties. Pharm Res 2022; 39:3197-3208. [PMID: 36271203 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Precipitation of amorphous solid dispersions has gained traction in the pharmaceutical industry given its application to pharmaceuticals with varying physicochemical properties. Although preparing co-precipitated amorphous dispersions (cPAD) in high-shear rotor-stator devices allows for controlled shear conditions during precipitation, such aggressive mixing environments can result in materials with low bulk density and poor flowability. This work investigated annealing cPAD after precipitation by washing with heated anti-solvent to improve bulk powder properties required for downstream drug product processing. METHODS Co-precipitation dispersions were prepared by precipitation into pH-modified aqueous anti-solvent. Amorphous dispersions were washed with heated anti-solvent and assessed for bulk density, flowability, and dissolution behavior relative to both cPAD produced without a heated wash and spray dried intermediate. RESULTS Washing cPAD with a heated anti-solvent resulted in an improvement in flowability and increased bulk density. The mechanism of densification was ascribed to annealing over the wetted Tg of the material, which lead to collapse of the porous co-precipitate structure into densified granules without causing crystallization. In contrast, an alternative approach to increase bulk density by precipitating the ASD using low shear conditions showed evidence of crystallinity. The dissolution rate of the densified cPAD granules was lower than that of the low-bulk density dispersions, although both samples reached concentrations equivalent to that of the spray dried intermediate after 90 min dissolution. CONCLUSIONS Hot wash densification was a tenable route to produce co-precipitated amorphous dispersions with improved properties for downstream processing compared to non-densified powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S Frank
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
| | - Ashish Punia
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Mairead Fahy
- Pharmaceutical Commercialization Technology, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Chad Dalton
- Formulation Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Jasmine Rowe
- Formulation Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Luke Schenck
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
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20
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Seo Y, Zuo B, Cangialosi D, Priestley RD. Physical aging of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate via enthalpy recovery. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:8331-8341. [PMID: 36300535 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01189a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) utilize the kinetic stability of the amorphous state to stabilize drug molecules within a glassy polymer matrix. Therefore, understanding the glassy-state stability of the polymer excipient is critical to ASD design and performance. Here, we investigated the physical aging of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), a commonly used polymer in ASD formulations. We found that HPMCAS exhibited conventional physical aging behavior when annealed near the glass transition temperature (Tg). In this scenario, structural recovery was facilitated by α-relaxation dynamics. However, when annealed well below Tg, a sub-α-relaxation process facilitated low-temperature physical aging in HPMCAS. Nevertheless, the physical aging rate exhibited no significant change up to 40 K below Tg, below which it exhibited a near monotonic decrease with decreasing temperature. Finally, infrared spectroscopy was employed to assess any effect of physical aging on the chemical structure of HPMCAS, which is known to be susceptible to degradation at temperatures 30 K above its Tg. Our results provide critical insights necessary to understand better the link between the stability of ASDs and physical aging of the glassy polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejoon Seo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 4, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Rodney D Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, 41 Olden St, A215 Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.
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21
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Almutairi M, Srinivasan P, Zhang P, Austin F, Butreddy A, Alharbi M, Bandari S, Ashour EA, Repka MA. Hot-Melt Extrusion Coupled with Pressurized Carbon Dioxide for Enhanced Processability of Pharmaceutical Polymers and Drug Delivery Applications – An Integrated Review. Int J Pharm 2022; 629:122291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Nambiar AG, Singh M, Mali AR, Serrano DR, Kumar R, Healy AM, Agrawal AK, Kumar D. Continuous Manufacturing and Molecular Modeling of Pharmaceutical Amorphous Solid Dispersions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:249. [PMID: 36056225 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions enhance solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The escalating number of drugs with poor aqueous solubility, poor dissolution, and poor oral bioavailability is an unresolved problem that requires adequate interventions. This review article highlights recent solubility and bioavailability enhancement advances using amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). The review also highlights the mechanism of enhanced dissolution and the challenges faced by ASD-based products, such as stability and scale-up. The role of process analytical technology (PAT) supporting continuous manufacturing is highlighted. Accurately predicting interactions between the drug and polymeric carrier requires long experimental screening methods, and this is a space where computational tools hold significant potential. Recent advancements in data science, computational tools, and easy access to high-end computation power are set to accelerate ASD-based research. Hence, particular emphasis has been given to molecular modeling techniques that can address some of the unsolved questions related to ASDs. With the advancement in PAT tools and artificial intelligence, there is an increasing interest in the continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. ASDs are a suitable option for continuous manufacturing, as production of a drug product from an ASD by direct compression is a reality, where the addition of multiple excipients is easy to avoid. Significant attention is necessary for ongoing clinical studies based on ASDs, which is paving the way for the approval of many new ASDs and their introduction into the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha G Nambiar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Maan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Abhishek R Mali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | | | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anne Marie Healy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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23
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Melt Fusion Techniques for Solubility Enhancement: A Comparison of Hot Melt Extrusion and KinetiSol® Technologies. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful candidate for oral drug delivery needs to possess adequate solubility and dissolution rate to elicit its therapeutic action. Extensive research is being carried out to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs through a number of techniques involving polymeric and non-polymeric approaches. Non-polymeric approaches such as micronization and nanocrystals are successful in improving the apparent solubility of drugs, but the sustenance of solubility is not always possible. Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) lead to solubility enhancement as well as the maintenance of solubility with the assistance of polymers, thereby improving bioavailability. Spray drying, hot melt extrusion (HME), and KinetiSol® technologies are some of the techniques capable of manufacturing ASDs. Each of these techniques has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of processing challenges and applicability in preparing ASDs. The latter two technologies are similar in being fusion and non-solvent techniques to improve solubility. This review compares both HME and KinetiSol® techniques regarding mechanism, equipment design, formulation, and process parameters involved and scalability.
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Sustained Release Biocompatible Ocular Insert Using Hot Melt Extrusion Technology: Fabrication and in-vivo evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Sarabu S, Butreddy A, Bandari S, Batra A, Lawal K, Chen NN, Kogan M, Bi V, Durig T, Repka MA. Preliminary investigation of peroxide levels of Plasdone™ copovidones on the purity of atorvastatin calcium amorphous solid dispersions: Impact of plasticizers on hot melt extrusion processability. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Gupta A, Paudwal G, Dolkar R, Lewis S, Gupta PN. Recent advances in the surfactant and controlled release polymer-based solid dispersion. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1643-1659. [PMID: 35209818 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220223095417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The oral route is the most preferred delivery route for drug administration due to its advantages such as lower cost, improved patient compliance, no need for trained personnel and the drug reactions are generally less severe. The major problem with new molecules in the drug discovery pipeline is poor solubility and dissolution rate that ultimately results in low oral bioavailability. Numerous techniques are available for solubility and bioavailability (BA) enhancement, but out of all, solid dispersion (SD) is proven to be the most feasible due to the least issues in manufacturing, processing, storage, and transportation. In the past few years, SD had been extensively applied to reinforce the common issues of insoluble drugs. Currently, many hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers are used to prepare either immediate release or controlled release SDs. Therefore, the biological behavior of the SDs is contingent upon the use of appropriate polymeric carriers and methods of preparation. The exploration of novel carriers and methodologies in SD technology leads to improved BA and therapeutic effectiveness. Moreover, the clinical applicability of SD-based formulations has been increased with the discovery of novel polymeric carriers. In this review, emphasis is laid down on the present status of recent generations of SDs (i.e., surfactant and controlled release polymer-based SD) and their application in modifying the physical properties of the drug and modulation of pharmacological response in different ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Gupta
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180002, India
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal-576104, India
| | - Gourav Paudwal
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Rigzin Dolkar
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Shaila Lewis
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal-576104, India
| | - Prem N Gupta
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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Chaudhari KR, Savjani JK, Savjani KT, Shah H. Improved Pharmaceutical Properties of Ritonavir through Co-crystallization Approach with Liquid Assisted Grinding Method. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 47:1633-1642. [PMID: 35156497 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2042553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ritonavir is a BCS class II antiretroviral agent which shows poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. The cocrystallization approach was selected to overcome these problems and to improve the physicochemical and mechanical properties of Ritonavir. The novel pharmaceutical Ritonavir-L-tyrosine cocrystals (RTC at a molar ratio of 1:1) were synthesized using the liquid assisted grinding (LAG) method. The possibility of molecular interactions between drug and coformer were studied using Gold software version 5.2. The newly formed crystalline solid phase was characterized through Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Solid-State Nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR). The improved pharmaceutical properties were confirmed by solubility, dissolution, and powder compaction study. The prepared cocrystals exhibited an 11.24-fold increase in solubility and a 3.73-fold increase in % of drug release at 1 h compared to pure drug. Tabletability and compaction behaviour of the pure drug and cocrystal with added excipients assessed. The tabletability profile of cocrystals showed enhanced tabletting performance as compared to pure drug. The stability studies revealed that cocrystals were stable for at least one month when stored at 40 °C/75% RH and 25 °C/60% RH conditions. The cocrystallization approach was found to be very promising and showed an overall improved performance of Ritonavir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jignasa K Savjani
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Harsh Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
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28
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Chasse T, Conway SL, Danzer GD, Feng L, Leone AM, McNevin M, Smoliga J, Stroud PA, van Lishaut H. Industry White Paper: Contemporary Opportunities and Challenges in Characterizing Crystallinity in Amorphous Solid Dispersions. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1543-1555. [PMID: 35041831 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Members of the IQ Consortium ″Working Group on Characterization on Amorphous Solid Dispersions″ shares here a perspective on the analytical challenges, and limitations of detecting low levels of crystalline drug substance in amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) and associated drug products. These companies aim to employ highly sensitive commercially available analytical technologies to guide development, support control strategies, and enable registration of quality products. We hope to promote consistency in development and registration approaches and guide the industry in development of "characterization best practices" in the interest of providing high quality products for patients. The first half of this perspective highlights the unique challenges of analytical methodologies to monitor crystalline drug substance in ASDs and their associated drug products. Challenges around use of limit tests, analyte spiking experiments, and method robustness are also underscored. The latter half describes the merits and limitations of the diverse analytical "toolbox" (such as XRPD, NIR and DSC), which can be readily applied during development and, in some cases, considered for potential application and validation in the commercial QC setting when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Chasse
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Chemistry Manufacturing and Controls, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen L Conway
- Merck & Co., Inc., Global Pharmaceutical Commercialization, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Gerald D Danzer
- AbbVie Inc., Analytical Research & Development, 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Lili Feng
- Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Product Development, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Anthony M Leone
- Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Product Development, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Michael McNevin
- Merck & Co., Inc., Analytical R&D, Materials and Biophysical Characterization, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - John Smoliga
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Material and Analytical Sciences, 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT USA
| | - Paul A Stroud
- Eli Lilly & Company, Inc, Material Science and Physical Characterization, 1400 W. Raymond Street, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Holger van Lishaut
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Analytical Research & Development, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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29
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de Assis JMC, Barbosa EJ, Bezzon VDN, Lourenço FR, Carvalho FMS, Matos JR, Araci Bou-Chacra N, Benmore CJ, Byrn SR, Costa FN, de Araujo GLB. Hot-melt extrudability of amorphous solid dispersions of flubendazole-copovidone: An exploratory study of the effect of drug loading and the balance of adjuvants on extrudability and dissolution. Int J Pharm 2022; 614:121456. [PMID: 35017024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The FDA-approved anthelmintic flubendazole has shown potential to be repositioned to treat cancer and dry macular degeneration; however, its poor water solubility limits its use. Amorphous solid dispersions may overcome this challenge, but the balance of excipients may impact the preparation method and drug release. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of adjuvants and drug loading on the development of an amorphous solid dispersion of flubendazole-copovidone by hot-melt extrusion. The drug, copovidone, and adjuvants (magnesium stearate and hydroxypropyl cellulose) mixtures were statistically designed, and the process was performed in a twin-screw extruder. The study showed that flubendazole and copovidone mixtures were highly extrudable, except when drug loading was high (>40%). Furthermore, magnesium stearate positively impacted the extrusion and was more effective than hydroxypropyl cellulose. The extruded materials were evaluated by modulated differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction, obtaining positive amorphization and physical stability results. Pair distribution function analysis indicated the presence of drug-rich domains with medium-range order structure and no evidence of polymer-drug interaction. All extrudates presented faster dissolution (HCl, pH 1.2) than pure flubendazole, and both adjuvants had a notable influence on the dissolution rate. In conclusion, hot-melt extrusion may be a viable option to obtain stable flubendazole:copovidone amorphous dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M C de Assis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J Barbosa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinícius D N Bezzon
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210580, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe R Lourenço
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavio M S Carvalho
- Geosciences Institute, Department of Mineralogy and Geotectonics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-08, SP, Brazil
| | - J R Matos
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nadia Araci Bou-Chacra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Chris J Benmore
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, IL, 60439, United States
| | - Stephen R Byrn
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Fanny N Costa
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX110DE, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel L B de Araujo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil.
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30
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Alvarenga BRD, Moseson DE, Carneiro RL, Taylor LS. Impact of Polymer Type on Thermal Degradation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions Containing Ritonavir. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:332-344. [PMID: 34910485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature exposure during hot melt extrusion processing of amorphous solid dispersions may result in thermal degradation of the drug. Polymer type may influence the extent of degradation, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, the model compound, ritonavir (Tm = 126 °C), undergoes thermal degradation upon high-temperature exposure. The extent of degradation of ritonavir in amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) formulated with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) vinyl acetate copolymer (PVP/VA), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) following isothermal heating and hot melt extrusion was evaluated, and mechanisms related to molecular mobility and intermolecular interactions were assessed. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) studies were used to determine the degradation products and pathways and ultimately the drug-polymer compatibility. The dominant degradation product of ritonavir was the result of a dehydration reaction, which then catalyzed a series of hydrolysis reactions to generate additional degradation products, some newly reported. This reaction series led to accelerated degradation rates with protic polymers, HPMCAS and HPMC, while ASDs with aprotic polymers, PVP and PVP/VA, had reduced degradation rates. This work has implications for understanding mechanisms of thermal degradation and drug-polymer compatibility with respect to the thermal stability of amorphous solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedito Roberto de Alvarenga
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luís km 235, ZIP 13560-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Renato Lajarim Carneiro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luís km 235, ZIP 13560-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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31
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Anane-Adjei AB, Jacobs E, Nash SC, Askin S, Soundararajan R, Kyobula M, Booth J, Campbell A. Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Utilization and Challenges in Preclinical Drug Development within AstraZeneca. Int J Pharm 2021; 614:121387. [PMID: 34933082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The poor aqueous solubility of many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) dominates much of the early drug development portfolio and poses a major challenge in pharmaceutical development. Polymer-based amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are becoming increasingly common and offer a promising formulation strategy to tackle the solubility and oral absorption issues of these APIs. This review discusses the design, manufacture, and utilisation of ASD formulations in preclinical drug development, with a key focus on the pre-formulation assessments and workflows employed at AstraZeneca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akosua B Anane-Adjei
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Esther Jacobs
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Samuel C Nash
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Sean Askin
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Ramesh Soundararajan
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Mary Kyobula
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Jonathan Booth
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Andrew Campbell
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
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32
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Pinho LAG, Lima AL, Sa-Barreto LL, Gratieri T, Gelfuso GM, Marreto RN, Cunha-Filho M. Preformulation Studies to Guide the Production of Medicines by Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:263. [PMID: 34729662 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing has demonstrated high potential for the production of personalized medicines. However, the heating at high temperatures inherent to this process causes unknown risks to the drug product's stability. The present study aimed to assess the use of a tailored preformulation protocol involving physicochemical assessments, including the rheological profiles of the samples, to guide the development of medicines by FDM 3D printing. For this, polymers commonly used in FDM printing, i.e., high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polylactic acid (PLA), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and their common plasticizers (mineral oil, triethyl citrate, and glycerol, respectively) were evaluated using the thermolabile model drug isoniazid (INH). Samples were analyzed by chemical and physical assays. The results showed that although the drug could produce polymorphs under thermal processing, the polymeric matrix can be a protective element, and no polymorphic transformation was observed. However, incompatibilities between materials might impact their chemical, thermal, and rheological performances. In fact, ternary mixtures of INH, PLA, and TEC showed a major alteration in their viscoelastic behavior besides the chemical changes. On the other hand, the use of plasticizers for HIPS and PVA exhibited positive consequences in drug solubility and rheologic behavior, probably improving sample printability. Thus, the optimization of the FDM 3D printing based on preformulation studies can assist the choice of compatible components and seek suitable processing conditions to obtain pharmaceutical products.
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Enhanced Dissolution of Sildenafil Citrate Using Solid Dispersion with Hydrophilic Polymers: Physicochemical Characterization and In Vivo Sexual Behavior Studies in Male Rats. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203512. [PMID: 34685271 PMCID: PMC8536963 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sildenafil citrate (SLC) is a frequently used medication (Viagra®) for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Due to its poor solubility, SLC suffers from a delayed onset of action and poor bioavailability. Hence, the aim of the proposed work was to prepare and evaluate solid dispersions (SDs) with hydrophilic polymers (Kolliphor® P188, Kollidon® 30, and Kollidon®-VA64), in order to enhance the dissolution and efficacy of SLC. The SLC-SDs were prepared using a solvent evaporation method (at the ratio drug/polymer, 1:1, w/w) and characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), drug content, yield, and in vitro release studies. Based on this evaluation, SDs (SLC-KVA64) were optimized, with a maximum release of drug (99.74%) after 2 h for all the developed formulas. The SDs (SLC-KVA64) were further tested for sexual behavior activity in male rats, and significant enhancements in copulatory efficiency (81.6%) and inter-copulatory efficiency (44.9%) were noted in comparison to the pure SLC drug, when exposed to the optimized SLC-KVA64 formulae. Therefore, SD using Kollidon®-VA64 could be regarded as a potential strategy for improving the solubility, in vitro dissolution, and therapeutic efficacy of SLC.
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Zhou H, Wang Y, Li S, Lu M. Improving chemical stability of resveratrol in hot melt extrusion based on formation of eutectic with nicotinamide. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:121042. [PMID: 34450224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion (HME) is a technique applied in the preparation of pharmaceutical amorphous solid dispersions (ASD). Notably it is important to prevent thermal degradation of heat-sensitive drugs during HME. In this study, we present a new strategy to improve chemical stability of pharmaceutical compounds during HME through the formation of eutectics with small molecules. Resveratrol (RES) was selected as the model compound because it is a heat-liable natural product with a very high melting point of 267 °C. When heated at its melting point for 3 min, it degrades by 40%. RES can co-crystallize with nicotinamide (NIC) in solution, however, it can only form a eutectic with NIC during heating. HPMCAS was selected as the polymer matrix and the drug loading of RES was fixed as 20% (weight ratio). The lowest extrusion temperature that can result to RES-HPMCAS ASD is 215 °C. At this temperature, RES shows 7.36% degradation during extrusion. Replacement of 21.4% HPMCAS with NIC decreased the melting temperature of NIC and thus lowered the minimal extrusion temperature to 155 °C. This effectively prevented thermal degradation of RES without negatively affecting non-sink dissolution. The only extra cost for this method is stricter storage conditions (low temperature and low humidity) due to the low glass transition temperature of NIC. Similar strategy may be applied to other heat-liable drugs in similar ways. This study demonstrates the use of eutectic formation for preventing thermal degradation of drug during extrusion of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyue Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuting Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Machine Learning for Process Monitoring and Control of Hot-Melt Extrusion: Current State of the Art and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091432. [PMID: 34575508 PMCID: PMC8466632 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, hot-melt extrusion (HME) has emerged as a rapidly growing technology in the pharmaceutical industry, due to its various advantages over other fabrication routes for drug delivery systems. After the introduction of the ‘quality by design’ (QbD) approach by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), many research studies have focused on implementing process analytical technology (PAT), including near-infrared (NIR), Raman, and UV–Vis, coupled with various machine learning algorithms, to monitor and control the HME process in real time. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the application of machine learning algorithms for HME processes, with a focus on pharmaceutical HME applications. The main current challenges in the application of machine learning algorithms for pharmaceutical processes are discussed, with potential future directions for the industry.
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Bhujbal SV, Mitra B, Jain U, Gong Y, Agrawal A, Karki S, Taylor LS, Kumar S, (Tony) Zhou Q. Pharmaceutical amorphous solid dispersion: A review of manufacturing strategies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2505-2536. [PMID: 34522596 PMCID: PMC8424289 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are popular for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Various approaches have been employed to produce ASDs and novel techniques are emerging. This review provides an updated overview of manufacturing techniques for preparing ASDs. As physical stability is a critical quality attribute for ASD, the impact of formulation, equipment, and process variables, together with the downstream processing on physical stability of ASDs have been discussed. Selection strategies are proposed to identify suitable manufacturing methods, which may aid in the development of ASDs with satisfactory physical stability.
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Key Words
- 3DP, three-dimensional printing
- ASDs, amorphous solid dispersions
- ASES, aerosol solvent extraction system
- Amorphous solid dispersions
- CAP, cellulose acetate phthalate
- CO2, carbon dioxide
- CSG, continuous-spray granulation
- Co-precipitation
- Downstream processing
- Drug delivery
- EPAS, evaporative aqueous solution precipitation
- Eudragit®, polymethacrylates derivatives
- FDM, fused deposition modeling
- GAS, gas antisolvent
- HME, hot-melt extrusion
- HPC, hydroxypropyl cellulose
- HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- HPMCAS, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate
- HPMCP, hypromellose phthalate
- Manufacturing
- Melting process
- PCA, precipitation with compressed fluid antisolvent
- PGSS, precipitation from gas-saturated solutions
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid
- PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone
- PVPVA, polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate
- RESS, rapid expansion of a supercritical solution
- SAS, supercritical antisolvent
- SCFs, supercritical fluids
- SEDS, solution-enhanced dispersion by SCF
- SLS, selective laser sintering
- Selection criteria
- Soluplus®, polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer
- Solvent evaporation
- Stability
- Tg, glass transition temperature
- USC, ultrasound compaction
- scCO2, supercritical CO2
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal V. Bhujbal
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Biplob Mitra
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Uday Jain
- Material Science and Engineering, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Yuchuan Gong
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Anjali Agrawal
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Shyam Karki
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Qi (Tony) Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Que C, Deac A, Zemlyanov DY, Qi Q, Indulkar AS, Gao Y, Zhang GGZ, Taylor LS. Impact of Drug-Polymer Intermolecular Interactions on Dissolution Performance of Copovidone-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3496-3508. [PMID: 34319746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For poorly soluble drugs formulated as amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), fast and complete release with the generation of drug-rich colloidal particles is beneficial for optimizing drug absorption. However, this ideal dissolution profile can only be achieved when the drug releases at the same normalized rate as the polymer, also known as congruent release. This phenomenon only occurs when the drug loading (DL) is below a certain value. The maximal DL at which congruent release occurs is defined as the limit of congruency (LoC). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between drug chemical structure and LoC for PVPVA-based ASDs. The compounds investigated shared a common scaffold substituted with different functional groups, capable of forming hydrogen bonds only, halogen bonds only, both hydrogen and halogen bonds, or nonspecific interactions only with the polymer. Intermolecular interactions were studied and confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The release rates of ASDs with different DLs were investigated using surface area normalized dissolution. ASDs with hydrogen bond formation between the drug and polymer had lower LoCs, while compounds that were only able to form halogen bonds or nonspecific interactions with the polymer achieved considerably higher LoCs. This study highlights the impact of different types of drug-polymer interactions on ASD dissolution performance, providing insights into the role of drug and polymer chemical structures on the LoC and ASD performance in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chailu Que
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexandru Deac
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dmitry Y Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - QingQing Qi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anura S Indulkar
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yi Gao
- Science and Technology, Operations, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Qian K, Stella L, Jones DS, Andrews GP, Du H, Tian Y. Drug-Rich Phases Induced by Amorphous Solid Dispersion: Arbitrary or Intentional Goal in Oral Drug Delivery? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:889. [PMID: 34203969 PMCID: PMC8232734 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among many methods to mitigate the solubility limitations of drug compounds, amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is considered to be one of the most promising strategies to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The enhancement of ASD in the oral absorption of drugs has been mainly attributed to the high apparent drug solubility during the dissolution. In the last decade, with the implementations of new knowledge and advanced analytical techniques, a drug-rich transient metastable phase was frequently highlighted within the supersaturation stage of the ASD dissolution. The extended drug absorption and bioavailability enhancement may be attributed to the metastability of such drug-rich phases. In this paper, we have reviewed (i) the possible theory behind the formation and stabilization of such metastable drug-rich phases, with a focus on non-classical nucleation; (ii) the additional benefits of the ASD-induced drug-rich phases for bioavailability enhancements. It is envisaged that a greater understanding of the non-classical nucleation theory and its application on the ASD design might accelerate the drug product development process in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Qian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Atomistic Simulation Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, 7–9 College Park E, Belfast BT7 1PS, UK;
- David Keir Building, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - David S. Jones
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Gavin P. Andrews
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Huachuan Du
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, 11th floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yiwei Tian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
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Yarlagadda DL, Sai Krishna Anand V, Nair AR, Navya Sree KS, Dengale SJ, Bhat K. Considerations for the selection of co-formers in the preparation of co-amorphous formulations. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120649. [PMID: 33915186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Co-amorphous drug delivery systems are evolving as a credible alternative to amorphous solid dispersions technology. In Co-amorphous systems (CAMs), a drug is stabilized in amorphous form using small molecular weight compounds called as co-formers. A wide variety of small molecular weight co-formers have been leveraged in the preparation of CAMs. The stability and supersaturation potential of prepared co-amorphous phases largely depend on the type of co-former employed in the CAMs. However, the rationality behind the co-former selection in co-amorphous systems is poorly understood and scarcely compiled in the literature. There are various facets to the rational selection of co-former for CAMs. In this context, the present review compiles various factors affecting the co-former selection. The factors have been broadly classified under Thermodynamic, Kinetic and Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacologically relevant parameters. In particular, the importance of Glass transition, Miscibility, Liquid-Liquid phase separation (LLPS), Crystallization inhibition has been deliberated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Lakshman Yarlagadda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Vullendula Sai Krishna Anand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Athira R Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - K S Navya Sree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Swapnil J Dengale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Krishnamurthy Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India.
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Thompson SA, Williams RO. Specific mechanical energy - An essential parameter in the processing of amorphous solid dispersions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:374-393. [PMID: 33781785 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Specific mechanical energy (SME) is a frequently overlooked but essential parameter of hot-melt extrusion (HME). It can determine whether an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) can be successfully processed. A minimum combination of thermal input and SME is required to convert a crystalline active pharmaceutical product (API) into its amorphous form. A maximum combination is allowed before it or the carrier polymer chemically degrades. This has important implications on design space. SME input during HME provides information on the totality of the effect of various independent processing parameters such as screw speed, feed rate, and complex viscosity. If only these independent processing parameters are considered separately instead of SME, then important information would be lost regarding the interaction of these parameters and their ability to affect ASD formulation. A complete understanding of the HME process requires an analysis of SME. This paper provides a review of SME use in the pharmaceutical processing of ASDs, the importance of SME in terms of a variety of formulation qualities, and novel future uses of SME. Theoretical background is discussed, along with the relative importance of thermal and mechanical input on various nonsolvent ASD processing methods.
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Moseson DE, Corum ID, Lust A, Altman KJ, Hiew TN, Eren A, Nagy ZK, Taylor LS. Amorphous Solid Dispersions Containing Residual Crystallinity: Competition Between Dissolution and Matrix Crystallization. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:69. [PMID: 34002256 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Crystallinity in an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) may negatively impact dissolution performance by causing lost solubility advantage and/or seeding crystal growth leading to desupersaturation. The goal of the study was to evaluate underlying dissolution and crystallization mechanisms resulting from residual crystallinity contained within bicalutamide (BCL)/polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate copolymer (PVPVA) ASDs produced by hot melt extrusion (HME). In-line Raman spectroscopy, polarized light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize crystallization kinetics and mechanisms. The fully amorphous ASD (0% crystallinity) did not dissolve completely, and underwent crystallization to the metastable polymorph (form 2), initiating in the amorphous matrix at the interface of the amorphous solid with water. Under non-sink conditions, higher extents of supersaturation were achieved because dissolution initially proceeded unhindered prior to nucleation. ASDs containing residual crystallinity had markedly reduced supersaturation. Solid-mediated crystallization (matrix crystallization) consumed the amorphous solid, growing the stable polymorph (form 1). Under sink conditions, both the fully amorphous ASD and crystalline physical mixture achieve faster release than the ASDs containing residual crystallinity. In the latter systems, matrix crystallization leads to highly agglomerated crystals with high relative surface area. Solution-mediated crystallization was not a significant driver of concentration loss, due to slow crystal growth from solution in the presence of PVPVA. The high risk stemming from residual crystallinity in BCL/PVPVA ASDs stems from (1) fast matrix crystallization propagating from crystal seeds, and (2) growth of the stable crystal form. This study has implications for dissolution performance outcomes of ASDs containing residual crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Isaac D Corum
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Andres Lust
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Kevin J Altman
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Tze Ning Hiew
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Ayse Eren
- Charles B. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Zoltan K Nagy
- Charles B. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
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Butreddy A, Bandari S, Repka MA. Quality-by-design in hot melt extrusion based amorphous solid dispersions: An industrial perspective on product development. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 158:105655. [PMID: 33253883 PMCID: PMC7855693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An industrially feasible approach to overcome the solubility and bioavailability limitations of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients is the development of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) using hot-melt extrusion (HME) technique. The application of Quality by Design (QbD) had a profound impact on the development of HME-based ASDs. The formulation and process optimization of ASDs manufactured via HME techniques require an understanding of critical quality attributes, critical material attributes, critical process parameters, risk assessment tools, and experimental designs. The knowledge gained from each of these QbD elements helps ensure the consistency of product quality. The selection and implementation of appropriate Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology to screen and optimize the formulation and process variables remain a major challenge. This review provides a comprehensive overview on QbD concepts in HME-based ASDs with an emphasis on DoE methodologies. Further, the information provided in this review can assist researchers in selecting a suitable design with optimal experimental conditions. Specifically, this review has focused on the prediction of drug-polymer miscibility, the elements and sequence of QbD, and various screening and optimization designs, to provide insights into the formulation and process variables that are encountered routinely in the production of HME-based ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Butreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Monschke M, Kayser K, Wagner KG. Influence of Particle Size and Drug Load on Amorphous Solid Dispersions Containing pH-Dependent Soluble Polymers and the Weak Base Ketoconazole. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:44. [PMID: 33438107 PMCID: PMC7803674 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the great number of poorly soluble drugs in pharmaceutical development, most of them are weak bases. Typically, they readily dissolve in an acidic environment but are prone to precipitation at elevated pH. This was aimed to be counteracted by the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) using the pH-dependent soluble polymers methacrylic acid ethylacrylate copolymer (Eudragit L100-55) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) via hot-melt extrusion. The hot-melt extruded ASDs were of amorphous nature and single phased with the presence of specific interactions between drug and polymer as revealed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The ASDs were milled and classified into six particle size fractions. We investigated the influence of particle size, drug load, and polymer type on the dissolution performance. The best dissolution performance was achieved for the ASD made from Eudragit L100-55 at a drug load of 10%, whereby the dissolution rate was inversely proportional to the particle size. Within a pH-shift dissolution experiment (from pH 1 to pH 6.8), amorphous-amorphous phase separation occurred as a result of exposure to acidic medium which caused markedly reduced dissolution rates at subsequent higher pH values. Phase separation could be prevented by using enteric capsules (Vcaps Enteric®), which provided optimal dissolution profiles for the Eudragit L100-55 ASD at a drug load of 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Monschke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kevin Kayser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl G Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
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Davis DA, Thakkar R, Su Y, Williams RO, Maniruzzaman M. Selective Laser Sintering 3-Dimensional Printing as a Single Step Process to Prepare Amorphous Solid Dispersion Dosage Forms for Improved Solubility and Dissolution Rate. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1432-1443. [PMID: 33227241 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the development of ritonavir-copovidone amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) and dosage forms thereof using selective laser sintering (SLS) 3-dimensional (3-D) printing in a single step, circumventing the post-processing steps required in common techniques employed to make ASDs. For this study, different drug loads of ritonavir with copovidone were processed at varying processing conditions to understand the impact, range, and correlation of these parameters for successful ASD formation. Further, ASDs characterized using conventional and advanced solid-state techniques including wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR), revealed the full conversion of the crystalline drug to its amorphous form as a function of laser-assisted selective fusion in a layer-by-layer manner. It was observed that an optimum combination of the powder flow properties, surface temperature, chamber temperature, laser speed, and hatch spacing was crucial for successful ASD formation, any deviations resulted in print failures or only partial amorphous conversion. Moreover, a 21-fold increase in solubility was demonstrated by the SLS 3-D printed tablets. The results confirmed that SLS 3-D printing can be used as a single-step platform for creating ASD-based pharmaceutical dosage forms with a solubility advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Davis
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Rishi Thakkar
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co, Inc, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Robert O Williams
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mohammed Maniruzzaman
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Davis DA, Miller DA, Su Y, Williams RO. Thermally Conductive Excipient Expands KinetiSol® Processing Capabilities. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:319. [PMID: 33179174 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time that incorporation of a thermally conductive excipient (TCE) modifies the thermal conductivity of the ternary drug-polymer-TCE compositions such that high-energy mixing can occur for prolonged periods at a selected steady-state temperature during the KinetiSol process. In this study, candurin, a TCE, is incorporated within a composition that is processed by high-energy mixing from the KinetiSol process to increase the thermal conductivity of the ternary composition. The improved thermal conductivity promotes heat transfer and enables the high-energy mixing applied during the KinetiSol process to be continued for prolonged time intervals at a selected steady-state temperature, instead of undergoing a continued increase in temperature when the TCE is not present in the composition. The addition of candurin does not impact the molecular structure and mixing of the drug and polymer in ASDs from solid-state NMR characterizations. Compositions with candurin achieved a steady-state processing temperature with + 5°C of the target temperature, and these compositions demonstrated the ability to mix for prolonged time periods while maintaining within this steady-state temperature range, thus enabling the formation of an ASD at a temperature that the drug does not chemically degrade. This study demonstrated that inclusion of the TCE modified the composition's thermal conductivity to efficiently dissipate heat to achieve a selected steady-state temperature during the KinetiSol process, thus providing prolonged mixing times at a lower temperature for dissolving the drug into the polymer to achieve an ASD without sacrificing product performance.
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Nair AR, Lakshman YD, Anand VSK, Sree KSN, Bhat K, Dengale SJ. Overview of Extensively Employed Polymeric Carriers in Solid Dispersion Technology. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:309. [PMID: 33161493 PMCID: PMC7649155 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid dispersion is the preferred technology to prepare efficacious forms of BCS class-II/IV APIs. To prepare solid dispersions, there exist a wide variety of polymeric carriers with interesting physicochemical and thermochemical characteristics available at the disposal of a formulation scientist. Since the advent of the solid dispersion technology in the early 1960s, there have been more than 5000 scientific papers published in the subject area. This review discusses the polymeric carrier properties of most extensively used polymers PVP, Copovidone, PEG, HPMC, HPMCAS, and Soluplus® in the solid dispersion technology. The literature trends about preparation techniques, dissolution, and stability improvement are analyzed from the Scopus® database to enable a formulator to make an informed choice of polymeric carrier. The stability and extent of dissolution improvement are largely dependent upon the type of polymeric carrier employed to formulate solid dispersions. With the increasing acceptance of transfer dissolution setup in the research community, it is required to evaluate the crystallization/precipitation inhibition potential of polymers under dynamic pH shift conditions. Further, there is a need to develop a regulatory framework which provides definition and complete classification along with necessarily recommended studies to characterize and evaluate solid dispersions.
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Bennett-Lenane H, O'Shea JP, O'Driscoll CM, Griffin BT. A Retrospective Biopharmaceutical Analysis of >800 Approved Oral Drug Products: Are Drug Properties of Solid Dispersions and Lipid-Based Formulations Distinctive? J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3248-3261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Application and limitations of thermogravimetric analysis to delineate the hot melt extrusion chemical stability processing window. Int J Pharm 2020; 590:119916. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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