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Abinti M, Vettoretti S, Caldiroli L, Mattinzoli D, Ikehata M, Armelloni S, Molinari P, Alfieri CM, Castellano G, Messa P. Associations of Intact and C-Terminal FGF23 with Inflammatory Markers in Older Patients Affected by Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3967. [PMID: 38999530 PMCID: PMC11242756 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) is markedly increased and has been proposed to interact with systemic inflammation. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the correlations of intact FGF23, c-terminal FGF23, and the FGF23 ratio (c-terminal to intact) with some inflammatory cytokines in 111 elderly patients with advanced CKD not yet in dialysis. Results: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was inversely correlated with intact FGF23 and c-terminal FGF23, as well as with interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Intact FGF23 levels were directly correlated with IL-6 (r = 0.403; p < 0.001) and TNFα (r = 0.401; p < 0.001) while c-terminal FGF23 was directly correlated with MCP-1 (r = 0.264; p = 0.005). The FGF23 ratio was, instead, inversely correlated with IL-6 (r = -0.326; p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that intact FGF23 was directly associated with TNFα [B = 0.012 (95% CI 0.006, 0.019); p = 0.003] and c-terminal FGF23 was directly associated with MCP-1 [B = 0.001 (95% CI 0.000, 0.002); p = 0.038], while the FGF23 ratio was inversely correlated with IL-6 [B = -0.028 (95% CI -0.047, -0.010); p = 0.002]. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that, in CKD patients, intact FGF23 and the metabolites deriving from its proteolytic cleavage are differently associated with some inflammatory pathways. In particular, intact FGF23 is mainly associated with IL-6 and TNFα, c-terminal FGF23 with MCP-1, and the FGF23 ratio with IL6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Abinti
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (L.C.); (P.M.); (C.M.A.); (G.C.); (P.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Vettoretti
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (L.C.); (P.M.); (C.M.A.); (G.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Lara Caldiroli
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (L.C.); (P.M.); (C.M.A.); (G.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Deborah Mattinzoli
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (M.I.); (S.A.)
| | - Masami Ikehata
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (M.I.); (S.A.)
| | - Silvia Armelloni
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (M.I.); (S.A.)
| | - Paolo Molinari
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (L.C.); (P.M.); (C.M.A.); (G.C.); (P.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Alfieri
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (L.C.); (P.M.); (C.M.A.); (G.C.); (P.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (L.C.); (P.M.); (C.M.A.); (G.C.); (P.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Messa
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (L.C.); (P.M.); (C.M.A.); (G.C.); (P.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Sharma S, Katz R, Chaves PH, Hoofnagle AN, Kizer JR, Bansal N, Ganz T, Ix JH. Iron Deficiency and Incident Heart Failure in Older Community-Dwelling Individuals. ESC Heart Fail 2024; 11:1435-1442. [PMID: 38407565 PMCID: PMC11098627 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Among persons with prevalent heart failure (HF), iron deficiency has been linked to HF admissions, and intravenous iron replacement improves HF outcomes. Recent studies in persons with chronic kidney disease (CKD) demonstrate that iron deficiency is associated with incident HF. This study aimed to determine the relationship of iron status with incident HF in community-dwelling older adults irrespective of their kidney function. METHODS In this case-cohort study, 1,006 Cardiovascular Health Study participants (785 from the random sub-cohort [including 193 HF cases] and 221 additional HF cases [N = 414 total HF cases]) aged ≥ 65 years without HF (41% with CKD), we used weighted Cox models to evaluate associations of iron status with incident HF. Participants were categorized based on quartiles of transferrin saturation and ferritin as "iron replete" (27.3%), "functional iron deficiency" (7.7%), "iron deficiency" (11.8%), "mixed iron deficiency" (5.6%), "high iron" (9.3%) and "non-classified" (38.1%), consistent with prior studies. RESULTS Compared to older persons who were iron replete, those with iron deficiency were at higher risk of incident HF (HR 1.47; 1.02-2.11) in models adjusting for demographics, HF risk factors, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Other iron categories did not associate with incident HF. The relationship of iron deficiency with incident HF did not differ by CKD status (interaction P value 0.2). CONCLUSIONS Among community-dwelling elders, iron deficiency is independently associated with incident HF, an association that was similar irrespective of CKD status. Our findings support conduct of clinical trials of iron replacement for prevention of HF in older adults with iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sharma
- Department of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
- Nephrology SectionVeteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare SystemLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Paulo H.M. Chaves
- Benjamin Leon Center for Geriatric Research and Education, Department of Translational Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of MedicineFlorida International UniversityMiamiFloridaUSA
| | | | - Jorge R. Kizer
- Cardiology Section, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | - Tomas Ganz
- Department of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Joachim H. Ix
- Division of Nephrology‐Hypertension, Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
- Nephrology SectionVeterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaCAUSA
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3
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Radvanyi Z, Yoo EJ, Kandasamy P, Salas-Bastos A, Monnerat S, Refardt J, Christ-Crain M, Hayashi H, Kondo Y, Jantsch J, Rubio-Aliaga I, Sommer L, Wagner CA, Hediger MA, Kwon HM, Loffing J, Pathare G. Extracellular sodium regulates fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) formation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105480. [PMID: 37992803 PMCID: PMC10770535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone-derived hormone fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) has recently received much attention due to its association with chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease progression. Extracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]) plays a significant role in bone metabolism. Hyponatremia (lower serum [Na+]) has recently been shown to be independently associated with FGF23 levels in patients with chronic systolic heart failure. However, nothing is known about the direct impact of [Na+] on FGF23 production. Here, we show that an elevated [Na+] (+20 mM) suppressed FGF23 formation, whereas low [Na+] (-20 mM) increased FGF23 synthesis in the osteoblast-like cell lines UMR-106 and MC3T3-E1. Similar bidirectional changes in FGF23 abundance were observed when osmolality was altered by mannitol but not by urea, suggesting a role of tonicity in FGF23 formation. Moreover, these changes in FGF23 were inversely proportional to the expression of NFAT5 (nuclear factor of activated T cells-5), a transcription factor responsible for tonicity-mediated cellular adaptations. Furthermore, arginine vasopressin, which is often responsible for hyponatremia, did not affect FGF23 production. Next, we performed a comprehensive and unbiased RNA-seq analysis of UMR-106 cells exposed to low versus high [Na+], which revealed several novel genes involved in cellular adaptation to altered tonicity. Additional analysis of cells with Crisp-Cas9-mediated NFAT5 deletion indicated that NFAT5 controls numerous genes associated with FGF23 synthesis, thereby confirming its role in [Na+]-mediated FGF23 regulation. In line with these in vitro observations, we found that hyponatremia patients have higher FGF23 levels. Our results suggest that [Na+] is a critical regulator of FGF23 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Radvanyi
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis", Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eun Jin Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Palanivel Kandasamy
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Sophie Monnerat
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julie Refardt
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Christ-Crain
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Himeka Hayashi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kondo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabel Rubio-Aliaga
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis", Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Sommer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis", Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias A Hediger
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hyug Moo Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Johannes Loffing
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis", Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ganesh Pathare
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis", Zurich, Switzerland.
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Reimer KC, Nadal J, Meiselbach H, Schmid M, Schultheiss UT, Kotsis F, Stockmann H, Friedrich N, Nauck M, Krane V, Eckardt KU, Schneider MP, Kramann R, Floege J, Saritas T. Association of mineral and bone biomarkers with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) cohort. Bone Res 2023; 11:52. [PMID: 37857629 PMCID: PMC10587182 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineral and bone disorder (MBD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is tightly linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, we aimed to compare the prognostic value of nine MBD biomarkers to determine those associated best with adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes and mortality. In 5 217 participants of the German CKD (GCKD) study enrolled with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 30-60 mL·min-1 per 1.73 m2 or overt proteinuria, serum osteoprotegerin (OPG), C-terminal fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), cross-linked C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX1), procollagen 1 intact N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), phosphate, calcium, and 25-OH vitamin D were measured at baseline. Participants with missing values among these parameters (n = 971) were excluded, leaving a total of 4 246 participants for analysis. During a median follow-up of 6.5 years, 387 non-CV deaths, 173 CV deaths, 645 nonfatal major adverse CV events (MACEs) and 368 hospitalizations for congestive heart failure (CHF) were observed. OPG and FGF23 were associated with all outcomes, with the highest hazard ratios (HRs) for OPG. In the final Cox regression model, adjusted for CV risk factors, including kidney function and all other investigated biomarkers, each standard deviation increase in OPG was associated with non-CV death (HR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.35-2.30), CV death (HR 2.18, 95% CI: 1.50-3.16), MACE (HR 1.38, 95% CI: 1.12-1.71) and hospitalization for CHF (HR 2.05, 95% CI: 1.56-2.69). Out of the nine biomarkers examined, stratification based on serum OPG best identified the CKD patients who were at the highest risk for any adverse CV outcome and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Charlotte Reimer
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Nadal
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heike Meiselbach
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulla T Schultheiss
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine IV - Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fruzsina Kotsis
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine IV - Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helena Stockmann
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vera Krane
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus P Schneider
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Turgay Saritas
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Egli-Spichtig D, Hamid AK, Arroyo EMP, Ketteler M, Wiecek A, Rosenkranz AR, Pasch A, Lorenz H, Hellmann B, Karus M, Ammer R, Rubio-Aliaga I, Wagner CA. Intact FGF23 predicts serum phosphate improvement after combined nicotinamide and phosphate binder treatment in hemodialysis patients. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1622-1633. [PMID: 37779856 PMCID: PMC10539220 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperphosphatemia is associated with increased mortality and cardiovascular morbidity of end-stage kidney failure (ESKF) patients. Managing serum phosphate in ESKF patients is challenging and mostly based on limiting intestinal phosphate absorption with low phosphate diets and phosphate binders (PB). In a multi-centric, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study cohort of maintenance hemodialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia, we demonstrated the efficacy of nicotinamide modified release (NAMR) formulation treatment in addition to standard PB therapy in decreasing serum phosphate. Here we aimed to assess the relationship between phosphate, FGF23, inflammation and iron metabolism in this cohort. Methods We measured the plasma concentrations of intact fibroblast growth factor 23 (iFGF23) and selected proinflammatory cytokines at baseline and Week 12 after initiating treatment. Results We observed a strong correlation between iFGF23 and cFGF23 (C-terminal fragment plus iFGF23). We identified iFGF23 as a better predictor of changes in serum phosphate induced by NAMR and PB treatment compared with cFGF23. Recursive partitioning revealed at baseline and Week 12, that iFGF23 and cFGF23 together with T50 propensity were the most important predictors of serum phosphate, whereas intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) played a minor role in this model. Furthermore, we found serum phosphate and iPTH as the best predictors of iFGF23 and cFGF23. Sex, age, body mass index, and markers of inflammation and iron metabolism had only a minor impact in predicting FGF23. Conclusion Lowering serum phosphate in ESKF patients may depend highly on iFGF23 which is correlated to cFGF23 levels. Serum phosphate was the most important predictor of plasma FGF23 in this ESKF cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Egli-Spichtig
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, and National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH
| | - Ahmad Kamal Hamid
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, and National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH
| | - Eva Maria Pastor Arroyo
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, and National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH
| | - Markus Ketteler
- Robert Bosch Hospital, Department of General Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrzej Wiecek
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Alexander R Rosenkranz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Pasch
- Calciscon AG, 2503 Biel, Switzerland
- Department of Nephrology, Lindenhofspital, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Horst Lorenz
- Buero fuer Biometrie und Statistik, Neuberg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Karus
- MEDICE Arzneimittel Pütter GmbH & Co KG, Iserlohn, Germany
| | - Richard Ammer
- MEDICE Arzneimittel Pütter GmbH & Co KG, Iserlohn, Germany
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Isabel Rubio-Aliaga
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, and National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, and National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH
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Magagnoli L, Cozzolino M, Galassi A. The open system of FGF-23 at the crossroad between additional P-lowering therapy, anemia and inflammation: how to deal with the intact and the C-terminal assays? Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1543-1549. [PMID: 37779858 PMCID: PMC10539210 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk and poor survival in dialysis patients. It is well established that FGF-23 synthesis is directly induced by positive phosphate (P) balance. On the other hand, P-lowering treatments such as nutritional P restriction, P binders and dialysis are capable of reducing FGF-23 levels. However, there are many uncertainties regarding the possibility of adopting FGF-23 to guide the clinical decision-making process in the context of chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Furthermore, the best assay to adopt for measurement of FGF-23 levels (namely the intact vs the C-terminal one) remains to be determined, especially in conditions capable of altering the synthesis as well as the cleavage of the intact and biologically active molecule, as occurs in the presence of CKD and its complications. This Editorial discusses the main insights provided by the post hoc analysis of the NOPHOS trial, with particular attention given to evidence-based peculiarities of the intact and the C-terminal assays available for measuring FGF-23 levels, especially in patients receiving additive P-lowering therapy in the presence of inflammation, anemia and iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Magagnoli
- University of Milan, Department of Health Sciences, Milano, Italy
- ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Renal Division, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Cozzolino
- University of Milan, Department of Health Sciences, Milano, Italy
- ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Renal Division, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Galassi
- University of Milan, Department of Health Sciences, Milano, Italy
- ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Renal Division, Milano, Italy
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7
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董 沙, 车 若, 郑 必, 张 爱, 王 春, 白 咪, 陈 颖. [Value of serum fibroblast growth factor 23 in diagnosis of hypophosphatemic rickets in children]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2023; 25:705-710. [PMID: 37529952 PMCID: PMC10414175 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2303016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the value of serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in the diagnosis of hypophosphatemic rickets in children. METHODS A total of 28 children who were diagnosed with hypophosphatemic rickets in Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2016 to June 2021 were included as the rickets group. Forty healthy children, matched for sex and age, who attended the Department of Child Healthcare of the hospital were included as the healthy control group. The serum level of FGF23 was compared between the two groups, and the correlations of the serum FGF23 level with clinical characteristics and laboratory test results were analyzed. The value of serum FGF23 in the diagnosis of hypophosphatemic rickets was assessed. RESULTS The rickets group had a significantly higher serum level of FGF23 than the healthy control group (P<0.05). In the rickets group, the serum FGF23 level was positively correlated with the serum alkaline phosphatase level (rs=0.38, P<0.05) and was negatively correlated with maximum renal tubular phosphorus uptake/glomerular filtration rate (rs=-0.64, P<0.05), while it was not correlated with age, height Z-score, sex, and parathyroid hormone (P>0.05). Serum FGF23 had a sensitivity of 0.821, a specificity of 0.925, an optimal cut-off value of 55.77 pg/mL, and an area under the curve of 0.874 in the diagnosis of hypophosphatemic rickets (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Serum FGF23 is of valuable in the diagnosis of hypophosphatemic rickets in children, which providing a theoretical basis for early diagnosis of this disease in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - 必霞 郑
- 南京医科大学附属儿童医院儿科学重点实验室,江苏南京210000
| | | | - 春莉 王
- 南京医科大学附属儿童医院儿科学重点实验室,江苏南京210000
| | - 咪 白
- 南京医科大学附属儿童医院儿科学重点实验室,江苏南京210000
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Liu M, Xia P, Tan Z, Song T, Mei K, Wang J, Ma J, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Yu P, Liu X. Fibroblast growth factor-23 and the risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality in the general population: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:989574. [PMID: 36407457 PMCID: PMC9669381 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.989574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past decade, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) has been recognized as an important biomarker of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to assess the relationship between FGF23 and the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in general populations. METHODS The protocol was registered prospectively in PROSPERO (CRD42021281837) and two authors independently searched for relevant studies in the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. The random effects model was applied. RESULTS In total, 29 prospective studies involving 135,576 participants were included. In the general population, the category analysis revealed that elevated FGF23 levels were related to increased risks of myocardial infarction (MI) (RR: 1.40, 95%CI: 1.03-1.89), stroke (RR: 1.20, 95%CI: 1.02-1.43), heart failure (HF) (RR: 1.37, 95%CI: 1.23-1.52), CVD events (RR: 1.22, 95%CI: 0.99-1.51), cardiovascular mortality (RR: 1.46, 95%CI: 1.29-1.65), and all-cause mortality (RR: 1.50, 95%CI: 1.29-1.74). In the continuous analysis, per doubling of FGF23 was associated with increased risks of MI (RR: 1.08, 95%CI: 0.94-1.25), stroke (RR: 1.21, 95%CI: 0.99-1.48), HF (RR: 1.24, 95%CI: 1.14-1.35), CVD events (RR: 1.12, 95%CI: 0.99-1.27), cardiovascular mortality (RR: 1.43, 95%CI: 1.09-1.88), all-cause mortality (RR: 1.37, 95%CI: 1.15-1.62). Furthermore, the dose-response analysis demonstrated a potentially non-linear relationship between FGF23 and stroke, HF, and all-cause mortality. In contrast, a potentially linear relationship between FGF23 and cardiovascular mortality was observed (p for non-linearity = 0.73). CONCLUSION The present study suggests that increased serum FGF23 levels are positively related to CVD events and mortality in the general population. The clinical application of FGF23 levels to predict CVD risk requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Seventh People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Panpan Xia
- Department of Endocrine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ziqi Tan
- Department of Endocrine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tiangang Song
- Department of Endocrine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kaibo Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Shangrao, Shangrao, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianyong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United Status
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Seventh People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Endocrine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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9
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Sharma S, Katz R, Ginsberg C, Bullen A, Vallon V, Thomson S, Moe OW, Hoofnagle AN, de Leeuw PW, Kroon AA, Houben AJHM, Ix JH. Renal Clearance of Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF23) and its Fragments in Humans. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1170-1178. [PMID: 35373859 PMCID: PMC9177785 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Relative abundance of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) measured by the C-terminal (cFGF23, which measures both intact FGF23 and C-terminal fragments) versus intact (iFGF23, measures only intact hormone) assays varies by kidney function in humans. Differential kidney clearance may explain this finding. We measured cFGF23 and iFGF23 in the aorta and bilateral renal veins of 162 patients with essential hypertension undergoing renal angiography. Using multivariable linear regression, we examined factors associated with aorta to renal vein reduction of FGF23 using both assays. Similar parameters and with addition of urine concentrations of cFGF23 and iFGF23 were measured in six Wistar rats. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) age was 54 ± 12 years, 54% were women, and mean creatinine clearance was 72 ± 48 mL/min/100 g. The human kidney reduced the concentrations of both cFGF23 (16% ± 12%) and iFGF23 (21% ± 16%), but reduction was higher for iFGF23. Greater kidney creatinine and PTH reductions were each independently associated with greater reductions of both cFGF23 and iFGF23. The greater kidney reduction of iFGF23 compared to cFGF23 appeared stable and consistent across the range of creatinine clearance evaluated. Kidney clearance was similar, and urine concentrations of both assays were low in the rat models, suggesting kidney metabolism of both cFGF23 and iFGF23. Renal reduction of iFGF23 is higher than that of creatinine and cFGF23. Our data suggest that FGF23 is metabolized by the kidney. However, the major cell types involved in metabolization of FGF23 requires future study. Kidney clearance of FGF23 does not explain differences in C-terminal and intact moieties across the range of kidney function. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sharma
- Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Nephrology Section, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ronit Katz
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles Ginsberg
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Bullen
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Nephrology Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Volker Vallon
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Nephrology Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott Thomson
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Nephrology Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Orson W Moe
- Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Peter W de Leeuw
- Department of Internal Medicine and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham A Kroon
- Department of Internal Medicine and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J H M Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim H Ix
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Nephrology Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
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10
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Ishigami J, Honda Y, Karger AB, Coresh J, Selvin E, Lutsey PL, Matsushita K. 18-year change in serum intact fibroblast growth factor 23 from midlife to late life and risk of mortality: the ARIC Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 187:39-47. [PMID: 35521770 PMCID: PMC9206411 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objective Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) concentration increases in response to declining kidney function to preserve normal phosphate concentrations. However, the etiological association of change in FGF23 concentration with mortality has not been examined in the general population. Design and methods We analyzed 5458 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study who had intact FGF23 and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) assessed during midlife (visit 3, 1993-1995, mean age: 58 years) and late life (visit 5, 2011-2013, 76 years) to examine the association of FGF23 change over 18 years from mid-life to late life with the subsequent risk of mortality in late life using Cox regression models. Results The median 18-year change in intact FGF23 was +17.3 pg/mL. During a median follow-up of 7.2 years following visit 5, 1176 participants died. In multivariable Cox models, elevated mortality was seen in the highest quartile of FGF23 change (ΔFGF23: ≥31.3 pg/mL) (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.61 (95%CI: 1.36-1.90), or 1.37 (1.15-1.64) after additionally adjusting for eGFR change, compared with the lowest quartile (≤6.4 pg/mL)). When both FGF23 change and FGF23 in late life were simultaneously entered into the Cox model, FGF23 in late life, but not FGF23 change, was an independent predictor of mortality; however, we observed a high correlation between FGF23 change from midlife to late life and FGF23 in late life (r = 0.77). Conclusions Serum intact FGF23 change from midlife to late life was associated with subsequent risk of mortality independent of decline in kidney function. Our findings further support the implications of FGF23 beyond its association with kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Ishigami
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yasuyuki Honda
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amy B. Karger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Pamela L. Lutsey
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kunihiro Matsushita
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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11
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Urinary tetrahydroaldosterone is associated with circulating FGF23 in kidney stone formers. Urolithiasis 2022; 50:333-340. [PMID: 35201364 PMCID: PMC9110437 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-022-01317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of diseases with overactive renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAS) or elevated circulating FGF23 overlaps, but the relationship between aldosterone and FGF23 remains unclarified. Here, we report that systemic RAS activation sensitively assessed by urinary tetrahydroaldosterone excretion is associated with circulating C-terminal FGF23. We performed a retrospective analysis in the Bern Kidney Stone Registry, a single-center observational cohort of kidney stone formers. Urinary excretion of the main aldosterone metabolite tetrahydroaldosterone was measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Plasma FGF23 concentrations were measured using a C-terminal assay. Regression models were calculated to assess the association of plasma FGF23 with 24 h urinary tetrahydroaldosterone excretion. We included 625 participants in the analysis. Mean age was 47 ± 14 years and 71% were male. Mean estimated GFR was 94 ml/min per 1.73 m2. In unadjusted analyses, we found a positive association between plasma FGF23 and 24 h urinary tetrahydroaldosterone excretion (β: 0.0027; p = 4.2 × 10–7). In multivariable regression models adjusting for age, sex, body mass index and GFR, this association remained robust (β: 0.0022; p = 2.1 × 10–5). Mineralotropic hormones, 24 h urinary sodium and potassium excretion as surrogates for sodium and potassium intake or antihypertensive drugs did not affect this association. Our data reveal a robust association of RAS activity with circulating FGF23 levels in kidney stone formers. These findings are in line with previous studies in rodents and suggest a physiological link between RAS system activation and FGF23 secretion.
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12
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Brescia V, Fontana A, Lovero R, Capobianco C, Marsico SV, De Chirico T, Pinto C, Varraso L, Cazzolla AP, Di Serio F. Determination of iFGF23 Upper Reference Limits (URL) in healthy pediatric population, for its better correct use. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1018523. [PMID: 36440231 PMCID: PMC9681906 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1018523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The measurement of Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) may be useful in the diagnosis and management of abnormal phosphate metabolism in both patients with preserved renal function or with chronic kidney disease (CKD). FGF-23 tests differ considerably by molecule assayed (iFGF23 or cFGF23), analytical performance and reference ranges. We establish iFGF23 Upper Reference Limits (URL) in apparently healthy pediatric individuals using automated immunochemiluminescent assay. METHODS We measured the levels of plasma iFGF23 from 115 samples from apparently healthy pediatric subjects [59 (51.3%) individuals were male; median age 10 years (range 1-18)] included in an observational study conducted at Policlinico University Hospital of Bari. The method used for the iFGF23 assay was immunochemiluminescent sandwich assay developed by DiaSorin on the Liaison XL platform. Statistical calculation of 95% reference interval, right-sided (CLSI C28-A3) and verification of age and sex covariables was performed for the calculation of the URL. RESULTS The URL concentration of iFGF23 was 61.21 pg/mL (58.63 to 63.71, 90% CI). No significant differences were found between the median concentrations of iFGF23 differentiated by sex and age. CONCLUSIONS The dosage of iFGF23 is important both for the differential diagnosis of the various forms of rickets, and for the subsequent monitoring of the effectiveness of drug treatment. We have established the URL for the iFGF23 Liaison test in apparently healthy pediatric subjects. The availability of iFGF23 pediatric reference values will allow a better clinical use of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Brescia
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Policlinico Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonietta Fontana
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Policlinico Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Lovero
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Policlinico Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberto Lovero,
| | - Carmela Capobianco
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Policlinico Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
| | - Stella Vita Marsico
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Policlinico Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana De Chirico
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Policlinico Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
| | - Carla Pinto
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Policlinico Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Varraso
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Policlinico Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Pia Cazzolla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Serio
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Policlinico Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
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13
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Vervloet M. Fibroblast growth factor 23, the time is right for a second wind. Kidney Int 2021; 100:986-989. [PMID: 34688389 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vervloet
- Department of Nephrology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Chu C, Elitok S, Zeng S, Xiong Y, Hocher CF, Hasan AA, Krämer BK, Hocher B. C-terminal and intact FGF23 in kidney transplant recipients and their associations with overall graft survival. BMC Nephrol 2021; 22:125. [PMID: 33832449 PMCID: PMC8033679 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a risk factor for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and progression of chronic kidney disease. Limited data exist comparing the association of either c-terminal FGF23 (cFGF23) or intact FGF23 (iFGF23) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with overall (all-cause) graft loss. Methods We conducted a prospective observational cohort study in 562 stable kidney transplant recipients. Patients were followed for graft loss and all-cause mortality for a median follow-up of 48 months. Results During a median follow-up of 48 months, 94 patients had overall graft loss (primary graft loss or death with functioning graft). Both cFGF23 and iFGF23 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with overall graft loss than those without (24.59 [11.43–87.82] versus 10.67 [5.99–22.73] pg/ml; p < 0.0001 and 45.24 [18.63–159.00] versus 29.04 [15.23–60.65] pg/ml; p = 0.002 for cFGF23 and iFGF23, respectively). Time-dependent ROC analysis showed that cFGF23 concentrations had a better discriminatory ability than iFGF23 concentrations in predicting overall (all-cause) graft loss. Cox regression analyses adjusted for risk factors showed that cFGF23 (HR for one unit increase of log transformed cFGF23: 1.35; 95% CI, 1.01–1.79; p = 0.043) but not iFGF23 (HR for one unit increase of log transformed iFGF23: 0.97; 95% CI, 0.75–1.25; p = 0.794) was associated with the overall graft loss. Conclusion Elevated cFGF23 concentrations at baseline are independently associated with an increased risk of overall graft loss. iFGF23 measurements were not independently associated with overall graft loss. The cFGF23 ELISA might detect bioactive FGF23 fragments that are not detected by the iFGF23 ELISA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12882-021-02329-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chu
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/ Endocrinology/ Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saban Elitok
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/ Endocrinology/ Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinic for Nephrology and Endocrinology, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Shufei Zeng
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/ Endocrinology/ Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yingquan Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carl-Friedrich Hocher
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/ Endocrinology/ Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed A Hasan
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/ Endocrinology/ Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Bernhard K Krämer
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/ Endocrinology/ Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/ Endocrinology/ Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China. .,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China. .,IMD Institut für Medizinische Diagnostik Berlin-Potsdam GbR, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Vázquez-Sánchez S, Poveda J, Navarro-García JA, González-Lafuente L, Rodríguez-Sánchez E, Ruilope LM, Ruiz-Hurtado G. An Overview of FGF-23 as a Novel Candidate Biomarker of Cardiovascular Risk. Front Physiol 2021; 12:632260. [PMID: 33767635 PMCID: PMC7985069 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.632260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF)-23 is a phosphaturic hormone involved in mineral bone metabolism that helps control phosphate homeostasis and reduces 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D synthesis. Recent data have highlighted the relevant direct FGF-23 effects on the myocardium, and high plasma levels of FGF-23 have been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in humans, such as heart failure and arrhythmias. Therefore, FGF-23 has emerged as a novel biomarker of cardiovascular risk in the last decade. Indeed, experimental data suggest FGF-23 as a direct mediator of cardiac hypertrophy development, cardiac fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction via specific myocardial FGF receptor (FGFR) activation. Therefore, the FGF-23/FGFR pathway might be a suitable therapeutic target for reducing the deleterious effects of FGF-23 on the cardiovascular system. More research is needed to fully understand the intracellular FGF-23-dependent mechanisms, clarify the downstream pathways and identify which could be the most appropriate targets for better therapeutic intervention. This review updates the current knowledge on both clinical and experimental studies and highlights the evidence linking FGF-23 to cardiovascular events. The aim of this review is to establish the specific role of FGF-23 in the heart, its detrimental effects on cardiac tissue and the possible new therapeutic opportunities to block these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vázquez-Sánchez
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonay Poveda
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alberto Navarro-García
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura González-Lafuente
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M. Ruilope
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER-CV, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- School of Doctoral Studies and Research, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Ruiz-Hurtado
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER-CV, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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