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Boguszewski MCDS, Boguszewski CL. Update on the use of long-acting growth hormone in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2024; 36:437-441. [PMID: 38747211 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW After extensive research and many years of waiting, long-acting growth hormone (LAGH) formulations have finally become a reality in clinical practice and emerge as a potential solution to address the challenges of daily injections of recombinant human GH (rhGH). In this review, we present a brief history of the development of LAGH and provide a critical analysis of the existing literature on the five LAGH available and approved to date for treatment in children. RECENT FINDINGS In clinical trials, LAGH therapy has shown noninferiority compared with daily rhGH therapy in promoting linear growth in children with GH deficiency, with similar rates of adverse events. SUMMARY In the real world, many questions still need to be answered, such as whether a specific group of patients will benefit most from the weekly injection, whether compliance will be better compared with daily rhGH, whether long-term efficacy, monitoring and safety profile will be the same for the different LAGH compounds, and whether the cost-effectiveness will justify their use in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cesar Luiz Boguszewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Division (SEMPR), Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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2
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Yuen KCJ. EXPERT OPINION REVIEW Utilizing somapacitan, a long-acting growth hormone formulation, for the treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: a guide for the clinician. Endocr Pract 2024:S1530-891X(24)00600-1. [PMID: 38992799 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Somapacitan is the first approved and currently the only long-acting GH (LAGH) formulation in the United States for treatment of adults with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). The aim of this review was to provide a practical approach for clinicians on how to utilize somapacitan in the treatment of adults with GHD. METHODS Literature search was performed on PubMed using key words, including adult growth hormone deficiency, long-acting growth hormone, somapacitan, treatment and management. The discussion of treatment aspects utilizing somapacitan was based on evidence from previous clinical studies and personal experience. RESULTS Clinical trial data demonstrated that somapacitan, a once-weekly reversible albumin-binding GH derivative, decreased truncal fat, improved visceral fat and lean body mass, increased IGF-I standard deviation score and exerted neutral effects on glucose metabolism. Overall, somapacitan was well-tolerated, adverse event rates were comparable with daily GH, anti-somapacitan or anti-GH antibodies were not detected, and treatment satisfaction was in favor of somapacitan vs daily GH. CONCLUSION Somapacitan is an efficacious, safe, convenient and well-tolerated once-weekly LAGH formulation that reduces the treatment burden of once-daily GH injections for adults with GHD. This article provides a review of the pharmacology of somapacitan and offers practical recommendations based on previous clinical trial data on how to initiate, dose titration, monitoring and dose adjustments whilst on therapy in adults with GHD. Timing of measurement of serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels, information on administration, recommendations on missed doses, and clinical recommendations on dosing in certain sub-population of patients are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C J Yuen
- Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Departments of Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America.
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Torres-Santiago L, Mauras N. Approach to the Peripubertal Patient With Short Stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e1522-e1533. [PMID: 38181434 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The assessment and treatment of children with growth retardation is increasingly complex, and due to availability of targeted genetic sequencing, an ever-expanding number of conditions impeding growth are being identified. Among endocrine-related etiologies of short stature amenable to hormonal treatment, defects in the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor I axis remain pre-eminent, with a multiplicity of disorders causing decreased secretion or insensitivity to GH action. Sex steroids in puberty increase epiphyseal senescence and eventual growth plate closure. This is mediated mostly via estrogen receptor (ER)α in males and females, effects that can greatly limit time available for growth. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Extensive literature review through PubMed and other search engines. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Therapeutic strategies to be considered in peripubertal and pubertal children with disordered growth are here discussed, including daily and weekly GH, low-dose sex steroids, gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues in combination with GH, aromatase inhibitors (AIs) alone and in combination with GH in boys. When used for at least 2 to 3 years, GnRH analogues combined with GH can result in meaningful increases in height. AIs used with GH permit puberty to progress in boys without hindrance, selectively decreasing estrogen, and resulting in taller height. With more than 20 years of cumulative experience in clinical use of these medications, we discuss the safety profile of these treatments. CONCLUSION The approach of growth retardation in the peripubertal and pubertal years must consider the sex steroid milieu and the tempo of bone acceleration. Treatment of affected children in this period must be individualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lournaris Torres-Santiago
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Nemours Children's Health, Jacksonville, FL 32207, USA
| | - Nelly Mauras
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Nemours Children's Health, Jacksonville, FL 32207, USA
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Altobaishat O, Abouzid M, Moawad MHED, Sharaf A, Al-Ajlouni Y, Umar TP, Bani-Salameh A, Tanashat M, Bataineh OA, Nashwan AJ. Efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction of norditropin and sogroya in patients with growth hormone deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03834-z. [PMID: 38658475 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growth hormone deficiency occurs when the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone. Norditropin®, a recombinant human growth hormone, and Sogroya®, an albumin-binding growth hormone derivative, are prescribed for patients with growth hormone deficiency. This systematic review assesses the efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction associated with Norditropin and Sogroya. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to identify eligible comparative studies. All studies published until June 2023 were included in our analysis. Our outcomes for children included height velocity and height velocity standard deviation score. In contrast, adult outcomes included adverse events, insulin-like growth factor 1-standard deviation score (IGF-1 SDS), and the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication-9 (TSQM-9). Results are reported as odds ratio (OR) and mean difference (MD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS Ten studies involving 1058 participants (665 children and 393 adults) were included in the meta-analysis. In children, Norditropin at doses of 0.034 and 0.067 mg/kg/day was compared to Sogroya at doses of 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, and 0.24 mg/kg/week. The results showed that 0.034 mg/kg/day Norditropin had a favorable impact on height velocity (MD -2.01, 95% CI -3.7 to -2.12, p < 0.00001) and height velocity standard deviation score (Mean Difference -3.61, 95% CI -5.06 to -2.16, p < 0.00001) when compared to Sogroya 0.04 mg/kg/day. Other doses showed comparable results. In adults, the only significant side effect noted was rash, which favored Sogroya (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.04-0.27, p < 0.00001). Additionally, IGF-1 SDS was significantly higher in the Sogroya group than in the Norditropin group (MD 0.25, 95% CI 0.02-0.48, p = 0.03). Furthermore, the overall score of the TSQM-9 questionnaire, which includes three domains: convenience, effectiveness, and satisfaction, was significantly higher in the Sogroya group compared to the Norditropin group (OR 6.36, 95% CI 3.92-8.8, p < 0.00001). CONCLUSION Norditropin and Sogroya showed comparable efficacy and safety profiles, except for the prevalence of rash in the Norditropin group, and Sogroya has higher satisfaction among adults. More high-quality studies with more patients are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obieda Altobaishat
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohamed Abouzid
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 St., 60-806, Poznan, Poland.
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Mostafa Hossam El Din Moawad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Clinical Department Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Isamailia, Egypt
| | - Abdulrahman Sharaf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Government Hospital, Manama, Bahrain
| | | | - Tungki Pratama Umar
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Zhu J, Yuan K, Rana S, Jakki SL, Bhat AS, Liang L, Wang C. Long-acting growth hormone in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8061. [PMID: 38580693 PMCID: PMC10997584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare the relative efficacy and safety of long-acting growth hormone (LAGH) as a growth hormone replacement therapy in prepubertal children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). We searched the PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang databases from inception to July 2023 and identified eleven relevant studies. PEG-LAGH showed better effect on height velocity (mean difference [MD]: - 0.031, 95% credibility interval [CrI]: - 0.278, 0.215) than somatrogon (MD: 0.105, 95% CrI: - 0.419, 0.636), somapacitan (MD: 0.802, 95% CrI: - 0.451, 2.068) and lonapegsomatropin (MD: 1.335, 95% CrI: - 0.3, 2.989) when compared with daily growth hormone (DGH). Furthermore, in terms of height standard deviation score, PEG-LAGH demonstrated better improvement (MD: - 0.15, 95% CrI: - 1.1, 0.66) than somatrogon (MD: - 0.055, 95% CrI: - 1.3, 0.51) and somapacitan (MD: 0.22, 95% CrI: - 0.91, 1.3). PEG-LAGH (risk ratio [RR]: 1.00, 95% CrI: 0.82, 1.2) reduced the risk of adverse events compared with other LAGH (somatrogon, RR: 1.1, 95% CrI: 0.98, 1.2; somapacitan, RR: 1.1, 95% CrI: 0.96, 1.4; lonapegsomatropin, RR, 1.1, 95% CrI: 0.91, 1.3) and was comparable with DGH. This is the first study to indirectly compare the LAGH thorough a network meta-analysis and provide evidence of the optimal efficacy of various LAGH specifically PEG-LAGH and acceptable safety profile in prepubertal children with GHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | | | | | | | - Li Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Mori J, Ohata Y, Fujisawa Y, Sato Y, Röhrich S, Rasmussen MH, Bang RB, Horikawa R. Effective growth hormone replacement with once-weekly somapacitan in Japanese children with growth hormone deficiency: Results from REAL4, a phase 3 clinical trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2024; 100:389-398. [PMID: 38368603 DOI: 10.1111/cen.15025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Somapacitan is a long-acting growth hormone (GH) derivative developed for the treatment of GH deficiency (GHD). This study evaluates the efficacy and tolerability of somapacitan in Japanese children with GHD after 104 weeks of treatment and after switch from daily GH. DESIGN Subanalysis on Japanese patients from a randomised, open-labelled, controlled parallel-group phase 3 trial (REAL4, NCT03811535). PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS Thirty treatment-naïve patients were randomised 2:1 to somapacitan (0.16 mg/kg/week) or daily GH (0.034 mg/kg/day) up to Week 52, after which all patients received somapacitan. Height velocity (HV; cm/year) at Weeks 52 and 104 were the primary measurements. Additional assessments included HV SD score (SDS), height SDS, bone age, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) SDS, and observer-reported outcomes. RESULTS At Week 52, observed mean HV was similar between treatment groups (10.3 vs. 9.8 cm/year for somapacitan and daily GH, respectively). Similar HVs between groups were also observed at Week 104: 7.4 cm/year after continuous somapacitan treatment (soma/soma) and 7.9 cm/year after 1-year somapacitan treatment following switch from daily GH (switch). Other height-related endpoints supported continuous growth. IGF-I SDS increased in both groups with mean IGF-I SDS within -2 and +2 during the study. Somapacitan was well tolerated, one mild injection site reaction was reported, with no reports of injection site pain. Patient preference questionnaires showed that most patients and their caregivers (90.9%) who switched treatment at Week 52 preferred once-weekly somapacitan over daily GH treatment. CONCLUSIONS Somapacitan showed sustained efficacy in Japanese children with GHD over 104 weeks and for 52 weeks after switching from daily GH. Somapacitan was well tolerated and preferred over daily GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mori
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Children's Medical Center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Ohata
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasuko Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yukihito Sato
- Rare Disease Group, Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sebastian Röhrich
- Global Medical Affairs, Novo Nordisk Health Care AG, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Højby Rasmussen
- Medical and Science, Rare Disease and Advanced Therapies, Clinical Drug Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Rikke Beck Bang
- Biostatistics, Rare Disease and Advanced Therapies, Data Science, Novo Nordisk A/S, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Tsurayya G, Nazhifah CA, Pirwanja MR, Zulfa PO, Tatroman MRR, Fakri F, Iqhrammullah M. Once-Weekly Somapacitan as an Alternative Management of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Prepubertal Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:227. [PMID: 38397339 PMCID: PMC10887308 DOI: 10.3390/children11020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Growth hormone treatment has effectively restored normal growth in children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD); however, it poses challenges in compliance with a daily growth hormone injection regimen, leading to low adherence and persistence rates. Once-weekly Somapacitan is a potential alternative for treating children with GHD. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and adherence of once-weekly subcutaneous Somapacitan compared to daily growth hormone injection in prepubertal children with GHD. A search for the published records was carried out on 17 October 2023 utilizing the searching feature available on PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Primary study outcomes included (1) efficacy, measured by height velocity (HV), standard deviation score (SDs), height SDs, insulin-like growth factor-SDs (IGF-I SDs), and bone age vs. chronological age ratio (BA vs. CA); (2) safety, assessed through adverse events and injection site reactions; and (3) adherence, determined by the percentage of the sample completing treatments. Secondary outcomes evaluated disease burden scores, divided into three subgroup domains: emotional well-being, physical functional, and social well-being scores. We retrieved 6 studies that were eligible for the systematic review (417 versus 186 for intervention and control, respectively). Only 2 of the total included studies were eligible for pooled analysis (175 versus 82 for intervention and control, respectively). The efficacy profile of Somapacitan was similar to daily growth hormones, indicated by HV (mean difference (MD = 0.04; p = 0.96), HV SDs (MD = -0.71; p = 0.09), height SDs (MD = 0.11; p = 0.69), IGF-I SDs (MD = 0.06; p = 0.70), and CA vs. BA (MD = 0.67; p = 0.70)), demonstrated similar and non-inferior outcomes. Treatment adherence is 3 times higher in the Somapacitan group as compared to control (OR = 3.02; p = 0.03) with adherence rates reaching 95% and 88% for Somapacitan and Norditropin®, respectively. The disease burden measurement is similar in Somapacitan and daily growth hormones (MD = -0.62; p = 0.83), as indicated by the Growth Hormone Deficiency-Child Impact Measure. In almost all outcomes, the level of confidence is strong. The confidence level in the data is generally strong, but for CA vs. BA and the subgroup of severe adverse events with heterogeneity >50%, the confidence level is moderate. Although the efficacy and safety profiles of Somapacitan were found to be similar to those of daily growth hormones, a reduced frequency of once-weekly Somapacitan injections led to increased adherence. PROSPERO registration: CRD42023473209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghina Tsurayya
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; (G.T.); (C.A.N.); (M.R.P.); (P.O.Z.); (M.R.R.T.)
| | - Cut Alifiya Nazhifah
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; (G.T.); (C.A.N.); (M.R.P.); (P.O.Z.); (M.R.R.T.)
| | - Muhammad Rahmat Pirwanja
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; (G.T.); (C.A.N.); (M.R.P.); (P.O.Z.); (M.R.R.T.)
| | - Putri Oktaviani Zulfa
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; (G.T.); (C.A.N.); (M.R.P.); (P.O.Z.); (M.R.R.T.)
| | - Muhammad Raihan Ramadhan Tatroman
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; (G.T.); (C.A.N.); (M.R.P.); (P.O.Z.); (M.R.R.T.)
| | - Fajar Fakri
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Iqhrammullah
- Postgraduate Program of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Aceh, Banda Aceh 23123, Indonesia;
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Miller BS, Blair J, Horikawa R, Linglart A, Yuen KCJ. Developments in the Management of Growth Hormone Deficiency: Clinical Utility of Somapacitan. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:291-306. [PMID: 38333899 PMCID: PMC10849900 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s315172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy for growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children and adults has for over 25 years, until recently, been administered as daily injections. This daily treatment regimen often incurs a burden to patients and caregivers, leading to high rates of non-adherence and, consequently, decreased treatment efficacy outcomes. To address this shortcoming, long-acting growth hormones (LAGHs) have been developed with the aim of reducing the burden of daily injections, thereby potentially improving treatment adherence and outcomes. Somapacitan (Sogroya®) (Novo Nordisk, Bagsværd, Denmark) is a LAGH currently approved for the treatment of adult and childhood GHD (AGHD and CGHD, respectively) in several countries. Other LAGHs, such as somatrogon (Ngenla®) (Pfizer, New York, United States) and lonapegsomatropin/TransCon GH (Skytrofa®) (Ascendis Pharma, Copenhagen, Denmark), are also currently approved and available for the treatment of CGHD in several countries. In this review, we will consider the method of protraction, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), efficacy, and safety results of somapacitan in adult and pediatric trials and how these characteristics differ from those of the other aforementioned LAGHs. Additionally, the administration of somapacitan and timing of measurement of serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels are summarized. Information on administration, advice on missed doses, and clinical guidelines are discussed, as well as identifying which patients are suitable for somapacitan therapy, and how to monitor and adjust dosing whilst on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Miller
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Medical School, MHealth Fairview Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jo Blair
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Agnès Linglart
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, Hospital Bicêtr Paris Saclay, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Unité 1185, INSERM, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Disorders, Hospital Bicêtre Paris Saclay, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases, OSCAR Network, Hospital Bicêtre Paris Saclay, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Kevin C J Yuen
- Departments of Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Miller BS, Blair JC, Rasmussen MH, Maniatis A, Mori J, Böttcher V, Kim HS, Bang RB, Polak M, Horikawa R. Effective GH Replacement With Somapacitan in Children With GHD: REAL4 2-year Results and After Switch From Daily GH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:3090-3099. [PMID: 37406251 PMCID: PMC10655534 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Somapacitan is a long-acting GH derivative for treatment of GH deficiency (GHD). OBJECTIVE Evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of somapacitan in children with GHD after 2 years of treatment and after the switch from daily GH. DESIGN A randomized, multinational, open-labelled, controlled parallel group phase 3 trial, comprising a 52-week main phase and 3-year safety extension (NCT03811535). SETTING Eighty-five sites across 20 countries. PATIENTS A total of 200 treatment-naïve prepubertal patients were randomized and exposed; 194 completed the 2-year period. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized 2:1 to somapacitan (0.16 mg/kg/wk) or daily GH (0.034 mg/kg/d) during the first year, after which all patients received somapacitan 0.16 mg/kg/wk. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Height velocity (HV; cm/year) at week 104. Additional assessments included HV SD score (SDS), height SDS, IGF-I SDS, and observer-reported outcomes. RESULTS HV was sustained in both groups between 52 and 104 weeks. At week 104, mean (SD) for HV between weeks 52 and 104 was 8.4 (1.5) cm/year after continuous somapacitan treatment and 8.7 (1.8) cm/year after 1 year of somapacitan treatment following switch from daily GH. Secondary height-related endpoints also supported sustained growth. Mean IGF-I SDS during year 2 was similar between groups and within normal range (-2 to +2). Somapacitan was well tolerated, with no safety or tolerability issues identified. GH patient preference questionnaire results show that most patients and their caregivers (90%) who switched treatment at year 2 preferred once-weekly somapacitan over daily GH treatment. CONCLUSIONS Somapacitan in children with GHD showed sustained efficacy and tolerability for 2 years, and after switching from daily GH. Patients/caregivers switching from daily GH expressed a preference for somapacitan. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03811535.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Miller
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Medical School, MHealth Fairview Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Joanne C Blair
- Department of Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L14 5AB, UK
| | | | | | - Jun Mori
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Children's Medical Center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Volker Böttcher
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, MVZ Endokrinologikum Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt 60596, Germany
| | - Ho-Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Institute of Endocrinology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Rikke Beck Bang
- Biostatistics Rare Disease and Advanced Therapies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Michel Polak
- Service d’Endocrinologie, Gynécologie et Diabétologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75015, France
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-0074, Japan
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Mancini A, Vergani E, Bruno C, Giavoli C, Spaziani M, Isidori AM, Arosio M, Pontecorvi A. The adult growth hormone multicentric retrospective observational study: a 24-month Italian experience of adherence monitoring via Easypod™ of recombinant growth hormone treatment in adult GH deficiency. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1298775. [PMID: 38027149 PMCID: PMC10666163 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1298775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-compliance to recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment is universally recognized as a key detrimental factor to achieve the expected clinical outcomes in adult GH deficiency (aGHD). The Easypod™ electronic device allows objective measurement of adherence. Adherence to treatment has been reported to be related with IGF-1 levels and consequently with clinical satisfactory results. The aim of this multicentric, observational, retrospective, 24- month study, is to objectively assess aGHD patients' compliance to rhGH, using the Easypod™ device. Additionally, the study aims to compare the biochemical responses of adherent vs non-adherent patients. Methods Forty-three patients (28 females and 15 males) affected by aGHD and equipped with Easypod™ from 3 Italian centers were included in the study. Adherence to treatment was defined as the proportion of injections correctly administered during the observational period, out of the expected total number of injections. All patients were evaluated for IGF-1, glucose, insulin, HOMA and QUICKI index, total/LDL/HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Results Mean adherence rate was consistently under 85% across the 2-year observation period (73% at year 2). A trend toward significant difference in adherence was shown when comparing female and male patients (respectively 76% and 61%) after a 2-year period. Among the anamnestic features, the prescribed frequency of administration of rhGH and the number of administered therapies appeared to be the most relevant adherence-influencing factors. A strong direct correlation between IGF-1 z-score and adherence to rhGH therapy was detected in the whole population. Discussion Compliance to rhGH therapy is still a major issue in aGHD treatment. Adherence relates to therapy efficacy in aGHD. The use of Easypod™ could be beneficial for physicians to better manage aGHD patients and to achieve improved better biochemical and clinical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mancini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Unità di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istutito di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vergani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Unità di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istutito di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Carmine Bruno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Unità di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istutito di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudia Giavoli
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione Istutito di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Spaziani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Centre for Rare Diseases (Endo-European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions accredited), Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea M. Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Centre for Rare Diseases (Endo-European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions accredited), Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Maura Arosio
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione Istutito di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Unità di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istutito di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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Kildemoes RJ, Backeljauw PF, Højby M, Blair JC, Miller BS, Mori J, Lyauk YK. Model-Based Analysis of IGF-I Response, Dosing, and Monitoring for Once-Weekly Somapacitan in Children With GH Deficiency. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad115. [PMID: 37818403 PMCID: PMC10561011 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy improves longitudinal growth and adult height in children with GH deficiency (GHD). GH stimulates insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I release, the biomarker used for monitoring GH activity during treatment. Objective This study aims to provide model-based insights into the dose-IGF-I responses of once-weekly somapacitan, a novel long-acting GH, compared with daily GH in children with GHD. Methods Analyses included dosing information and 1473 pharmacokinetic samples from 210 somapacitan-treated pediatric patients with GHD across 3 trials, including phase 1 (NCT01973244), phase 2 (NCT02616562; REAL 3), and phase 3 (NCT03811535; REAL 4), as well as 1381 IGF-I samples from 186 patients with GHD treated with somapacitan in REAL 3 and REAL 4. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling to characterize somapacitan dose-IGF-I response and predict the response to dosing day changes. Results Relationships were established between somapacitan dose, exposure, change from baseline IGF-I SD score (SDS), and height velocity (HV). A linear model permitted the development of a tool to calculate estimated average weekly IGF-I exposure from a single IGF-I sample obtained at any time within the somapacitan dosing interval at steady state. In practice, the use of this tool requires knowledge of somapacitan injection timing relative to IGF-I sample collection timing. IGF-I SDS simulations support flexible dosing day changes while maintaining at least 4 days between doses. Conclusion We characterized the dose-IGF-I response of somapacitan in children with GHD. To support physicians in IGF-I monitoring, we present a practical guide about expected weekly average IGF-I concentrations in these patients and provide insights on dosing day flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe F Backeljauw
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael Højby
- Clinical Drug Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg 2860, Denmark
| | - Joanne C Blair
- Department of Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L14 5AB, UK
| | - Bradley S Miller
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Medical School, MHealth Fairview Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Jun Mori
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Children's Medical Center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, 534-0021, Japan
| | - Yassine K Lyauk
- Clinical Drug Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg 2860, Denmark
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Ullah A, Shin G, Lim SI. Human serum albumin binders: A piggyback ride for long-acting therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103738. [PMID: 37591409 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant protein in the blood and has desirable properties as a drug carrier. One of the most promising ways to exploit HSA as a carrier is to append an albumin-binding moiety (ABM) to a drug for in situ HSA binding upon administration. Nature- and library-derived ABMs vary in size, affinity, and epitope, differentially improving the pharmacokinetics of an appended drug. In this review, we evaluate the current state of knowledge regarding various aspects of ABMs and the unique advantages of ABM-mediated drug delivery. Furthermore, we discuss how ABMs can be specifically modulated to maximize potential benefits in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Goeun Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Nbios Inc, 7, Jukheon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine BioResource Co., Ltd., 365, Sinseon-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48548, Republic of Korea.
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Grillo MS, Frank J, Saenger P. Long acting growth hormone (LAGH), an update. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1254231. [PMID: 37842029 PMCID: PMC10569466 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1254231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1957, Maurice Raben at Yale was able to isolate and purify growth hormone from cadaveric pituitary glands. Pituitary growth hormone was the only way to treat children with growth hormone (GH) deficiency, until 1985 when recombinant GH became available for daily subcutaneous injection. For many years, the pediatric endocrine community longed for a long-acting recombinant GH formulation that would decrease the inconvenience of daily injections. Several mechanisms were employed to develop a GH that is rapidly absorbed into the blood stream after subcutaneous injection, but provides slow removal from the circulatory system to potentially optimize patient adherence to GH therapy. Four long-acting growth hormones are currently available in the world, or are close to regulatory approval. They are: (1) Pegylated formulations, (2) Prodrug formulations which are converted into active drug, (3) Nonvalent transient albumin binding GH compounds and (4) GH fusion proteins where a protein si fused with GH. All four formulations have undergone detailed phase 3 studies and were found to show non-inferiority in these clinical studies. All four demonstrate a safety and tolerability profile that is comparable to that of daily somatropin with an excellent adherence profile.
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Sävendahl L, Battelino T, Højby Rasmussen M, Brod M, Röhrich S, Saenger P, Horikawa R. Weekly Somapacitan in GH Deficiency: 4-Year Efficacy, Safety, and Treatment/Disease Burden Results From REAL 3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2569-2578. [PMID: 36995872 PMCID: PMC10505532 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children is currently treated with daily injections of GH, which can be burdensome for patients and their parents/guardians. Somapacitan is a GH derivative in development for once-weekly treatment of GHD. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of somapacitan, and associated disease/treatment burden, after 4 years of treatment and 1 year after switching to somapacitan from daily GH. METHODS This long-term safety extension of a multicenter, controlled phase 2 trial (NCT02616562) took place at 29 sites in 11 countries. Patients were prepubertal, GH-naive children with GHD. Fifty patients completed 4 years of treatment. Patients in the pooled group received somapacitan (0.04, 0.08, 0.16 mg/kg/week) for 1 year, followed by the highest dose (0.16 mg/kg/week) for 3 years. Patients in the switched group received daily GH 0.034 mg/kg/day for 3 years, then somapacitan 0.16 mg/kg/week for 1 year. Main outcome measures were height velocity (HV), change from baseline in HV SD score (SDS), change from baseline in height SDS, disease burden, and treatment burden for patients and parents/guardians. RESULTS Changes from baseline in HV and HV SDS were similar and as expected in both groups. Observer-reported outcomes showed that patients and parents/guardians seem to have experienced a reduced treatment burden when switching from daily GH to somapacitan. Most parents/guardians (81.8%) strongly/very strongly preferred somapacitan over daily GH. CONCLUSIONS Somapacitan showed similar efficacy and safety in patients who continued somapacitan treatment and those who switched from daily GH to somapacitan. Once-weekly injections may lead to a reduced treatment burden relative to once-daily injections. A plain-language summary of this work is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Sävendahl
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Solna, Sweden
| | - Tadej Battelino
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, and University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | | | - Meryl Brod
- The Brod Group, Mill Valley, CA 94941, USA
| | - Sebastian Röhrich
- Global Medical Affairs, Rare Endocrine Disorders, Novo Nordisk Health Care AG, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Saenger
- Pediatric Endocrinology, NYU Langone Health, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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Takasawa K, Mabe H, Nagamatsu F, Amano N, Miyakawa Y, Sutani A, Kagawa R, Okada S, Tanahashi Y, Suzuki S, Hiroshima S, Nagasaki K, Dateki S, Takishima S, Takahashi I, Kashimada K. Growth Hormone Injection Log Analysis with Electronic Injection Device for Qualifying Adherence to Low-Irritant Formulation and Exploring Influential Factors on Adherence. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:1885-1894. [PMID: 37545653 PMCID: PMC10404042 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s417142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although the treatment success of long-term growth hormone therapy (GHT) is dependent on maintaining patients' adherence to treatment, marked variations in adherence levels among children with GHT (eg, 7-71% nonadherence) have been reported. Barriers to or promoters of GHT adherence have been discussed and investigated, and digital health technologies, such as electronic GH injection devices, may have the potential to assess adherence to GHT more accurately. Thus, we conducted a multicenter, retrospective cohort study using GH injection log analysis of an electronic GH device, GROWJECTOR®L, to qualify adherence and explore the factors influencing adherence. Methods This study enrolled 41 patients (median[range] age, 5.8[3.0 ~ 17.0] years) with short stature from nine Japanese medical institutions. The injection log data (12-48 weeks) were read by smartphones and collected into the data center through a cloud server. Results Although cumulative adherence rates remained higher than 95% throughout the observation period, five (12.2%) patients had low adherence (<85%). Subsequently, subgroup and logistic regression analyses for exploring factors affecting adherence revealed that self-selection of GH device and irregular injection schedule (ie, frequent injections after midnight) significantly affected adherence rate (p=0.034 and 0.048, respectively). In addition, higher rates of irregular injections significantly affected low adherence (median[range], 11.26[0.79 ~ 30.50]% vs 0.26[0.00 ~ 33.33]%, p = 0.029). Discussion Our study indicated that injection log analysis using an electronic GH device could detect irregular injection schedules due to a night owl or disturbance in lifetime rhythm affecting low adherence and had significant potential to encourage collaborative monitoring of adherence with healthcare providers and patients themselves/caregivers, along with growing autonomy and shared decision-making. Our study suggests the significance of narrative and personal approaches to adherence of patients with GHT and the usefulness of digital devices for such an approach and for removing various barriers to patient autonomy, leading to improvement and maintenance of adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Takasawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Mabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fusa Nagamatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoko Amano
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama City Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyakawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawaguchi Municipal Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akito Sutani
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawaguchi Municipal Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Reiko Kagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Shigeru Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Shota Hiroshima
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagasaki
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sumito Dateki
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Ikuko Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Alnajar M, Mora W, Abd-elgawad M. Comparing Dose-dependent Outcomes of Weekly and Daily Growth Hormone Therapy in Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3123741/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a condition impacting children and adults, leading to low height and other health issues. The primary treatment is daily injections of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH), though they can be inconvenient and costly. These injections may also negatively impact treatment adherence and outcomes. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of once-weekly growth hormone treatment vs daily growth hormone therapy in children with growth hormone insufficiency.
Methods
To examine the efficacy and safety of once-weekly and once-daily growth hormone treatment for children with growth hormone insufficiency, this meta-analysis followed PRISMA and Cochrane standards. RCTs and prospective cohort studies with children aged 0–18 diagnosed with GHD were considered eligible. We used the risk of bias 2 and the certainty of evidence using the Cochrane tools. Two authors independently assessed papers for eligibility and extracted data after conducting a thorough search of electronic resources. Height velocity, height standard deviation score, insulin-like growth factor 1 levels, and the incidence of adverse events were the primary outcomes. The Revman software version 5.4 was used for data synthesis, and heterogeneity was determined by I-squares greater than 60%.
Results
This meta-analysis and comprehensive review includes 14 randomized clinical trials and one study was cohort, including 1,322 children with growth hormone insufficiency. Weekly growth hormone treatment at dosages ranging from 0.11 to 0.25 mg enhanced a variety of growth outcomes, including increased height velocity dose (SMD = 0.37, 95% CI, 0.23–0.51; P < 0.001), height standard deviation scores chronological age (SMD= -0.10, 95% CI, -0.13–0.07; P < 0.001), and insulin-like growth factor 1 standard deviation score (SMD = 0.41, 95% CI, 0.40–0.42; P < 0.001). The dosage range of 0.26 to 0.50 mg also improved insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 significantly (SMD= -0.63, 95% CI, -0.90 – -0.37; P < 0.001). Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in the occurrence of adverse events through the dosage levels (OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.40; P = 0.32).
Conclusions
In children with growth hormone deficit, weekly growth hormone treatment, particularly in the 0.11 to 0.25 mg dose range, can function as a viable alternative to daily growth hormone therapy.
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Mameli C, Orso M, Calcaterra V, Wasniewska MG, Aversa T, Granato S, Bruschini P, Guadagni L, d'Angela D, Spandonaro F, Polistena B, Zuccotti G. Efficacy, safety, quality of life, adherence and cost-effectiveness of long-acting growth hormone replacement therapy compared to daily growth hormone in children with growth hormone deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2023:106805. [PMID: 37236413 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy, safety, adherence, quality of life (QoL) and cost-effectiveness of long-acting growth hormone (LAGH) vs daily growth hormone (GH) preparations in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children. Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science up to July 2022 on randomized and non-randomized studies involving children with GHD receiving LAGH as compared to daily GH. Meta-analyses for efficacy and safety were performed comparing different LAGH/daily GH formulations. From the initial 1,393 records, we included 16 studies for efficacy and safety, 8 studies for adherence and 2 studies for QoL. No studies reporting cost-effectiveness were found. Pooled mean differences of mean annualized height velocity (cm/year) showed no difference between LAGH and daily GH: Eutropin Plus® vs Eutropin® [-0.14 (-0.43, 0.15)], Eutropin Plus® vs Genotropin® [-0.74 (-1.83, 0.34)], Jintrolong® vs Jintropin AQ® [0.05 (-0.54, 0.65)], Somatrogon vs Genotropin® [-1.40 (-2.91, 0.10)], TransCon vs Genotropin® [0.93 (0.26, 1.61)]. Also, other efficacy and safety outcomes, QoL and adherence were comparable for LAGH and daily GH. Our results showed that, although most of the included studies had some concerns for risk of bias, regarding efficacy and safety all the LAGH formulations were similar to daily GH. Future high quality studies are needed to confirm these data. Adherence and QoL should be addressed from real-world data studies for both the mid and long term and in a larger population. Cost-effectiveness studies are needed to measure the economic impact of LAGH from the healthcare payer's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mameli
- Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Università Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Orso
- C.R.E.A. Sanità (Centre for Applied Economic Research in Healthcare), Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, Milan, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Gabriela Wasniewska
- Pediatric Unit, AOU Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy; Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tommaso Aversa
- Pediatric Unit, AOU Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy; Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Liliana Guadagni
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela d'Angela
- C.R.E.A. Sanità (Centre for Applied Economic Research in Healthcare), Rome, Italy; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Spandonaro
- C.R.E.A. Sanità (Centre for Applied Economic Research in Healthcare), Rome, Italy; San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Polistena
- C.R.E.A. Sanità (Centre for Applied Economic Research in Healthcare), Rome, Italy; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Università Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Steiner M, Frank J, Saenger P. Long-acting growth hormone in 2022. Pediatr Investig 2023; 7:36-42. [PMID: 36967745 PMCID: PMC10030690 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
After the isolation of pituitary growth hormone (GH) in 1957, this form of GH, always in limited supply, was the only drug available for the treatment of GH deficiency. In 1985, recombinant GH became available, and the modalities of GH therapies changed dramatically as the supply was unlimited. New indications for GH in pediatrics and adult medicine were developed. Treatment was daily. Now in 2021 long-acting GH (LAGH) became available the world over making GH therapy more patient-friendly and even showing slightly greater efficacy than daily GH therapy. We are now entering a new era of LAGH therapy for pediatric and adult use with new formulations of GH, which will predictably be the preferred form of GH therapy for years to come increasing adherence to GH therapy and possibly even efficacy, that is, better growth rate. The continued availability of new safety data will further solidify the use of LAGH in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Steiner
- NYU Langone Health‐Long Island101 Mineola BoulevardMineolaNew YorkUSA
| | - Jacklyn Frank
- NYU Langone Health‐Long Island101 Mineola BoulevardMineolaNew YorkUSA
| | - Paul Saenger
- NYU Langone Health‐Long Island101 Mineola BoulevardMineolaNew YorkUSA
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Effects of Taekwondo Training on Growth Factors in Normal Korean Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020326. [PMID: 36832454 PMCID: PMC9955889 DOI: 10.3390/children10020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The growth of children and adolescents is both an important health indicator and a major public health issue. Many recent studies have investigated the effects of taekwondo on growth factors, but no consensus has yet been reached. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the effects of taekwondo on the growth factors in children and adolescents (aged 8 to 16 years). Randomized controlled trials from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, the Research Information Sharing Service, the Korea Citation Index, and the Korean-studies Information Service System were analyzed. The effect sizes (standardized mean differences, SMD) were calculated, the risk of bias and publication bias were assessed, and the effect size and subgroup analyses were pooled. We found that the taekwondo group had significantly higher levels of growth hormones (SMD 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98-2.58, and p < 0.001) and insulin-like growth factors (SMD 1.76, 95% CI 0.60-2.92, and p < 0.001) than the control group. For height, a medium effect size was observed (SMD 0.62, 95% CI -0.56-1.80, and p = 0.300), but the between-group difference was not significant. Thus, taekwondo had significant positive effects on the secretion of growth hormones and insulin-like growth factors in Korean children and adolescents. A longitudinal follow-up is necessary to determine the effect on height. This suggests that taekwondo can be recommended as an appropriate physical exercise for maintaining normal growth in children and adolescents.
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Dimitri P, Fernandez-Luque L, Koledova E, Malwade S, Syed-Abdul S. Accelerating digital health literacy for the treatment of growth disorders: The impact of a massive open online course. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1043584. [PMID: 37143968 PMCID: PMC10151751 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1043584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a rare disorder characterized by inadequate secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary gland. One of the challenges in optimizing GH therapy is improving adherence. Using digital interventions may overcome barriers to optimum treatment delivery. Massive open online courses (MOOCs), first introduced in 2008, are courses made available over the internet without charge to a large number of people. Here, we describe a MOOC aiming to improve digital health literacy among healthcare professionals managing patients with GHD. Based on pre- and post-course assessments, we evaluate the improvement in participants' knowledge upon completion of the MOOC. Methods The MOOC entitled 'Telemedicine: Tools to Support Growth Disorders in a Post-COVID Era' was launched in 2021. It was designed to cover 4 weeks of online learning with an expected commitment of 2 h per week, and with two courses running per year. Learners' knowledge was assessed using pre- and post-course surveys via the FutureLearn platform. Results Out of 219 learners enrolled in the MOOC, 31 completed both the pre- and post-course assessments. Of the evaluated learners, 74% showed improved scores in the post-course assessment, resulting in a mean score increase of 21.3%. No learner achieved 100% in the pre-course assessment, compared with 12 learners (40%) who achieved 100% in the post-course assessment. The highest score increase comparing the pre- and the post-course assessments was 40%, observed in 16% of learners. There was a statistically significant improvement in post-course assessment scores from 58.1 ± 18.9% to 72.6 ± 22.4% reflecting an improvement of 14.5% (p < 0.0005) compared to the pre-course assessment. Conclusion This "first-of-its-kind" MOOC can improve digital health literacy in the management of growth disorders. This is a crucial step toward improving the digital capability and confidence of healthcare providers and users, and to prepare them for the technological innovations in the field of growth disorders and growth hormone therapy, with the aim of improving patient care and experience. MOOCs provide an innovative, scalable and ubiquitous solution to train large numbers of healthcare professionals in limited resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dimitri
- NIHR Children and Young People MedTech Co-operative, Sheffield Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ekaterina Koledova
- Global Medical Affairs Cardiometabolic and Endocrinology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Shwetambara Malwade
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shabbir Syed-Abdul
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Gerontology and Long-Term Care, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- International Center for Health Information Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Shabbir Syed-Abdul,
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Miller BS, Blair JC, Rasmussen MH, Maniatis A, Kildemoes RJ, Mori J, Polak M, Bang RB, Böttcher V, Stagi S, Horikawa R. Weekly Somapacitan is Effective and Well Tolerated in Children With GH Deficiency: The Randomized Phase 3 REAL4 Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:3378-3388. [PMID: 36062966 PMCID: PMC9693810 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Somapacitan, a once-weekly reversible albumin-binding GH derivative, is evaluated in children with GH deficiency (GHD). OBJECTIVE To demonstrate efficacy and safety of somapacitan vs daily GH. METHODS REAL4 is a randomised, multinational, open-labeled, active-controlled parallel group phase 3 trial, comprising a 52-week main trial and 3-year extension (NCT03811535). SETTING Eighty-six sites across 20 countries. PATIENTS 200 treatment-naïve patients were randomized and exposed. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized 2:1 to somapacitan (0.16 mg/kg/wk) or daily GH (Norditropin; 0.034 mg/kg/d), administered subcutaneously. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary endpoint was annualized height velocity (HV; cm/y) at week 52. Additional assessments included HV SD score (SDS), height SDS, bone age, IGF-I SDS, patient-reported outcomes, and safety measures. RESULTS Estimated mean HV at week 52 was 11.2 and 11.7 cm/y for somapacitan and daily GH, respectively. Noninferiority was confirmed. Changes in HV SDS, height SDS, bone age, and IGF-I SDS from baseline to week 52 were similar between treatment groups. At week 52, mean IGF-I SDS values were similar between treatment groups and within normal range (-2 to +2). Safety of somapacitan was consistent with the well-known daily GH profile. Low proportions of injection-site reactions were reported for somapacitan (5.3%) and daily GH (5.9%). Both treatments similarly reduced disease burden from baseline to week 52, whereas a greater treatment burden reduction was observed for somapacitan. CONCLUSIONS Similar efficacy for somapacitan compared to daily GH was demonstrated over 52 weeks of treatment with comparable safety and mean IGF-I SDS levels in treatment-naïve children with GHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Miller
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Joanne C Blair
- Department of Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L14 5AB, UK
| | - Michael Højby Rasmussen
- Correspondence: Michael Højby Rasmussen, MD, PhD, MSc, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2860 Søborg, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Jun Mori
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Children’s Medical Center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Michel Polak
- Service d’Endocrinologie, Gynécologie et Diabétologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75015, France
| | | | - Volker Böttcher
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, MVZ Endokrinologikum Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt 60596, Germany
| | - Stefano Stagi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-0074, Japan
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