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Ajalbert G, Brenna A, Ming XF, Yang Z, Potenza DM. Elevation of Arginase-II in Podocytes Contributes to Age-Associated Albuminuria in Male Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11228. [PMID: 37446405 PMCID: PMC10342439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the manifestations of renal aging is podocyte dysfunction and loss, which are associated with proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Studies show a male bias in glomerular dysfunction and chronic kidney diseases, and the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Recent studies demonstrate the role of an age-associated increase in arginase-II (Arg-II) in proximal tubules of both male and female mice. However, it is unclear whether Arg-II is also involved in aging glomeruli. The current study investigates the role of the sex-specific elevation of Arg-II in podocytes in age-associated increased albuminuria. Young (3-4 months) and old (20-22 months) male and female mice of wt and arginase-II knockout (arg-ii-/-) were used. Albuminuria was employed as a readout of glomerular function. Cellular localization and expression of Arg-II in glomeruli were analyzed using an immunofluorescence confocal microscope. A more pronounced age-associated increase in albuminuria was found in male than in female mice. An age-associated induction of Arg-II in glomeruli and podocytes (as demonstrated by co-localization of Arg-II with the podocyte marker synaptopodin) was also observed in males but not in females. Ablation of the arg-ii gene in mice significantly reduces age-associated albuminuria in males. Also, age-associated decreases in podocyte density and glomerulus hypertrophy are significantly prevented in male arg-ii-/- but not in female mice. However, age-associated glomerulosclerosis is not affected by arg-ii ablation in both sexes. These results demonstrate a role of Arg-II in sex-specific podocyte injury in aging. They may explain the sex-specific differences in the development of renal disease in humans during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhihong Yang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (G.A.); (A.B.); (X.-F.M.)
| | - Duilio M. Potenza
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (G.A.); (A.B.); (X.-F.M.)
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Erichsen L, Thimm C, Santourlidis S. Methyl Group Metabolism in Differentiation, Aging, and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8378. [PMID: 35955511 PMCID: PMC9369357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl group metabolism belongs to a relatively understudied field of research. Its importance lies in the fact that methyl group metabolic pathways are crucial for the successful conversion of dietary nutrients into the basic building blocks to carry out any cellular methylation reaction. Methyl groups play essential roles in numerous cellular functions such as DNA methylation, nucleotide- and protein biosynthesis. Especially, DNA methylation is responsible for organizing the genome into transcriptionally silent and active regions. Ultimately, it is this proper annotation that determines the quality of expression patterns required to ensure and shape the phenotypic integrity and function of a highly specialized cell type. Life is characterized by constantly changing environmental conditions, which are addressed by changes in DNA methylation. This relationship is increasingly coming into focus as it is of fundamental importance for differentiation, aging, and cancer. The stability and permanence of these metabolic processes, fueling the supplementation of methyl groups, seem to be important criteria to prevent deficiencies and erosion of the methylome. Alterations in the metabolic processes can lead to epigenetic and genetic perturbations, causative for diverse disorders, accelerated aging, and various age-related diseases. In recent decades, the intake of methyl group compounds has changed significantly due to, e.g., environmental pollution and food additives. Based on the current knowledge, this review provides a brief overview of the highly interconnected relationship between nutrition, metabolism, changes in epigenetic modifications, cancer, and aging. One goal is to provide an impetus to additionally investigate changes in DNA methylation as a possible consequence of an impaired methyl group metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Erichsen
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Chantelle Thimm
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Simeon Santourlidis
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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Role of tubular epithelial arginase-II in renal inflammaging. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2021; 7:5. [PMID: 33654066 PMCID: PMC7925687 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-021-00057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging kidney undergoes complex changes and is vulnerable to injury and development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with preponderance affecting more women than men. Evidence has been presented that the type-II L-arginine:ureohydrolase, arginase-II (Arg-II) plays a role in the acceleration of aging. Arg-II is highly expressed in the kidney. However, the role of Arg-II in renal aging is not known. This study is to investigate whether Arg-II is involved in the kidney aging process dependently on sex. Arg-II level in the kidney of wild type (WT) mice is significantly elevated with aging, which is accompanied by an increase in expression of the inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, tissue macrophages, factors involved in fibrosis, and tubulointestitial fibrosis in both males and females. This renal aging phenotype is significantly suppressed in arg-II−/− mice, mainly in the females in which Arg-II level is higher than in the males. Importantly, numerous factors such as IL-1β, MCP1, VCAM-1, and TGFβ1 are mainly localized in the proximal tubular S3 segment cells expressing Arg-II in the aging kidney. In human proximal tubular cells (HK-2), TNF-α enhances adhesion molecule expression dependently on Arg-II upregulation. Overexpression of Arg-II in the cells enhances TGFβ1 levels which is prevented by mitochondrial ROS inhibition. In summary, our study reveals that renal proximal tubular Arg-II plays an important role in the kidney aging process in females. Arg-II could be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of aging-associated kidney diseases.
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Dovey ZS, Nair SS, Chakravarty D, Tewari AK. Racial disparity in prostate cancer in the African American population with actionable ideas and novel immunotherapies. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 4:e1340. [PMID: 33599076 PMCID: PMC8551995 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African Americans (AAs) in the United States are known to have a higher incidence and mortality for Prostate Cancer (PCa). The drivers of this epidemiological disparity are multifactorial, including socioeconomic factors leading to lifestyle and dietary issues, healthcare access problems, and potentially tumor biology. Recent findings Although recent evidence suggests once access is equal, AA men have equal outcomes to Caucasian American (CA) men, differences in PCa incidence remain, and there is much to do to reverse disparities in mortality across the USA. A deeper understanding of these issues, both at the clinical and molecular level, can facilitate improved outcomes in the AA population. This review first discusses PCa oncogenesis in the context of its diverse hallmarks before benchmarking key molecular and genomic differences for PCa in AA men that have emerged in the recent literature. Studies have emphasized the importance of tumor microenvironment that contributes to both the unequal cancer burden and differences in clinical outcome between the races. Management of comorbidities like obesity, hypertension, and diabetes will provide an essential means of reducing prostate cancer incidence in AA men. Although requiring further AA specific research, several new treatment strategies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors used in combination PARP inhibitors and other emerging vaccines, including Sipuleucel‐T, have demonstrated some proven efficacy. Conclusion Genomic profiling to integrate clinical and genomic data for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment will allow physicians to plan a “Precision Medicine” approach to AA men. There is a pressing need for further research for risk stratification, which may allow early identification of AA men with higher risk disease based on their unique clinical, genomic, and immunological profiles, which can then be mapped to appropriate clinical trials. Treatment options are outlined, with a concise description of recent work in AA specific populations, detailing several targeted therapies, including immunotherapy. Also, a summary of current clinical trials involving AA men is presented, and it is important that policies are adopted to ensure that AA men are actively recruited. Although it is encouraging that many of these explore the lifestyle and educational initiatives and therapeutic interventions, there is much still work to be done to reduce incidence and mortality in AA men and equalize current racial disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Dovey
- The Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sujit S Nair
- The Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dimple Chakravarty
- The Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Tewari
- The Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Mohammad MA, Didelija IC, Marini JC. Arginase II Plays a Central Role in the Sexual Dimorphism of Arginine Metabolism in C57BL/6 Mice. J Nutr 2020; 150:3133-3140. [PMID: 33188387 PMCID: PMC7726119 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in plasma concentration of arginine and arginase activity of different tissues have been reported in mice. In addition, male but not female C57BL/6 mice have a dietary arginine requirement for growth. OBJECTIVE The goal of this research was to test the hypothesis that arginase II is a key factor in the sexual dimorphism of arginine metabolism. METHODS Young adult male and female wild type (WT), and heterozygous and arginase II knockout mice on a C57BL/6 background mice were infused with labeled citrulline, arginine, ornithine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine to determine the rates of appearance and interconversion of these amino acids. Tissue arginase activity was measured in the liver, heart, jejunum, kidney, pancreas, and spleen with an arginine radioisotope. The effect of genotype, sex, and their interaction was tested. RESULTS Female mice produced ∼36% more citrulline than their male littermates, which translated into a greater arginine endogenous synthesis, flux, and plasma concentration (42, 6, and 27%, respectively; P < 0.001). Female mice also had a greater phenylalanine flux (10%) indicating a greater rate of whole protein breakdown; however, they had a lower protein synthesis rate than males (18%; P < 0.001). The ablation of arginase II reduced the production of citrulline and the de novo synthesis of arginine in females and increased the rate of appearance of arginine and plasma arginine concentration in male mice (16 and 22%, respectively; P < 0.001). No effect of arginase II deletion, however, was observed for whole-body protein kinetics. Arginase II activity was present in the pancreas, kidney, jejunum, and spleen; WT females had a ∼2-fold greater renal arginase activity than their WT counterparts. CONCLUSIONS A clear sexual dimorphism exists in the endogenous synthesis of arginine and its disposal. Female mice have a greater arginine availability than their male littermates. The ablation of arginase II increases arginine availability in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Mohammad
- USDA/ARS (Agricultural Research Service) Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Food Science and Nutrition Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Inka C Didelija
- USDA/ARS (Agricultural Research Service) Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Montioli R, Bellezza I, Desbats MA, Borri Voltattorni C, Salviati L, Cellini B. Deficit of human ornithine aminotransferase in gyrate atrophy: Molecular, cellular, and clinical aspects. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140555. [PMID: 33068755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gyrate Atrophy (GA) of the choroid and retina (MIM# 258870) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to mutations of the OAT gene encoding ornithine-delta-aminotransferase (OAT), associated with progressive retinal deterioration and blindness. The disease has a theoretical global incidence of approximately 1:1,500,000. OAT is mainly involved in ornithine catabolism in adults, thus explaining the hyperornithinemia as hallmark of the disease. Patients are treated with an arginine-restricted diet, to limit ornithine load, or the administration of Vitamin B6, a precursor of the OAT coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. Although the clinical and genetic aspects of GA are known for many years, the enzymatic phenotype of pathogenic variants and their response to Vitamin B6, as well as the molecular mechanisms explaining retinal damage, are poorly clarified. Herein, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the biochemical properties of human OAT and on the molecular, cellular, and clinical aspects of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Montioli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Andrea Desbats
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carla Borri Voltattorni
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Barbara Cellini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Xia JL, Wu CG, Ren A, Hu YR, Wang SL, Han XF, Shi L, Zhu J, Zhao MW. Putrescine regulates nitric oxide accumulation in Ganoderma lucidum partly by influencing cellular glutamine levels under heat stress. Microbiol Res 2020; 239:126521. [PMID: 32575021 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When fungi are subjected to abiotic stresses, the polyamines (PAs) level alter significantly. Here, we reveal that the polyamine putrescine (Put) could play an important role in alleviating heat stress(HS)-induced accumulation of nitric oxide (NO). Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)-silenced mutants that were defective in Put biosynthesis exhibited significantly lower NO levels than the wild type (WT) when subjected to HS. With addition of 5 mM exogenous Put, the ODC-silenced mutant endogenous Put obviously increased under HS. At the same time, the contents of NO in the ODC-silenced mutants recovered to approximately WT levels after the administration of exogenous Put. However, the elevated NO content in the ODC-silenced mutants disappeared when exogenous Put and carboxy-PTIO (PTIO is a specific scavenger of NO) were added. Intriguingly, the content of glutamine (Gln) was significantly increased in the ODC-silenced strains. When exogenous Put was added to the WT, the Gln content was significantly decreased. The appearance of a high level of Gln was accompanied by nitrate reductase (NR) activity reduction. Further studies showed that Put influenced ganoderic acids (GAs) biosynthesis by regulating NO content, possibly through NR, under HS. Our work reported that Put regulates HS-induced NO accumulation by changing the cellular Gln level in filamentous fungi. IMPORTANCE: In our present work, it was HS as an ubiquitous environmental stress that affects the important pharmacological secondary metabolite (GAs) content in G. lucidum. Afterwards, we began to explore the network formed between multiple substances to jointly reduce the massive accumulation of GAs content caused by HS. We firstly focused on Put, a substance that enhances resistance to multiple stresses. Further, we discovered an influence on Put could changing the NO content, which has been shown to decrease the accumulation of GAs via HS. Then, we also found the change of NO content may be due to Put level that would affect intracellular Gln content. It has never been reported. And ultimately, it is Put related network that could reduce HS-inducing secondary metabolite mess in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-le Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Gao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ru Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fei Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Smith AM, Natowicz MR, Braas D, Ludwig MA, Ney DM, Donley ELR, Burrier RE, Amaral DG. A Metabolomics Approach to Screening for Autism Risk in the Children's Autism Metabolome Project. Autism Res 2020; 13:1270-1285. [PMID: 32558271 PMCID: PMC7496373 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is biologically and behaviorally heterogeneous. Delayed diagnosis of ASD is common and problematic. The complexity of ASD and the low sensitivity of available screening tools are key factors in delayed diagnosis. Identification of biomarkers that reduce complexity through stratification into reliable subpopulations can assist in earlier diagnosis, provide insight into the biology of ASD, and potentially suggest targeted interventions. Quantitative metabolomic analysis was performed on plasma samples from 708 fasting children, aged 18 to 48 months, enrolled in the Children's Autism Metabolome Project (CAMP). The primary goal was to identify alterations in metabolism helpful in stratifying ASD subjects into subpopulations with shared metabolic phenotypes (i.e., metabotypes). Metabotypes associated with ASD were identified in a discovery set of 357 subjects. The reproducibility of the metabotypes was validated in an independent replication set of 351 CAMP subjects. Thirty-four candidate metabotypes that differentiated subsets of ASD from typically developing participants were identified with sensitivity of at least 5% and specificity greater than 95%. The 34 metabotypes formed six metabolic clusters based on ratios of either lactate or pyruvate, succinate, glycine, ornithine, 4-hydroxyproline, or α-ketoglutarate with other metabolites. Optimization of a subset of new and previously defined metabotypes into a screening battery resulted in 53% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 48%-57%) and 91% specificity (95% CI, 86%-94%). Thus, our metabolomic screening tool detects more than 50% of the autistic participants in the CAMP study. Further development of this metabolomic screening approach may facilitate earlier referral and diagnosis of ASD and, ultimately, more targeted treatments. LAY SUMMARY: Analysis of a selected set of metabolites in blood samples from children with autism and typically developing children identified reproducible differences in the metabolism of about half of the children with autism. Testing for these differences in blood samples can be used to help screen children as young as 18 months for risk of autism that, in turn, can facilitate earlier diagnoses. In addition, differences may lead to biological insights that produce more precise treatment options. We are exploring other blood-based molecules to determine if still a higher percentage of children with autism can be detected using this strategy. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1270-1285. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Smith
- Stemina Biomarker Discovery, Inc, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marvin R Natowicz
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Genomics, Neurology, and Pediatrics Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Braas
- Stemina Biomarker Discovery, Inc, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Denise M Ney
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | - David G Amaral
- The MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Jęśko H, Lukiw WJ, Wilkaniec A, Cieślik M, Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Murawska E, Hilgier W, Adamczyk A. Altered Expression of Urea Cycle Enzymes in Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Overexpressing PC12 Cells and in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:279-291. [PMID: 29439324 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Urea cycle enzymes may play important yet poorly characterized roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous results showed that amyloid-β (Aβ) affects urea cycle enzymes in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in arginases, other urea cycle enzymes, and nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) in PC12 cells transfected with AβPP bearing the double 'Swedish' mutation (APPsw, K670M/N671L) and in postmortem sporadic AD brain hippocampus; the mutation intensifies Aβ production and strongly associates with AD neuropathology. mRNA expression was analyzed using real-time PCR in cell cultures and DNA microarrays in hippocampal CA1 area of human AD brains. Arginase activity was measured spectrophotometrically, and arginine, ornithine, and citrulline levels by high-performance liquid chromatography. Our data demonstrated that the expression and activity of arginases (Arg1 and Arg2), as well as the expression of argininosuccinate synthase (Ass) were significantly reduced in APPsw cells compared to control. However, argininosuccinate lyase (Asl) was upregulated in APPsw cells. Real-time PCR analysis revealed significant elevation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (Nnos) mRNA in APPsw cells, without changes in the endothelial Enos, whereas inducible Inos was undetectable. The changes were found to follow closely those observed in the human hippocampal CA1 region of sporadic AD brains. The changes in enzyme expression were accompanied in APPsw cells by significantly elevated citrulline, ornithine, and arginine. Our findings demonstrate that AβPP/Aβ alters arginine metabolism and induces a shift of cellular homeostasis that may support the oxidative/nitrosative stress observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Jęśko
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Emilia Murawska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Hilgier
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Gagliano-Jucá T, Tang ER, Bhasin S, Pencina KM, Anderson S, Jara H, Li Z, Melamud K, Coleman SL, Aakil A, Almeida RR, Huang G, Travison TG, Storer TW, Basaria S. Effects of testosterone administration (and its 5-alpha-reduction) on parenchymal organ volumes in healthy young men: findings from a dose-response trial. Andrology 2017; 5:889-897. [PMID: 28704587 PMCID: PMC5600666 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Animal data shows that testosterone administration increases the volume of some parenchymal organs. However, the effects of exogenous testosterone on solid abdominal organs in humans remain unknown. The present study evaluated the effects of testosterone administration on the volume of liver, spleen and kidneys in a dose-response trial. Young healthy men aged 18-50 years participating in the 5α-Reductase (5aR) Trial. All participants received monthly injections of 7.5 mg leuprolide acetate to suppress endogenous testosterone secretion and weekly injections of 50, 125, 300 or 600 mg of testosterone enanthate, and were randomized to receive either 2.5 mg dutasteride (5 α-reductase inhibitor) or placebo daily for 20 weeks. Liver, spleen and kidney volumes were measured at baseline and the end of treatment using 1.5-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. The dose-effect of testosterone on changes in the volume of parenchymal organs was evaluated by linear regression model. The association between changes in total testosterone (TT) levels and changes in organ volumes were assessed. Testosterone administration increased liver volume dose-dependently (17.4 cm3 per 100 mg of weekly testosterone enanthate; p = 0.031); the increase in liver volume was positively associated with changes in TT levels (R2 = 0.08, p = 0.024). A dose-dependent, but non-significant, increase in kidney volumes was also seen. Inclusion of dutasteride use into the models showed an independent association of randomization to dutasteride group with liver volume increase. In conclusion, Testosterone administration increased the liver volume in a dose-dependent manner. The potential changes in parenchymal organs should be considered when interpreting apparent changes in lean mass in response to anabolic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Gagliano-Jucá
- Research Program in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Shalender Bhasin
- Research Program in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Karol M. Pencina
- Research Program in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Stephan Anderson
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, MA
| | - Hernan Jara
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, MA
| | - Zhuoying Li
- Research Program in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kira Melamud
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Adam Aakil
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, MA
| | - Renata R. Almeida
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Grace Huang
- Research Program in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Thomas W. Storer
- Research Program in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shehzad Basaria
- Research Program in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Xiong Y, Yepuri G, Necetin S, Montani JP, Ming XF, Yang Z. Arginase-II Promotes Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Release From Pancreatic Acinar Cells Causing β-Cell Apoptosis in Aging. Diabetes 2017; 66:1636-1649. [PMID: 28356309 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with glucose intolerance. Arginase-II (Arg-II), the type-II L-arginine-ureahydrolase, is highly expressed in pancreas. However, its role in regulation of pancreatic β-cell function is not known. Here we show that female (not male) mice deficient in Arg-II (Arg-II-/-) are protected from age-associated glucose intolerance and reveal greater glucose induced-insulin release, larger islet size and β-cell mass, and more proliferative and less apoptotic β-cells compared with the age-matched wild-type (WT) controls. Moreover, Arg-II is mainly expressed in acinar cells and is upregulated with aging, which enhances p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) activation and release of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Accordingly, conditioned medium of isolated acinar cells from old WT (not Arg-II-/-) mice contains higher TNF-α levels than the young mice and stimulates β-cell apoptosis and dysfunction, which are prevented by a neutralizing anti-TNF-α antibody. In acinar cells, our study demonstrates an age-associated Arg-II upregulation, which promotes TNF-α release through p38 MAPK leading to β-cell apoptosis, insufficient insulin secretion, and glucose intolerance in female rather than male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Xiong
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Kidney Control of Homeostasis, Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gautham Yepuri
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sevil Necetin
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Montani
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Kidney Control of Homeostasis, Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiu-Fen Ming
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Kidney Control of Homeostasis, Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Kidney Control of Homeostasis, Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Ginguay A, Cynober L, Curis E, Nicolis I. Ornithine Aminotransferase, an Important Glutamate-Metabolizing Enzyme at the Crossroads of Multiple Metabolic Pathways. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6010018. [PMID: 28272331 PMCID: PMC5372011 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ornithine δ-aminotransferase (OAT, E.C. 2.6.1.13) catalyzes the transfer of the δ-amino group from ornithine (Orn) to α-ketoglutarate (aKG), yielding glutamate-5-semialdehyde and glutamate (Glu), and vice versa. In mammals, OAT is a mitochondrial enzyme, mainly located in the liver, intestine, brain, and kidney. In general, OAT serves to form glutamate from ornithine, with the notable exception of the intestine, where citrulline (Cit) or arginine (Arg) are end products. Its main function is to control the production of signaling molecules and mediators, such as Glu itself, Cit, GABA, and aliphatic polyamines. It is also involved in proline (Pro) synthesis. Deficiency in OAT causes gyrate atrophy, a rare but serious inherited disease, a further measure of the importance of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Ginguay
- Clinical Chemistry, Cochin Hospital, GH HUPC, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France.
- Laboratory of Biological Nutrition, EA 4466 PRETRAM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Luc Cynober
- Clinical Chemistry, Cochin Hospital, GH HUPC, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France.
- Laboratory of Biological Nutrition, EA 4466 PRETRAM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Emmanuel Curis
- Laboratoire de biomathématiques, plateau iB², Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
- UMR 1144, INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
- UMR 1144, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
- Service de biostatistiques et d'informatique médicales, hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance publique-hôpitaux de Paris, 75010 Paris, France.
| | - Ioannis Nicolis
- Laboratoire de biomathématiques, plateau iB², Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
- EA 4064 "Épidémiologie environnementale: Impact sanitaire des pollutions", Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
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13
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Lindquist KJ, Paris PL, Hoffmann TJ, Cardin NJ, Kazma R, Mefford JA, Simko JP, Ngo V, Chen Y, Levin AM, Chitale D, Helfand BT, Catalona WJ, Rybicki BA, Witte JS. Mutational Landscape of Aggressive Prostate Tumors in African American Men. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1860-8. [PMID: 26921337 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed and second most fatal nonskin cancer among men in the United States. African American men are two times more likely to develop and die of prostate cancer compared with men of other ancestries. Previous whole genome or exome tumor-sequencing studies of prostate cancer have primarily focused on men of European ancestry. In this study, we sequenced and characterized somatic mutations in aggressive (Gleason ≥7, stage ≥T2b) prostate tumors from 24 African American patients. We describe the locations and prevalence of small somatic mutations (up to 50 bases in length), copy number aberrations, and structural rearrangements in the tumor genomes compared with patient-matched normal genomes. We observed several mutation patterns consistent with previous studies, such as large copy number aberrations in chromosome 8 and complex rearrangement chains. However, TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions and PTEN losses occurred in only 21% and 8% of the African American patients, respectively, far less common than in patients of European ancestry. We also identified mutations that appeared specific to or more common in African American patients, including a novel CDC27-OAT gene fusion occurring in 17% of patients. The genomic aberrations reported in this study warrant further investigation of their biologic significant role in the incidence and clinical outcomes of prostate cancer in African Americans. Cancer Res; 76(7); 1860-8. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla J Lindquist
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pamela L Paris
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas J Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Niall J Cardin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rémi Kazma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joel A Mefford
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey P Simko
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Vy Ngo
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yalei Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Albert M Levin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Dhananjay Chitale
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Brian T Helfand
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - William J Catalona
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Benjamin A Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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14
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Zhang QS, Benedetti E, Deater M, Schubert K, Major A, Pelz C, Impey S, Marquez-Loza L, Rathbun RK, Kato S, Bagby GC, Grompe M. Oxymetholone therapy of fanconi anemia suppresses osteopontin transcription and induces hematopoietic stem cell cycling. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 4:90-102. [PMID: 25434823 PMCID: PMC4297866 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens are widely used for treating Fanconi anemia (FA) and other human bone marrow failure syndromes, but their mode of action remains incompletely understood. Aged Fancd2−/− mice were used to assess the therapeutic efficacy of oxymetholone (OXM) and its mechanism of action. Eighteen-month-old Fancd2−/− mice recapitulated key human FA phenotypes, including reduced bone marrow cellularity, red cell macrocytosis, and peripheral pancytopenia. As in humans, chronic OXM treatment significantly improved these hematological parameters and stimulated the proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. RNA-Seq analysis implicated downregulation of osteopontin as an important potential mechanism for the drug’s action. Consistent with the increased stem cell proliferation, competitive repopulation assays demonstrated that chronic OXM therapy eventually resulted in stem cell exhaustion. These results expand our knowledge of the regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and have direct clinical implications for the treatment of bone marrow failure. OXM treatment causes loss of quiescence and stem cell exhaustion RNaseq analysis reveals transcriptional changes in key pathways in Fancd2−/− HSPC OXM suppresses transcription of osteopontin, a known stem cell quiescence promoter Unlike previous notions, OXM has no effect on telomerase expression or EPO signaling
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Shuo Zhang
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Eric Benedetti
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Matthew Deater
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kathryn Schubert
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Angela Major
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carl Pelz
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Soren Impey
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Laura Marquez-Loza
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - R Keaney Rathbun
- NW VA Cancer Research Center, VA Medical Center Portland, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shigeaki Kato
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Grover C Bagby
- NW VA Cancer Research Center, VA Medical Center Portland, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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15
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Ladeuix B, Duchamp C, Levillain O. Underestimated contribution of skeletal muscle in ornithine metabolism during mouse postnatal development. Amino Acids 2013; 46:167-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Levillain O, Ramos-Molina B, Forcheron F, Peñafiel R. Expression and distribution of genes encoding for polyamine-metabolizing enzymes in the different zones of male and female mouse kidneys. Amino Acids 2012; 43:2153-63. [PMID: 22562773 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of polyamines in renal physiology is only partially understood. Moreover, most of the data on the enzymes of polyamine metabolism come from studies using whole kidneys. The aim of the present study was to analyze the mRNA abundance of the genes implicated in both the polyamine biosynthetic and catabolic pathways in different renal zones of male and female mice, by means of the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Our results indicate that there is an uneven distribution of the different mRNAs studied in the five renal zones: superficial cortex, deep cortex, outer stripe of the outer medulla (OS), inner stripe of the outer medulla (IS), and the inner medulla + papilla (IM). The biosynthetic genes, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and spermine synthase, were more expressed in the cortex, whereas the mRNAs of the catabolic genes spermine oxidase (SMO) and diamine oxidase were more abundant in IS and IM. The genes involved in the regulation of polyamine synthesis (AZ1, AZ2 and AZIN1) were expressed in all the renal zones, predominantly in the cortex, while AZIN2 gene was more abundant in the OS. ODC, SMO, spermidine synthase and spermidine/spermine acetyl transferase expression was higher in males than in females. In conclusion, the genes encoding for the polyamine metabolism were specifically and quantitatively distributed along the corticopapillary axis of male and female mouse kidneys, suggesting that their physiological role is essential in defined renal zones and/or nephron segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Levillain
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, FRE 3310, Dysfonctionnements de l'homéostasie tissulaire et ingénierie thérapeutique, (DyHTIT), 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France.
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17
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Chaturvedi NK, Kumar S, Negi S, Tyagi RK. Endocrine disruptors provoke differential modulatory responses on androgen receptor and pregnane and xenobiotic receptor: potential implications in metabolic disorders. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 345:291-308. [PMID: 20830510 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A systematic comparison of the impact of some potential endocrine disruptors (EDs) on modulation of androgen receptor (AR) and pregnane and xenobiotic receptor (PXR) function was conducted in a multi-step analysis. Promoter-reporter-based transcription assays were performed in conjunction with receptor dynamic studies in living cells that helped implicating the suspected EDs for their deleterious effects. We demonstrate that most of the selected EDs not only inhibit AR transcriptional activity, but also alter its subcellular dynamics. Conversely, some of these anti-androgenic compounds were potent activator of xeno-sensing nuclear receptor, PXR. Interestingly, agonist-activated AR that associates with the mitotic chromatin fails to achieve this association when bound to anti-androgenic EDs. Conclusively, most EDs (except BCH) behaved like pure antagonist for AR while as agonist for PXR. Subsequent experiments with DDT treatment in mice model indicated that in testis AR and its regulated genes PEM and ODC levels are down-regulated, whereas in liver of same mice PEM is up-regulated while AR and ODC remain unchanged. On the contrary, PXR and its regulated genes CYP3A11 and MDR1 levels in mice liver were up-regulated while in testis PXR remained unchanged, CYP3A11 up-regulated and MDR1 were down-regulated. Based on a novel "Biopit" concept it is speculated that long-term exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals may influence the epigenetic profile of target cells via transcription factors thereby making them vulnerable to onset of chemically induced endocrine-related malignancies or metabolic disorders.
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18
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Gannon PO, Godin-Ethier J, Hassler M, Delvoye N, Aversa M, Poisson AO, Péant B, Alam Fahmy M, Saad F, Lapointe R, Mes-Masson AM. Androgen-regulated expression of arginase 1, arginase 2 and interleukin-8 in human prostate cancer. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12107. [PMID: 20711410 PMCID: PMC2920336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in North American men. Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) accentuates the infiltration of immune cells within the prostate. However, the immunosuppressive pathways regulated by androgens in PCa are not well characterized. Arginase 2 (ARG2) expression by PCa cells leads to a reduced activation of tumor-specific T cells. Our hypothesis was that androgens could regulate the expression of ARG2 by PCa cells. Methodology/Principal Findings In this report, we demonstrate that both ARG1 and ARG2 are expressed by hormone-sensitive (HS) and hormone-refractory (HR) PCa cell lines, with the LNCaP cells having the highest arginase activity. In prostate tissue samples, ARG2 was more expressed in normal and non-malignant prostatic tissues compared to tumor tissues. Following androgen stimulation of LNCaP cells with 10 nM R1881, both ARG1 and ARG2 were overexpressed. The regulation of arginase expression following androgen stimulation was dependent on the androgen receptor (AR), as a siRNA treatment targeting the AR inhibited both ARG1 and ARG2 overexpression. This observation was correlated in vivo in patients by immunohistochemistry. Patients treated by ADT prior to surgery had lower ARG2 expression in both non-malignant and malignant tissues. Furthermore, ARG1 and ARG2 were enzymatically active and their decreased expression by siRNA resulted in reduced overall arginase activity and l-arginine metabolism. The decreased ARG1 and ARG2 expression also translated with diminished LNCaP cells cell growth and increased PBMC activation following exposure to LNCaP cells conditioned media. Finally, we found that interleukin-8 (IL-8) was also upregulated following androgen stimulation and that it directly increased the expression of ARG1 and ARG2 in the absence of androgens. Conclusion/Significance Our data provides the first detailed in vitro and in vivo account of an androgen-regulated immunosuppressive pathway in human PCa through the expression of ARG1, ARG2 and IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe O. Gannon
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jessica Godin-Ethier
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew Hassler
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Delvoye
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Meghan Aversa
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexis O. Poisson
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Péant
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mona Alam Fahmy
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fred Saad
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (RL); (FS)
| | - Réjean Lapointe
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (RL); (FS)
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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19
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Mumenthaler SM, Rozengurt N, Livesay JC, Sabaghian A, Cederbaum SD, Grody WW. Disruption of arginase II alters prostate tumor formation in TRAMP mice. Prostate 2008; 68:1561-9. [PMID: 18663728 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arginase II (AII) is involved in the polyamine synthetic pathway, and elevated levels of expression have been found in a high proportion of prostate cancer samples and patients. However, the biological function of arginase II in prostate cancer still remains to be elucidated. In this study, we utilized the TRAMP mouse prostate cancer model to better understand the contribution of AII on tumor development. METHODS AII expression was determined in prostates from TRAMP mice at 23 weeks of age by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Additionally, AII expression was disrupted in the TRAMP model by crossbreeding arginase II knockout (AII KO) mice with TRAMP mice in order to generate the TRAMP/AII KO line. In each group, genito-urinary (GU) tract weights were determined and a pathological evaluation of the tumors was completed. RESULTS AII expression was only detectable in those mice without the presence of macroscopic tumors; it was also absent in the TRAMP-C2 cell line, which is characteristic of an advanced prostate tumor. Assessment of the GU weights revealed larger average GU weights in the TRAMP/AII KO mice compared to TRAMP mice. Additionally, a greater percentage of more advanced pathology was found in the TRAMP/AII KO group compared to the TRAMP cohort. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, AII deficiency in the TRAMP model seems to accelerate prostate tumor progression, leading to an overall more advanced cancer stage in these mice. These findings support the possibility that prostatic arginase II could be a potentially useful marker of disease progression.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/enzymology
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Arginase/biosynthesis
- Arginase/genetics
- Arginase/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Hyperargininemia
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/enzymology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Mumenthaler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1732, USA
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20
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Abstract
Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) is a reversible enzyme expressed mainly in the liver, kidney and intestine. OAT controls the interconversion of ornithine into glutamate semi-aldehyde, and is therefore involved in the metabolism of arginine and glutamine which play a major role in N homeostasis. We hypothesised that OAT could be a limiting step in glutamine–arginine interconversion. To study the contribution of the OAT enzyme in amino acid metabolism, transgenic mice that specifically overexpress human OAT in the liver, kidneys and intestine were generated. The transgene expression was analysed byin situhybridisation and real-time PCR. Tissue (liver, jejunum and kidney) OAT activity, and plasma and tissue (liver and jejunum) amino acid concentrations were measured. Transgenic male mice exhibited higher OAT activity in the liver (25 (sem4)v.11 (sem1) nmol/min per μg protein for wild-type (WT) mice;P < 0·05) but there were no differences in kinetic parameters (i.e.Kmand maximum rate of reaction (Vmax)) between WT and transgenic animals. OAT overexpression decreased plasma and liver ornithine concentrations but did not affect glutamine or arginine homeostasis. There was an inverse relationship between ornithine levels and OAT activity. We conclude that OAT overexpression has only limited metabolic effects, probably due to the reversible nature of the enzyme. Moreover, these metabolic modifications had no effect on phenotype.
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21
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Boom and bust: a review of the physiology of the marsupial genus Antechinus. J Comp Physiol B 2008; 178:545-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-007-0250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Jacobs SC, Nogueira JM, Phelan MW, Bartlett ST, Cooper M. Transplant recipient renal function is donor renal mass- and recipient gender-dependent. Transpl Int 2007; 21:340-5. [PMID: 18086285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2007.00617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of both donor renal mass and gender on renal function, in both gender recipients, was examined. Qualifying consecutive living-donor renal transplants (n = 730) were stratified into 4 donor-recipient groups: female-female (n = 177), male-female (n = 151), female-male (n = 240), male-male (n = 162). Groups were equivalent in age, race, body mass index (BMI), match, ischemia time, operative time, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Female recipients had lower serum creatinine (Cr(s)). Male recipients had higher Cr(s) wherever they received a female allograft. Male recipients of male kidneys had a higher eGFR than all other groups for 3 years. Renal function of the recipient correlated with the renal mass of the donor within each group. Male and female kidneys functioned equivalently in the female-recipient environment. Large nephron-mass male donor kidneys function more poorly in female recipients. The male kidney loses 15-20 ml/min eGFR in the female host. The diminished graft function may be related to androgen deprivation. Female and male donor kidneys function equivalently in the male recipient if adjusted for renal mass transplanted. Female kidneys improve eGFR by 7-10 ml/min by being transplanted into a male environment. Donor renal mass and gender affect recipient graft function Expectations of ultimate recipient renal function should take into account both the gender and mass disparity of the donor-recipient pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Jacobs
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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23
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Grzelakowska-Sztabert B, Dudkowska M, Manteuffel-Cymborowska M. Nuclear and membrane receptor-mediated signalling pathways modulate polyamine biosynthesis and interconversion. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:386-90. [PMID: 17371283 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines play an important role in cell growth and differentiation, while their overproduction has potentially oncogenic consequences. Polyamine homoeostasis, a critical determinant of cell fate, is precisely tuned at the level of biosynthesis, degradation and transport. The enzymes ODC (ornithine decarboxylase), AdoMetDC (S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) and SSAT (spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase) are critical for polyamine pool maintenance. Our experiments were designed to examine the expression of these enzymes in testosterone-induced hypertrophic and antifolate-induced hyperplastic mouse kidney, characterized by activation of AR (androgen receptor) and HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) membrane receptor c-Met respectively. The expression of these key enzymes was up-regulated by antifolate CB 3717 injury-evoked activation of HGF/c-Met signalling. In contrast, activation of the testosterone/AR pathway remarkably induced a selective increase in ODC expression without affecting other enzymes. Studies in catecholamine-depleted kidneys point to a synergistic interaction between the signalling pathways activated via cell membrane catecholamine receptors and AR, as well as c-Met. We found that this cross-talk modulated the expression of ODC and AdoMetDC, enzymes limiting polyamine biosynthesis, but not SSAT. This is in contrast with the antagonistic cross-talk between AR- and c-Met-mediated signalling which negatively regulated the expression of ODC, but affected neither AdoMetDC nor SSAT.
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Sabolić I, Asif AR, Budach WE, Wanke C, Bahn A, Burckhardt G. Gender differences in kidney function. Pflugers Arch 2007; 455:397-429. [PMID: 17638010 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormones influence the development of female (F) and male (M) specific traits and primarily affect the structure and function of gender-specific organs. Recent studies also indicated their important roles in regulating structure and/or function of nearly every tissue and organ in the mammalian body, including the kidneys, causing gender differences in a variety of characteristics. Clinical observations in humans and studies in experimental animals in vivo and in models in vitro have shown that renal structure and functions under various physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological conditions are different in M and F, and that these differences may be related to the sex-hormone-regulated expression and action of transporters in the apical and basolateral membrane of nephron epithelial cells. In this review we have collected published data on gender differences in renal functions, transporters and other related parameters, and present our own microarray data on messenger RNA expression for various transporters in the kidney cortex of M and F rats. With these data we would like to emphasize the importance of sex hormones in regulation of a variety of renal transport functions and to initiate further studies of gender-related differences in kidney structure and functions, which would enable us to better understand occurrence and development of various renal diseases, pharmacotherapy, and drug-induced nephrotoxicity in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sabolić
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Levillain O, Ventura G, Déchaud H, Hobeika M, Meseguer A, Moinard C, Cynober L. Sex-differential expression of ornithine aminotransferase in the mouse kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 292:F1016-27. [PMID: 17341717 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00408.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse kidney expresses the gene of ornithine aminotransferase (Oat). Previous works suggest that Oat is differentially expressed in female and male mouse kidney (Alonso E, Rubio V. Biochem J 259: 131-138, 1989; Levillain O, Diaz JJ, Blanchard O, Dechaud H. Endocrinology 146: 950-959, 2005; Manteuffel-Cymborowska M, Chmurzynska W, Peska M, Grzelakowska-Sztabert B. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 27: 287-295, 1995; Natesan S, Reddy SR. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 130: 585-595, 2001; Yu H, Yoo PK, Aguirre CC, Tsoa RW, Kern RM, Grody WW, Cederbaum SD, Iyer RK. J Histochem Cytochem 51: 1151-1160, 2003). This study was designed to provide a detailed description of the sexual dimorphism of Oat expression in the mouse kidney and to test the influence of sex hormones on its regulation. Experiments were performed on male and female Swiss OF1 mice during their postnatal development, at adulthood, and in orchidectomized and ovariectomized mice. Kidneys, dissected renal zones, and mitochondria were used to analyze OAT mRNA and protein levels and measure OAT activity. The results revealed that before puberty, Oat expression was similar between female and male kidneys whereas from puberty until adulthood Oat expression increased in the female kidney, becoming approximately 2.5-fold higher than in the male kidney. This sex-differential expression of Oat was associated with a sex-specific distribution of Oat along the corticopapillary axis and within the nephron. OAT was three- to fourfold more expressed in the female than the male cortex. In males, Oat was highly expressed in the medulla, mainly in the thick ascending limbs. Renal Oat distribution in orchidectomized mice resembled that in the females. Ovariectomy did not influence Oat expression. Sex differences are explained by the physiological increase in plasma testosterone in males. Expression of medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetase protein confirmed this finding. We report sexual dimorphism of Oat expression in the mouse kidney and show that Oat is naturally downregulated in the presence of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Levillain
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Faculté de Médecine Lyon RTH Laennec, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Métabolique et Rénale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 499, Lyon, France.
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Bastida CM, Cremades A, Castells MT, López-Contreras AJ, López-García C, Sánchez-Mas J, Peñafiel R. Sexual dimorphism of ornithine decarboxylase in the mouse adrenal: influence of polyamine deprivation on catecholamine and corticoid levels. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E1010-7. [PMID: 17148758 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00316.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal sexual dimorphism is thought to be important in explaining sex-related differences regarding prevalent diseases and the responses to stress and drugs. We report here that in CD1 mice there is marked sexual dimorphism affecting not only gland size and corticoid hormone secretion but also adrenal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), polyamine, and catecholamine levels in which testosterone appears to be a major determinant. Our results show that adrenal weight, ODC activity, and corticosterone and aldosterone secretion were higher in female than in male mice and that orchidectomy brought these male parameters closer to the values found in females. mRNA levels of steroidogenic proteins SF-1, Dax-1, steroid 21-hydroxylase, and aldosterone synthase appeared to be slightly higher in female than in male adrenals. Immunocytochemical analysis of adrenal ODC revealed that immunoreactivity was higher in females than in males and was located mainly in the cortical cells, and especially in zona glomerulosa, whereas no sex differences in ODC mRNA levels were observed. These results suggest that sex-associated differences in the expression of ODC in the mouse adrenal gland appear to be related mainly to posttranscriptional mechanisms. Combination treatment of mice with alpha-difluoromethylornithine (a suicide inhibitor of ODC) and a polyamine-deficient diet produced a marked decrease in adrenal polyamine and catecholamine levels and a significant reduction in plasma corticosterone and aldosterone concentrations that were not associated with a decrease in the mRNA levels of steroidogenic proteins. All of these data suggest a relevant role for testosterone, ODC, and polyamines in the mouse adrenal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Bastida
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Thompson VC, Morris TGW, Cochrane DR, Cavanagh J, Wafa LA, Hamilton T, Wang S, Fazli L, Gleave ME, Nelson CC. Relaxin becomes upregulated during prostate cancer progression to androgen independence and is negatively regulated by androgens. Prostate 2006; 66:1698-709. [PMID: 16998820 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relaxin is a potent peptide hormone normally secreted by the prostate. This study characterized relaxin expression during prostate cancer progression to androgen independence (AI), and in response to androgens. METHODS The prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, was assayed by microarrays and confirmatory Northern analysis to assess changes in relaxin levels due to androgen treatment and in LNCaP xenografts following castration. Relaxin protein levels were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in tissue microarrays of human prostate cancer samples following androgen ablation. RESULTS Relaxin levels decreased in a time and concentration-dependent manner due to androgens in vitro, and increased in xenografts post-castration. Relaxin increased in radical prostatectomy specimens after 6 months of androgen ablation and in AI tumors, was highest in bone metastases. CONCLUSIONS Relaxin is negatively regulated by androgens in vitro and in vivo, which correlates to clinical prostate cancer specimens following androgen ablation. The role of relaxin in angiogenesis and tissue remodeling suggests it may contribute to prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C Thompson
- The Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Sabolić I, Skarica M, Gorboulev V, Ljubojević M, Balen D, Herak-Kramberger CM, Koepsell H. Rat renal glucose transporter SGLT1 exhibits zonal distribution and androgen-dependent gender differences. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 290:F913-26. [PMID: 16204409 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00270.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SGLT1 (SLC5A1) mediates a part of glucose and galactose reabsorption in the mammalian proximal tubule (PT), but the detailed localization of the transporter along the tubule is still disputable. Here, we used several methods to localize rat SGLT1 (rSGLT1) in the kidneys of intact and variously treated male (M) and female (F) rats. In immunoblots of isolated cortical (C) and outer stripe (OS) brush-border membranes (BBM), a peptide-specific polyclonal antibody for rSGLT1 labeled a sharp inzone-, and gender-dependent ∼40-kDa protein and a broad ∼75-kDa band that exhibited strong zonal (OS > C) and gender differences (F > M). In tissue cryosections, the antibody strongly stained BBM of the S3 PT segments in the OS and medullary rays (F > M) and smooth muscles of the blood vessels and renal capsule (F ∼ M) and weakly stained the apical domain of other PT segments in the C (F ∼ M). The phlorizin-sensitive uptake of d-[3H]galactose in BBM vesicles, as well as the tissue abundance of rSGLT1-specific mRNA, matched the immunoblotting data related to the 75-kDa protein and the immunostaining in S3, proving zonal and gender differences in the functional transporter. Ovariectomy had no effect, castration upregulated, whereas treatment of castrated rats with testosterone, but not with estradiol or progesterone, downregulated the 75-kDa protein and the immunostaining in S3. We conclude that in the rat kidney, the expression of SGLT1 is represented by a 75-kDa protein localized largely in the PT S3 segments, where it exhibits gender differences (F > M) at both the protein and mRNA levels that are caused by androgen inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sabolić
- Unit of Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a complex hormone-dependent developmental program in which a myriad of events must take place to ensure that germ cells reach their proper stage of development at the proper time. Many of these events are controlled by cell type- and stage-specific transcription factors. The regulatory mechanisms involved provide an intriguing paradigm for the field of developmental biology and may lead to the development of new contraceptives an and innovative routs to treat male infertility. In this review, we address three aspects of the genetic regulatory mechanism that drive spermatogenesis. First, we detail what is known about how steroid hormones (both androgens and estrogens) and their cognate receptors initiate and maintain mammalian spermatogenesis. Steroids act through three mechanistic routes: (i) direct activation of genes through hormone-dependent promoter elements, (ii) secondary transcriptional responses through activation of hormone-dependent transcription factors, and (iii) rapid, transcription-independent (nonclassical) events induced by steroid hormones. Second, we provide a survey of transcription factors that function in mammalian spermatogenesis, including homeobox, zinc-finger, heat-shock, and cAMP-response family members. Our survey is not intended to cover all examples but to give a flavor for the gamut of biological roles conferred by transcription factors in the testis, particularly those defined in knockout mice. Third, we address how testis-specific transcription is achieved. In particular, we cover the evidence for and against the idea that some testis-specific genes are transcriptionally silent in somatic tissues as a result of DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Maclean
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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