1
|
Read ML, Brookes K, Zha L, Manivannan S, Kim J, Kocbiyik M, Fletcher A, Gorvin CM, Firth G, Fruhwirth GO, Nicola JP, Jhiang S, Ringel MD, Campbell MJ, Sunassee K, Blower PJ, Boelaert K, Nieto HR, Smith VE, McCabe CJ. Combined Vorinostat and Chloroquine Inhibit Sodium-Iodide Symporter Endocytosis and Enhance Radionuclide Uptake In Vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:1352-1366. [PMID: 37921808 PMCID: PMC7615786 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with aggressive thyroid cancer are frequently failed by the central therapy of ablative radioiodide (RAI) uptake, due to reduced plasma membrane (PM) localization of the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS). We aimed to understand how NIS is endocytosed away from the PM of human thyroid cancer cells, and whether this was druggable in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Informed by analysis of endocytic gene expression in patients with aggressive thyroid cancer, we used mutagenesis, NanoBiT interaction assays, cell surface biotinylation assays, RAI uptake, and NanoBRET to understand the mechanisms of NIS endocytosis in transformed cell lines and patient-derived human primary thyroid cells. Systemic drug responses were monitored via 99mTc pertechnetate gamma counting and gene expression in BALB/c mice. RESULTS We identified an acidic dipeptide within the NIS C-terminus that mediates binding to the σ2 subunit of the Adaptor Protein 2 (AP2) heterotetramer. We discovered that the FDA-approved drug chloroquine (CQ) modulates NIS accumulation at the PM in a functional manner that is AP2 dependent. In vivo, CQ treatment of BALB/c mice significantly enhanced thyroidal uptake of 99mTc pertechnetate in combination with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat/SAHA, accompanied by increased thyroidal NIS mRNA. Bioinformatic analyses validated the clinical relevance of AP2 genes with disease-free survival in RAI-treated DTC, enabling construction of an AP2 gene-related risk score classifier for predicting recurrence. CONCLUSIONS NIS internalization is specifically druggable in vivo. Our data, therefore, provide new translatable potential for improving RAI therapy using FDA-approved drugs in patients with aggressive thyroid cancer. See related commentary by Lechner and Brent, p. 1220.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L. Read
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Katie Brookes
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ling Zha
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Selvambigai Manivannan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jana Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Merve Kocbiyik
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alice Fletcher
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Caroline M. Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - George Firth
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Gilbert O. Fruhwirth
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Juan P. Nicola
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sissy Jhiang
- Divison of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism and Cancer Biology Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Divison of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism and Cancer Biology Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Moray J. Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kavitha Sunassee
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Philip J. Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Kristien Boelaert
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hannah R. Nieto
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vicki E. Smith
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher J. McCabe
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gorini F, Tonacci A. Tumor Microbial Communities and Thyroid Cancer Development-The Protective Role of Antioxidant Nutrients: Application Strategies and Future Directions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1898. [PMID: 37891977 PMCID: PMC10604861 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC), the most frequent malignancy of the endocrine system, has recorded an increasing incidence in the last decades. The etiology of TC remains at least partly unknown and, among modifiable risk factors, the gut microbiota and dietary nutrients (vitamins, essential microelements, polyphenols, probiotics) have been recognized to not only influence thyroid function, but exert critical effects on TC development and progression. Recent discoveries on the existence of tumor microbiota also in the TC microenvironment provide further evidence for the essential role of tumor microorganisms in TC etiology and severity, as well as acting as prognostic markers and as a potential target of adjuvant care in the treatment of TC patients. Therefore, in this review, we summarize current knowledge on the relationship of the tumor microbiome with the clinical tumor characteristics and TC progression, also illustrating the molecular mechanisms underlying this association, and how antioxidant nutrients may be used as a novel strategy to both control gut health and reduce the risk for TC. Furthermore, we discuss how new technologies might be exploited for the development of new foods with high nutritional values, antioxidant capability, and even attractiveness to the individual in terms of sensory and emotional features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gorini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang K, Wang J, He Z, Qiu X, Sa R, Chen L. Epigenetic Targets and Their Inhibitors in Thyroid Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040559. [PMID: 37111316 PMCID: PMC10142462 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although biologically targeted therapies based on key oncogenic mutations have made significant progress in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer, the challenges of drug resistance are urging us to explore other potentially effective targets. Herein, epigenetic modifications in thyroid cancer, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNAs, chromatin remodeling and RNA alterations, are reviewed and epigenetic therapeutic agents for the treatment of thyroid cancer, such as DNMT (DNA methyltransferase) inhibitors, HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitors, BRD4 (bromodomain-containing protein 4) inhibitors, KDM1A (lysine demethylase 1A) inhibitors and EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) inhibitors, are updated. We conclude that epigenetics is promising as a therapeutic target in thyroid cancer and further clinical trials are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Junyao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ziyan He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xian Qiu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ri Sa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin St., Changchun 130021, China
| | - Libo Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Read ML, Brookes K, Thornton CEM, Fletcher A, Nieto HR, Alshahrani M, Khan R, Borges de Souza P, Zha L, Webster JRM, Alderwick LJ, Campbell MJ, Boelaert K, Smith VE, McCabe CJ. Targeting non-canonical pathways as a strategy to modulate the sodium iodide symporter. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:502-516.e7. [PMID: 34520744 PMCID: PMC8958605 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) functions to transport iodide and is critical for successful radioiodide ablation of cancer cells. Approaches to bolster NIS function and diminish recurrence post-radioiodide therapy are impeded by oncogenic pathways that suppress NIS, as well as the inherent complexity of NIS regulation. Here, we utilize NIS in high-throughput drug screening and undertake rigorous evaluation of lead compounds to identify and target key processes underpinning NIS function. We find that multiple proteostasis pathways, including proteasomal degradation and autophagy, are central to the cellular processing of NIS. Utilizing inhibitors targeting distinct molecular processes, we pinpoint combinatorial drug strategies giving robust >5-fold increases in radioiodide uptake. We also reveal significant dysregulation of core proteostasis genes in human tumors, identifying a 13-gene risk score classifier as an independent predictor of recurrence in radioiodide-treated patients. We thus propose and discuss a model for targetable steps of intracellular processing of NIS function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Read
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Katie Brookes
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Caitlin E M Thornton
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alice Fletcher
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hannah R Nieto
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mohammed Alshahrani
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rashida Khan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Patricia Borges de Souza
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44124, Italy
| | - Ling Zha
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jamie R M Webster
- Protein Expression Facility, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Luke J Alderwick
- Birmingham Drug Discovery Facility, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kristien Boelaert
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Vicki E Smith
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher J McCabe
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Spartalis E, Kotrotsios K, Chrysikos D, Spartalis M, Paschou SA, Schizas D, Tsamakis K, Dimitroulis D, Troupis T, Nikiteas N. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors and Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:2199-2208. [PMID: 33308111 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201211112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Papillary Thyroid Cancer (PTC) is the most common type of endocrine malignancy. Although PTC has an excellent prognosis, the recurrent or metastatic disease could affect patients' survival. Recent studies show that Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (HDACIs) might be promising anticancer agents against PTC. The aim of this review is to evaluate the role of HDACIs as an additional modality in PTC treatment and to depict the latest trends of current research on this field. MATERIALS AND METHODS This literature review was performed using the MEDLINE database. The search strategy included terms: "thyroid cancer", "papillary", "HDAC", "histone", and "deacetylase". RESULTS Agents, such as Suberoyl Anilide Hydroxamic Acid, Trichostatin A, Valproic Acid, Sodium butyrate, Panobinostat, Belinostat, Romidepsin, CUDC907 and N-Hydroxy-7-(2-naphthylthio)-Hepanomide have shown promising anti-cancer effects on PTC cell lines but fail to trigger a major response in clinical trials. CONCLUSION HDACIs have no significant effect as monotherapy against PTC, but further research needs to be conducted in order to investigate their potential effect when used as an additional modality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Spartalis
- 2nd Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kotrotsios
- 2nd Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Chrysikos
- Department of Anatomy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Spartalis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula A Paschou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Aghia Sophia Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- 1st Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsamakis
- Second Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Dimitroulis
- 2nd Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodore Troupis
- Department of Anatomy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nikiteas
- 2nd Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oh JM, Ahn BC. Molecular mechanisms of radioactive iodine refractoriness in differentiated thyroid cancer: Impaired sodium iodide symporter (NIS) expression owing to altered signaling pathway activity and intracellular localization of NIS. Theranostics 2021; 11:6251-6277. [PMID: 33995657 PMCID: PMC8120202 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The advanced, metastatic differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs) have a poor prognosis mainly owing to radioactive iodine (RAI) refractoriness caused by decreased expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS), diminished targeting of NIS to the cell membrane, or both, thereby decreasing the efficacy of RAI therapy. Genetic aberrations (such as BRAF, RAS, and RET/PTC rearrangements) have been reported to be prominently responsible for the onset, progression, and dedifferentiation of DTCs, mainly through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathways. Eventually, these alterations result in a lack of NIS and disabling of RAI uptake, leading to the development of resistance to RAI therapy. Over the past decade, promising approaches with various targets have been reported to restore NIS expression and RAI uptake in preclinical studies. In this review, we summarized comprehensive molecular mechanisms underlying the dedifferentiation in RAI-refractory DTCs and reviews strategies for restoring RAI avidity by tackling the mechanisms.
Collapse
|
7
|
Canberk S, Lima AR, Pinto M, Máximo V. Translational Potential of Epigenetic-Based Markers on Fine-Needle Aspiration Thyroid Specimens. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:640460. [PMID: 33834032 PMCID: PMC8021713 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.640460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The awareness of epigenetic alterations leading to neoplasia attracted the attention of researchers toward its potential use in the management of cancer, from diagnosis to prognosis and prediction of response to therapies. Our group has focused its attention on the epigenomics of thyroid neoplasms. Although most of the epigenetic studies have been applied on histological samples, the fact is that cytology, through fine-needle aspiration, is a primary diagnostic method for many pathologies, of which thyroid nodules are one of the most paradigmatic examples. This has led to an increasing literature report of epigenetic studies using these biological samples over the past decade. In this review, our group aimed to document recent research of epigenetic alterations and its associated assessment techniques, based on cytology material. Our review covers the main epigenetic categories—DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA-silencing—whose evidence in thyroid cytology samples may represent solid soil for future prospectively designed studies aiming at validating patterns of epigenetic alterations and their potential use in the clinical management of thyroid neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sule Canberk
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal.,Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Lima
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Pinto
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
| | - Valdemar Máximo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Samimi H, Haghpanah V. Gut Microbiome and Radioiodine-Refractory Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Pathophysiology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:627-630. [PMID: 32273149 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiome (GM) might be associated with radioiodine (RAI)-refractory papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) through different mechanisms related to sodium/iodide (Na+/I-) symporter (NIS) regulation. However, whether thyroid carcinoma (TC), especially RAI-refractory PTC, causes dysbiosis, or vice versa, is still unknown. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism between GM and RAI-refractory PTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Samimi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Haghpanah
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Celano M, Mio C, Sponziello M, Verrienti A, Bulotta S, Durante C, Damante G, Russo D. Targeting post-translational histone modifications for the treatment of non-medullary thyroid cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 469:38-47. [PMID: 28579118 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genomic and epigenetic alterations are now being exploited as molecular targets in cancer treatment. Abnormalities involving the post-translational modification of histones have been demonstrated in thyroid cancer, and they are regarded as promising molecular targets for novel drug treatment of tumors that are resistant to conventional therapies. After a brief overview of the histone modifications most commonly associated with human malignancies, we will review recently published preclinical and clinical findings regarding the use of histone-activity modulators in thyroid cancers. Particular attention will be focused on their use as re-differentiating or anti-proliferating agents, the differential effects observed when they are used alone and in combination with other targeted drugs, and current prospects for their use in the treatment of thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Celano
- Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Catia Mio
- Department of Medical Area, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Sponziello
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Verrienti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Bulotta
- Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cosimo Durante
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Department of Medical Area, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hong CM, Ahn BC. Redifferentiation of Radioiodine Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer for Reapplication of I-131 Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:260. [PMID: 29085335 PMCID: PMC5649198 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most differentiated thyroid cancers show excellent prognosis, treating radioiodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RR-DTC) is challenging. Various therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy, have been applied for RR-DTC but show limited effectiveness. Redifferentiation followed by radioiodine therapy is a promising alternative therapy for RR-DTC. Retinoic acids, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists are classically used as redifferentiation agents, and recent targeted molecules are also used for this purpose. Appropriate selection of redifferentiation agents for each patient, using current knowledge about genetic and biological characteristics of thyroid cancer, might increase the efficacy of redifferentiation treatment. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms of these redifferentiation agents, results of recent clinical trials, and promising preclinical results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chae Moon Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Byeong-Cheol Ahn,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dupain C, Ali HM, Mouhoub TA, Urbinati G, Massaad-Massade L. Induction of TTF-1 or PAX-8 expression on proliferation and tumorigenicity in thyroid carcinomas. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1248-58. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
12
|
Mio C, Lavarone E, Conzatti K, Baldan F, Toffoletto B, Puppin C, Filetti S, Durante C, Russo D, Orlacchio A, Di Cristofano A, Di Loreto C, Damante G. MCM5 as a target of BET inhibitors in thyroid cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:335-47. [PMID: 26911376 PMCID: PMC4891972 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is an extremely aggressive thyroid cancer subtype, refractory to the current medical treatment. Among various epigenetic anticancer drugs, bromodomain and extra-terminal inhibitors (BETis) are considered to be an appealing novel class of compounds. BETi target the bromodomain and extra-terminal of BET proteins that act as regulators of gene transcription, interacting with histone acetyl groups. The goal of this study is to delineate which pathway underlies the biological effects derived from BET inhibition, in order to find new potential therapeutic targets in ATC. We investigated the effects of BET inhibition on two human anaplastic thyroid cancer-derived cell lines (FRO and SW1736). The treatment with two BETis, JQ1 and I-BET762, decreased cell viability, reduced cell cycle S-phase, and determined cell death. In order to find BETi effectors, FRO and SW1736 were subjected to a global transcriptome analysis after JQ1 treatment. A significant portion of deregulated genes belongs to cell cycle regulators. Among them, MCM5 was decreased at both mRNA and protein levels in both tested cell lines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments indicate that MCM5 is directly bound by the BET protein BRD4. MCM5 silencing reduced cell proliferation, thus underlining its involvement in the block of proliferation induced by BETis. Furthermore, MCM5 immunohistochemical evaluation in human thyroid tumor tissues demonstrated its overexpression in several papillary thyroid carcinomas and in all ATCs. MCM5 was also overexpressed in a murine model of ATC, and JQ1 treatment reduced Mcm5 mRNA expression in two murine ATC cell lines. Thus, MCM5 could represent a new target in the therapeutic approach against ATC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catia Mio
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Elisa Lavarone
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Ketty Conzatti
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Federica Baldan
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Barbara Toffoletto
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Cinzia Puppin
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Filetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical SpecialtiesUniversity 'Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Cosimo Durante
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical SpecialtiesUniversity 'Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia', Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Arturo Orlacchio
- Department of Developmental and Molecular BiologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Antonio Di Cristofano
- Department of Developmental and Molecular BiologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Carla Di Loreto
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sponziello M, Verrienti A, Rosignolo F, De Rose RF, Pecce V, Maggisano V, Durante C, Bulotta S, Damante G, Giacomelli L, Di Gioia CRT, Filetti S, Russo D, Celano M. PDE5 expression in human thyroid tumors and effects of PDE5 inhibitors on growth and migration of cancer cells. Endocrine 2015; 50:434-41. [PMID: 25837309 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed in normal thyroid tissue the presence of the transcript of several phosphodiesterases (PDEs), enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides. In this work, we analyzed the expression of PDE5 in a series of human papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) presenting or not BRAF V600E mutation and classified according to ATA risk criteria. Furthermore, we tested the effects of two PDE5 inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil) against human thyroid cancer cells. PDE5 gene and protein expression were analyzed in two different cohorts of PTCs by real-time PCR using a TaqMan micro-fluid card system and Western blot. MTT and migration assay were used to evaluate the effects of PDE5 inhibitors on proliferation and migration of TPC-1, BCPAP, and 8505C cells. In a first series of 36 PTCs, we found higher expression levels of PDE5A in tumors versus non-tumor (normal) tissues. PTCs with BRAF mutation showed higher levels of mRNA compared with those without mutation. No significant differences were detected between subgroups with low and intermediate ATA risk. Upregulation of PDE5 was also detected in tumor tissue proteins. Similar results were obtained analyzing the second cohort of 50 PTCs. Moreover, all tumor tissues with high PDE5 levels showed reduction of Thyroglobulin, TSH receptor, Thyroperoxidase, and NIS transcripts. In thyroid cancer cells in vitro, sildenafil and tadalafil determined a reduction of proliferation and cellular migration. Our findings demonstrate for the first time an overexpression of PDE5 in PTCs, and the ability of PDE5 inhibitors to block the proliferation of thyroid cancer cells in culture, therefore, suggesting that specific inhibition of PDE5 may be proposed for the treatment of these tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Sponziello
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Verrienti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosignolo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Francesca De Rose
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria Pecce
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Maggisano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cosimo Durante
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Bulotta
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital "S. Maria della Misericordia", 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Laura Giacomelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Cira Rosaria Tiziana Di Gioia
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Filetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Marilena Celano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Baldan F, Mio C, Allegri L, Puppin C, Russo D, Filetti S, Damante G. Synergy between HDAC and PARP Inhibitors on Proliferation of a Human Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer-Derived Cell Line. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:978371. [PMID: 25705225 PMCID: PMC4326215 DOI: 10.1155/2015/978371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a very aggressive human malignancy, having a marked degree of invasiveness and no features of thyroid differentiation. It is known that either HDAC inhibitors or PARP inhibitors have antiproliferative effects on thyroid cancer cells. Therefore, in this study the possible synergy between the two types of compounds has been investigated. The ATC-derived cell line SW1736 has been treated with the HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and the PARP inhibitor PJ34, alone or in combination. In terms of cell viability, the combination index value was always lower than 1 at various tested dosages, indicating, therefore, synergy in a wide range of doses for both compounds. Synergy was also observed in induction of apoptosis. In terms of thyroid-specific gene expression, synergy was observed for TSHR mRNA levels but not for NIS, TTF1, TTF2, and PAX8 mRNA levels. Altogether, these data suggest that the combined use of HDAC and PARP inhibitors may be a useful strategy for treatment of ATC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Baldan
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Catia Mio
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Allegri
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Cinzia Puppin
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Filetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Roma “La Sapienza”, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital “S. Maria della Misericordia”, 33100 Udine, Italy
- *Giuseppe Damante:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hsu KT, Yu XM, Audhya AW, Jaume JC, Lloyd RV, Miyamoto S, Prolla TA, Chen H. Novel approaches in anaplastic thyroid cancer therapy. Oncologist 2014; 19:1148-55. [PMID: 25260367 PMCID: PMC4221369 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), accounting for less than 2% of all thyroid cancer, is responsible for the majority of death from all thyroid malignancies and has a median survival of 6 months. The resistance of ATC to conventional thyroid cancer therapies, including radioiodine and thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression, contributes to the very poor prognosis of this malignancy. This review will cover several cellular signaling pathways and mechanisms, including RET/PTC, RAS, BRAF, Notch, p53, and histone deacetylase, which are identified to play roles in the transformation and dedifferentiation process, and therapies that target these pathways. Lastly, novel approaches and agents involving the Notch1 pathway, nuclear factor κB, Trk-fused gene, cancer stem-like cells, mitochondrial mutation, and tumor immune microenvironment are discussed. With a better understanding of the biological process and treatment modality, the hope is to improve ATC outcome in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Tai Hsu
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xiao-Min Yu
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anjon W Audhya
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Juan C Jaume
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ricardo V Lloyd
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tomas A Prolla
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Herbert Chen
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Spitzweg C, Bible KC, Hofbauer LC, Morris JC. Advanced radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer: the sodium iodide symporter and other emerging therapeutic targets. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:830-42. [PMID: 24898835 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 30% of patients with advanced, metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer have radioiodine-refractory disease, based on decreased expression of the sodium iodide symporter SLC5A5 (NIS), diminished membrane targeting of NIS, or both. Patients with radioiodine-refractory disease, therefore, are not amenable to (131)I therapy, which is the initial systemic treatment of choice for non-refractory metastatic thyroid cancer. Patients with radioiodine-refractory cancer have historically had poor outcomes, partly because these cancers often respond poorly to cytotoxic chemotherapy. In the past decade, however, considerable progress has been made in delineating the molecular pathogenesis of radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer. As a result of the identification of key genetic and epigenetic alterations and dysregulated signalling pathways, multiple biologically targeted drugs, in particular tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, have been evaluated in clinical trials with promising results and have begun to meaningfully impact clinical practice. In this Review, we summarise the current knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of advanced differentiated thyroid cancer and discuss findings from clinical trials of targeted drugs in patients with radioiodine-refractory disease. Additionally, we focus on the molecular basis of loss of NIS expression, function, or both in refractory disease, and discuss preclinical and clinical data on restoration of radioiodine uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Spitzweg
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Campus Grosshadern, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Keith C Bible
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Disease, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - John C Morris
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fröhlich E, Wahl R. The current role of targeted therapies to induce radioiodine uptake in thyroid cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:665-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
18
|
Kushchayeva Y, Jensen K, Burman KD, Vasko V. Repositioning therapy for thyroid cancer: new insights on established medications. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R183-94. [PMID: 24446492 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Repositioning of established non-cancer pharmacotherapeutic agents with well-known activity and side-effect profiles is a promising avenue for the development of new treatment modalities for multiple cancer types. We have analyzed some of the medications with mechanism of action that may have relevance to thyroid cancer (TC). Experimental in vitro and in vivo evidences, as well as results of clinical studies, have indicated that molecular targets for medications currently available for the treatment of mood disorders, sexually transmitted diseases, metabolic disorders, and diabetes may be active and relevant in TC. For instance, the derivatives of cannabis and an anti-diabetic agent, metformin, both are able to inhibit ERK, which is commonly activated in TC cells. We present here several examples of well-known medications that have the potential to become new therapeutics for patients with TC. Repositioning of established medications for the treatment of TC could broaden the scope of current therapeutic strategies. These diverse treatment choices could allow physicians to provide an individualized approach to optimize treatment for patients with TC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya Kushchayeva
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4712, USA Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Baldan F, Lavarone E, Di Loreto C, Filetti S, Russo D, Damante G, Puppin C. Histone post-translational modifications induced by histone deacetylase inhibition in transcriptional control units of NIS gene. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5257-65. [PMID: 24844212 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications (HPTMs) play a major role in control of gene transcription. Among them, histone acetylation and methylation have been extensively investigated. Histone acetylation at different residues is generally associated to active gene transcription. In contrast, histone methylation can be associated either to transcriptional activation or repression, depending primarily on the histone residue that is subjected to the modification. Herein, effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA on the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) gene expression were investigated in breast cancer cells (MDA157 and MDA468). SAHA treatment induces high increase of NIS mRNA levels in MDA468 cells (300-fold), but moderate increase in MDA157 cells (fivefold). Histone H3 HPTMs (acetylation and methylations) on transcriptional units of NIS gene were investigated in these cell lines upon SAHA treatment. Our data indicate that HPTMs, particularly the H3 lysine 27 trimethylation, may operate in contrast to current models that relate epigenetic modifications with transcriptional activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Baldan
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
The Beneficial Effects of Valproic Acid in Thyroid Cancer Are Mediated through Promoting Redifferentiation and Reducing Stemness Level: An In Vitro Study. J Thyroid Res 2014; 2014:218763. [PMID: 24963441 PMCID: PMC4052487 DOI: 10.1155/2014/218763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) has been identified as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, inducing differentiation in transformed cells. However, no study has shown the effect of VPA in the redifferentiation induction and stemness of anaplastic thyroid. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of VPA as a differentiation therapy agent in human thyroid cancer based on its effect on stemness and differentiation process. Indications for differentiation of 8305C and B-CPAP cell lines following VPA treatment were obtained by analyzing cell proliferation rate, morphological changes, adherent-dependent colony formation, and Hoechst 33342 staining. The expressions of stemness, differentiation, and aggressiveness specific marker genes were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. VPA treatment effectively showed growth inhibition in both cell lines. The high nuclear-cytoplasmic (N : C) ratio of 8305C cells markedly decreased and treated cells became more epithelial-like. Treated cells showed stronger Hoechst 33342 fluorescence compared with control cells. The hTERT and OCT-4 reduction was paralleled with adherent-dependent colony formation decrement in both cell lines. VPA effectively induced NIS and TTF-1 in anaplastic cells, it whereas showed no clear pattern in papillary cell line. VPA treatment also resulted in the reduction of MMP-2 and MMP-9. These finding suggest that VPA could redifferentiate the anaplastic thyroid cancer cells.
Collapse
|
21
|
Micali S, Bulotta S, Puppin C, Territo A, Navarra M, Bianchi G, Damante G, Filetti S, Russo D. Sodium iodide symporter (NIS) in extrathyroidal malignancies: focus on breast and urological cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:303. [PMID: 24884806 PMCID: PMC4019362 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expression and function of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is requisite for efficient iodide transport in thyrocytes, and its presence in cancer cells allows the use of radioiodine as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in thyroid neoplasia. Discovery of NIS expression in extrathyroidal tissues, including transformed cells, has opened a novel field of research regarding NIS-expressing extrathyroidal neoplasia. Indeed, expression of NIS may be used as a biomarker for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes. Moreover, stimulation of endogenous NIS expression may permit the radioiodine treatment of extrathyroidal lesions by concentrating this radioisotope. Results This review describes recent findings in NIS research in extrathyroidal malignancies, focusing on breast and urological cancer, emphasizing the most relevant developments that may have clinical impact. Conclusions Given the recent progress in the study of NIS regulation as molecular basis for new therapeutic approaches in extrathyroidal cancers, particular attention is given to studies regarding the relationship between NIS and clinical-pathological aspects of the tumors and the regulation of NIS expression in the experimental models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Angelo Territo
- Department of Urology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Largo del Pozzo, 71, Modena 41100, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vu-Phan D, Koenig RJ. Genetics and epigenetics of sporadic thyroid cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 386:55-66. [PMID: 23933154 PMCID: PMC3867574 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy, and although the disease generally has an excellent prognosis, therapeutic options are limited for patients not cured by surgery and radioiodine. Thyroid carcinomas commonly contain one of a small number of recurrent genetic mutations. The identification and study of these mutations has led to a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease and is providing new approaches to diagnosis and therapy. Papillary thyroid carcinomas usually contain an activating mutation in the RAS cascade, most commonly in BRAF and less commonly in RAS itself or through gene fusions that activate RET. A chromosomal translocation that results in production of a PAX8-PPARG fusion protein is found in follicular carcinomas. Anaplastic carcinomas may contain some of the above changes as well as additional mutations. Therapies that are targeted to these mutations are being used in patient care and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Vu-Phan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Ronald J Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang Z, Liu D, Murugan AK, Liu Z, Xing M. Histone deacetylation of NIS promoter underlies BRAF V600E-promoted NIS silencing in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:161-73. [PMID: 24243688 PMCID: PMC3920838 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The BRAF V600E mutation causes impaired expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) and radioiodine refractoriness of thyroid cancer, but the underlying mechanism remains undefined. In this study, we hypothesized that histone deacetylation at the NIS (SLC5A5) promoter was the mechanism. Using the chromatin immunoprecipitation approach, we examined histone acetylation status on the lysine residues H3K9/14, H3K18, total H4, and H4K16 at the NIS promoter under the influence of BRAF V600E. We found that expression of stably or transiently transfected BRAF V600E inhibited NIS expression while the deacetylase inhibitor SAHA stimulated NIS expression in PCCL3 rat thyroid cells. Although BRAF V600E enhanced global histone acetylation, it caused histone deacetylation at the NIS promoter while SAHA caused acetylation in the cells. In human thyroid cancer BCPAP cells harboring homozygous BRAF V600E mutation, BRAF V600E inhibitor, PLX4032, and MEK inhibitor, AZD6244, increased histone acetylation of the NIS promoter, suggesting that BRAF V600E normally maintained histone in a deacetylated state at the NIS promoter. The regions most commonly affected with deacetylation by BRAF V600E were the transcriptionally active areas upstream of the translation start that contained important transcription factor binding sites, including nucleotides -297/-107 in the rat NIS promoter and -692/-370 in the human NIS promoter. Our findings not only reveal an epigenetic mechanism for BRAF V600E-promoted NIS silencing involving histone deacetylation at critical regulatory regions of the NIS promoter but also provide further support for our previously proposed combination therapy targeting major signaling pathways and histone deacetylase to restore thyroid gene expression for radioiodine treatment of thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongjing Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid ResearchJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287USA
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismChangzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dingxie Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid ResearchJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287USA
| | - Avaniyapuram Kannan Murugan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid ResearchJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287USA
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismChangzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mingzhao Xing
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid ResearchJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to M Xing
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
D'Agostino M, Sponziello M, Puppin C, Celano M, Maggisano V, Baldan F, Biffoni M, Bulotta S, Durante C, Filetti S, Damante G, Russo D. Different expression of TSH receptor and NIS genes in thyroid cancer: role of epigenetics. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:121-31. [PMID: 24353283 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The TSH receptor (TSHR) and sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) are key players in radioiodine-based treatment of differentiated thyroid cancers. While NIS (SLC5AS) expression is diminished/lost in most thyroid tumors, TSHR is usually preserved. To examine the mechanisms that regulate the expression of NIS and TSHR genes in thyroid tumor cells, we analyzed their expression after inhibition of ras-BRAF-MAPK and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways and the epigenetic control occurring at the gene promoter level in four human thyroid cancer cell lines. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure NIS and TSHR mRNA in thyroid cancer cell lines (TPC-1, BCPAP, WRO, and FTC-133). Western blotting was used to assess the levels of total and phosphorylated ERK and Akt. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed for investigating histone post-translational modifications of the TSHR and NIS genes. ERK and Akt inhibitors elicited different responses of the cells in terms of TSHR and NIS mRNA levels. Akt inhibition increased NIS transcript levels and reduced those of TSHR in FTC-133 cells but had no significant effects in BCPAP. ERK inhibition increased the expression of both genes in BCPAP cells but had no effects in FTC-133. Histone post-translational modifications observed in the basal state of the four cell lines as well as in BCPAP treated with ERK inhibitor and FTC-133 treated with Akt inhibitor show cell- and gene-specific differences. In conclusion, our data indicate that in thyroid cancer cells the expression of TSHR and NIS genes is differently controlled by multiple mechanisms, including epigenetic events elicited by major signaling pathways involved in thyroid tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria D'Agostino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia', Campus 'S. Venuta', Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties Surgical Sciences, University of Roma 'Sapienza', 00161 Roma, Italy Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Maggisano V, Puppin C, Celano M, D'Agostino M, Sponziello M, Micali S, Navarra M, Damante G, Filetti S, Russo D. Cooperation of histone deacetylase inhibitors SAHA and valproic acid in promoting sodium/iodide symporter expression and function in rat Leydig testicular carcinoma cells. Endocrine 2014; 45:148-52. [PMID: 23636804 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-9972-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) is the prerequisite for the use of the radioiodine in the treatment of thyroid cancer. Thus, stimulators of NIS expression and function are currently investigated in cellular models of various human malignancies, also including extrathyroid cancers. In this study, we analyzed the effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and valproic acid (VPA), on NIS expression and function in rat Leydig testicular carcinoma cells (LC540). LC540 cells were exposed to SAHA 3 μM and VPA 3 mM (alone and in combination), and cell viability evaluated by MTT assay and cell counting, NIS mRNA and protein levels by using, respectively, real-time RT-PCR and western blotting. NIS function was evaluated by iodide uptake assay. We found that both HDACi were able to stimulate the transcription of NIS gene, but not its protein expression, while the association of SAHA and VPA increased both NIS transcript and protein levels, resulting in significant sixfold enhancement of radioiodine uptake capacity of LC540 cells. These data demonstrate the presence of an epigenetic control of NIS expression in Leydig tumor cells, suggesting the possibility to use the combination of these two HDACi for a radioiodine-based treatment of these malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Maggisano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia', Viale Europa, loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sponziello M, Lavarone E, Pegolo E, Di Loreto C, Puppin C, Russo MA, Bruno R, Filetti S, Durante C, Russo D, Di Cristofano A, Damante G. Molecular differences between human thyroid follicular adenoma and carcinoma revealed by analysis of a murine model of thyroid cancer. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3043-53. [PMID: 23751876 PMCID: PMC3749486 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models can provide useful information to understand molecular mechanisms of human tumorigenesis. In this study, the conditional thyroid mutagenesis of Pten and Ras genes in the mouse, which induces very aggressive follicular carcinomas (FTCs), has been used to identify genes differentially expressed among human normal thyroid tissue (NT), follicular adenoma (FA), and FTC. Global gene expression of mouse FTC was compared with that of mouse normal thyroids: 911 genes were found deregulated ± 2-fold in FTC samples. Then the expression of 45 deregulated genes in mouse tumors was investigated by quantitative RT-PCR in a first cohort of human NT, FA, and FTC (discovery group). Five genes were found significantly down-regulated in FA and FTC compared with NT. However, 17 genes were found differentially expressed between FA and FTC: 5 and 12 genes were overexpressed and underexpressed in FTC vs FA, respectively. Finally, 7 gene products, selected from results obtained in the discovery group, were investigated in a second cohort of human tumors (validation group) by immunohistochemistry. Four proteins showed significant differences between FA and FTC (peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ, serum deprivation response protein, osteoglycin, and dipeptidase 1). Altogether our data indicate that the establishment of an enriched panel of molecular biomarkers using data coming from mouse thyroid tumors and validated in human specimens may help to set up a more valid platform to further improve diagnosis and prognosis of thyroid malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Sponziello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Università di Roma “Sapienza,” 00161 Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Durante C, Costante G, Filetti S. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma: defining new paradigms for postoperative management. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:R141-54. [PMID: 23572163 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The demography of differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs) has changed considerably since the 1990s, when the vast majority of these tumors were clinically evident at the time of diagnosis, and many were associated with regional lymph node involvement. Today's DTCs are more likely to be small, localized, asymptomatic papillary forms that are discovered incidentally, during neck imaging procedure performed for other reasons or during postoperative assessment of a gland removed for benign nodular goiter. The tools available for diagnosing, treating, and monitoring DTCs have also changed and their diagnostic capacities have increased. For these reasons, DTC treatment and follow-up paradigms are being revised to ensure more appropriate, cost-effective management of the current generation of DTCs. This review examines some of the key issues in this area, including the assessment of risks for disease recurrence and thyroid cancer-related death, the indications for postoperative ablation of the thyroid remnant with radioactive iodine and TSH-suppressive doses of levothyroxine, the pros, cons, and rationales for the use of various follow-up tools (serum thyroglobulin assays, neck ultrasound, 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography, and whole-body (131)I scintigraphy), and temporal strategies for maximizing their efficacy. An algorithm is presented for individualized, risk-tailored management of DTC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Durante
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome Sapienza, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Perona M, Rodríguez C, Carpano M, Thomasz L, Nievas S, Olivera M, Thorp S, Curotto P, Pozzi E, Kahl S, Pisarev M, Juvenal G, Dagrosa A. Improvement of the boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) by the previous administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate for the treatment of thyroid carcinoma. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2013; 52:363-373. [PMID: 23636505 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-013-0470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) could be an alternative for the treatment of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC). Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI) like sodium butyrate (NaB) cause hyperacetylation of histone proteins and show capacity to increase the gamma irradiation effect. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the use of the NaB as a radiosensitizer of the BNCT for PDTC. Follicular thyroid carcinoma cells (WRO) and rat thyroid epithelial cells (FRTL-5) were incubated with 1 mM NaB and then treated with boronophenylalanine ¹⁰BPA (10 μg ¹⁰B ml⁻¹) + neutrons, or with 2, 4-bis (α,β-dihydroxyethyl)-deutero-porphyrin IX ¹⁰BOPP (10 μg ¹⁰B ml⁻¹) + neutrons, or with a neutron beam alone. The cells were irradiated in the thermal column facility of the RA-3 reactor (flux = (1.0 ± 0.1) × 10¹⁰ n cm⁻² s⁻¹). Cell survival decreased as a function of the physical absorbed dose in both cell lines. Moreover, the addition of NaB decreased cell survival (p < 0.05) in WRO cells incubated with both boron compounds. NaB increased the percentage of necrotic and apoptotic cells in both BNCT groups (p < 0.05). An accumulation of cells in G2/M phase at 24 h was observed for all the irradiated groups and the addition of NaB increased this percentage. Biodistribution studies of BPA (350 mg kg⁻¹ body weight) 24 h after NaB injection were performed. The in vivo studies showed that NaB treatment increases the amount of boron in the tumor at 2-h post-BPA injection (p < 0.01). We conclude that NaB could be used as a radiosensitizer for the treatment of thyroid carcinoma by BNCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Perona
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission-CNEA, Avenida General Paz 1499, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pugliese M, Fortunati N, Germano A, Asioli S, Marano F, Palestini N, Frairia R, Boccuzzi G, Catalano MG. Histone deacetylase inhibition affects sodium iodide symporter expression and induces 131I cytotoxicity in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Thyroid 2013; 23:838-46. [PMID: 23531031 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid cancers (ATCs) represent only 1%-2% of all thyroid tumors, but they account for up to 50% of the mortality. Treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinomas is well standardized and the use of radioiodine represents an essential step; in contrast, there is no standardized therapeutic approach for anaplastic tumors and their prognosis is poor. The resistance of ATC to radioiodine treatment is principally due to the absence of expression of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS), mainly due to epigenetic silencing. The acetylation status of histones is involved in the epigenetic control of gene expression and is usually disrupted in advanced thyroid cancer. Histone deacetylase inhibitors have been demonstrated as potent anticancer drugs with several different effects on cell viability and differentiation. METHODS Stabilized ATC cell lines (BHT-101 and CAL-62) and primary cultures from patients who underwent thyroidectomy for ATC were treated with the histone deacetylase inhibitor LBH589. After treatment, we evaluated the expression and function of NIS. Gene expression was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), NIS promoter activity was determined with a luciferase reporter assay, and protein expression was assessed through immunofluorescence. We tested the protein function by (125)I uptake and efflux experiments; finally the cytotoxic effect of (131)I was determined with a clonogenic assay. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that treatment with LBH589 leads to NIS RNA expression as shown by RT-PCR and luciferase assay, and to protein expression as determined by immunofluorescence in vitro and by immunohistochemistry in xenograft tumors. Moreover, (125)I uptake and efflux experiments show the correct protein function and iodine retention, which translate into cytotoxicity effects, as demonstrated by a clonogenic assay with (131)I. CONCLUSIONS This study supplies a new potential strategy for the treatment of ATC by modifying gene expression with the aim of inducing responsiveness towards radioiodine therapy.
Collapse
|
30
|
Micali S, Maggisano V, Cesinaro A, Celano M, Territo A, Reggiani Bonetti L, Sponziello M, Migaldi M, Navarra M, Bianchi G, Filetti S, Russo D. Sodium/iodide symporter is expressed in the majority of seminomas and embryonal testicular carcinomas. J Endocrinol 2013; 216:125-33. [PMID: 23117572 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Testicular cancer is the most frequent cancer in young men. The large majority of patients have a good prognosis, but in a small group of tumors, the current treatments are not effective. Radioiodine is routinely used in the treatment of thyroid cancer and is currently investigated as a potential therapeutic tool even for extra-thyroid tumors able to concentrate this radioisotope. Expression of Na(+)/I(-) symporter (NIS (SLC5A5)), the glycoprotein responsible for iodide transport, has been demonstrated in normal testicular tissue. In this study, we analyzed NIS expression in a large series of testicular carcinomas. Our retrospective series included 107 patients operated for testicular tumors: 98 typical seminomas, six embryonal carcinomas, one mixed embryonal choriocarcinoma, and two Leydig cells tumors. Expression and regulation of NIS mRNA and protein levels were also investigated in human embryonal testicular carcinoma cells (NTERA) by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the presence of NIS in the large majority of seminomas (90/98) and embryonal carcinomas (5/7) of the testis but not in Leydig cell carcinomas. Expression of NIS protein was significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion. In NTERA cells treated with the histone deacetylase inhibitors SAHA and valproic acid, a significant increase in NIS mRNA (about 60- and 30-fold vs control, P<0.001 and P<0.01 respectively) and protein levels, resulting in enhanced ability to uptake radioiodine, was observed. Finally, NIS expression in testicular tumors with the more aggressive behavior is of interest for the potential use of targeting NIS to deliver radioiodine in malignant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Micali
- Departments of Urology Pathology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Russo D, Durante C, Bulotta S, Puppin C, Puxeddu E, Filetti S, Damante G. Targeting histone deacetylase in thyroid cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 17:179-93. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.740013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
32
|
Regalbuto C, Frasca F, Pellegriti G, Malandrino P, Marturano I, Di Carlo I, Pezzino V. Update on thyroid cancer treatment. Future Oncol 2012; 8:1331-48. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgery and radioiodine therapy are usually effective for most patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. However, poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas represent a challenge to physicians on the basis of the current cancer treatment modalities. These cancer subtypes are often lethal and refractory to radioiodine therapy as well as most of the common chemotherapy drugs. Several kinase inhibitors are promising targeted therapies for these malignancies; however, clinical trials involving these drugs have provided controversial results and their clinical use is still under debate. Advanced medullary thyroid carcinomas may also be refractory to conventional therapies and novel kinase inhibitors may also be useful to control tumor progression in certain patients. Novel evidence is emerging that thyroid cancer is a stem cell disease, thereby implying that the driving force of thyroid cancers is a subset of undifferentiated cells (thyroid cancer stem cells) with unlimited growth potential and resistance to conventional therapeutic regimens. Thyroid cancer stem cells have been proposed as responsible for tumor invasiveness, metastasis, relapse and differentiation. Therefore, drugs that selectively target these cells could serve as a cornerstone in the treatment of poorly differentiated thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Concetto Regalbuto
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical & Molecular Biomedicine of the University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Frasca
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical & Molecular Biomedicine of the University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pellegriti
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical & Molecular Biomedicine of the University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Pasqualino Malandrino
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical & Molecular Biomedicine of the University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Ilenia Marturano
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical & Molecular Biomedicine of the University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Isidoro Di Carlo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Organ Transplantation, & Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Cannizzaro Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pezzino
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical & Molecular Biomedicine of the University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
- Centre of Diabetology & Endocrine Diseases, Cannizzaro Hospital, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lacoste C, Hervé J, Bou Nader M, Dos Santos A, Moniaux N, Valogne Y, Montjean R, Dorseuil O, Samuel D, Cassio D, Portulano C, Carrasco N, Bréchot C, Faivre J. Iodide transporter NIS regulates cancer cell motility and invasiveness by interacting with the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor LARG. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5505-15. [PMID: 22962269 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A number of solute carrier (SLC) proteins are subject to changes in expression and activity during carcinogenesis. Whether these changes play a role in carcinogenesis is unclear, except for some nutrients and ion carriers whose deregulation ensures the necessary reprogramming of energy metabolism in cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the functional role in tumor progression of the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS; aka SLC5A5), which is upregulated and mislocalized in many human carcinomas. Notably, we found that NIS enhanced cell migration and invasion without ion transport being involved. These functions were mediated by NIS binding to leukemia-associated RhoA guanine exchange factor, a Rho guanine exchange factor that activates the small GTPase RhoA. Sequestering NIS in intracellular organelles or impairing its targeting to the cell surface (as observed in many cancers) led to a further increase in cell motility and invasiveness. In sum, our results established NIS as a carrier protein that interacts with a major cell signaling hub to facilitate tumor cell locomotion and invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lacoste
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U785, Centre Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Regulation of leptin receptor expression in human papillary thyroid cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2012; 66:469-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
35
|
Sue M, Akama T, Kawashima A, Nakamura H, Hara T, Tanigawa K, Wu H, Yoshihara A, Ishido Y, Hiroi N, Yoshino G, Kohn LD, Ishii N, Suzuki K. Propylthiouracil increases sodium/iodide symporter gene expression and iodide uptake in rat thyroid cells in the absence of TSH. Thyroid 2012; 22:844-52. [PMID: 22853729 PMCID: PMC3407387 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (MMI) are drugs that are widely used to treat Graves' disease. Although both exert an antithyroid effect primarily by blocking thyroid peroxidase activity, their molecular structure and other actions are different. We hypothesized that PTU and MMI may have differential effects on thyroid-specific gene expression and function. METHODS The effects of PTU and MMI on thyroid-specific gene expression and function were examined in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells using DNA microarray, reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and radioiodine uptake studies. RESULTS DNA microarray analysis showed a marked increase in sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) gene expression after PTU treatment, whereas MMI had no effect. RT-PCR and real-time PCR analysis revealed that PTU-induced NIS mRNA levels were comparable to those elicited by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). PTU increased 5'-1880-bp and 5'-1052-bp activity of the rat NIS promoter. While PTU treatment also increased NIS protein levels, the size of the induced protein was smaller than that induced by TSH, and the protein localized predominantly in the cytoplasm rather than the plasma membrane. Accumulation of (125)I in FRTL-5 cells was increased by PTU stimulation, but this effect was weaker than that produced by TSH. CONCLUSIONS We found that PTU induces NIS expression and iodide uptake in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells in the absence of TSH. Although PTU and MMI share similar antithyroid activity, their effects on other thyroid functions appear to be quite different, which could affect their therapeutic effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sue
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akama
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hannah Nakamura
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Takeshi Hara
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanigawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Huhehasi Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Yoshihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishido
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiroi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Yoshino
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Leonard D. Kohn
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Edison Biotechnology Institute, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Norihisa Ishii
- Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Passon N, Puppin C, Lavarone E, Bregant E, Franzoni A, Hershman JM, Fenton MS, D'Agostino M, Durante C, Russo D, Filetti S, Damante G. Cyclic AMP-response element modulator inhibits the promoter activity of the sodium iodide symporter gene in thyroid cancer cells. Thyroid 2012; 22:487-93. [PMID: 22510021 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehension of the regulatory mechanism involved in the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) expression is of great relevance for thyroid cancer. In fact, restoration of NIS expression would be a strategy to treat undifferentiated thyroid cancer. Previous in vitro findings suggest that the cyclic AMP-response element (CRE) modulator (CREM) is involved in control of NIS expression. In this work, we examined the expression of CREM in a series of thyroid cancer tissues and its action on NIS promoter in human thyroid cancer cells. METHODS Expression of mRNA levels for CREM, PAX8 and NIS was measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 6 normal thyroid tissues, 22 papillary, 12 follicular and 4 anaplastic thyroid cancers. The effect of CREM on transcriptional activity of the NIS promoter was investigated by transient transfection of human thyroid cell lines. RESULTS Compared to normal tissues, NIS and PAX8 mRNA levels were significantly reduced in all types of thyroid cancer. As expected, the maximal decrease was detected in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Conversely, CREM mRNA levels were increased in all types of thyroid cancer, reaching statistical significance for follicular and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (p=0.0157 and 0.0045, respectively). Transfection experiments showed an inhibitory effect of CREM on NIS promoter activity in various thyroid cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that CREM expression is increased in thyroid cancer tissue and may play a role in the downregulation of NIS expression in thyroid cancer acting at the transcriptional level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Passon
- Department of Medical and Biological Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu Z, Xing M. Induction of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) expression and radioiodine uptake in non-thyroid cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31729. [PMID: 22359623 PMCID: PMC3281006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to explore the therapeutic potential of suppressing MAP kinase and PI3K/Akt pathways and histone deacetylase (HDAC) to induce the expression of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) and radioiodine uptake in non-thyroid cancer cells. METHODS We tested the effects of the MEK inhibitor RDEA119, the Akt inhibitor perifosine, and the HDAC inhibitor SAHA on NIS expression in thirteen human cancer cell lines derived from melanoma, hepatic carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, colon carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and brain cancers. We also examined radioiodine uptake and histone acetylation at the NIS promoter in selected cells. RESULTS Overall, the three inhibitors could induce NIS expression, to various extents, in melanoma and all the epithelial carcinoma-derived cells but not in brain cancer-derived cells. SAHA was most effective and its effect could be significantly enhanced by RDEA119 and perifosine. The expression of NIS, at both mRNA and protein levels, was most robust in the melanoma cell M14, hepatic carcinoma cell HepG2, and the gastric carcinoma cell MKN-7 cell. Radioiodine uptake was correspondingly induced, accompanied by robust increase in histone acetylation at the NIS promoter, in these cells when treated with the three inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration that simultaneously suppressing the MAP kinase and PI3K/Akt pathways and HDAC could induce robust NIS expression and radioiodine uptake in certain non-thyroid human cancer cells, providing novel therapeutic implications for adjunct radioiodine treatment of these cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mingzhao Xing
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Therapeutic options for advanced, unresectable radioiodine-resistant thyroid cancers have historically been limited. Recent progress in understanding the pathogenesis of the various subtypes of thyroid cancer has led to increased interest in the development of targeted therapies, with potential strategies including angiogenesis inhibition, inhibition of aberrant intracellular signaling in the MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, radioimmunotherapy, and redifferentiation agents. On the basis of a recent positive phase III clinical trial, the RET, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor vandetanib has received FDA approval as of April 2011 for use in the treatment of advanced medullary thyroid cancer. Several other recent phase II clinical trials in advanced thyroid cancer have demonstrated significant activity, and multiple other promising therapeutic strategies are in earlier phases of clinical development. The recent progress in targeted therapy is already revolutionizing management paradigms for advanced thyroid cancer, and will likely continue to dramatically expand treatment options in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Liebner
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Manisha H. Shah
- A438 Starling-Loving Hall, 320 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Paeng JC, Kang KW, Park DJ, Oh SW, Chung JK. Alternative medical treatment for radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancers. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 45:241-7. [PMID: 24900013 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-011-0107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is one of the most rapidly increasing cancers in many countries. Although most thyroid cancers are differentiated cancers and easily treated with radioiodine (RI), a portion of differentiated and undifferentiated cancers is refractory not only to RI therapy, but also to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Thus, various alternative therapies have been tested in RI-refractory thyroid cancers. These alternative therapies include two major categories: redifferentiation therapy and recent molecular target therapy. Several clinical trials have investigated these therapies. They demonstrated potential effects of the therapies, although the results have been somewhat limited so far. Thus, the future strategy for undifferentiated thyroid cancers will involve individualized, lesion-specific, and combined therapy. In this review, the basic mechanism of each redifferentiation and molecular target therapy is discussed, and results of recent clinical trials using these therapeutic agents are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chul Paeng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro 101, Jongno-gu Seoul, 110-744 Korea ; Thyroid Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro 101, Jongno-gu Seoul, 110-744 Korea ; Thyroid Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Joon Park
- Thyroid Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Won Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro 101, Jongno-gu Seoul, 110-744 Korea ; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - June-Key Chung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro 101, Jongno-gu Seoul, 110-744 Korea ; Thyroid Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yong WP, Goh BC, Soo RA, Toh HC, Ethirajulu K, Wood J, Novotny-Diermayr V, Lee SC, Yeo WL, Chan D, Lim D, Seah E, Lim R, Zhu J. Phase I and pharmacodynamic study of an orally administered novel inhibitor of histone deacetylases, SB939, in patients with refractory solid malignancies. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:2516-2522. [PMID: 21385886 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to assess the safety, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy of SB939, a novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Dose-escalating cohorts of three to six patients received SB939 orally thrice weekly for 3 weeks in a 4-week cycle. Acetylated histone H3 (acH3) was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS Thirty patients treated at one of five doses (10-80 mg/day) received 79 cycles of SB939 (range, 1-12 cycles). Dose-limiting toxic effects were fatigue, hypokalemia, troponin T elevation, and QTc prolongation. Peak plasma concentration (C(max)) and area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity increased dose proportionally. The MTD of SB939 was 80 mg/day. The mean elimination half-life and oral clearance of SB939 were 7.2 ± 0.6 h and 53.0 ± 8.5 l/h, respectively, with no substantial accumulation on day 15. An increase in acH3 was observed at hour 3 and correlated with dose and C(max). Stable disease was seen in several tumor types treated at ≥40 mg. HDAC inhibition was consistently observed at 60 mg, the recommended dose. CONCLUSIONS SB939 can be safely administered at the recommended dose and reaches plasma levels that strongly inhibit HDAC in PBMCs. These data support further efficacy studies of SB939.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W P Yong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital
| | - B C Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital.
| | - R A Soo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital
| | - H C Toh
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre
| | | | - J Wood
- S*BIO Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - S C Lee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital
| | - W L Yeo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital
| | - D Chan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital
| | - D Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre
| | - E Seah
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital
| | - R Lim
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital
| | - J Zhu
- S*BIO Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Puppin C, Passon N, Frasca F, Vigneri R, Tomay F, Tomaciello S, Damante G. In thyroid cancer cell lines expression of periostin gene is controlled by p73 and is not related to epigenetic marks of active transcription. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2011; 34:131-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-011-0009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
42
|
Pianta A, Puppin C, Franzoni A, Fabbro D, Di Loreto C, Bulotta S, Deganuto M, Paron I, Tell G, Puxeddu E, Filetti S, Russo D, Damante G. Nucleophosmin is overexpressed in thyroid tumors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 397:499-504. [PMID: 20515654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM) is a protein that contributes to several cell functions. Depending on the context, it can act as an oncogene or tumor suppressor. No data are available on NPM expression in thyroid cells. In this work, we analyzed both NPM mRNA and protein levels in a series of human thyroid tumor tissues and cell lines. By using immunohistochemistry, NPM overexpression was detected in papillary, follicular, undifferentiated thyroid cancer, and also in follicular benign adenomas, indicating it as an early event during thyroid tumorigenesis. In contrast, various levels of NPM mRNA levels as detected by quantitative RT-PCR were observed in tumor tissues, suggesting a dissociation between protein and transcript expression. The same behavior was observed in the normal thyroid FRTL5 cell lines. In these cells, a positive correlation between NPM protein levels, but not mRNA, and proliferation state was detected. By using thyroid tumor cell lines, we demonstrated that such a post-mRNA regulation may depend on NPM binding to p-Akt, whose levels were found to be increased in the tumor cells, in parallel with reduction of PTEN. In conclusion, our present data demonstrate for the first time that nucleophosmin is overexpressed in thyroid tumors, as an early event of thyroid tumorigenesis. It seems as a result of a dysregulation occurring at protein and not transcriptional level related to an increase of p-Akt levels of transformed thyrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pianta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fortunati N, Catalano MG, Marano F, Mugoni V, Pugliese M, Bosco O, Mainini F, Boccuzzi G. The pan-DAC inhibitor LBH589 is a multi-functional agent in breast cancer cells: cytotoxic drug and inducer of sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 124:667-75. [PMID: 20213084 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
New drugs with anti-tumor activity, also able to modify the expression of selected molecules, are under evaluation in breast cancer which is becoming resistant to conventional treatment, or in metastatic disease. The sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), which mediates iodide uptake into thyroid cells, and is the molecular basis of radioiodine imaging and therapy in thyroid cancer, is also expressed in a large portion of breast tumors. Since NIS expression in breast cancer is not sufficient for a significant iodide uptake, drugs able to induce its expression and correct function are under evaluation. In the present study, we report for the first time that the pan-deacetylase (DAC) inhibitor LBH589 (panobinostat) significantly induced NIS, both as mRNA and as protein, through the increase of NIS promoter activity, with the final consequence of obtaining a significant up-take of iodide in MCF7, T47D, and MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells. Moreover, we observed that LBH589 causes a significant reduction in cell viability of estrogen-sensitive and -insensitive breast cancer cells within nanomolar range. The anti-tumor effect of LBH589 is sustained by apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in G(2)/M. In conclusion, our data suggest that LBH589 might be a powerful tool in the management of breast cancer due to its multiple effects and support a potential application of LBH589 in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Fortunati
- Oncological Endocrinology, AOU San Giovanni Battista, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
O'Neill CJ, Oucharek J, Learoyd D, Sidhu SB. Standard and emerging therapies for metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer. Oncologist 2010; 15:146-56. [PMID: 20142332 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid cancer accounts for >90% of cases of thyroid cancer, with most patients having an excellent prognosis. Distant metastases occur in 10%-15% of patients, decreasing the overall 10-year survival rate in this group to 40%. Radioactive iodine has been the mainstay of treatment for distant metastases, with good results when lesions retain the ability to take up iodine. For patients with metastatic disease resistant to radioactive iodine, treatment options are few and survival is poor. Chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy have been used in these patients, but with disappointing results. In recent years, our understanding of the molecular pathways involved in thyroid cancer has increased and a number of molecular targets have been identified. These targets include the proto-oncogenes BRAF and RET, known to be common mutations in thyroid cancer; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, associated with angiogenesis; and the sodium-iodide symporter, with the aim of restoring its expression and hence radioactive iodine uptake. There are now multiple trials of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors, and other novel agents available to patients with metastatic thyroid cancer. This review discusses both traditional and novel treatments for metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer with a particular focus on emerging treatments for patients with radioactive iodine-refractory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine J O'Neill
- University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hou P, Bojdani E, Xing M. Induction of thyroid gene expression and radioiodine uptake in thyroid cancer cells by targeting major signaling pathways. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:820-8. [PMID: 20008023 PMCID: PMC2840852 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Radioiodine ablation is commonly used to treat thyroid cancer, but a major challenge is often the loss of radioiodine avidity of the cancer caused by aberrant silencing of iodide-handling genes. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to test the therapeutic potential of targeting the aberrantly activated MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways and histone deacetylase to restore radioiodine avidity in thyroid cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We tested the effects of specific inhibitors targeting these pathways/molecules that had established clinical applicability, including the MAPK kinase inhibitor RDEA119, mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus, Akt inhibitor perifosine, and histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA, individually or in combinations, on the expression of iodide-handling genes and radioiodide uptake in a large panel of thyroid cancer cell lines. RESULTS The expression of a large number of iodide-handling genes could be restored, particularly the sodium/iodide symporter, TSH receptor, and thyroperoxidase, by treating cells with these inhibitors. The effect was particularly robust and synergistic when combinations of inhibitors containing SAHA were used. Robust expression of sodium/iodide symporter in the cell membrane, which plays the most important role in iodide uptake in thyroid cells, was confirmed by immunofluorescent microscopy. Radioiodide uptake by cells was correspondingly induced under these conditions. Thyroid gene expression and radioiodide uptake could both be further enhanced by TSH. CONCLUSIONS Targeting major signaling pathways could restore thyroid gene expression and radioiodide uptake in thyroid cancer cells. Further studies are warranted to test this therapeutic potential in restoring radioiodine avidity of thyroid cancer cells for effective ablation treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sponziello M, Scipioni A, Durante C, Verrienti A, Maranghi M, Giacomelli L, Ferretti E, Celano M, Filetti S, Russo D. Regulation of sodium/iodide symporter and lactoperoxidase expression in four human breast cancer cell lines. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33:2-6. [PMID: 19794300 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agents capable of increasing radioiodine concentration by stimulating the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) expression have been extensively investigated for the treatment of certain well-differentiated breast cancers. AIM In this study, we analyzed the regulation of the NIS and lactoperoxidase (LPO) gene expression in 4 different human breast cancer cell lines, representative of different histotypes of breast cancer. METHODS MCF-7, T-47D, MDA-MB231, and HCC-1937 (the latter carrying the BRCA-1 mutation) were exposed to different stimulators and the levels of NIS and LPO mRNA measured by a quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS All-trans-Retinoic Acid (RA), Dexamethasone (DEX), Trichostatin A (TSA), and Sodium Butyrate (NaB) induced the expression of NIS mRNA in MCF-7 and T-47D cell lines, whereas HCC-1937 and MBA-MB231 were slightly responsive only to the histone-deacetylase inhibitors TSA and NaB. Minor stimulatory effects were detected on LPO mRNA in MCF-7 and T-47D treated with TSA and NaB or RA only in MCF-7, while no effect was detectable in the other two cell lines. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that retinoic acid, alone or in combination with DEX, as well as HDAC-inhibitors are very promising agents for a radioiodine- based therapy in a large spectrum of breast cancers, including neoplasms from both basal and ductal cells, especially for the well-differentiated estrogen-dependent tumors. Other molecules or other drug combinations should be tested to extend the same strategy to the less differentiated and more aggressive tumor cells, including those carrying the BRCA mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sponziello
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pilli T, Prasad KV, Jayarama S, Pacini F, Prabhakar BS. Potential utility and limitations of thyroid cancer cell lines as models for studying thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2009; 19:1333-42. [PMID: 20001716 PMCID: PMC2833173 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-derived cell lines are widely used to study the mechanisms involved in thyroid carcinogenesis but recent studies have reported redundancy among thyroid cancer cell lines and identification of some "thyroid cell lines" that are likely not of thyroid origin. SUMMARY In this review, we have summarized the uses, the limitations, and the existing problems associated with the available follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer cell lines. There are some limitations to the use of cell lines as a model to "mimic" in vivo tumors. Based on the gene expression profiles of thyroid cell lines originating from tumors of different types it has become apparent that some of the cell lines are closely related to each other and to those of undifferentiated carcinomas. Further, many cell lines have lost the expression of thyroid-specific genes and have altered karyotypes, while they exhibit activation of several oncogenes (BRAF, v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1; RAS, rat sarcoma; and RET/PTC, rearranged in transformation/papillary thyroid carcinoma) and inactivation of tumor suppressor gene (TP53) which is known to be important for thyroid tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS A careful selection of thyroid cancer cell lines that reflect the major characteristics of a particular type of thyroid cancer being investigated could be used as a good model system to analyze the signaling pathways that may be important in thyroid carcinogenesis. Further, the review of literature also suggests that some of the limitations can be overcome by using multiple cell lines derived from the same type of tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Pilli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kanteti V. Prasad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shankar Jayarama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Furio Pacini
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Bellur S. Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fröhlich E, Czarnocka B, Brossart P, Wahl R. Antitumor effects of arsenic trioxide in transformed human thyroid cells. Thyroid 2008; 18:1183-93. [PMID: 19014326 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2008.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve radioiodine treatment of metastasized differentiated thyroid carcinomas, substances that increase iodide uptake are needed. Many tumors are not responsive to retinoic acid as a differentiating agent. Therefore, identification of other differentiating substances is needed. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) was investigated for its potential to increase iodide uptake. METHODS The action of ATO on proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis was evaluated in follicular and papillary thyroid carcinoma cell lines. To get insight into the mode of action of ATO, coincubations with inhibitors of the phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase pathway (V-Akt Murine Thymoma Viral Oncogene Homolog 1, Akt inhibitors) were performed; glutathione (GSH) levels were determined, as well as synergistic effects of ATO with inhibitors of GSH metabolism, inductors of oxidative stress. As a potential additional target of the pleiotropic action of ATO, its effect on glucose uptake was investigated. The expression of sodium iodide symporter, pendrin, phospho-Akt, and glucose transporter 1 was studied to reveal a potential effect of ATO on the transcription of specific genes. RESULTS ATO reduced proliferation, increased iodide uptake and apoptosis, and, as an additional new mechanism, decreased glucose uptake in transformed thyrocytes. The pharmacological reduction of the amount of reduced GSH was effective in enhancing the differentiating action of ATO, whereas the combination of ATO with Akt-1 inhibitors reduced cell number but did not increase differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests a new therapeutic option for postoperative treatment of radioiodine nonresponsive differentiated thyroid carcinomas.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/radiotherapy
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Arsenic Trioxide
- Arsenicals/pharmacology
- Biological Transport, Active/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Papillary/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/radiotherapy
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Humans
- Iodides/metabolism
- Iodine Radioisotopes/therapeutic use
- Oncogene Protein v-akt/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oxides/pharmacology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Radiation Tolerance
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/radiotherapy
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Schweppe RE, Klopper JP, Korch C, Pugazhenthi U, Benezra M, Knauf JA, Fagin JA, Marlow LA, Copland JA, Smallridge RC, Haugen BR. Deoxyribonucleic acid profiling analysis of 40 human thyroid cancer cell lines reveals cross-contamination resulting in cell line redundancy and misidentification. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:4331-41. [PMID: 18713817 PMCID: PMC2582569 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cell lines derived from human cancers provide critical tools to study disease mechanisms and develop novel therapies. Recent reports indicate that up to 36% of cell lines are cross- contaminated. OBJECTIVE We evaluated 40 reported thyroid cancer-derived cell lines using short tandem repeat and single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis. RESULTS Only 23 of 40 cell lines tested have unique genetic profiles. The following groups of cell lines are likely derivatives of the same cell line: BHP5-16, BHP17-10, BHP14-9, and NPA87; BHP2-7, BHP10-3, BHP7-13, and TPC1; KAT5, KAT10, KAT4, KAT7, KAT50, KAK1, ARO81-1, and MRO87-1; and K1 and K2. The unique cell lines include BCPAP, KTC1, TT2609-C02, FTC133, ML1, WRO82-1, 8505C, SW1736, Cal-62, T235, T238, Uhth-104, ACT-1, HTh74, KAT18, TTA1, FRO81-2, HTh7, C643, BHT101, and KTC-2. The misidentified cell lines included the DRO90-1, which matched the melanoma-derived cell line, A-375. The ARO81-1 and its derivatives matched the HT-29 colon cancer cell line, and the NPA87 and its derivatives matched the M14/MDA-MB-435S melanoma cell line. TTF-1 and Pax-8 mRNA levels were determined in the unique cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Many of these human cell lines have been widely used in the thyroid cancer field for the past 20 yr and are not only redundant, but not of thyroid origin. These results emphasize the importance of cell line integrity, and provide the short tandem repeat profiles for a panel of thyroid cancer cell lines that can be used as a reference for comparison of cell lines from other laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Schweppe
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Carvalho DP, Ferreira ACF. The importance of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) for thyroid cancer management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 51:672-82. [PMID: 17891230 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid gland has the ability to uptake and concentrate iodide, which is a fundamental step in thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Radioiodine has been used as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for several years. However, the studies related to the mechanisms of iodide transport were only possible after the cloning of the gene that encodes the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS). The studies about the regulation of NIS expression and the possibility of gene therapy with the aim of transferring NIS gene to cells that normally do not express the symporter have also become possible. In the majority of hypofunctioning thyroid nodules, both benign and malignant, NIS gene expression is maintained, but NIS protein is retained in the intracellular compartment. The expression of NIS in non-thyroid tumoral cells in vivo has been possible through the transfer of NIS gene under the control of tissue-specific promoters. Apart from its therapeutic use, NIS has also been used for the localization of metastases by scintigraphy or PET-scan with 124I. In conclusion, NIS gene cloning led to an important development in the field of thyroid pathophysiology, and has also been fundamental to extend the use of radioiodine for the management of non-thyroid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise P Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|