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Poitras M, Doiron A, Plamondon H. Selective estrogen receptor activation prior to global cerebral ischemia in female rats impacts microglial activation and anxiety-like behaviors without effects on CA1 neuronal injury. Behav Brain Res 2024; 470:115094. [PMID: 38844057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) activation by 17-ß estradiol (E2) can attenuate neuronal injury and behavioral impairments following global cerebral ischemia (GCI) in rodents. This study sought to further examine the discrete roles of ERs through characterization of the effects of selective ER activation on post-ischemic pro-inflammatory microglial activation, hippocampal neuronal injury, and anxiety-like behaviors. Forty-six ovariectomized (OVX) adult female Wistar rats received daily s.c injections (100 μg/kg/day) of propylpyrazole triol (PPT; ERα agonist), diarylpropionitrile (DPN; ERβ agonist), G-1 (G-protein coupled ER agonist; GPER), E2 (activating all receptors), or vehicle solution (VEH) for 21 days. After final injection, rats underwent GCI via 4-vessel occlusion (n=8 per group) or sham surgery (n=6, vehicle injections). The Open Field Test (OFT), Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), and Hole Board Test (HBT) assessed anxiety-like behaviors. Microglial activation (Iba1, CD68, CD86) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), CA1 of the hippocampus, and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) was determined 8 days post-ischemia. Compared to sham rats, Iba1 activation and CA1 neuronal injury were increased in all ischemic groups except DPN-treated rats, with PPT-treated ischemic rats also showing increased PVN Iba1-ir expression. Behaviorally, VEH ischemic rats showed slightly elevated anxiety in the EPM compared to sham counterparts, with no significant effects of agonists. While no changes were observed in the OFT, emotion regulation via grooming in the HBT was increased in G-1 rats compared to E2 rats. Our findings support selective ER activation to regulate post-ischemic microglial activation and coping strategies in the HBT, despite minimal impact on hippocampal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou Poitras
- Cerebro Vascular Accidents and Behavioral Recovery Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alexandra Doiron
- Cerebro Vascular Accidents and Behavioral Recovery Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hélène Plamondon
- Cerebro Vascular Accidents and Behavioral Recovery Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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2
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Trout AL, McLouth CJ, Westberry JM, Sengoku T, Wilson ME. Estrogen's sex-specific effects on ischemic cell death and estrogen receptor mRNA expression in rat cortical organotypic explants. AGING BRAIN 2024; 5:100117. [PMID: 38650743 PMCID: PMC11033203 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2024.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Estrogens, such as the biologically active 17-β estradiol (E2), regulate not only reproductive behaviors in adults, but also influence neurodevelopment and neuroprotection in both females and males. E2, contingent upon the timing and concentration of the therapy, is neuroprotective in female and male rodent models of stroke. In Vivo studies suggest that E2 may partially mediate this neuroprotection, particularly in the cortex, via ERα. In Vitro studies, utilizing a chemically induced ischemic injury in cortical explants from both sexes, suggest that ERα or ERβ signaling is needed to mediate the E2 protection. Since we know that the timing and concentration of E2 therapy may be sex-specific, we examined if E2 (1 nM) mediates neuroprotection when female and male cortical explants are separately isolated from postnatal day (PND) 3-4 rat. Changes in basal levels ERα, ERβ, and AR mRNA expression are compared across early post-natal development in the intact cortex and the corresponding days in vitro (DIV) for cortical explants. Following ischemic injury at 7 DIV, cell death and ERα, ERβ and AR mRNA expression was compared in female and male cortical explants. We provide evidence that E2-mediated protection is maintained in isolated cortical explants from females, but not male rats. In female cortical explants, the E2-mediated protection at 24 h occurs secondarily to a blunted transient increase in ERα mRNA at 12 h. These results suggest that cortical E2-mediated protection is influenced by sex and supports data to differentially treat females and males following ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Trout
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Christopher J McLouth
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jenne M. Westberry
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Tomoko Sengoku
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Melinda E. Wilson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Chanana V, Zafer D, Kintner DB, Chandrashekhar JH, Eickhoff J, Ferrazzano PA, Levine JE, Cengiz P. TrkB-mediated neuroprotection in female hippocampal neurons is autonomous, estrogen receptor alpha-dependent, and eliminated by testosterone: a proposed model for sex differences in neonatal hippocampal neuronal injury. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:30. [PMID: 38566248 PMCID: PMC10988865 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) related brain injury is one of the major causes of learning disabilities and memory deficits in children. In both human and animal studies, female neonate brains are less susceptible to HI than male brains. Phosphorylation of the nerve growth factor receptor TrkB has been shown to provide sex-specific neuroprotection following in vivo HI in female mice in an estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-dependent manner. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms conferring sex-specific neonatal neuroprotection remain incompletely understood. Here, we test whether female neonatal hippocampal neurons express autonomous neuroprotective properties and assess the ability of testosterone (T) to alter this phenotype. METHODS We cultured sexed hippocampal neurons from ERα+/+ and ERα-/- mice and subjected them to 4 h oxygen glucose deprivation and 24 h reoxygenation (4-OGD/24-REOX). Sexed hippocampal neurons were treated either with vehicle control (VC) or the TrkB agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) following in vitro ischemia. End points at 24 h REOX were TrkB phosphorylation (p-TrkB) and neuronal survival assessed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, in vitro ischemia-mediated ERα gene expression in hippocampal neurons were investigated following testosterone (T) pre-treatment and TrkB antagonist therapy via q-RTPCR. Multifactorial analysis of variance was conducted to test for significant differences between experimental conditions. RESULTS Under normoxic conditions, administration of 3 µM 7,8-DHF resulted an ERα-dependent increase in p-TrkB immunoexpression that was higher in female, as compared to male neurons. Following 4-OGD/24-REOX, p-TrkB expression increased 20% in both male and female ERα+/+ neurons. However, with 3 µM 7,8-DHF treatment p-TrkB expression increased further in female neurons by 2.81 ± 0.79-fold and was ERα dependent. 4-OGD/24-REOX resulted in a 56% increase in cell death, but only female cells were rescued with 3 µM 7,8-DHF, again in an ERα dependent manner. Following 4-OGD/3-REOX, ERα mRNA increased ~ 3 fold in female neurons. This increase was blocked with either the TrkB antagonist ANA-12 or pre-treatment with T. Pre-treatment with T also blocked the 7,8-DHF- dependent sex-specific neuronal survival in female neurons following 4-OGD/24-REOX. CONCLUSIONS OGD/REOX results in sex-dependent TrkB phosphorylation in female neurons that increases further with 7,8-DHF treatment. TrkB phosphorylation by 7,8-DHF increased ERα mRNA expression and promoted cell survival preferentially in female hippocampal neurons. The sex-dependent neuroprotective actions of 7,8-DHF were blocked by either ANA-12 or by T pre-treatment. These results are consistent with a model for a female-specific neuroprotective pathway in hippocampal neurons in response to hypoxia. The pathway is activated by 7,8-DHF, mediated by TrkB phosphorylation, dependent on ERα and blocked by pre-exposure to T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chanana
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Ave - T505, Madison, WI, 53705-9345, USA
| | - Dila Zafer
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Ave - T505, Madison, WI, 53705-9345, USA
| | - Douglas B Kintner
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Ave - T505, Madison, WI, 53705-9345, USA
| | - Jayadevi H Chandrashekhar
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Jens Eickhoff
- Department of Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Peter A Ferrazzano
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Ave - T505, Madison, WI, 53705-9345, USA
| | - Jon E Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Pelin Cengiz
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Ave - T505, Madison, WI, 53705-9345, USA.
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Qu Y, Li N, Xu M, Zhang D, Xie J, Wang J. Estrogen Up-Regulates Iron Transporters and Iron Storage Protein Through Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 Alpha Activation Mediated by Estrogen Receptor β and G Protein Estrogen Receptor in BV2 Microglia Cells. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3659-3669. [PMID: 35829942 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen is a steroid hormone produced mainly by the ovaries. It has been found that estrogen could regulate iron metabolism in neurons and astrocytes in different ways. The role of estrogen on iron metabolism in microglia is currently unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect and mechanism of 17β-estrogen (E2) on iron transport proteins. We found that following E2 treatment for 24h in BV2 microglial cell lines, the iron importer divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and iron exporter ferroportin 1 (FPN1) were up-regulated , iron storage protein ferritin (FT) was increased. The protein levels of iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) and hepcidin remained unchanged, but hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) was up-regulated. Two kinds of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) antagonist G15 and G protein estrogen receptor (GPER) antagonist PHTPPcould block the effects of E2 in BV2 microglial cell lines. These results suggest that estrogen could increase the protein expressions of DMT1, FPN1, FT-L and FT-H in BV2 microglia cells, which were not related to the regulation of IRP1 and hepcidin, but to the upregulation of HIF-1α. In addition, estrogen might regulate the expressions of iron-related proteins through both ER β and GPER in BV2 microglia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Manman Xu
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Danyang Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Nuclear Receptors in Myocardial and Cerebral Ischemia-Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212326. [PMID: 34830207 PMCID: PMC8617737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 18 million people died from cardiovascular diseases in 2019, of these 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. The available therapies although efficacious, have narrow therapeutic window and long list of contraindications. Therefore, there is still an urgent need to find novel molecular targets that could protect the brain and heart against ischemia without evoking major side effects. Nuclear receptors are one of the promising targets for anti-ischemic drugs. Modulation of estrogen receptors (ERs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) by their ligands is known to exert neuro-, and cardioprotective effects through anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidant action. Recently, it has been shown that the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is strongly increased after brain or heart ischemia and evokes an activation of apoptosis or inflammation in injury site. We hypothesize that activation of ERs and PPARs and inhibition of AhR signaling pathways could be a promising strategy to protect the heart and the brain against ischemia. In this Review, we will discuss currently available knowledge on the mechanisms of action of ERs, PPARs and AhR in experimental models of stroke and myocardial infarction and future perspectives to use them as novel targets in cardiovascular diseases.
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Duncan KA, Garijo-Garde S. Sex, Genes, and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): A Call for a Gender Inclusive Approach to the Study of TBI in the Lab. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:681599. [PMID: 34025346 PMCID: PMC8131651 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.681599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A Duncan
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States.,Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States
| | - Sarah Garijo-Garde
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States
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7
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McCracken JM, Balaji S, Keswani SG, Hakim JCE. An Avant-Garde Model of Injury-Induced Regenerative Vaginal Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2021; 10:165-173. [PMID: 32602816 PMCID: PMC7906868 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2020.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To design and validate a novel murine model of full-thickness (FT) vaginal wound healing that mirrors postinjury tissue repair and underscores the impact of estrogen signaling-driven healing kinetics, inflammation, and neovascularization. Approach: Five-week-old female CD1 mice were subjected to two 1-mm FT wounds. To assess wound healing kinetics, vaginas were harvested at 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h and 7 days postinjury. Wounds from all time points were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin and trichrome to, respectively, assess the rate of wound closure and tissue deposition. Inflammatory leukocyte (CD45), neutrophil (Ly6G), and macrophage (F480 and CD206) infiltration was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the resulting anti-inflammatory M2 (CD206)/total (F480) macrophage ratio quantified. Neovascularization (CD31) and estrogen receptor-α (ERα) expression levels were similarly determined by IHC. Results: We observed rapid healing with resolution of mucosal integrity by 48 h (p < 0.05), and overall neutrophils and polarized type 2 macrophages (M2) apexed at 12 h and reduced to near control levels by day 7 postinjury. Tissue repair was virtually indistinguishable from the surrounding vagina. CD31+ vessels increased between 12 h and day 7 and ERα trended to decrease at 12 h postinjury and rebound at day 7 to uninjured levels. Innovation: A proof-of-concept murine model to study vaginal wound healing kinetics and postinjury regenerative repair in the vagina was developed and verified. Conclusion: We surmise that murine vaginal mucosal repair is accelerated and potentially regulated by estrogen signaling through the ERα, thus providing a cellular and molecular foundation to understand vaginal healing responses to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. McCracken
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Swathi Balaji
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sundeep G. Keswani
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Julie C.-E. Hakim
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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8
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Baumgartner NE, Daniel JM. Estrogen receptor α: a critical role in successful female cognitive aging. Climacteric 2021; 24:333-339. [PMID: 33522313 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2021.1875426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to potential health risks, current recommendations are that individuals who wish to use hormone therapy to treat menopausal symptoms do so for the shortest period of time possible. In our investigation into how short-term use of estrogens in midlife following loss of ovarian function exerts long-term effects on female cognitive aging in rodents, we discovered a link between the ability of previous exposure to estradiol to enhance memory in the long term and its ability to increase estrogen receptor α (ERα) levels in the hippocampus, a brain area important for memory. Follow-up studies in model systems implicate a role for ERα in enhanced cognitive function independent of ovarian or exogenously administered estrogens. Results are consistent with clinical studies in which brain ERα levels in older women and men are related to cognitive functioning and risk of cognitive decline is associated with polymorphisms in the gene that transcribes ERα. Research in preclinical models reveals mechanisms through which ERα can be activated and affect cognition in the absence of ovarian estrogens, including ligand-independent activation via insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling and activation by brain-derived neuroestrogens. This report reviews preclinical and clinical data that collectively point to the importance of ERα in cognition and highlights the need to differentiate the role of estrogen receptors from their classical ligands as we seek approaches to facilitate successful cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Baumgartner
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - J M Daniel
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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9
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Tejeda-Bayron FA, Rivera-Aponte DE, Malpica-Nieves CJ, Maldonado-Martínez G, Maldonado HM, Skatchkov SN, Eaton MJ. Activation of Glutamate Transporter-1 (GLT-1) Confers Sex-Dependent Neuroprotection in Brain Ischemia. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11010076. [PMID: 33429955 PMCID: PMC7827447 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of long-term disability. During ischemic stroke, glutamate is released, reuptake processes are impaired, and glutamate promotes excitotoxic neuronal death. Astrocytic glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) is the major transporter responsible for removing excess glutamate from the extracellular space. A translational activator of GLT-1, LDN/OSU 0212320 (LDN) has been previously developed with beneficial outcomes in epileptic animal models but has never been tested as a potential therapeutic for ischemic strokes. The present study evaluated the effects of LDN on stroke-associated brain injury. Male and female mice received LDN or vehicle 24 h before or 2 h after focal ischemia was induced in the sensorimotor cortex. Sensorimotor performance was determined using the Rung Ladder Walk and infarct area was assessed using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Males treated with LDN exhibited upregulated GLT-1 protein levels, significantly smaller infarct size, and displayed better sensorimotor performance in comparison to those treated with vehicle only. In contrast, there was no upregulation of GLT-1 protein levels and no difference in infarct size or sensorimotor performance between vehicle- and LDN-treated females. Taken together, our results indicate that the GLT-1 translational activator LDN improved stroke outcomes in young adult male, but not female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia A. Tejeda-Bayron
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA; (F.A.T.-B.); (D.E.R.-A.); (C.J.M.-N.)
| | - David E. Rivera-Aponte
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA; (F.A.T.-B.); (D.E.R.-A.); (C.J.M.-N.)
| | - Christian J. Malpica-Nieves
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA; (F.A.T.-B.); (D.E.R.-A.); (C.J.M.-N.)
| | - Gerónimo Maldonado-Martínez
- School of Chiropractic, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA;
- Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico—Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00924-2537, USA
| | - Héctor M. Maldonado
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA;
| | - Serguei N. Skatchkov
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA;
| | - Misty J. Eaton
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA; (F.A.T.-B.); (D.E.R.-A.); (C.J.M.-N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-787-798-3001
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10
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McCarthy M, Raval AP. The peri-menopause in a woman's life: a systemic inflammatory phase that enables later neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:317. [PMID: 33097048 PMCID: PMC7585188 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The peri-menopause or menopausal transition—the time period that surrounds the final years of a woman’s reproductive life—is associated with profound reproductive and hormonal changes in a woman’s body and exponentially increases a woman’s risk of cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease. Although our understanding of the exact timeline or definition of peri-menopause is limited, it is clear that there are two stages to the peri-menopause. These are the early menopausal transition, where menstrual cycles are mostly regular, with relatively few interruptions, and the late transition, where amenorrhea becomes more prolonged and lasts for at least 60 days, up to the final menstrual period. Emerging evidence is showing that peri-menopause is pro-inflammatory and disrupts estrogen-regulated neurological systems. Estrogen is a master regulator that functions through a network of estrogen receptors subtypes alpha (ER-α) and beta (ER-β). Estrogen receptor-beta has been shown to regulate a key component of the innate immune response known as the inflammasome, and it also is involved in regulation of neuronal mitochondrial function. This review will present an overview of the menopausal transition as an inflammatory event, with associated systemic and central nervous system inflammation, plus regulation of the innate immune response by ER-β-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline McCarthy
- Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ami P Raval
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1420 NW 9th Avenue, Neurology Research Building, Room # 203H, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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11
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Sex Differences in Cognitive Impairment Induced by Cerebral Microhemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 12:316-330. [PMID: 32440818 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that cerebral microhemorrhages (CMHs) could be involved in cognitive decline. However, little is known about the sex-dependency of this effect. Using a multimodal approach combining behavioral tests, in vivo imaging, biochemistry, and molecular biology, we studied the cortical and hippocampal impact of a CMH in male and female mice (C57BL/6J) 6 weeks post-induction using a collagenase-induced model. Our work shows for the first time that a single cortical CMH exerts sex-specific effects on cognition. It notably induced visuospatial memory impairment in males only. This sex difference might be explained by cortical changes secondary to the lesion. In fact, the CMH induced an upregulation of ERα mRNA only in the female cortex. Besides, in male mice, we observed an impairment of pathways associated to neuronal, glial, or vascular functions: decrease in the P-GSK3β/GSK3β ratio, in BDNF and VEGF levels, and in microvascular water mobility. The CMH also exerted spatial remote effects in the hippocampus by increasing the number of astrocytes in both sexes, increasing the mean area occupied by each astrocyte in males, and decreasing hippocampal BDNF in females suggesting a cortical-hippocampal network impairment. This work demonstrates that a CMH could directly affect cognition in a sex-specific manner and highlights the need to study both sexes in preclinical models.
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12
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Acaz-Fonseca E, Castelló-Ruiz M, Burguete MC, Aliena-Valero A, Salom JB, Torregrosa G, García-Segura LM. Insight into the molecular sex dimorphism of ischaemic stroke in rat cerebral cortex: Focus on neuroglobin, sex steroids and autophagy. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:2756-2770. [PMID: 32243028 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Including sex is of paramount importance in preclinical and clinical stroke researches, and molecular studies dealing in depth with sex differences in stroke pathophysiology are needed. To gain insight into the molecular sex dimorphism of ischaemic stroke in rat cerebral cortex, male and female adult rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. The expression of neuroglobin (Ngb) and other functionally related molecules involved in sex steroid signalling (oestrogen and androgen receptors), steroidogenesis (StAR, TSPO and aromatase) and autophagic activity (LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratio, UCP2 and HIF-1α) was assessed in the ipsilateral ischaemic and contralateral non-ischaemic hemispheres. An increased expression of Ngb was detected in the injured female cerebral cortex. In contrast, increased expression of oestrogen receptor α, GPER, StAR, TSPO and UCP2, and decreased androgen receptor expression were detected in the injured male cortex. In both sexes, the ischaemic insult induced an upregulation of LC3B-II/-I ratio, indicative of increased autophagy. Therefore, the cerebral cortex activates both sex-specific and common molecular responses with neuroprotective potential after ischaemia-reperfusion, which globally results in similar stroke outcome in both sexes. Nonetheless, these different potential molecular targets should be taken into account when neuroprotective drugs aiming to reduce brain damage in ischaemic stroke are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Acaz-Fonseca
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Castelló-Ruiz
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María C Burguete
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Aliena-Valero
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan B Salom
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Torregrosa
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis M García-Segura
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Hönikl LS, Lämmer F, Gempt J, Meyer B, Schlegel J, Delbridge C. High expression of estrogen receptor alpha and aromatase in glial tumor cells is associated with gender-independent survival benefits in glioblastoma patients. J Neurooncol 2020; 147:567-575. [PMID: 32240464 PMCID: PMC7256026 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant glial tumor, affecting men more often than women. The reason for this gender-specific predominance remains unclear, raising the question whether these effects are subject to hormonal control. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and aromatase in human GBM tissue samples in relation to patient survival and furthermore to investigate the effect of standard chemotherapy in combination with estradiol treatment on glioblastoma tumor cell lines in vitro. Methods 60 tissue samples (31 male, 29 female) of GBM patients were analysed with immunohistochemistry for ERα and aromatase for survival analyses. The cell lines LN18 and LN229 were treated with 17β-estradiol (E2) in different dosing regimens and the cell viability was measured with MTT assay. After estradiol pre-treatment Temozolomide was added and tested again. Results High expression of ERα and aromatase in the GBM tissue samples was associated with significantly longer survival times of GBM patients, regardless of gender and body-mass-index. The treatment with high concentrations of estradiol resulted in lower tumor cell viability, compared to control. The cells significantly showed a stronger sensitivity against Temozolomid (TMZ) after estradiol pre-treatment. Conclusion ERα-expression of glial tumour cells seems to play an important prognostic role as a biomarker in GBM, as well as the expression of the enzyme Aromatase. The combined treatment of GBM with standard chemotherapy and estradiol may be beneficial to patient’s survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Stefanie Hönikl
- Department of Neuropathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Friederike Lämmer
- Department of Neuropathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Gempt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Meyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schlegel
- Department of Neuropathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claire Delbridge
- Department of Neuropathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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14
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Arndtsen C, Ballon J, Blackshear K, Corbett CB, Lee K, Peyer J, Holloway KS, Duncan KA. Atypical gene expression of neuroinflammatory and steroid related genes following injury in the photoperiodic Japanese quail. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 288:113361. [PMID: 31830471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Arndtsen
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Jason Ballon
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Katie Blackshear
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Cali B Corbett
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Jordan Peyer
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Kevin S Holloway
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA; Psychological Science, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Kelli A Duncan
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA; Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA.
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15
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Wang P, Zhang J, Guo F, Wang S, Zhang Y, Li D, Xu H, Yang H. Lipopolysaccharide worsens the prognosis of experimental cerebral ischemia via interferon gamma-induced protein 10 recruit in the acute stage. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:64. [PMID: 31881846 PMCID: PMC6935231 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection is an important clinical complication facing stroke-patients and triples the risk of death within 30 days post-stroke via mechanisms which are poorly understood. AIMS We tried to explore the mechanisms that inflammation caused by infections aggravated the ischemic brain injury after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). METHODS We used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as systemic inflammatory stimuli to explore the mechanisms of aggravated ischemic brain injury after Sprague-Dawley male rats subjected to MCAO. Brain damage was evaluated by cerebral blood perfusion, Longa-5 scores, infarct volume and edema degree. Systemic cytokine responses and inflammatory changes in the plasma and brain were analyzed by ELISA kit, RT2 Profiler™ PCR array, and quantitative real-time PCR. The differential genes were subjected to Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide profoundly aggravated the brain damage after 24 h post-MCAO. At the acute stage (ischemia/reperfusion 90 min/3 h), the brain homogenate gene expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) was significantly up-regulated and the contents in plasma and brain homogenate were significantly increased in MCAO and MCAO + LPS group. IP-10 was the only gene with significant difference between MCAO and MCAO + LPS group, which was also in an important position with degrees of ≥ 14 in PPI network. CONCLUSIONS It was possible that trace LPS aggravated the ischemic brain injury by induction of excessive IP-10 secretion in the acute stage, leading to excessive inflammatory response, which consequently increased the infarct volume and edema degree 24 h post-MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Defeng Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Haiyu Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China. .,Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce, Xianyang, 712046, China.
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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16
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Burguete MC, Jover-Mengual T, López-Morales MA, Aliena-Valero A, Jorques M, Torregrosa G, Alborch E, Castelló-Ruiz M, Salom JB. The selective oestrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene, mimics the neuroprotective effect of 17β-oestradiol in diabetic ischaemic stroke by modulating oestrogen receptor expression and the MAPK/ERK1/2 signalling pathway. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12751. [PMID: 31127971 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Because neuroprotection in stroke should be revisited in the era of recanalisation, the present study analysed the potential neuroprotective effect of the selective oestrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene acetate (BZA), in an animal model of diabetic ischaemic stroke that mimics thrombectomy combined with adjuvant administration of a putative neuroprotectant. Four weeks after induction of diabetes (40 mg kg-1 streptozotocin, i.p.), male Wistar rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (intraluminal thread technique, 60 minutes) and assigned to one of three groups treated with either: vehicle, BZA (3 mg kg-1 day-1 , i.p.) or 17β-oestradiol (E2 ) (100 μg kg-1 day-1 , i.p.). At 24 hours post-ischaemia-reperfusion, brain damage (neurofunctional score, infarct size and apoptosis), expression of oestrogen receptors (ER)α, ERβ and G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor), and activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK)1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathways were analysed. At 24 hours after the ischaemic insult, both BZA- and E2 -treated animals showed lower brain damage in terms of improved neurofunctional condition, decreased infarct size and decreased apoptotic cell death. Ischaemia-reperfusion induced a significant decrease in ERα and ERβ expression without affecting that of G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor, whereas BZA and E2 reversed such a decrease. The ischaemic insult up-regulated the activity of both the MAPK/ERK1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathways; BZA and E2 attenuated the increased activity of the ERK1/2 pathway, without affecting that of the Akt pathway. The results of the present study lend further support to the consideration of BZA as an effective and safer alternative overcoming the drawbacks of E2 with respect to improving diabetic ischaemic stroke outcome after successful reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Burguete
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Jover-Mengual
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mikahela A López-Morales
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Aliena-Valero
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jorques
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Torregrosa
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Alborch
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Castelló-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan B Salom
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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17
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Yan L, Qi W, Liu Y, Zhou F, Wang Y, Bai L, Zhou X, Sun C, Nie X, Duan S, Ran J, Chen J, Ji Y, Liu Y, Li Z, Li Y, Wang Q. The Protective Effect of Aromatase on NSC-34 Cells with Stably Expressed hSOD1-G93A. Neuroscience 2019; 411:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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18
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Kim T, Chelluboina B, Chokkalla AK, Vemuganti R. Age and sex differences in the pathophysiology of acute CNS injury. Neurochem Int 2019; 127:22-28. [PMID: 30654116 PMCID: PMC6579702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the immeasurable burden on patients and families, no effective therapies to protect the CNS after an acute injury are available yet. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms that promote neuronal death and functional deficits after injury remain to be poorly understood. The prevalence, age of onset, pathophysiology, and symptomatology of many CNS insults differ significantly between males and females. In the case of stroke, younger males tend to show a higher risk than younger females, while this trend reverses with age. Accumulating evidence from preclinical studies have shown that sex hormones play a crucial role in providing neuroprotection following ischemic stroke and other acute CNS injuries. Estrogen, in particular, exerts a neuroprotective effect by modulating the immune responses after injury. In addition, there exists a sexual dimorphism in cell death pathways between males and females that are independent of hormones. Meanwhile, recent studies suggest that microRNAs are critically involved in the sex-specific mechanisms of cell death. This review discusses the current knowledge on the contribution of sex and age to outcome after stroke. Implication of the interplay between these two factors on other CNS injuries (spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury) from the experimental evidence were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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19
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Pottoo FH, Javed MN, Barkat MA, Alam MS, Nowshehri JA, Alshayban DM, Ansari MA. Estrogen and Serotonin: Complexity of Interactions and Implications for Epileptic Seizures and Epileptogenesis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:214-231. [PMID: 29956631 PMCID: PMC6425080 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180628164432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A burgeoning literature documents the confluence of ovarian steroids and central serotonergic systems in the in-junction of epileptic seizures and epileptogenesis. Estrogen administration in animals reduces neuronal death from seizures by up-regulation of the prosurvival molecule i.e. Bcl-2, anti-oxidant potential and protection of NPY interneurons. Serotonin modulates epileptiform activity in either direction i.e administration of 5-HT agonists or reuptake inhibitors leads to the acti-vation of 5-HT3 and 5-HT1A receptors tending to impede focal and generalized seizures, while depletion of brain 5-HT along with the destruction of serotonergic terminals leads to expanded neuronal excitability hence abatement of seizure threshold in experimental animal models. Serotonergic neurotransmission is influenced by the organizational activity of ster-oid hormones in the growing brain and the actuation effects of steroids which come in adulthood. It is further established that ovarian steroids bring induction of dendritic spine proliferation on serotonin neurons thus thawing a profound effect on sero-tonergic transmission. This review features 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors as potential targets for ameliorating seizure-induced neurodegeneration and recurrent hypersynchronous neuronal activity. Indeed 5-HT3 receptors mediate cross-talk be-tween estrogenic and serotonergic pathways, and could be well exploited for combinatorial drug therapy against epileptogen-esis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (Formerly University of Dammam), Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Noushad Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New-Delhi, India
| | - Md Abul Barkat
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K.R.Mangalam University, Gurgaon, India
| | - Md Sabir Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K.R.Mangalam University, Gurgaon, India
| | - Javaid Ashraf Nowshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sc. and Tech., University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Dhafer Mahdi Alshayban
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (Formerly University of Dammam), Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Eldahshan W, Ishrat T, Pillai B, Sayed MA, Alwhaibi A, Fouda AY, Ergul A, Fagan SC. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation with compound 21 improves neurological function after stroke in female rats: a pilot study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H1192-H1201. [PMID: 30822121 PMCID: PMC6580399 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00446.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) agonist, compound 21 (C21), has been shown to be neurovascularly protective after ischemic stroke in male rats. In the current study, we aim to study the impact of C21 treatment on female rats. Young female Wistar rats were subjected to different durations of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) (3 h, 2 h, and 1 h) using a silicone-coated monofilament, treated at reperfusion with 0.03 mg/kg ip of C21 and followed up for different times (1, 3, and 14 days) after stroke. Behavioral tests were performed (Bederson, paw grasp, beam walk, and rotarod), and animals were euthanized for infarct size analysis and Western blot analysis. In vitro, primary male and female brain microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) were grown in culture, and the expression of the AT2R was compared between males and females. At 1 day, C21 treatment resulted in an improvement in Bederson scores. However, at 3 days and 14 days, the impact of C21 on stroke outcomes was less robust. In vitro, the expression of the AT2R was significantly higher in female ECs compared with male ECs. In conclusion, C21 improves Bederson scores after stroke in female rats when administered early at reperfusion. The ability of C21 to exert its neuroprotective effects might be affected by fluctuating levels of female hormones. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study shows the neuroprotective impact of C21 on ischemic stroke in female rats and how the protective effects of C21 can be influenced by the hormonal status of female rodents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Brain/blood supply
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/physiopathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/diagnosis
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/drug therapy
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/psychology
- Male
- Microvessels/drug effects
- Microvessels/metabolism
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- PPAR gamma/agonists
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Pilot Projects
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Recovery of Function
- Sex Factors
- Signal Transduction
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Thiophenes/pharmacology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Eldahshan
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Tauheed Ishrat
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Bindu Pillai
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Mohammed A Sayed
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Abdulrahman Alwhaibi
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Adviye Ergul
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Susan C Fagan
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy , Augusta, Georgia
- Department of Neurology, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
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21
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Gölz C, Kirchhoff FP, Westerhorstmann J, Schmidt M, Hirnet T, Rune GM, Bender RA, Schäfer MKE. Sex hormones modulate pathogenic processes in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2019; 150:173-187. [PMID: 30790293 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and animal studies have revealed sex-specific differences in histopathological and neurological outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The impact of perioperative administration of sex steroid inhibitors on TBI is still elusive. Here, we subjected male and female C57Bl/6N mice to the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI and applied pharmacological inhibitors of steroid hormone synthesis, that is, letrozole (LET, inhibiting estradiol synthesis by aromatase) and finasteride (FIN, inhibiting dihydrotestosterone synthesis by 5α-reductase), respectively, starting 72 h prior CCI, and continuing for a further 48 h after CCI. Initial gene expression analyses showed that androgen (Ar) and estrogen receptors (Esr1) were sex-specifically altered 72 h after CCI. When examining brain lesion size, we found larger lesions in male than in female mice, but did not observe effects of FIN or LET treatment. However, LET treatment exacerbated neurological deficits 24 and 72 h after CCI. On the molecular level, FIN administration reduced calpain-dependent spectrin breakdown products, a proxy of excitotoxicity and disturbed Ca2+ homeostasis, specifically in males, whereas LET increased the reactive astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acid protein specifically in females. Examination of neurotrophins (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuronal growth factor, NT-3) and their receptors (p75NTR , TrkA, TrkB, TrkC) revealed CCI-induced down-regulation of TrkB and TrkC protein expression, which was reduced by LET in both sexes. Interestingly, FIN decreased neuronal growth factor mRNA expression and protein levels of its receptor TrkA only in males. Taken together, our data suggest a sex-specific impact on pathogenic processes in the injured brain after TBI. Sex hormones may thus modulate pathogenic processes in experimental TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gölz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Paul Kirchhoff
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Schmidt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Hirnet
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriele M Rune
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland A Bender
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Mainz, Germany
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22
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Tajalli-Nezhad S, Karimian M, Beyer C, Atlasi MA, Azami Tameh A. The regulatory role of Toll-like receptors after ischemic stroke: neurosteroids as TLR modulators with the focus on TLR2/4. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:523-537. [PMID: 30377701 PMCID: PMC11105485 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most common cerebrovascular disease and considered as a worldwide leading cause of death. After cerebral ischemia, different pathophysiological processes including neuroinflammation, invasion and aggregation of inflammatory cells and up-regulation of cytokines occur simultaneously. In this respect, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the first identified important mediators for the activation of the innate immune system and are widely expressed in glial cells and neurons following brain trauma. TLRs are also able to interact with endogenous and exogenous molecules released during ischemia and can increase tissue damage. Particularly, TLR2 and TLR4 activate different downstream inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition, TLR signaling can alternatively play a role for endogenous neuroprotection. In this review, the gene and protein structures, common genetic polymorphisms of TLR2 and TLR4, TLR-related molecular pathways and their putative role after ischemic stroke are delineated. Furthermore, the relationship between neurosteroids and TLRs as neuroprotective mechanism is highlighted in the context of brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Tajalli-Nezhad
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimian
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Ali Atlasi
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Azami Tameh
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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23
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Gebhart VM, Caldwell JD, Rodewald A, Kalyvianaki K, Kampa M, Jirikowski GF. Estrogen receptors and sex hormone binding globulin in neuronal cells and tissue. Steroids 2019; 142:94-99. [PMID: 30030052 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens exert a critical influence on neuronal tissues and cells. As demonstrated in many clinical studies, estrogens are neuroprotective to the extent that they improve prognosis for women with neurodegenerative diseases. Unfortunately, we still do not know exactly how these effects are mediated. Fifty years ago the first estrogen receptor was found, but since then many other new pathways of estrogen action have been identified. This review describes several of these pathways of estrogen effects and provides some conclusions and correlations about these as determined by recent studies with nerve growth factor differentiated rat pheochromocytoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack D Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Spartanburg, SC, United States
| | | | - Konstantina Kalyvianaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
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24
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Zafer D, Aycan N, Ozaydin B, Kemanli P, Ferrazzano P, Levine JE, Cengiz P. Sex differences in Hippocampal Memory and Learning following Neonatal Brain Injury: Is There a Role for Estrogen Receptor-α? Neuroendocrinology 2019; 109:249-256. [PMID: 30884486 PMCID: PMC6893032 DOI: 10.1159/000499661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy due to hypoxia-ischemia (HI) leads to severe, life-long morbidities in thousands of neonates born in the USA and worldwide each year. Varying capacities of long-term episodic memory, verbal working memory, and learning can present without cerebral palsy and have been associated with the severity of neonatal encephalopathy sustained at birth. Among children who sustain a moderate degree of HI at birth, girls have larger hippocampal volumes compared to boys. Clinical studies indicate that female neonatal brains are more resistant to the effects of neonatal HI, resulting in better long-term cognitive outcomes compared to males with comparable brain injury. Our most recent mechanistic studies have addressed the origins and cellular basis of sex differences in hippocampal neuroprotection following neonatal HI-related brain injury and implicate estrogen receptor-α (ERα) in the neurotrophin receptor-mediated hippocampal neuroprotection in female mice. This review summarizes the recent findings on ERα-dependent, neurotrophin-mediated hippocampal neuroprotection and weighs the evidence that this mechanism plays an important role in preservation of long-term memory and learning following HI in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dila Zafer
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nur Aycan
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Burak Ozaydin
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pinar Kemanli
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Peter Ferrazzano
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jon E Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pelin Cengiz
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,
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25
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Robison LS, Gannon OJ, Salinero AE, Zuloaga KL. Contributions of sex to cerebrovascular function and pathology. Brain Res 2018; 1710:43-60. [PMID: 30580011 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences exist in how cerebral blood vessels function under both physiological and pathological conditions, contributing to observed sex differences in risk and outcomes of cerebrovascular diseases (CBVDs), such as vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) and stroke. Throughout most of the lifespan, women are protected from CBVDs; however, risk increases following menopause, suggesting sex hormones may play a significant role in this protection. The cerebrovasculature is a target for sex hormones, including estrogens, progestins, and androgens, where they can influence numerous vascular functions and pathologies. While there is a plethora of information on estrogen, the effects of progestins and androgens on the cerebrovasculature are less well-defined. Estrogen decreases cerebral tone and increases cerebral blood flow, while androgens increase tone. Both estrogens and androgens enhance angiogenesis/cerebrovascular remodeling. While both estrogens and androgens attenuate cerebrovascular inflammation, pro-inflammatory effects of androgens under physiological conditions have also been demonstrated. Sex hormones exert additional neuroprotective effects by attenuating oxidative stress and maintaining integrity and function of the blood brain barrier. Most animal studies utilize young, healthy, gonadectomized animals, which do not mimic the clinical conditions of aging individuals likely to get CBVDs. This is also concerning, as sex hormones appear to mediate cerebrovascular function differently based on age and disease state (e.g. metabolic syndrome). Through this review, we hope to inspire others to consider sex as a key biological variable in cerebrovascular research, as greater understanding of sex differences in cerebrovascular function will assist in developing personalized approaches to prevent and treat CBVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Robison
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Olivia J Gannon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Abigail E Salinero
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Kristen L Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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26
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Guennoun R, Zhu X, Fréchou M, Gaignard P, Slama A, Liere P, Schumacher M. Steroids in Stroke with Special Reference to Progesterone. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:551-568. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Kaidonis G, Rao AN, Ouyang YB, Stary CM. Elucidating sex differences in response to cerebral ischemia: immunoregulatory mechanisms and the role of microRNAs. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 176:73-85. [PMID: 30121237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia remains a major cause of death and disability worldwide, yet therapeutic options remain limited. Differences in sex and age play an important role in the final outcome in response to cerebral ischemia in both experimental and clinical studies: males have a higher risk and worse outcome than females at younger ages and this trend reverses in older ages. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying sex dimorphism are complex and are still not well understood, studies suggest steroid hormones, sex chromosomes, differential cell death and immune pathways, and sex-specific microRNAs may contribute to the outcome following cerebral ischemia. This review focuses on differential effects between males and females on cell death and immunological pathways in response to cerebral ischemia, the central role of innate sex differences in steroid hormone signaling, and upstreamregulation of sexually dimorphic gene expression by microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kaidonis
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States; Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, United States
| | - Anand N Rao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States
| | - Yi-Bing Ouyang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States
| | - Creed M Stary
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States.
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28
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Ischemic stroke across sexes: What is the status quo? Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 50:3-17. [PMID: 29753797 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke prevalence is expected to increase in the next decades due to the aging of the Western population. Ischemic stroke (IS) shows an age- and sex-dependent distribution in which men represent the most affected population within 65 years of age, being passed by post-menopausal women in older age groups. Furthermore, a sexual dimorphism concerning risk factors, presentation and treatment of IS has been widely recognized. In order to address these phenomena, a number of issue have been raised involving both socio-economical and biological factors. The latter can be either dependent on sex hormones or due to intrinsic factors. Although women have poorer outcomes and are more likely to die after a cerebrovascular event, they are still underrepresented in clinical trials and this is mirrored by the lack of sex-tailored therapies. A greater effort is needed in the future to ensure improved treatment and quality of life to both sexes.
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29
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Liberale L, Carbone F, Montecucco F, Gebhard C, Lüscher TF, Wegener S, Camici GG. Ischemic stroke across sexes: what is the status quo? Front Neuroendocrinol 2018:S0091-3022(18)30040-2. [PMID: 29763641 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke prevalence is expected to increase in the next decades due to the aging of the Western population. Ischemic stroke (IS) shows an age- and sex-dependent distribution in which men represent the most affected population within 65 years of age, being passed by post-menopausal women in older age groups. Furthermore, a sexual dimorphism concerning risk factors, presentation and treatment of IS has been widely recognized. In order to address these phenomena, a number of issue have been raised involving both socio-economical and biological factors. The latter can be either dependent on sex hormones or due to intrinsic factors. Although women have poorer outcomes and are more likely to die after a cerebrovascular event, they are still underrepresented in clinical trials and this is mirrored by the lack of sex-tailored therapies. A greater effort is needed in the future to ensure improved treatment and quality of life to both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 9 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Cathérine Gebhard
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; Cardiology, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Wegener
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
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30
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Céspedes Rubio ÁE, Pérez-Alvarez MJ, Lapuente Chala C, Wandosell F. Sex steroid hormones as neuroprotective elements in ischemia models. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:R65-R81. [PMID: 29654072 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among sex steroid hormones, progesterone and estradiol have a wide diversity of physiological activities that target the nervous system. Not only are they carried by the blood stream, but also they are locally synthesized in the brain and for this reason, estradiol and progesterone are considered 'neurosteroids'. The physiological actions of both hormones range from brain development and neurotransmission to aging, illustrating the importance of a deep understanding of their mechanisms of action. In this review, we summarize key roles that estradiol and progesterone play in the brain. As numerous reports have confirmed a substantial neuroprotective role for estradiol in models of neurodegenerative disease, we focus this review on traumatic brain injury and stroke models. We describe updated data from receptor and signaling events triggered by both hormones, with an emphasis on the mechanisms that have been reported as 'rapid' or 'cytoplasmic actions'. Data showing the therapeutic effects of the hormones, used alone or in combination, are also summarized, with a focus on rodent models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Finally, we draw attention to evidence that neuroprotection by both hormones might be due to a combination of 'cytoplasmic' and 'nuclear' signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Enrique Céspedes Rubio
- Departamento de Sanidad AnimalGrupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Maria José Pérez-Alvarez
- Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal)Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa'Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Lapuente Chala
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasInvestigador Asociado Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa'Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
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d'Adesky ND, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Bhattacharya P, Schatz M, Perez-Pinzon MA, Bramlett HM, Raval AP. Nicotine Alters Estrogen Receptor-Beta-Regulated Inflammasome Activity and Exacerbates Ischemic Brain Damage in Female Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051330. [PMID: 29710856 PMCID: PMC5983576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a preventable risk factor for stroke and smoking-derived nicotine exacerbates post-ischemic damage via inhibition of estrogen receptor beta (ER-β) signaling in the brain of female rats. ER-β regulates inflammasome activation in the brain. Therefore, we hypothesized that chronic nicotine exposure activates the inflammasome in the brain, thus exacerbating ischemic brain damage in female rats. To test this hypothesis, adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (6–7 months old) were exposed to nicotine (4.5 mg/kg/day) or saline for 16 days. Subsequently, brain tissue was collected for immunoblot analysis. In addition, another set of rats underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO; 90 min) with or without nicotine exposure. One month after tMCAO, histopathological analysis revealed a significant increase in infarct volume in the nicotine-treated group (64.24 ± 7.3 mm3; mean ± SEM; n = 6) compared to the saline-treated group (37.12 ± 7.37 mm3; n = 7, p < 0.05). Immunoblot analysis indicated that nicotine increased cortical protein levels of caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β by 88% (p < 0.05), 48% (p < 0.05) and 149% (p < 0.05), respectively, when compared to the saline-treated group. Next, using an in vitro model of ischemia in organotypic slice cultures, we tested the hypothesis that inhibition of nicotine-induced inflammasome activation improves post-ischemic neuronal survival. Accordingly, slices were exposed to nicotine (100 ng/mL; 14–16 days) or saline, followed by treatment with the inflammasome inhibitor isoliquiritigenin (ILG; 24 h) prior to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD; 45 min). Quantification of neuronal death demonstrated that inflammasome inhibition significantly decreased nicotine-induced ischemic neuronal death. Overall, this study shows that chronic nicotine exposure exacerbates ischemic brain damage via activation of the inflammasome in the brain of female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D d'Adesky
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program (D4-5), P.O. Box 016960, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program (D4-5), P.O. Box 016960, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
| | - Marc Schatz
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program (D4-5), P.O. Box 016960, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
| | - Miguel A Perez-Pinzon
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program (D4-5), P.O. Box 016960, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
| | - Helen M Bramlett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
| | - Ami P Raval
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program (D4-5), P.O. Box 016960, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
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Thakkar R, Wang R, Wang J, Vadlamudi RK, Brann DW. 17 β-Estradiol Regulates Microglia Activation and Polarization in the Hippocampus Following Global Cerebral Ischemia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4248526. [PMID: 29849895 PMCID: PMC5932444 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4248526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) is a well-known neuroprotective hormone, but its role in regulation of neuroinflammation is less understood. Recently, our lab demonstrated that E2 could regulate the NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3) inflammasome pathway in the hippocampus following global cerebral ischemia (GCI). Here, we examined the ability of E2 to regulate activation and polarization of microglia phenotype in the hippocampus after global cerebral ischemia (GCI). Our in vivo study in young adult ovariectomized rats showed that exogenous low-dose E2 profoundly suppressed microglia activation and quantitatively shifted microglia from their "activated," amoeboid morphology to a "resting," ramified morphology after GCI. Further studies using M1 "proinflammatory" and M2 "anti-inflammatory" phenotype markers showed that E2 robustly suppressed the "proinflammatory" M1 phenotype, while enhancing the "anti-inflammatory" M2 microglia phenotype in the hippocampus after GCI. These effects of E2 may be mediated directly upon microglia, as E2 suppressed the M1 while enhancing the M2 microglia phenotype in LPS- (lipopolysaccharide-) activated BV2 microglia cells in vitro. E2 also correspondingly suppressed proinflammatory while enhancing anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the LPS-treated BV2 microglia cells. Finally, E2 treatment abolished the LPS-induced neurotoxic effects of BV2 microglia cells upon hippocampal HT-22 neurons. Collectively, our study findings suggest a novel E2-mediated neuroprotective effect via regulation of microglia activation and promotion of the M2 "anti-inflammatory" phenotype in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Thakkar
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ratna K. Vadlamudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Darrell W. Brann
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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33
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Lim SW, Nyam TT E, Hu CY, Chio CC, Wang CC, Kuo JR. Estrogen Receptor-α is Involved in Tamoxifen Neuroprotective Effects in a Traumatic Brain Injury Male Rat Model. World Neurosurg 2018; 112:e278-e287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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34
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Pedersen AL, Saldanha CJ. Reciprocal interactions between prostaglandin E2- and estradiol-dependent signaling pathways in the injured zebra finch brain. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:262. [PMID: 29284502 PMCID: PMC5747085 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytic aromatization and consequent increases in estradiol are neuroprotective in the injured brain. In zebra finches, cyclooxygenase-activity is necessary for injury-induced aromatase expression, and increased central estradiol lowers neuroinflammation. The mechanisms underlying these influences are unknown. Here, we document injury-induced, cyclooxygenase-dependent increases in glial aromatase expression and replicate previous work in our lab showing increases in central prostaglandin E2 and estradiol following brain damage. Further, we describe injury-dependent changes in E-prostanoid and estrogen receptor expression and reveal the necessity of E-prostanoid and estrogen receptors in the injury-dependent, reciprocal interactions of neuroinflammatory and neurosteroidogenic pathways. Methods Adult male and female birds were shams or received bilateral injections of the appropriate drug or vehicle into contralateral telencephalic lobes. Results Injuries sustained in the presence of indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) had fewer aromatase-expressing reactive astrocytes relative to injuries injected with vehicle suggesting that cyclooxygenase activity is necessary for the induction of glial aromatase around the site of damage. Injured hemispheres had higher prostaglandin E2 and estradiol content relative to shams. Importantly, injured hemispheres injected with E-prostanoid- or estrogen receptor-antagonists showed elevated prostaglandin E2 and estradiol, respectively, but lower prostaglandin E2 or estradiol-dependent downstream activity (protein kinase A or phosphoinositide-3-kinase mRNA) suggesting that receptor antagonism did not affect injury-induced prostaglandin E2 or estradiol, but inhibited the effects of these ligands. Antagonism of E-prostanoid receptors 3 or 4 prevented injury-induced increases in neural estradiol in males and females, respectively, albeit this apparent sex-difference needs to be tested more stringently. Further, estrogen receptor-α, but not estrogen receptor-β antagonism, exaggerated neural prostaglandin E2 levels relative to the contralateral lobe in both sexes. Conclusion These data suggest injury-induced, sex-specific prostaglandin E2-dependent estradiol synthesis, and estrogen receptor-α dependent decreases in neuroinflammation in the vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Program in Behavior, Cognition and Neuroscience, and the Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20016, USA
| | - Colin J Saldanha
- Department of Biology, Program in Behavior, Cognition and Neuroscience, and the Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20016, USA.
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35
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Park CJ, Chen G, Koo Y, Lin PCP, Cacioppo JA, Prohaska H, Ko CJ. Generation and characterization of an estrogen receptor alpha-iCre knock-in mouse. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 29115049 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Two estrogen receptors, ESR1 and ESR2, are responsible for the classical actions of estrogens in mammalian species. They display different spatiotemporal expression patterns and nonoverlapping functions in various tissues and physiological conditions. In this study, a novel knock-in mouse line that expresses codon-improved Cre recombinase (iCre) under regulation of the natural Esr1 promoter (Esr1-iCre) was developed. Functional characterization of iCre expression by crossing them with reporter lines (ROSA26-lacZ or Ai9-RFP) showed that iCre is faithfully expressed in Esr1-lineage cells. This novel transgenic mouse line will be a useful animal model for lineage-tracing Esr1-expressing cells, selective gene ablation in the Esr1-lineage cells and for generating global Esr1 knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Jin Park
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Campaign, Illinois
| | - Guanglin Chen
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Campaign, Illinois
| | - Yongbum Koo
- School of Biological Sciences, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea
| | - Po-Ching P Lin
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Campaign, Illinois
| | - Joseph A Cacioppo
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Campaign, Illinois
| | - Hailey Prohaska
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Campaign, Illinois
| | - CheMyong J Ko
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Campaign, Illinois
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Zhu X, Fréchou M, Liere P, Zhang S, Pianos A, Fernandez N, Denier C, Mattern C, Schumacher M, Guennoun R. A Role of Endogenous Progesterone in Stroke Cerebroprotection Revealed by the Neural-Specific Deletion of Its Intracellular Receptors. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10998-11020. [PMID: 28986464 PMCID: PMC6596486 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3874-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with progesterone protects the male and female brain against damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). However, in both sexes, the brain contains significant amounts of endogenous progesterone. It is not known whether endogenously produced progesterone enhances the resistance of the brain to ischemic insult. Here, we used steroid profiling by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for exploring adaptive and sex-specific changes in brain levels of progesterone and its metabolites after MCAO. We show that, in the male mouse brain, progesterone is mainly metabolized via 5α-reduction leading to 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP), also a progesterone receptor (PR) agonist ligand in neural cells, then to 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone (3α,5α-THP). In the female mouse brain, levels of 5α-DHP and 3α,5α-THP are lower and levels of 20α-DHP are higher than in males. After MCAO, levels of progesterone and 5α-DHP are upregulated rapidly to pregnancy-like levels in the male but not in the female brain. To assess whether endogenous progesterone and 5α-DHP contribute to the resistance of neural cells to ischemic damage, we inactivated PR selectively in the CNS. Deletion of PR in the brain reduced its resistance to MCAO, resulting in increased infarct volumes and neurological deficits in both sexes. Importantly, endogenous PR ligands continue to protect the brain of aging mice. These results uncover the unexpected importance of endogenous progesterone and its metabolites in cerebroprotection. They also reveal that the female reproductive hormone progesterone is an endogenous cerebroprotective neurosteroid in both sexes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain responds to injury with protective signaling and has a remarkable capacity to protect itself. We show here that, in response to ischemic stroke, levels of progesterone and its neuroactive metabolite 5α-dihydroprogesterone are upregulated rapidly in the male mouse brain but not in the female brain. An important role of endogenous progesterone in cerebroprotection was demonstrated by the conditional inactivation of its receptor in neural cells. These results show the importance of endogenous progesterone, its metabolites, and neural progesterone receptors in acute cerebroprotection after stroke. This new concept could be exploited therapeutically by taking into account the progesterone status of patients and by supplementing and reinforcing endogenous progesterone signaling for attaining its full cerebroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhu
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Magalie Fréchou
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Philippe Liere
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Shaodong Zhang
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Antoine Pianos
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Neïké Fernandez
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Christian Denier
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bicêtre Hospital, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France, and
| | | | - Michael Schumacher
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France,
| | - Rachida Guennoun
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France,
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Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Brown CM, Povroznik JM, Simpkins JW. Estrogens as neuroprotectants: Estrogenic actions in the context of cognitive aging and brain injury. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:188-211. [PMID: 26891883 PMCID: PMC4985492 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is ample empirical evidence to support the notion that the biological impacts of estrogen extend beyond the gonads to other bodily systems, including the brain and behavior. Converging preclinical findings have indicated a neuroprotective role for estrogen in a variety of experimental models of cognitive function and brain insult. However, the surprising null or even detrimental findings of several large clinical trials evaluating the ability of estrogen-containing hormone treatments to protect against age-related brain changes and insults, including cognitive aging and brain injury, led to hesitation by both clinicians and patients in the use of exogenous estrogenic treatments for nervous system outcomes. That estrogen-containing therapies are used by tens of millions of women for a variety of health-related applications across the lifespan has made identifying conditions under which benefits with estrogen treatment will be realized an important public health issue. Here we provide a summary of the biological actions of estrogen and estrogen-containing formulations in the context of aging, cognition, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. We have devoted special attention to highlighting the notion that estrogen appears to be a conditional neuroprotectant whose efficacy is modulated by several interacting factors. By developing criteria standards for desired beneficial peripheral and neuroprotective outcomes among unique patient populations, we can optimize estrogen treatments for attenuating the consequences of, and perhaps even preventing, cognitive aging and brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Engler-Chiurazzi
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.
| | - C M Brown
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.
| | - J M Povroznik
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States; Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.
| | - J W Simpkins
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.
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Jover-Mengual T, Castelló-Ruiz M, Burguete MC, Jorques M, López-Morales MA, Aliena-Valero A, Jurado-Rodríguez A, Pérez S, Centeno JM, Miranda FJ, Alborch E, Torregrosa G, Salom JB. Molecular mechanisms mediating the neuroprotective role of the selective estrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene, in acute ischemic stroke: A comparative study with 17β-estradiol. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:296-304. [PMID: 28479229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the knowledge on the estrogenic system in the brain grows, the possibilities to modulate it in order to afford further neuroprotection in brain damaging disorders so do it. We have previously demonstrated the ability of the selective estrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene (BZA), to reduce experimental ischemic brain damage. The present study has been designed to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in such a neuroprotective action by investigating: 1) stroke-induced apoptotic cell death; 2) expression of estrogen receptors (ER) ERα, ERβ and the G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER); and 3) modulation of MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. For comparison, a parallel study was done with 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated animals. Male Wistar rats subject to transient right middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO, intraluminal thread technique, 60min), were distributed in vehicle-, BZA- (20.7±2.1ng/mL in plasma) and E2- (45.6±7.8pg/mL in plasma) treated groups. At 24h from the onset of tMCAO, RT-PCR, Western blot and histochemical analysis were performed on brain tissue samples. Ischemia-reperfusion per se increased apoptosis as assessed by both caspase-3 activity and TUNEL-positive cell counts, which were reversed by both BZA and E2. ERα and ERβ expression, but not that of GPER, was reduced by the ischemic insult. BZA and E2 had different effects: while BZA increased both ERα and ERβ expression, E2 increased ERα expression but did not change that of ERβ. Both MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways were stimulated under ischemic conditions. While BZA strongly reduced the increased p-ERK1/2 levels, E2 did not. Neither BZA nor E2 modified ischemia-induced increase in p-Akt levels. These results show that modulation of ERα and ERβ expression, as well as of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway accounts, at least in part, for the inhibitory effect of BZA on the stroke-induced apoptotic cell death. This lends mechanistic support to the consideration of BZA as a potential neuroprotective drug in acute ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Jover-Mengual
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Castelló-Ruiz
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia Spain
| | - María C Burguete
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jorques
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mikahela A López-Morales
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Aliena-Valero
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Jurado-Rodríguez
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Centeno
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Miranda
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Alborch
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Torregrosa
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia Spain.
| | - Juan B Salom
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia Spain
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Stoop W, De Geyter D, Verachtert S, Brouwers S, Verdood P, De Keyser J, Kooijman R. Post-stroke treatment with 17β-estradiol exerts neuroprotective effects in both normotensive and hypertensive rats. Neuroscience 2017; 348:335-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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40
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Faber JE, Moore SM, Lucitti JL, Aghajanian A, Zhang H. Sex Differences in the Cerebral Collateral Circulation. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 8:273-283. [PMID: 27844273 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Premenopausal women and intact female rodents sustain smaller cerebral infarctions than males. Several sex-dependent differences have been identified as potential contributors, but many questions remain unanswered. Mice exhibit wide variation in native collateral number and diameter (collateral extent) that is dependent on differences in genetic background, aging, and other comorbidities and that contributes to their also-wide differences in infarct volume. Likewise, variation in infarct volume correlates with differences in collateral-dependent blood flow in patients with acute ischemic stroke. We examined whether extent of pial collateral arterioles and posterior communicating collateral arteries (PComAs) differ depending on sex in young, aged, obese, hypertensive, and genetically different mice. We combined new data with meta-analysis of our previously published data. Females of C57BL/6J (B6) and BALB/cByJ (BC) strains sustained smaller infarctions than males after permanent MCA occlusion. This protection was unchanged in BC mice after introgression of the B6 allele of Dce1, the major genetic determinant of variation in pial collaterals among mouse strains. Consistent with this, collateral extent in these and other strains did not differ with sex. Extent of PComAs and primary cerebral arteries also did not vary with sex. No dimorphism was evident for loss of pial collateral number and/or diameter (collateral rarefaction) caused by aging, obesity, and hypertension, nor for collateral remodeling after pMCAO. However, rarefaction was greater in females with long-standing hypertension. We conclude that smaller infarct volume in female mice is not due to greater collateral extent, greater remodeling, or less rarefaction caused by aging, obesity, or hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Faber
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Scott M Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer L Lucitti
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Amir Aghajanian
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Valenzuela R, Costa-Besada MA, Guerra MJ. Menopause and Parkinson's disease. Interaction between estrogens and brain renin-angiotensin system in dopaminergic degeneration. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 43:44-59. [PMID: 27693730 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of menopausal hormonal therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD) have not yet been clarified, and it is controversial whether there is a critical period for neuroprotection. Studies in animal models and clinical and epidemiological studies indicate that estrogens induce dopaminergic neuroprotection. Recent studies suggest that inhibition of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) mediates the effects of estrogens in PD models. In the substantia nigra, ovariectomy induces a decrease in levels of estrogen receptor-α (ER-α) and increases angiotensin activity, NADPH-oxidase activity and expression of neuroinflammatory markers, which are regulated by estrogen replacement therapy. There is a critical period for the neuroprotective effect of estrogen replacement therapy, and local ER-α and RAS play a major role. Astrocytes play a major role in ER-α-induced regulation of local RAS, but neurons and microglia are also involved. Interestingly, treatment with angiotensin receptor antagonists after the critical period induced neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain.
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Rita Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Maria A Costa-Besada
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Maria J Guerra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
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Tskitishvili E, Pequeux C, Munaut C, Viellevoye R, Nisolle M, Noël A, Foidart JM. Use of estetrol with other steroids for attenuation of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: to combine or not to combine? Oncotarget 2016; 7:33722-43. [PMID: 27231853 PMCID: PMC5085115 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Estetrol (E4), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) have important antioxidative and neuroprotective effects in neuronal system. We aimed to study the consequence of combined steroid therapy in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). In vitro the effect of E4 combined with other steroids on oxidative stress and the cell viability in primary hippocampal cultures was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase and cell survival assays. In vivo neuroprotective and therapeutic efficacy of E4 combined with other steroids was studied in HIE model of immature rats. The rat pups rectal temperature, body and brain weights were evaluated.The hippocampus and the cortex were investigated by histo/immunohistochemistry: intact cell number counting, expressions of markers for early gray matter lose, neuro- and angiogenesis were studied. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was evaluated by ELISA in blood samples. In vitro E4 and combinations of high doses of E4 with P4 and/or E2 significantly diminished the LDH activity and upregulated the cell survival.In vivopretreatment or treatment by different combinations of E4 with other steroids had unalike effects on body and brain weight, neuro- and angiogenesis, and GFAP expression in blood. The combined use of E4 with other steroids has no benefit over the single use of E4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterine Tskitishvili
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, Liege 1, Belgium
| | - Christel Pequeux
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, Liege 1, Belgium
| | - Carine Munaut
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, Liege 1, Belgium
| | - Renaud Viellevoye
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Liege, Liege 1, Belgium
| | - Michelle Nisolle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Liege, Liege1, Belgium
| | - Agnes Noël
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, Liege 1, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, Liege 1, Belgium
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43
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Cordeau P, Lalancette-Hébert M, Weng YC, Kriz J. Estrogen receptors alpha mediates postischemic inflammation in chronically estrogen-deprived mice. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 40:50-60. [PMID: 26973103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens are known to exert neuroprotective and immuneomodulatory effects after stroke. However, at present, little is known about the role of estrogens and its receptors in postischemic inflammation after menopause. Here, we provide important in vivo evidence of a distinct shift in microglial phenotypes in the model of postmenopause brain. Using a model-system for live imaging of microglial activation in the context of chronic estrogen- and ERα-deficiency associated with aging, we observed a marked deregulation of the TLR2 signals and/or microglial activation in ovariectomized and/or ERα knockout mice. Further analysis revealed a 5.7-fold increase in IL-6, a 4.7-fold increase in phospho-Stat3 levels suggesting an overactivation of JAK/STAT3 pathway and significantly larger infarction in ERα knockouts chronically deprived of estrogen. Taken together, our results suggest that in the experimental model of menopause and/or aging, ERα mediates innate immune responses and/or microglial activation, and ischemia-induced production of IL-6. Based on our results, we propose that the loss of functional ERα may lead to deregulation of postischemic inflammatory responses and increased vulnerability to ischemic injury in aging female brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cordeau
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Research Centre of Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lalancette-Hébert
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Research Centre of Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Yuan Cheng Weng
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Research Centre of Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jasna Kriz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Research Centre of Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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Xie Q, Xi G, Keep RF, Hua Y. Effects of Gender and Estrogen Receptors on Iron-Induced Brain Edema Formation. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:341-5. [PMID: 26463972 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that female mice have less brain edema and better recovery in neurological deficits after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and that 17β-estradiol treatment in male mice markedly reduces ICH-induced brain edema. In this study, we investigated the role of gender and the estrogen receptors (ERs) in iron-induced brain edema. There were three parts in this study: (1) either male or female mice received an injection of 10 μL FeCl2 (1 mM) into the right caudate; (2) females received an intracaudate injection of FeCl2 or saline with 1 μg of ICI 182,780 (antagonists of ERs) or vehicle; and (3) males were treated with the ER regulator tamoxifen (5 mg/kg subcutaneously) or vehicle 1 h after FeCl2 injection. Mice were euthanized 24 h later for brain edema determination. FeCl2 induced lower brain edema in females than in males. Co-injection of ICI 182,780 with FeCl2 aggravated iron-induced brain edema in female mice. ICI 182,780 itself did not induce brain edema at the dose of 1 μg. Tamoxifen treatment reduced FeCl2-induced brain edema in male mice. In conclusion, iron induced less brain edema in female mice than in males. ER modification can affect iron-induced brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohua Xi
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Bains M, Roberts JL. Estrogen protects against dopamine neuron toxicity in primary mesencephalic cultures through an indirect P13K/Akt mediated astrocyte pathway. Neurosci Lett 2015; 610:79-85. [PMID: 26520464 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate neuronal homeostasis and have been implicated in affecting the viability and functioning of surrounding neurons under stressed and injured conditions. Previous data from our lab suggests indirect actions of estrogen through ERα in neighboring astroglia to protect dopamine neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) toxicity in mouse mesencephalic cultures. We further evaluate estrogen signaling in astrocytes and the mechanism of estrogen's indirect neuroprotective effects on dopamine neurons. Primary mesencephalic cultures pre-treated with 17β-estradiol and the membrane impermeable estrogen, E2-BSA, were both neuroprotective against MPP(+) -induced dopamine neuron toxicity, suggesting membrane-initiated neuroprotection. ERα was found in the plasma membrane of astrocyte cultures and colocalized with the lipid raft marker, flotillin-1. A 17β-estradiol time course revealed a significant increase in Akt, which was inhibited by the PI3 kinase inhibitor, LY294004. Estrogen conditioned media collected from pure astrocyte cultures rescued glial deficient mesencephalic cultures from MPP(+). This indirect estrogen-mediated neuroprotective effect in mesencephalic cultures was significantly reduced when PI3 kinase signaling in astrocytes was blocked prior to collecting estrogen-conditioned media using the irreversible PI3 kinase inhibitor, Wortmannin. Estrogen signaling via astrocytes is rapidly initiated at the membrane level and requires PI3 kinase signaling in order to protect primary mesencephalic dopamine neurons from MPP(+) neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Bains
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United states.
| | - James L Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United states
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Zou W, Fang C, Ji X, Liang X, Liu Y, Han C, Huang L, Zhang Q, Li H, Zhang Y, Liu J, Liu J. Estrogen Receptor (ER)-α36 Is Involved in Estrogen- and Tamoxifen-Induced Neuroprotective Effects in Ischemic Stroke Models. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140660. [PMID: 26484775 PMCID: PMC4618921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotection by estrogen (E2) and tamoxifen is well documented in experimental stroke models; however, the exact mechanism is unclear. A membrane-based estrogen receptor, ER-α36, has been identified. Postmenopausal-levels of E2 act through ER-α36 to induce osteoclast apoptosis due to a prolonged activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling. We hypothesized that ER-α36 may play a role in the neuroprotective activities of estrogen and tamoxifen. Here, we studied ER-α36 expression in the brain, as well as its neuroprotective effects against oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in PC12 cells. We found that ER-α36 was expressed in both rat and human brain. In addition, OGD-induced cell death was prevented by l nmol/L 17β-estradiol (E2β). E2β activates the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in PC12 cells under basal and OGD conditions by interacting with ER-α36 and also induces ER-α36 expression. Low-dose of tamoxifen up-regulated ER-α36 expression and enhanced neuronal survival in an ovariectomized ischemic stroke model. Furthermore, low-dose of tamoxifen enhanced neuroprotective effects by modulating activates or suppress ER-α36. Our results thus demonstrated that ER-α36 is involved in neuroprotective activities mediated by both estrogen and tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratories of Biotechnology and Molecular Drug Research and Development, Dalian, 116081, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (WZ)
| | - Chen Fang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Xiaofei Ji
- Regenerative Medicine Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Chao Han
- Regenerative Medicine Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Liang Huang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratories of Biotechnology and Molecular Drug Research and Development, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Yejun Zhang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratories of Biotechnology and Molecular Drug Research and Development, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Jinqiu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Regenerative Medicine Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (WZ)
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Selina AK, Murat K, Emre K, Ismail M, Bunyami U, Cemal G. The relationship between estrogen receptors and microtubule dynamics in post-menopausal rat brain. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:747-51. [PMID: 26319549 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estrogen is one of the most important regulators of neuron function. There is a broad consensus that a loss of estrogen is associated with neurodegeneration in the hippocampus which leads to cognitive impairment. Hematopoietic-Pbx-interaction-protein (HPIP) is a novel scaffolding protein which interacts with microtubules and estrogen receptors. In this study, we investigated the presence and role of HPIP in hippocampal neurons and examined the relationship between estrogen receptors and microtubule damage in post-menopausal rat brains. METHOD Eighty female Wistar albino rats, 12 weeks old, were divided into 10 groups: control, control+17-β-estradiol, control+tamoxifen, control+mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) inhibitor, control+phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor, ovariectomized, ovariectomized+17-β-estradiol, ovariectomized+tamoxifen, ovariectomized+MAPK inhibitor, and ovariectomized+PI3-K inhibitor. Light and electron microscopic examinations were performed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the expression level of HPIP in experimental groups. RESULTS Light and electron microscopic examinations revealed morphological changes in hippocampal neuron axons. Axonal fluctuations and shrinkage were detected in all ovariectomized groups. HPIP was detected in all neurons with difference expression levels. CONCLUSION Proof that the HPIP protein can be found on hippocampal neurons may give rise to a new focus on neurodegeneration in post-menopausal women. Future molecular and pharmacological studies should be performed to reduce the rate of cognitive symptoms resulting from hippocampal neurodegeneration.
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Demethylation of Circulating Estrogen Receptor Alpha Gene in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139608. [PMID: 26422690 PMCID: PMC4589317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen is involved in neuron plasticity and can promote neuronal survival in stroke. Its actions are mostly exerted via estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Previous animal studies have shown that ERα is upregulated by DNA demethylation following ischemic injury. This study investigated the methylation levels in the ERα promoter in the peripheral blood of ischemic stroke patients. Methods The study included 201 ischemic stroke patients, and 217 age- and sex-comparable healthy controls. The quantitative methylation level in the 14 CpG sites of the ERα promoter was measured by pyrosequencing in each participant. Multivariate regression model was used to adjust for stroke traditional risk factors. Stroke subtypes and sex-specific analysis were also conducted. Results The results demonstrated that the stroke cases had a lower ERα methylation level than controls in all 14 CpG sites, and site13 and site14 had significant adjusted p-values of 0.035 and 0.026, respectively. Stroke subtypes analysis showed that large-artery atherosclerosis and cardio-embolic subtypes had significantly lower methylation levels than the healthy controls at CpG site5, site9, site12, site13 and site14 with adjusted p = 0.039, 0.009, 0.025, 0.046 and 0.027 respectively. However, the methylation level for the patients with small vessel subtype was not significant. We combined the methylation data from the above five sites for further sex-specific analysis. The results showed that the significant association only existed in women (adjusted p = 0.011), but not in men (adjusted p = 0.300). Conclusions Female stroke cases have lower ERα methylation levels than those in the controls, especially in large-artery and cardio-embolic stroke subtypes. The study implies that women suffering from ischemic stroke of specific subtype may undergo different protective mechanisms to reduce the brain injury.
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Lopez MS, Dempsey RJ, Vemuganti R. Resveratrol neuroprotection in stroke and traumatic CNS injury. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:75-82. [PMID: 26277384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a stilbene formed in many plants in response to various stressors, elicits multiple beneficial effects in vertebrates. Particularly, resveratrol was shown to have therapeutic properties in cancer, atherosclerosis and neurodegeneration. Resveratrol-induced benefits are modulated by multiple synergistic pathways that control oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death. Despite the lack of a definitive mechanism, both in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that resveratrol can induce a neuroprotective state when administered acutely or prior to experimental injury to the CNS. In this review, we discuss the neuroprotective potential of resveratrol in stroke, traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, with a focus on the molecular pathways responsible for this protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Lopez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert J Dempsey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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