1
|
Biologically active lipids in the regulation of lymphangiogenesis in disease states. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108011. [PMID: 34614423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have crucial roles in the regulation of interstitial fluids, immune surveillance, and the absorption of dietary fat in the intestine. Lymphatic function is also closely related to the pathogenesis of various disease states such as inflammation, lymphedema, endometriosis, liver dysfunction, and tumor metastasis. Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing lymphatic vessels, is a critical determinant in the above conditions. Although the effect of growth factors on lymphangiogenesis is well-characterized, and biologically active lipids are known to affect smooth muscle contractility and vasoaction, there is accumulating evidence that biologically active lipids are also important inducers of growth factors and cytokines that regulate lymphangiogenesis. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of biologically active lipids, including arachidonic acid metabolites, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and lysophosphatidic acid, as regulators of lymphangiogenesis, and the emerging importance of the lymphangiogenesis as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
2
|
Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Cancer Cells: What Makes LPA So Special? Cells 2021; 10:cells10082059. [PMID: 34440828 PMCID: PMC8394178 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) refers to a family of simple phospholipids that act as ligands for G protein-coupled receptors. While LPA exerts effects throughout the body in normal physiological circumstances, its pathological role in cancer is of great interest from a therapeutic viewpoint. The numerous LPA receptors (LPARs) are coupled to a variety of G proteins, and more than one LPAR is typically expressed on any given cell. While the individual receptors signal through conventional GPCR pathways, LPA is particularly efficacious in stimulating cancer cell proliferation and migration. This review addresses the mechanistic aspects underlying these pro-tumorigenic effects. We provide examples of LPA signaling responses in various types of cancers, with an emphasis on those where roles have been identified for specific LPARs. While providing an overview of LPAR signaling, these examples also reveal gaps in our knowledge regarding the mechanisms of LPA action at the receptor level. The current understanding of the LPAR structure and the roles of LPAR interactions with other receptors are discussed. Overall, LPARs provide insight into the potential molecular mechanisms that underlie the ability of individual GPCRs (or combinations of GPCRs) to elicit a unique spectrum of responses from their agonist ligands. Further knowledge of these mechanisms will inform drug discovery, since GPCRs are promising therapeutic targets for cancer.
Collapse
|
3
|
Unraveling the Molecular Nexus between GPCRs, ERS, and EMT. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6655417. [PMID: 33746610 PMCID: PMC7943314 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6655417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a large family of transmembrane proteins that transduce an external stimulus into a variety of cellular responses. They play a critical role in various pathological conditions in humans, including cancer, by regulating a number of key processes involved in tumor formation and progression. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process in promoting cancer cell invasion and tumor dissemination leading to metastasis, an often intractable state of the disease. Uncontrolled proliferation and persistent metabolism of cancer cells also induce oxidative stress, hypoxia, and depletion of growth factors and nutrients. These disturbances lead to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induce a cellular condition called ER stress (ERS) which is counteracted by activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Many GPCRs modulate ERS and UPR signaling via ERS sensors, IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6, to support cancer cell survival and inhibit cell death. By regulating downstream signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, TGF-β, and Wnt/β-catenin, GPCRs also upregulate mesenchymal transcription factors including Snail, ZEB, and Twist superfamilies which regulate cell polarity, cytoskeleton remodeling, migration, and invasion. Likewise, ERS-induced UPR upregulates gene transcription and expression of proteins related to EMT enhancing tumor aggressiveness. Though GPCRs are attractive therapeutic targets in cancer biology, much less is known about their roles in regulating ERS and EMT. Here, we will discuss the interplay in GPCR-ERS linked to the EMT process of cancer cells, with a particular focus on oncogenes and molecular signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ahmed T, Mythreye K, Lee NY. Strength and duration of GIPC-dependent signaling networks as determinants in cancer. Neoplasia 2021; 23:181-188. [PMID: 33360508 PMCID: PMC7773760 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
GIPC is a PDZ-domain containing adaptor protein that regulates the cell surface expression and endocytic trafficking of numerous transmembrane receptors and signaling complexes. Interactions with over 50 proteins have been reported to date including VEGFR, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), GPCRs, and APPL, many of which have essential roles in neuronal and cardiovascular development. In cancer, a major subset of GIPC-binding receptors and cytoplasmic effectors have been shown to promote tumorigenesis or metastatic progression, while other subsets have demonstrated strong tumor-suppressive effects. Given that these diverse pathways are widespread in normal tissues and human malignancies, precisely how these opposing signals are integrated and regulated within the same tumor setting likely depend on the strength and duration of their interactions with GIPC. This review highlights the major pathways and divergent mechanisms of GIPC signaling in various cancers and provide a rationale for emerging GIPC-targeted cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasmia Ahmed
- Deparment of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nam Y Lee
- Deparment of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gad AA, Balenga N. The Emerging Role of Adhesion GPCRs in Cancer. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:29-42. [PMID: 32259086 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression, function, and mutation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling partners, G proteins, have been well documented in many forms of cancer. These cell surface receptors and their endogenous ligands are implicated in all aspects of cancer including proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) form the second largest family of GPCRs, most of which are orphan receptors with unknown physiological functions. This is mainly due to our limited insight into their structure, natural ligands, signaling pathways, and tissue expression profiles. Nevertheless, recent studies show that aGPCRs play important roles in cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and cell-cell communication, processes that are dysregulated in cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that aGPCRs are implicated in migration, proliferation, and survival of tumor cells. We here review the role of aGPCRs in the five most common types of cancer (lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, and gastric) and emphasize the importance of further translational studies in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub A Gad
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Molecular and Structural Biology program at University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lysophosphatidic Acid and Autotaxin-associated Effects on the Initiation and Progression of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070958. [PMID: 31323936 PMCID: PMC6678549 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium interacts dynamically with the immune system to maintain its barrier function to protect the host, while performing the physiological roles in absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, water and minerals. The importance of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its receptors in the gut has been progressively appreciated. LPA signaling modulates cell proliferation, invasion, adhesion, angiogenesis, and survival that can promote cancer growth and metastasis. These effects are equally important for the maintenance of the epithelial barrier in the gut, which forms the first line of defense against the milieu of potentially pathogenic stimuli. This review focuses on the LPA-mediated signaling that potentially contributes to inflammation and tumor formation in the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
|
7
|
Jung JH, Han S, Ju M, Jung ST, Yu YG. Isolation of Single Chain Antibodies Specific to Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1 (LPA
1
) from a M13 Phage Display Library Using Purified LPA
1
Stabilized in Nanodiscs. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hae Jung
- Department of Applied ChemistryKookmin University Seoul 02707 South Korea
| | - Seong‐Gu Han
- Department of Applied ChemistryKookmin University Seoul 02707 South Korea
| | - Man‐Seok Ju
- Department of Applied ChemistryKookmin University Seoul 02707 South Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Graduate School of MedicineKorea University Seoul 02841 South Korea
| | - Yeon Gyu Yu
- Department of Applied ChemistryKookmin University Seoul 02707 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu J, Li F, Wang Y, Zhang H, Dong J, Sun P, Li Y, Li Z. Synthesis, biological activities and 3D-QSAR studies of (R)-2-phenyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxamide derivatives containing a sulfur ether moiety. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
9
|
Cancer of Reproductive System: Receptors and Targeting Strategies. TARGETED INTRACELLULAR DRUG DELIVERY BY RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS 2019. [PMCID: PMC7122620 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29168-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis in the different organs of the reproductive system, particularly, prostate, ovarian, and cervical tissues, involves aberrant expression of various physiological receptors belonging to different superfamilies. This chapter provides insights into the physiological receptors that are associated with the genesis, progression, metastasis, management, as well as the prognosis of the cancers of the male and female reproductive systems. It also highlights the structural and binding characteristics of the highly predominant receptors, namely, androgen, estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors, which are overexpressed in these cancers and discusses various strategies to target them.
Collapse
|
10
|
Genc GE, Hipolito VEB, Botelho RJ, Gumuslu S. Lysophosphatidic acid represses autophagy in prostate carcinoma cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 97:387-396. [PMID: 30403494 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small signaling phospholipid that mediates diverse functions including cell proliferation, migration, and survival by engaging LPA-agonized G-protein coupled receptors. Autophagy is a survival mechanism in response to nutrient depletion or organellar damage that encloses idle or damaged organelles within autophagosomes that are then delivered to lysosomes for degradation. However, the relationship between LPA and autophagy is largely unknown. The purpose of this study is to elucidate whether LPA affects autophagy through the ERK1/2 and (or) the Akt-mTOR signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the effect of LPA on autophagy-regulating pathways in various prostate-derived cancer cells including PC3, LNCaP, and Du145 cells grown in complete medium and exposed to serum-free medium. Using Western blotting and ELISA, we determined that LPA stimulates the ERK and mTOR pathways in complete and serum-free medium. The mTOR pathway led to phosphorylation of S6K and ULK, which respectively stimulates protein synthesis and arrests autophagy. Consistent with this, LPA exposure suppressed autophagy as measured by LC3 maturation and formation of GFP-LC3 puncta. Altogether, these results suggest that LPA suffices to activate mTORC1 and suppress autophagy in prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem E Genc
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Victoria E B Hipolito
- b Department of Chemistry and Biology and the Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- b Department of Chemistry and Biology and the Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Saadet Gumuslu
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu PY, Lin YC, Huang YL, Chen WM, Chen CC, Lee H. Mechanisms of Lysophosphatidic Acid-Mediated Lymphangiogenesis in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110413. [PMID: 30384405 PMCID: PMC6266502 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common noncutaneous cancer in men worldwide. One of its major treatments is androgen deprivation therapy, but PCa frequently relapses as aggressive castration resistant local tumors and distal metastases. Hence, the development of novel agents or treatment modalities for advanced PCa is crucial. Many tumors, including PCa, first metastasize to regional lymph nodes via lymphatic vessels. Recent findings demonstrate that the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes PCa progression by regulating vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), a critical mediator of tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Many of the underlying molecular mechanisms of the LPA–VEGF-C axis have been described, revealing potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets that may aid in the diagnosis and treatment of advanced PCa. Herein, we review the literature that illustrates a functional role for LPA signaling in PCa progression. These discoveries may be especially applicable to anti-lymphangiogenic strategies for the prevention and therapy of metastatic PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Chien Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan.
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan.
| | - Hsinyu Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Leblanc R, Houssin A, Peyruchaud O. Platelets, autotaxin and lysophosphatidic acid signalling: win-win factors for cancer metastasis. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3100-3110. [PMID: 29777586 PMCID: PMC6031885 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a crucial role in the survival of metastatic cells in the blood circulation. The interaction of tumour cells with platelets leads to the production of plethoric factors among which our review will focus on lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), because platelets are the highest producers of this bioactive lysophospholipid in the organism. LPA promotes platelet aggregation, and blocking platelet function decreases LPA signalling and leads to inhibition of breast cancer cell metastasis. Autotaxin (ATX), a lysophospholipase D responsible for the basal concentration of LPA in blood, was detected in platelet α-granules. Functionally, active ATX is eventually released following tumour cell-induced platelet aggregation, thereby promoting metastasis. Megakaryocytes do not express ATX but respond to LPA stimulation. Whether LPA-primed megakaryocytes contribute to the recently reported negative action of megakaryocytes on cancer metastasis is not yet known. However, an understanding of the ATX/LPA signalling pathways in platelets, cancer cells and megakaryocytes opens up new approaches for fighting cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Leblanc
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Houssin
- INSERM, UMR_S1033, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Lyon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paudyal P, Xie Q, Vaddi PK, Henry MD, Chen S. Inhibiting G protein βγ signaling blocks prostate cancer progression and enhances the efficacy of paclitaxel. Oncotarget 2018; 8:36067-36081. [PMID: 28415604 PMCID: PMC5482639 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is implicated in prostate cancer progression, but targeting them has been challenging because multiple GPCRs are involved in cancer progression. In this study, we tested the effect of blocking signaling via a hub through which multiple GPCRs converge — the G-protein Gβγ subunits. Inhibiting Gβγ signaling in several castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines (i.e. PC3, DU145 and 22Rv1), impaired cell growth and migration in vitro, and halted tumor growth and metastasis in nude mice. The blockade of Gβγ signaling also diminished prostate cancer stem cell-like activities, by reducing tumorsphere formation in vitro and tumor formation in a limiting dilution assay in nude mice. Furthermore, Gβγ blockade enhanced the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to paclitaxel treatment, both in vitro and in vivo. Together, our results identify a novel function of Gβγ in regulating prostate cancer stem-cell-like activities, and demonstrate that targeting Gβγ signaling is an effective approach in blocking prostate cancer progression and augmenting response to chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Paudyal
- The Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Qing Xie
- The Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Prasanna Kuma Vaddi
- The Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael D Henry
- The Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,The Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,The Department of Urology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,The Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Songhai Chen
- The Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,The Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hopkins MM, Liu Z, Meier KE. Positive and Negative Cross-Talk between Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1, Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4, and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 359:124-33. [PMID: 27474750 PMCID: PMC5034703 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.233379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator that mediates cellular effects via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a peptide that acts via a receptor tyrosine kinase. LPA and EGF both induce proliferation of prostate cancer cells and can transactivate each other's receptors. The LPA receptor LPA1 is particularly important for LPA response in human prostate cancer cells. Previous work in our laboratory has demonstrated that free fatty acid 4 (FFA4), a GPCR activated by ω-3 fatty acids, inhibits responses to both LPA and EGF in these cells. One potential mechanism for the inhibition involves negative interactions between FFA4 and LPA1, thereby suppressing responses to EGF that require LPA1 In the current study, we examined the role of LPA1 in mediating EGF and FFA4 agonist responses in two human prostate cancer cell lines, DU145 and PC-3. The results show that an LPA1-selective antagonist inhibits proliferation and migration to both LPA and EGF. Knockdown of LPA1 expression, using silencing RNA, blocks responses to LPA and significantly inhibits responses to EGF. The partial response to EGF that is observed after LPA1 knockdown is not inhibited by FFA4 agonists. Finally, the role of arrestin-3, a GPCR-binding protein that mediates many actions of activated GPCRs, was tested. Knockdown of arrestin-3 completely inhibits responses to both LPA and EGF in prostate cancer cells. Taken together, these results suggest that LPA1 plays a critical role in EGF responses and that FFA4 agonists inhibit proliferation by suppressing positive cross-talk between LPA1 and the EGF receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandi M Hopkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Kathryn E Meier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pan HL, Liu BL, Lin W, Zhang YQ. Modulation of Nav1.8 by Lysophosphatidic Acid in the Induction of Bone Cancer Pain. Neurosci Bull 2016; 32:445-54. [PMID: 27631681 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel Nav1.8 are both involved in bone cancer pain, the present study was designed to investigate whether crosstalk between the LPA receptor LPA1 (also known as EDG2) and Nav1.8 in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contributes to the induction of bone cancer pain. We showed that the EDG2 antagonist Ki16198 blocked the mechanical allodynia induced by intrathecal LPA in naïve rats and attenuated mechanical allodynia in a rat model of bone cancer. EDG2 and Nav1.8 expression in L4-6 DRGs was upregulated following intrathecal or hindpaw injection of LPA. EDG2 and Nav1.8 expression in ipsilateral L4-6 DRGs increased with the development of bone cancer. Furthermore, we showed that EDG2 co-localized with Nav1.8 and LPA remarkably enhanced Nav1.8 currents in DRG neurons, and this was blocked by either a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor or a PKCε inhibitor. Overall, we demonstrated the modulation of Nav1.8 by LPA in DRG neurons, and that this probably underlies the peripheral mechanism by which bone cancer pain is induced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Li Pan
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Ben-Long Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu J, Li Y, Chen Y, Hua X, Wan Y, Wei W, Song H, Yu S, Zhang X, Li Z. Design, Synthesis, Antifungal Activities and SARs of (R)-2-Aryl-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic Acid Derivatives. CHINESE J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201500619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
17
|
Lys39-Lysophosphatidate Carbonyl Oxygen Interaction Locks LPA1 N-terminal Cap to the Orthosteric Site and partners Arg124 During Receptor Activation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13343. [PMID: 26268898 PMCID: PMC4542628 DOI: 10.1038/srep13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor 1 (LPA1) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptors mediating the biological response to LPA species. Lack of detailed mechanism underlying LPA/LPA1 interaction has hampered the development of specific antagonists. Here, novel N-terminal Lys39 has been identified as a key residue during LPA-type agonist binding and LPA1 activation. Analysis of the molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories showed that LPA-type agonist but not VPC-32183 (antagonist) evolved structures with classical GPCR activation signatures such as reduced cytoplasmic transmembrane (TM) 3/TM6 dynamic network, ruptured ionic lock, and formation of a continuous and highly ordered internal water pathway was also observed. In activated state, LPA-type agonists interact with Arg124 (R3.28), Gln125 (Q3.29), Lys294 (K7.36) and a novel N-terminal Lys39. Site-directed mutagenesis showed complete loss of intracellular calcium mobilization in B103 cells expressing R3.28A and Lys39Ala when treated with LPA-type agonists. Structurally, LPA-type agonist via Carbonyl-oxygen/Lys39 interaction facilitated the formation of a hypothetical N-terminal cap tightly packed over LPA1 heptahelical bundle. This packing may represent a key mechanism to distinguish an apo-receptor from bound LPA1.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kawashima Y, Kushida N, Kokubun S, Ogawa S, Shiomi H, Ishibashi K, Aikawa K, Ikegami K, Nomiya M, Yamaguchi O. Possible effect of lysophosphatidic acid on cell proliferation and involvement of lysophosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid receptors in mechanical stretch-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase. Int J Urol 2015; 22:778-84. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kawashima
- Department of Urology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kushida
- Department of Urology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - Shuko Kokubun
- Department of Urology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - Soichiro Ogawa
- Department of Urology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - Homare Shiomi
- Department of Urology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - Kei Ishibashi
- Department of Urology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - Ken Aikawa
- Department of Urology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - Kentaro Ikegami
- Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research; Nihon University College of Engineering; Koriyama Japan
| | - Masanori Nomiya
- Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research; Nihon University College of Engineering; Koriyama Japan
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Division of Bioengineering and LUTD Research; Nihon University College of Engineering; Koriyama Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Llona-Minguez S, Ghassemian A, Helleday T. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPAR) modulators: The current pharmacological toolbox. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:51-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
20
|
Liu Z, Hopkins MM, Zhang Z, Quisenberry CB, Fix LC, Galvan BM, Meier KE. Omega-3 fatty acids and other FFA4 agonists inhibit growth factor signaling in human prostate cancer cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:380-94. [PMID: 25491146 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.218974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) are proposed to have many beneficial effects on human health. However, the mechanisms underlying their potential cancer preventative effects are unclear. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) family, FFA1/GPR40 and FFA4/GPR120, specifically bind n-3 FAs as agonist ligands. In this study, we examined the effects of n-3 FAs in human prostate cancer cell lines. Initial studies established that the long-chain n-3 FAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, inhibit proliferation of DU145 cells in response to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a mitogenic lipid mediator. When added alone to serum-starved DU145 cells, EPA transiently activates signaling events, including p70S6K phosphorylation. However, when added 15 minutes prior to LPA, EPA suppresses LPA-induced activating phosphorylations of ERK, FAK, and p70S6K, and expression of the matricellular protein CCN1. The rapid onset of the inhibitory action of EPA suggested involvement of a GPCR. Further studies showed that DU145 and PC-3 cells express mRNA and protein for both FFA4 and FFA1. TUG-891 (4-[(4-fluoro-4'-methyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)methoxy]-benzenepropanoic acid), a selective agonist for FFA4, exerts inhibitory effects on LPA- and epidermal growth factor-induced proliferation and migration, similar to EPA, in DU145 and PC-3 cells. The effects of TUG-891 and EPA are readily reversible. The FFA1/FFA4 agonist GW9508 (4-[[(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl]amino]-benzenepropranoic acid) likewise inhibits proliferation at doses that block FFA4. Knockdown of FFA4 expression prevents EPA- and TUG-891-induced inhibition of growth and migration. Together, these results indicate that activation of FFA4 initiates signaling events that can inhibit growth factor-induced signaling, providing a novel mechanism for suppression of cancer cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Mandi M Hopkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Chrystal B Quisenberry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Louise C Fix
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Brianna M Galvan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Kathryn E Meier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Luevano J, Damodaran C. A review of molecular events of cadmium-induced carcinogenesis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2014; 33:183-94. [PMID: 25272057 DOI: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2014011075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic, heavy industrial metal that poses serious environmental health hazards to both humans and wildlife. Recently, Cd and Cd-containing compounds have been classified as known human carcinogens, and epidemiological data show causal associations with prostate, breast, and lung cancer. The molecular mechanisms involved in Cd-induced carcinogenesis are poorly understood and are only now beginning to be elucidated. The effects of chronic exposure to Cd have recently attracted great interest due to the development of malignancies in Cd-induced tumorigenesis in animals models. Briefly, various in vitro studies demonstrate that Cd can act as a mitogen, can stimulate cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis and DNA repair, and can induce carcinogenesis in several mammalian tissues and organs. Thus, the various mechanisms involved in chronic Cd exposure and malignant transformations warrant further investigation. In this review, we focus on recent evidence of various leading general and tissue-specific molecular mechanisms that follow chronic exposure to Cd in prostate-, breast-, and lung-transformed malignancies. In addition, in this review, we consider less defined mechanisms such as epigenetic modification and autophagy, which are thought to play a role in the development of Cd-induced malignant transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Luevano
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shin SH, Kwon YW, Heo SC, Jeong GO, Kim BR, Seo EJ, Kim JH. Krüppel-like factor 4 mediates lysophosphatidic acid-stimulated migration and proliferation of PC3M prostate cancer cells. Exp Mol Med 2014; 46:e104. [PMID: 24993134 PMCID: PMC4119209 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer mortality among men in the United States. Accumulating evidence suggests that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) serves as an autocrine/paracrine mediator to affect initiation, progression and metastasis of prostate cancer. In the current study, we demonstrate that LPA stimulates migration and proliferation of highly metastatic human prostate cancer, PC-3M-luc-C6 cells. LPA-induced migration of PC-3M-luc-C6 cells was abrogated by pretreatment of PC-3M-luc-C6 cells with the LPA receptor 1/3 inhibitor Ki16425 or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of endogenous LPA receptor 1, implicating a key role of the LPA-LPA receptor 1 signaling axis in migration of PC-3M-luc-C6 cells. In addition, LPA treatment resulted in augmented expression levels of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), and siRNA or short-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated silencing of KLF4 expression resulted in the abolishment of LPA-stimulated migration and proliferation of PC-3M-luc-C6 cells. shRNA-mediated silencing of KLF4 expression resulted in the inhibition of in vivo growth of PC-3M-luc-C6 cells in a xenograft transplantation animal model. Taken together, these results suggest a key role of LPA-induced KLF4 expression in cell migration and proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Shin
- 1] Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Woo Kwon
- 1] Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Chul Heo
- 1] Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Ok Jeong
- 1] Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ba Reun Kim
- 1] Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Seo
- 1] Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- 1] Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea [3] Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea [4] Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Klomsiri C, Rogers LC, Soito L, McCauley AK, King SB, Nelson KJ, Poole LB, Daniel LW. Endosomal H2O2 production leads to localized cysteine sulfenic acid formation on proteins during lysophosphatidic acid-mediated cell signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:49-60. [PMID: 24657741 PMCID: PMC4064372 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a growth factor for many cells including prostate and ovarian cancer-derived cell lines. LPA stimulates H2O2 production which is required for growth. However, there are significant gaps in our understanding of the spatial and temporal regulation of H2O2-dependent signaling and the way in which signals are transmitted following receptor activation. Herein, we describe the use of two reagents, DCP-Bio1 and DCP-Rho1, to evaluate the localization of active protein oxidation after LPA stimulation by detection of nascent protein sulfenic acids. We found that LPA stimulation causes internalization of LPA receptors into early endosomes that contain NADPH oxidase components and are sites of H2O2 generation. DCP-Rho1 allowed visualization of sulfenic acid formation, indicative of active protein oxidation, which was stimulated by LPA and decreased by an LPA receptor antagonist. Protein oxidation sites colocalized with LPAR1 and the endosomal marker EEA1. Concurrent with the generation of these redox signaling-active endosomes (redoxosomes) is the H2O2- and NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidation of Akt2 and PTP1B detected using DCP-Bio1. These new approaches therefore enable detection of active, H2O2-dependent protein oxidation linked to cell signaling processes. DCP-Rho1 may be a particularly useful protein oxidation imaging agent enabling spatial resolution due to the transient nature of the sulfenic acid intermediate it detects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chananat Klomsiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - LeAnn C Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Laura Soito
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Anita K McCauley
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
| | - S Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
| | - Kimberly J Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Leslie B Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Larry W Daniel
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Safaee M, Clark AJ, Ivan ME, Oh MC, Bloch O, Sun MZ, Oh T, Parsa AT. CD97 is a multifunctional leukocyte receptor with distinct roles in human cancers (Review). Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1343-50. [PMID: 23969601 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the most diverse and biologically ubiquitous protein receptors. The epidermal growth factor seven-span transmembrane (EGF-TM7) family consists of adhesion GPCRs with a diverse functional repertoire. CD97 is the most broadly expressed member with roles in cell adhesion, migration and regulation of intercellular junctions. CD97 is also expressed in a variety of human malignancies including those of the thyroid, stomach, colon and brain. CD97 confers an invasive phenotype and has been shown to correlate with tumor grade, lymph node invasion, metastatic spread and overall prognosis. More recently, CD97 was found to signal through Gα12/13, resulting in increased RHO-GTP levels. Proven roles in tumor invasion and signaling make CD97 an exciting novel therapeutic target. In this review, we will discuss the structure and function of this receptor, with a specific focus on its mechanistic significance in neoplastic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Safaee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Arriazu R, Durán E, Pozuelo JM, Santamaria L. Expression of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 and relation with cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis on preneoplastic changes induced by cadmium chloride in the rat ventral prostate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57742. [PMID: 23451264 PMCID: PMC3579784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid growth factor involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, inflammation, angiogenesis, wound healing, cancer invasion, and survival. This study was directed to evaluate the immunoexpression of LPA-1, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis markers in preneoplastic lesions induced with cadmium chloride in rat prostate. METHODS The following parameters were calculated in ventral prostate of normal rats and rats that received Cd in drinking water during 24 months: percentages of cells immunoreactive to LPA-1 (LILPA1), PCNA (LIPCNA), MCM7 (LIMCM7), ubiquitin (LIUBI), apoptotic cells (LIAPO), and p53 (LIp53); volume fraction of Bcl-2 (VFBcl-2); and length of microvessels per unit of volume (LVMV/mm3). Data were analyzed using Student's t-test and Pearson correlation test. RESULTS The LILPA1 in dysplastic lesions and normal epithelium of Cd-treated rats was significantly higher than those in the control group. Markers of proliferation were significantly increased in dysplastic lesions, whereas some apoptotic markers were significantly decreased. No significant differences between groups were found in VFBcl-2. Dysplastic lesions showed a significant increase of LIp53. The length of microvessels per unit of volume was elevated in dysplastic acini. Statistically significant correlations were found only between LILPA1 and LIUBI. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that LPA-1 might be implicated in dysplastic lesions induced by cadmium chloride development. More studies are needed to confirm its potential contribution to the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riánsares Arriazu
- Histology Laboratory, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CEU-San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Peyruchaud O, Leblanc R, David M. Pleiotropic activity of lysophosphatidic acid in bone metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
27
|
CD97 amplifies LPA receptor signaling and promotes thyroid cancer progression in a mouse model. Oncogene 2012; 32:2726-38. [PMID: 22797060 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD97, a member of the adhesion family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), complexes with and potentiates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor signaling to the downstream effector RHOA. We show here that CD97 was expressed in a majority of thyroid cancers but not normal thyroid epithelium and that the level of CD97 expression was further elevated with progression to poorly differentiated and undifferentiated carcinoma. Intratumoral progression also showed that CD97 expression correlates with invasiveness and dedifferentiation. To determine the functional role of CD97, we produced a transgenic model of thyroglobulin promoter-driven CD97 expression. Transgenic CD97 in combination with Thrb(PV), an established mouse model of thyroid follicular cell carcinogenesis, significantly increased the occurrence of vascular invasion and lung metastasis. Expression of transgenic CD97 in thyroid epithelium led to elevated ERK phosphorylation and increased numbers of Ki67+ cells in developing tumors. In addition, tumor cell cultures derived from CD97 transgenic as compared with non-transgenic mice demonstrated enhanced, constitutive and LPA-stimulated ERK activation. In human thyroid cancer cell lines, CD97 depletion reduced RHO-GTP and decreased LPA-stimulated invasion but not EGF-stimulated invasion, further suggesting that CD97 influences an LPA-associated mechanism of progression. Consistent with the above, CD97 expression in human thyroid cancers correlated with LPA receptor and markers of aggressiveness including Ki67 and pAKT. This study shows an autonomous effect of CD97 on thyroid cancer progression and supports the investigation of this GPCR as a therapeutic target for these cancers.
Collapse
|
28
|
Härmä V, Knuuttila M, Virtanen J, Mirtti T, Kohonen P, Kovanen P, Happonen A, Kaewphan S, Ahonen I, Kallioniemi O, Grafström R, Lötjönen J, Nees M. Lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate promote morphogenesis and block invasion of prostate cancer cells in three-dimensional organotypic models. Oncogene 2012; 31:2075-89. [PMID: 21996742 PMCID: PMC3330266 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Normal prostate and some malignant prostate cancer (PrCa) cell lines undergo acinar differentiation and form spheroids in three-dimensional (3-D) organotypic culture. Acini formed by PC-3 and PC-3M, less pronounced also in other PrCa cell lines, spontaneously undergo an invasive switch, leading to the disintegration of epithelial structures and the basal lamina, and formation of invadopodia. This demonstrates the highly dynamic nature of epithelial plasticity, balancing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition against metastable acinar differentiation. This study assessed the role of lipid metabolites on epithelial maturation. PC-3 cells completely failed to form acinar structures in delipidated serum. Adding back lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) rescued acinar morphogenesis and repressed invasion effectively. Blocking LPA receptor 1 (LPAR1) functions by siRNA (small interference RNA) or the specific LPAR1 inhibitor Ki16425 promoted invasion, while silencing of other G-protein-coupled receptors responsive to LPA or S1P mainly caused growth arrest or had no effects. The G-proteins Gα(12/13) and Gα(i) were identified as key mediators of LPA signalling via stimulation of RhoA and Rho kinases ROCK1 and 2, activating Rac1, while inhibition of adenylate cyclase and accumulation of cAMP may be secondary. Interfering with these pathways specifically impeded epithelial polarization in transformed cells. In contrast, blocking the same pathways in non-transformed, normal cells promoted differentiation. We conclude that LPA and LPAR1 effectively promote epithelial maturation and block invasion of PrCa cells in 3-D culture. The analysis of clinical transcriptome data confirmed reduced expression of LPAR1 in a subset of PrCa's. Our study demonstrates a metastasis-suppressor function for LPAR1 and Gα(12/13) signalling, regulating cell motility and invasion versus epithelial maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Härmä
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - M Knuuttila
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - J Virtanen
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - T Mirtti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Kohonen
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - P Kovanen
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Happonen
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - S Kaewphan
- Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - I Ahonen
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - O Kallioniemi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Grafström
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Lötjönen
- Knowledge Intensive Services, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Nees
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li RW, Li C, Wang TT. Transcriptomic alterations in human prostate cancer cell LNCaP tumor xenograft modulated by dietary phenethyl isothiocyanate. Mol Carcinog 2012; 52:426-37. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
30
|
Ward Y, Lake R, Yin JJ, Heger CD, Raffeld M, Goldsmith PK, Merino M, Kelly K. LPA receptor heterodimerizes with CD97 to amplify LPA-initiated RHO-dependent signaling and invasion in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7301-11. [PMID: 21978933 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD97, an adhesion-linked G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is induced in multiple epithelial cancer lineages. We address here the signaling properties and the functional significance of CD97 expression in prostate cancer. Our findings show that CD97 signals through Gα12/13 to increase RHO-GTP levels. CD97 functioned to mediate invasion in prostate cancer cells, at least in part, by associating with lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1), leading to enhanced LPA-dependent RHO and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Consistent with its role in invasion, depletion of CD97 in PC3 cells resulted in decreased bone metastasis without affecting subcutaneous tumor growth. Furthermore, CD97 heterodimerized and functionally synergized with LPAR1, a GPCR implicated in cancer progression. We also found that CD97 and LPAR expression were significantly correlated in clinical prostate cancer specimens. Taken together, these findings support the investigation of CD97 as a potential therapeutic cancer target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvona Ward
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chemoattraction to lysophosphatidic acid does not require a change in membrane potential inTetrahymena thermophila. Cell Biol Int 2011; 35:519-28. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
32
|
Berdichevets IN, Tyazhelova TV, Shimshilashvili KR, Rogaev EI. Lysophosphatidic acid is a lipid mediator with wide range of biological activities. Biosynthetic pathways and mechanism of action. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 75:1088-97. [PMID: 21077828 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910090026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator required for maintaining homeostasis of numerous physiological functions and also involved in development of some pathological processes through interactions with G protein-coupled receptors. Recently many data have appeared about the role of this phospholipid in humans, but pathways of LPA biosynthesis and mechanisms of its action remain unclear. This review presents modern concepts about biosynthesis, reception, and biological activity of LPA in humans. Natural and synthetic LPA analogs are considered in the view of their possible use in pharmacology as agonists and/or antagonists of G protein-coupled receptors of LPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I N Berdichevets
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li H, Zhang H, Wei G, Cai Q, Yan L, Xu Y. Tumor cell group via phospholipase A₂ is involved in prostate cancer development. Prostate 2011; 71:373-84. [PMID: 20812222 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies among men in the United States. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying PCa tumorigenic development is critical for advancing treatment strategies for PCa. The role of Group VIA phospholipase A₂β (iPLA₂β) in cancers has recently emerged. However, the biological functions of iPLA₂β in PCa development have been minimally investigated and only in vitro studies have been reported. METHODS We tested the role of iPLA₂β in host cells using an iPLA₂β deficient mouse model and the role of iPLA₂β in tumor cells by comparing the proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS iPLA₂β deficiency did not affect tumor development in C57BL/6 mice injected with syngeneic PCa cell line TRAMP-C1P3 in any of three models (subcutaneous, orthotopic, or intratibia injection) tested, suggesting that host cell iPLA₂β is not required for PCa tumorigenesis and metastasis. In contrast, when iPLA₂β was down-regulated in TRAMP-C1P3 cells, cell proliferation was reduced in vitro and tumor growth was suppressed in vivo compared to control cells. In particular, iPLA₂β was required for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced migration and invasion in TRAMP-C1P3 cells. We compared human and mouse PCa cells and showed that they shared high similarities in LPA-stimulated effects and signaling pathways. LPA stimulated cell migration and/or invasion via a PI3K-dependent pathway. Together, our results suggest that the tumor cell iPLA₂β-LPA axis may represent a novel target for PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sun J. CARMA3: A novel scaffold protein in regulation of NF-κB activation and diseases. World J Biol Chem 2010; 1:353-61. [PMID: 21537470 PMCID: PMC3083940 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v1.i12.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CARD recruited membrane associated protein 3 (CARMA3) is a novel scaffold protein. It belongs to the CARMA protein family, and is known to activate nuclear factor (NF)-κB. However, it is still unknown which receptor functions upstream of CARMA3 to trigger NF-κB activation. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that CARMA3 serves as an indispensable adaptor protein in NF-κB signaling under some G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor and angiotensin (Ang) II receptor. Mechanistically, CARMA3 recruits its essential downstream molecules Bcl10 and MALT1 to form the CBM (CARMA3-Bcl10-MALT1) signalosome whereby it triggers NF-κB activation. GPCRs and NF-κB play pivotal roles in the regulation of various cellular functions, therefore, aberrant regulation of the GPCR/NF-κB signaling axis leads to the development of many types of diseases, such as cancer and atherogenesis. Recently, the GPCR/CARMA3/NF-κB signaling axis has been confirmed in these specific diseases and it plays crucial roles in the pathogenesis of disease progression. In ovarian cancer cell lines, knockdown of CARMA3 abolishes LPA receptor-induced NF-κB activation, and reduces LPA-induced ovarian cancer invasion. In vascular smooth cells, downregulation of CARMA3 substantially impairs Ang-II-receptor-induced NF-κB activation, and in vivo studies have confirmed that Bcl10-deficient mice are protected from developing Ang-II-receptor-induced atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysms. In this review, we summarize the biology of CARMA3, describe the role of the GPCR/CARMA3/NF-κB signaling axis in ovarian cancer and atherogenesis, and speculate about the potential roles of this signaling axis in other types of cancer and diseases. With a significant increase in the identification of LPA- and Ang-II-like ligands, such as endothelin-1, which also activates NF-κB via CARMA3 and contributes to the development of many diseases, CARMA3 is emerging as a novel therapeutic target for various types of cancer and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Sun
- Jiyuan Sun, Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, TX 77030, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pan HL, Zhang YQ, Zhao ZQ. Involvement of lysophosphatidic acid in bone cancer pain by potentiation of TRPV1 via PKCε pathway in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Mol Pain 2010; 6:85. [PMID: 21118579 PMCID: PMC3004845 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been demonstrated that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) released from injury tissue and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor are implicated in the induction of chronic pain. In the present study we examined whether an interaction between LPA receptor LPA1 and TRPV1 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons contributes to the development of bone cancer pain. Results Bone cancer was established by injection of mammary gland carcinoma cells into the rat tibia. Following the development of bone cancer pain, the TRPV1 expression and capsaicin-evoked currents were up-regulated in rat DRG neurons at L4-6 segments. Immunohistochemistry staining revealed a high co-localization of LPA1 with TRPV1 in DRG neurons. In isolated DRG neurons, whole-cell patch recording showed that capsaicin-induced currents were potentiated by LPA in a dose-dependent manner. The potentiation was blocked by either LPA1 antagonist, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor or PKCϵ inhibitor, but not by protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor or Rho inhibitor. In the behavioral tests, both mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in bone cancer rats were attenuated by LPA1 antagonist. Conclusion LPA potentiates TRPV1 current via a PKCϵ-dependent pathway in DRG neurons of rats with bone cancer, which may be a novel peripheral mechanism underlying the induction of bone cancer pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Li Pan
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tigyi G. Aiming drug discovery at lysophosphatidic acid targets. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 161:241-70. [PMID: 20735414 PMCID: PMC2989581 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1-radyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate) is the prototype member of a family of lipid mediators and second messengers. LPA and its naturally occurring analogues interact with G protein-coupled receptors on the cell surface and a nuclear hormone receptor within the cell. In addition, there are several enzymes that utilize LPA as a substrate or generate it as a product and are under its regulatory control. LPA is present in biological fluids, and attempts have been made to link changes in its concentration and molecular composition to specific disease conditions. Through their many targets, members of the LPA family regulate cell survival, apoptosis, motility, shape, differentiation, gene transcription, malignant transformation and more. The present review depicts arbitrary aspects of the physiological and pathophysiological actions of LPA and attempts to link them with select targets. Many of us are now convinced that therapies targeting LPA biosynthesis and signalling are feasible for the treatment of devastating human diseases such as cancer, fibrosis and degenerative conditions. However, successful targeting of the pathways associated with this pleiotropic lipid will depend on the future development of as yet undeveloped pharmacons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhao J, Pan HL, Li TT, Zhang YQ, Wei JY, Zhao ZQ. The sensitization of peripheral C-fibers to lysophosphatidic acid in bone cancer pain. Life Sci 2010; 87:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
38
|
Pua TL, Wang FQ, Fishman DA. Roles of LPA in ovarian cancer development and progression. Future Oncol 2010; 5:1659-73. [PMID: 20001802 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive phospholipid, stimulates survival, proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells through the activation of G-protein-coupled plasma membrane receptors. LPA and its receptors are aberrantly expressed in ovarian cancer, with high levels predominantly found in malignant ascites and in the plasma of ovarian cancer patients. LPA signals multiple intracellular pathways, such as Ras/MEKK1-MAPK and PI3K/Akt, to promote growth factors and protease expression, and induce angiogenesis and tumor cell invasion through the extracellular matrix and across the basement membrane. Only a small portion of this intricate lipid-signaling cascade has been characterized thus far. We believe that elucidation of this complex transduction network will provide further opportunities to understand the mechanism of ovarian carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarah L Pua
- Gynecologic Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ye X, Chun J. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling in vertebrate reproduction. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:17-24. [PMID: 19836970 PMCID: PMC2818173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a cell membrane phospholipid metabolite that can act as an extracellular signal. Its effects are mediated through at least five G protein-coupled receptors, LPA(1-5), and probably others as well. Studies in multiple species including LPAR-deficient mice and humans have identified or implicated important roles for receptor-mediated LPA signaling in multiple aspects of vertebrate reproduction. These include ovarian function, spermatogenesis, fertilization, early embryo development, embryo implantation, embryo spacing, decidualization, pregnancy maintenance and parturition. LPA signaling can also have pathological consequences, influencing aspects of endometriosis and ovarian cancer. Here we review recent progress in LPA signaling research relevant to female and male reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Ye
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen SU, Chou CH, Chao KH, Lee H, Lin CW, Lu HF, Yang YS. Lysophosphatidic acid up-regulates expression of growth-regulated oncogene-alpha, interleukin-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human first-trimester trophoblasts: possible roles in angiogenesis and immune regulation. Endocrinology 2010; 151:369-79. [PMID: 19906815 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The serum lysophospholipase D activity and production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) increase in women with pregnancy. The effects of LPA on human placenta tissue remained unclear. We investigate the expression of LPA receptors and function of LPA in human first-trimester trophoblasts. Normal villous trophoblasts were obtained from termination of first-trimester gestation. We examined the expression of LPA receptors in primary culture of trophoblasts and the tissue. The effects of LPA on the expressions of chemokines of trophoblasts were examined using RT-PCR and enzyme immunoassay. We delineate signal pathways of LPA-inducing relevant chemokines in trophoblasts. The secretory chemokines were tested for angiogenic function using human endometrial microvascular endothelial cells and for immunological chemotaxis using decidual natural killer cells and THP-1 monocytes. The results revealed the expression of LPA1 receptors in trophoblast cells. LPA enhanced growth-regulated oncogene (GRO)-alpha, IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 expressions in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Mechanistic dissection disclosed that LPA functioned mainly via the LPA1 receptor, Gi protein, various signal mediators of ERK, protein kinase C, p38, Akt, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways to secrete these chemokines. LPA-induced IL-8 protein secretion of trophoblasts enhanced permeability, migration, proliferation, and capillary tube formation of human endometrial microvascular endothelial cells. LPA-induced GRO-alpha and MCP-1 incited chemotaxis of natural killer cells and monocytes. We demonstrate that LPA mediates trophoblast cells to produce GRO-alpha, IL-8, and MCP-1 via LPA1 receptors and nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent signal pathways. Through LPA-induced chemokine production, human first-trimester trophoblast cells may regulate angiogenesis and innate immune system in early pregnancy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL1/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL1/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Lysophospholipids/pharmacology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Trimester, First/genetics
- Pregnancy Trimester, First/metabolism
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Trophoblasts/drug effects
- Trophoblasts/immunology
- Trophoblasts/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shee-Uan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gibbs TC, Rubio MV, Zhang Z, Xie Y, Kipp KR, Meier KE. Signal transduction responses to lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate in human prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2009; 69:1493-506. [PMID: 19536794 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are lipid mediators that bind to G-protein-coupled receptors. In this study, signaling responses to 18:1 LPA and S1P were examined in parallel in three human prostate cancer cell lines: PC-3, Du145, and LNCaP. METHODS Receptor expression was assessed by RT-PCR, Northern blotting, and immunoblotting. Cellular responses to mediators were studied by proliferation assays, phosphoprotein immunoblotting, and phospholipid metabolism assays. RESULTS All cell lines express mRNA for both LPA and S1P receptors. PC-3 and Du145, but not LNCaP, proliferate in response to LPA and S1P. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), LPA, and S1P induce activation of Erks in PC-3 and Du145; only EGF and PMA activate Erks in LNCaP. In Du145 and PC-3, Akt is activated by EGF, LPA, and S1P. Akt is constitutively active in LNCaP; EGF but not LPA or S1P stimulates further phosphorylation. FAK is phosphorylated in response to both LPA and S1P in PC-3 and Du145, but not in LNCaP. LPA and S1P stimulate phospholipase D (PLD) activity to varying extents in the different cell lines. Notably, both lipid mediators activate PLD in LNCaP. In Du145, LPA, but not S1P, activates PLD and enhances cellular production of LPA. CONCLUSIONS Although both LPA and S1P induce signal transduction in all prostate cancer cell lines studied, a proliferation response is observed only when the Erk, Akt, and FAK pathways are activated. Other responses to the lipid mediators, such as PLD activation, likely contribute to other cellular outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terra C Gibbs
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tanyi J, Rigó Jr. J. Lysophosphatidic acid as a potential target for treatment and molecular diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancers. Orv Hetil 2009; 150:1109-18. [DOI: 10.1556/oh.2009.28631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Az ováriumtumorok mortalitása a legmagasabb a nőgyógyászati tumorok között. Ez egyrészt a késői diagnózisnak, másrészt a hatásos terápia hiányának következménye. Az ováriumtumorok karcinogenezise és metasztázisképzése egy komplikált genetikai, molekuláris és biokémiai folyamatsor eredménye. A lizofoszfátsav (LPA) termelésének, receptorstátusának és szignáltranszdukciós útvonalának abnormalitása gyakran megtalálható az ováriumtumorokban, ami azt sejteti, hogy az LPA nagyon fontos szerepet játszik ennek a betegségnek a kialakulásában és patofiziológiájában. Így jogosan feltételezhetjük, hogy az LPA-szignálkaszkád számos célpontot szolgáltat a molekuláris kezelési módok kialakítására és jó példát mutat arra, hogyan lehet új diagnosztikus és terápiás módszereket kialakítani egyes betegségek ellen. Az LPA-t lebontó és termelő enzimcsaládoknak csak a közelmúltban történt felfedezése és a receptorspecifikus molekulák kifejlesztése új fejezetet nyithat e potenciálisan halálos betegség kezelésében. Ebben az összefoglaló tanulmányban ismertetjük, hogy a tumorsejtekben lévő LPA-t lebontó enzimek aktivitása csökkent, és ez hozzájárul a tumor progressziójához. Ugyanezen enzimek mesterségesen létrehozott, fokozott aktivitása csökkenti a tumorsejtek növekedését és elősegíti a fiziológiás viszonyok helyreállását. Bemutatjuk azokat az irodalmi adatokat, amelyek egyértelműen bizonyítják, hogy a lipidfoszfát-foszfatáz enzimek hatásukat a sejten kívüli LPA lebontásával érik el. Minthogy ez a lebontás extracellulárisan történik, ez megmagyarázza a „bystander-effect” előfordulását, amit szintén ismertetünk. Az LPA-lebontás és -termelés enzimjei, illetve az LPA-t kötő receptorok kitűnő célpontok új molekuláris terápia kidolgozására. A különböző LPA-izoformák és más lizofoszfolipidek szintváltozásainak korai detektálása segíthet a tumor korai diagnosztizálásában, illetve később a kezelés hatékonyságának követésében. A közelmúlt jelentős LPA-szignálkaszkáddal kapcsolatos kutatási eredményei azt sejtetik, hogy azok jelentős szerepet fognak játszani ennek a még mindig halálos betegségnek a kezelésében, de további kutatások szükségesek a részletek pontos megértéséhez.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- János Tanyi
- 1 University of Pennsylvania Health System Department of Gynecologic Oncology Philadelphia
| | - János Rigó Jr.
- 2 Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Szülészeti és Nőgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Baross u. 27. 1088
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Identification of betaArrestin2 as a corepressor of androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:9379-84. [PMID: 19458261 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900258106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling regulates the development and homeostasis of male reproductive organs, including the prostate. Deregulation of AR and AR coregulators, expression, or activity is involved in the initiation of prostate cancer and contributes to the transition of the disease to hormone-refractory stage. The ubiquitous betaArrestin proteins are now recognized as bona fide adapters and signal transducers with target effectors found in both the cytosol and nucleus. Here, we provide evidence that betaArrestin2 forms a complex with AR and acts as an AR corepressor in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. Accordingly, the forced overexpression of betaArrestin2 diminishes, and knockdown of betaArrestin2 expression with RNAi increases the androgen-induced prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene expression. betaArrestin2 serves as an adapter, bringing into close proximity the Mdm2 E3 ligase and AR, thereby promoting AR ubiquitylation and degradation. Human prostate tissues evidence an inverse relationship between the expression of betaArrestin2 and AR activity: glands that express high levels of betaArrestin2 exhibit low expression of PSA, and those glands that express low levels of betaArrestin2 evidence elevated PSA levels. We conclude that betaArrestin2 acts as a corepressor of AR by serving as a scaffold for Mdm2 leading to the AR ubiquitylation and degradation.
Collapse
|
44
|
Lu Y, Li CM, Wang Z, Ross CR, Chen J, Dalton J, Li W, Miller D. Discovery of 4-substituted methoxybenzoyl-aryl-thiazole as novel anticancer agents: synthesis, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationships. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1701-11. [PMID: 19243174 PMCID: PMC2760094 DOI: 10.1021/jm801449a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-substituted methoxybenzoyl-aryl-thiazoles (SMART) have been discovered and synthesized as a result of structural modifications of the lead compound 2-arylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid amides (ATCAA). The antiproliferative activity of the SMART agents against melanoma and prostate cancer cells was improved from muM to low nM range compared with the ATCAA series. The structure-activity relationship was discussed from modifications of "A", "B", and "C" rings and the linker. Preliminary mechanism of action studies indicated that these compounds exert their anticancer activity through inhibition of tubulin polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Chien-Ming Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | | | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - James Dalton
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Duane.D. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dashevsky O, Varon D, Brill A. Platelet-derived microparticles promote invasiveness of prostate cancer cells via upregulation of MMP-2 production. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1773-7. [PMID: 19101987 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer commonly affects men in the Western world. A major factor of the life-threatening course of this disease is the high rate of metastasis, predominantly to bones. Circulating tumor cells encounter platelets and may activate them, resulting in a production of microparticles (MPs). MPs are small platelet fragments expressing membrane receptors as well as cytoplasmic constituents. Here, we report that prostate cancer cells, Clone-1 (Cl-1), preincubated with platelet-derived MPs (PMPs), demonstrate increased invasion through a gelatin-coated (a denatured form of collagen) membrane of the Boyden chamber system. This effect was accompanied by an increased secretion of metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) as demonstrated by a gelatin zymography. Application of MMP-2/9 inhibitor reversed the PMP-induced tumor cell invasion. PMPs were shown to adhere to Cl-1 cells, but direct contact between them may not be mandatory for MMP secretion because PMP lysate induced MMP-2 production by Cl-1 cells to the same extent as did intact PMPs. PMP-induced MMP-2 secretion was inhibited by neutralization of either PKC or total intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation, but was not affected by blocking major intraplatelet cytokines. Actinomycin D (a transcription inhibitor) did not modify this effect, whereas cycloheximide (an inhibitor of protein translation) abolished the MMP-2 release. MMP-2 secretion was accompanied by a rapid and transient increase in MMP-2 mRNA level after a 2-hr coincubation of prostate cancer cells with PMPs. Thus, PMPs promote tumor invasiveness, at least in part by stimulation of MMP-2 production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dashevsky
- Hematology Department, Coagulation Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zeng Y, Kakehi Y, Nouh MAAM, Tsunemori H, Sugimoto M, Wu XX. Gene expression profiles of lysophosphatidic acid-related molecules in the prostate: relevance to prostate cancer and benign hyperplasia. Prostate 2009; 69:283-92. [PMID: 19025891 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate gene expression profiles of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-related molecules in cancer, pre-cancerous lesion, and benign hyperplasia of the prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prostate tissue samples were surgically obtained from 10 patients with localized prostate cancer and seven patients with invasive bladder cancer. Cancer cells and the corresponding stromal cells from normal prostate, high grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), benign hyperplastic glands were isolated by laser capture microdissection. mRNA levels of three LPA receptors, LPA1, LPA2, LPA3, two LPA-synthesizing enzymes, autotaxin (ATX), acylglycerol kinase (AGK), and a LPA-degradation enzyme, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), were quantitatively assessed. The expression levels of the same genes were also determined in three human prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, PC-3, and DU-145. RESULTS LPA1 mRNA level was significantly decreased in HGPIN and cancer epithelia when compared to the benign glands. LPA3 mRNA level was elevated in cancer epithelia compared to benign glands. LPA3, AGK, and PAP were predominantly expressed in LNCaP cells while LPA1 and ATX gene expressions were found in PC-3 and Du-145 cells. In BPH, AGK was abundantly expressed in the stroma while PAP was predominant in epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS By acting via LPA3, LPA may play an important role in the development of prostate cancer. Switching of LPA receptor expression from LPA3 to LPA1, may be involved in prostate cancer progression and/or androgen independence. LPA may also play a key role in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Androgens/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lysophospholipids/metabolism
- Male
- Microdissection
- Middle Aged
- Multienzyme Complexes/genetics
- Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism
- Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins
- Phosphodiesterase I/genetics
- Phosphodiesterase I/metabolism
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases
- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/genetics
- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/metabolism
- Prostate/physiology
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/genetics
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/physiopathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Pyrophosphatases/genetics
- Pyrophosphatases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/physiopathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zeng
- Department of Urology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chen SU, Lee H, Chang DY, Chou CH, Chang CY, Chao KH, Lin CW, Yang YS. Lysophosphatidic acid mediates interleukin-8 expression in human endometrial stromal cells through its receptor and nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent pathway: a possible role in angiogenesis of endometrium and placenta. Endocrinology 2008; 149:5888-96. [PMID: 18617617 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a pleiotropic phospholipid molecule involved in inflammation, angiogenesis, would healing, and cancer invasion. Whereas serum lysophospholipase D activity increases in women with pregnancy, the role of LPA in pregnancy remains unclear. We investigated the expression of LPA receptors and function of LPA in endometrial stromal cells. Histologically normal endometrium was obtained from surgical specimens of women undergoing hysterectomy for leiomyoma. First-trimester decidua was obtained from women receiving elective termination of pregnancy. We examined the expressions of LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3 receptors in endometrial stromal cells. The effects of LPA on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, IL-6, and IL-8 were examined. Signal pathways of LPA were delineated. Functions of secretory angiogenic factors were tested using human endometrial microvascular endothelial cells. Immunoreactivity and mRNA of LPA1 receptors were identified in endometrial stromal cells. LPA enhanced IL-8 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner, whereas vascular endothelial growth factor or IL-6 expression was not affected by LPA treatment. Mechanistic dissection disclosed that LPA functioned via the Gi protein, MAPK/p38 and nuclear factor-kappaB pathway. LPA-induced IL-8 enhanced migration, permeability, capillary tube formation, and proliferation of human endometrial microvascular endothelial cells. Endometrial stromal cells express LPA1 receptors. Through the LPA1 receptor, LPA induces IL-8 expression via a nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent signal pathway. These results could suggest that LPA may play a role in angiogenesis of endometrium and placenta through induction of IL-8 in endometrial stromal cells during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shee-Uan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yamada T, Yano S, Ogino H, Ikuta K, Kakiuchi S, Hanibuchi M, Kanematsu T, Taniguchi T, Sekido Y, Sone S. Lysophosphatidic acid stimulates the proliferation and motility of malignant pleural mesothelioma cells through lysophosphatidic acid receptors, LPA1 and LPA2. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1603-10. [PMID: 18754873 PMCID: PMC11158356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is one of the simplest natural phospholipids. This phospholipid is recognized as an extracellular potent lipid mediator with diverse effects on various cells. Although LPA is shown to stimulate proliferation and motility via LPA receptors, LPA(1) and LPA(2), in several cancer cell lines, the role of LPA and LPA receptors for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has been unknown. MPM is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis and the incidence is increasing and is expected to increase further for another 10-20 years worldwide. Therefore, the development of novel effective therapies is needed urgently. In this study, we investigated the effect of LPA on the proliferation and motility of MPM cells. We found that all 12 cell lines and four clinical samples of MPM expressed LPA(1), and some of them expressed LPA(2), LPA(3), LPA(4) and LPA(5). LPA stimulated the proliferation and motility of MPM cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, LPA-induced proliferation was inhibited by Ki16425, an inhibitor of LPA(1), and small interfering RNA against LPA(1), but not LPA(2). Interestingly, LPA-induced motility was inhibited by small interfering RNA against LPA(2), but not LPA(1), unlike a number of previous reports. These results indicate that LPA is a critical factor on proliferation though LPA(1), and on motility though LPA(2) in MPM cells. Therefore, LPA and LPA receptors, LPA(2) as well as LPA(1), represent potential therapeutic targets for patients with MPM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadaaki Yamada
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Therapeutics, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ye X. Lysophospholipid signaling in the function and pathology of the reproductive system. Hum Reprod Update 2008; 14:519-36. [PMID: 18562325 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmn023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are two prominent signaling lysophospholipids (LPs) exerting their functions through a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This review covers current knowledge of the LP signaling in the function and pathology of the reproductive system. METHODS PubMed was searched up to May 2008 for papers on lysophospholipids/LPA/S1P/LPC/SPC in combination with each part of the reproductive system, such as testis/ovary/uterus. RESULTS LPA and SIP are found in significant amounts in serum and other biological fluids. To date, 10 LP receptors have been identified, including LPA(1-5) and S1P(1-5). In vitro and in vivo studies from the past three decades have demonstrated or suggested the physiological functions of LP signaling in reproduction, such as spermatogenesis, male sexual function, ovarian function, fertilization, early embryo development, embryo spacing, implantation, decidualization, pregnancy maintenance and parturition, as well as pathological roles in ovary, cervix, mammary gland and prostate cancers. CONCLUSIONS Receptor knock-out and other studies indicate tissue-specific and receptor-specific functions of LP signaling in reproduction. More comprehensive studies are required to define mechanisms of LP signaling and explore the potential use as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Ye
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bagchi G, Wu J, French J, Kim J, Moniri NH, Daaka Y. Androgens transduce the G alphas-mediated activation of protein kinase A in prostate cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3225-31. [PMID: 18451148 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgens regulate the development and function of male reproductive organs and play a crucial role in the onset and progression of prostate cancer. Androgen action is primarily mediated through the nuclear androgen receptor (AR) which acts as a ligand-dependent transcription factor. This mode of androgen action takes hours to manifest and is called the genomic pathway. The androgen-mediated genomic responses require activity of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Androgens also act through nongenomic pathways in certain cell types to evoke rapid responses (manifested in minutes) that are mediated through changes in ion currents and second messengers. Here, we show that androgen causes the rapid and cAMP-dependent activation of PKA in prostate cells. The androgen-induced PKA activation is not inhibited by nuclear AR antagonist bicalutamide and can be observed in cells that do not express nuclear AR gene. Reduction of G alphas expression with siRNA attenuates the androgen-mediated activation of PKA, which is required for the androgen-induced prostate cell proliferation. We conclude that androgen actively evokes a nongenomic signaling pathway to activate PKA that is needed for the genomic functioning of nuclear AR. The inhibition of PKA activation, together with standard AR-targeted therapies, may be more efficacious for treatment of patients with prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Bagchi
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|