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Thrivikraman KV, Kinkead B, Owens MJ, Rapaport MH, Plotsky PM. Locus Coeruleus Noradrenergic Modulation of Diurnal Corticosterone, Stress Reactivity, and Cardiovascular Homeostasis in Male Rats. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:763-776. [PMID: 34649254 PMCID: PMC9037608 DOI: 10.1159/000520192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic (LC-NA) system during awakening is associated with an increase in plasma corticosterone and cardiovascular tone. These studies evaluate the role of the LC in this corticosterone and cardiovascular response. METHODS Male rats, on day 0, were treated intraperitoneally with either DSP4 (50 mg/kg body weight) (DSP), an LC-NA specific neurotoxin, or normal saline (SAL). On day 10, animals were surgically prepared with jugular vein (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal [HPA] axis) or carotid artery (hemodynamics) catheters and experiments performed on day 14. HPA axis activity, diurnally (circadian) and after stress (transient hemorrhage [14 mL/kg body weight] or air puff-startle), and basal and post-hemorrhage hemodynamics were evaluated. On day 16, brain regions from a subset of rats were dissected for norepinephrine and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) assay. RESULTS In DSP rats compared to SAL rats, (1) regional brain norepinephrine was decreased, but there was no change in median eminence or olfactory bulb CRF content; (2) during HPA axis acrophase, the plasma corticosterone response was blunted; (3) after hemorrhage and air puff-startle, the plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone response was attenuated, whereas the corticosterone response was dependent on stressor category; (4) under basal conditions, hemodynamic measures exhibited altered blood flow dynamics and systemic vasodilation; and (5) after hemorrhage, hemodynamics exhibited asynchronous responses. CONCLUSION LC-NA modulation of diurnal and stress-induced HPA axis reactivity occurs via distinct neurocircuits. The integrity of the LC-NA system is important to maintain blood flow dynamics. The importance of increases in plasma corticosterone at acrophase to maintain short- and long-term cardiovascular homeostasis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. V. Thrivikraman
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Becky Kinkead
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Michael J. Owens
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mark H. Rapaport
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Paul M. Plotsky
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Abdellatif AB, Fernandes-Rosa FL, Boulkroun S, Zennaro MC. Vascular and hormonal interactions in the adrenal gland. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:995228. [PMID: 36506065 PMCID: PMC9731668 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.995228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is the most common form of secondary arterial hypertension, due to excessive aldosterone production from the adrenal gland. Although somatic mutations have been identified in aldosterone producing adenoma, the exact mechanisms leading to increased cell proliferation and nodule formation remain to be established. One hypothesis is that changes in vascular supply to the adrenal cortex, due to phenomena of atherosclerosis or high blood pressure, may influence the morphology of the adrenal cortex, resulting in a compensatory growth and nodule formation in response to local hypoxia. In this review, we will summarize our knowledge on the mechanisms regulating adrenal cortex development and function, describe adrenal vascularization in normal and pathological conditions and address the mechanisms allowing the cross-talk between the hormonal and vascular components to allow the extreme tissue plasticity of the adrenal cortex in response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. We will then address recent evidence suggesting a role for alterations in the vascular compartment that could eventually be involved in nodule formation and the development of primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sheerazed Boulkroun
- Université Paris Cité, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Maria-Christina Zennaro, ; Sheerazed Boulkroun,
| | - Maria-Christina Zennaro
- Université Paris Cité, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Maria-Christina Zennaro, ; Sheerazed Boulkroun,
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Shah AJ, Kriska T, Gauthier KM, Falck JR, Campbell WB. Effect of Angiotensin II and ACTH on Adrenal Blood Flow in the Male Rat Adrenal Gland In Vivo. Endocrinology 2018; 159:217-226. [PMID: 29140411 PMCID: PMC5761607 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) regulate adrenal vascular tone in vitro through endothelial and zona glomerulosa cell-derived mediators. The role of these mediators in regulating adrenal blood flow (ABF) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was examined in anesthetized rats. Ang II (0.01 to 100 ng/kg) increased ABF [maximal increase of 97.2 ± 6.9 perfusion units (PUs) at 100 ng/kg] and MAP (basal, 115 ± 7 mm Hg; Ang II, 163 ± 5 mm Hg). ACTH (0.1 to 1000 ng/kg) also increased ABF (maximum increase of 91.4 ± 10.7 PU) without changing MAP. ABF increase by Ang II was partially inhibited by the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (maximum increase of 72.9 ± 4.2 PU), the cytochrome P450 inhibitor miconazole (maximum increase of 39.1 ± 6.8 PU) and the epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) antagonist 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5(Z)-enoic acid (14,15-EEZE) (maximum increase of 56.0 ± 13.7 PU) alone, whereas combined administration of miconazole and L-NAME (maximum increase of 16.40 ± 8.98 PU) ablated it. These treatments had no effect on MAP. Indomethacin did not affect the increase in ABF or MAP induced by Ang II. The ABF increase by ACTH was partially ablated by miconazole and 14,15-EEZE but not by L-NAME. Steroidogenic stimuli such as Ang II and ACTH increase ABF to promote oxygen and cholesterol delivery for steroidogenesis and aldosterone transport to its target tissues. The increases in ABF induced by Ang II are mediated by release of NO and EETs, whereas ABF increases with ACTH are mediated by EETs only.
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MESH Headings
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/pharmacology
- Adrenal Glands/blood supply
- Adrenal Glands/drug effects
- Adrenal Glands/metabolism
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/administration & dosage
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism
- Angiotensin II/administration & dosage
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Animals
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Eicosanoids/antagonists & inhibitors
- Eicosanoids/blood
- Eicosanoids/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Male
- Miconazole/pharmacology
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Corticotropin/agonists
- Receptors, Corticotropin/metabolism
- Regional Blood Flow/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul J. Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad-22060, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Tamas Kriska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Kathryn M. Gauthier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - John R. Falck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - William B. Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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Kopf PG, Park SK, Herrnreiter A, Krause C, Roques BP, Campbell WB. Obligatory Metabolism of Angiotensin II to Angiotensin III for Zona Glomerulosa Cell-Mediated Relaxations of Bovine Adrenal Cortical Arteries. Endocrinology 2018; 159:238-247. [PMID: 29088382 PMCID: PMC5761603 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperaldosteronism is associated with hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and congestive heart failure. Steroidogenic factors facilitate aldosterone secretion by increasing adrenal blood flow. Angiotensin (Ang) II decreases adrenal vascular tone through release of zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell-derived vasodilatory eicosanoids. However, ZG cell-mediated relaxation of bovine adrenal cortical arteries to Ang II is not altered by angiotensin type 1 or 2 receptor antagonists. Because traditional Ang II receptors do not mediate these vasorelaxations to Ang II, we investigated the role of Ang II metabolites. Ang III was identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as the primary ZG cell metabolite of Ang II. Ang III stimulated ZG cell-mediated relaxation of adrenal arteries with greater potency than did Ang II. Furthermore, ZG cell-mediated relaxations of adrenal arteries by Ang II were attenuated by aminopeptidase inhibition, and Ang III-stimulated relaxations persisted. Ang IV had little effect compared with Ang II. Moreover, ZG cell-mediated relaxations of adrenal arteries by Ang II were attenuated by an Ang III antagonist but not by an Ang (1-7) antagonist. In contrast, Ang II and Ang III were equipotent in stimulating aldosterone secretion from ZG cells and were unaffected by aminopeptidase inhibition. Additionally, aspartyl and leucyl aminopeptidases, which convert Ang II to Ang III, are the primary peptidase expressed in ZG cells. This was confirmed by enzyme activity. These data indicate that intra-adrenal metabolism of Ang II to Ang III is required for ZG cell-mediated relaxations of adrenal arteries but not aldosterone secretion. These studies have defined an important role of Ang III in the adrenal gland.
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MESH Headings
- Abattoirs
- Adrenal Cortex/blood supply
- Adrenal Cortex/drug effects
- Adrenal Cortex/metabolism
- Aldosterone/metabolism
- Aminopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Aminopeptidases/genetics
- Aminopeptidases/metabolism
- Angiotensin I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Angiotensin I/metabolism
- Angiotensin II/analogs & derivatives
- Angiotensin II/chemistry
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Angiotensin III/metabolism
- Animals
- Arterioles/cytology
- Arterioles/drug effects
- Arterioles/metabolism
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- In Vitro Techniques
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/antagonists & inhibitors
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Zona Glomerulosa/cytology
- Zona Glomerulosa/drug effects
- Zona Glomerulosa/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G. Kopf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515
| | - Sang-Kyu Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Anja Herrnreiter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Christian Krause
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Bernard P. Roques
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (U1022 INSERM, UMR8258 CNRS), Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - William B. Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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Schwafertz C, Schinner S, Kühn MC, Haase M, Asmus A, Mülders-Opgenoorth B, Ansurudeen I, Hornsby PJ, Morawietz H, Oetjen E, Schott M, Willenberg HS. Endothelial cells regulate β-catenin activity in adrenocortical cells via secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:108-115. [PMID: 27889473 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell-derived products influence the synthesis of aldosterone and cortisol in human adrenocortical cells by modulating proteins such as steroidogenic acute-regulatory (StAR) protein, steroidogenic factor (SF)-1 and CITED2. However, the potential endothelial cell-derived factors that mediate this effect are still unknown. The current study was perfomed to look into the control of β-catenin activity by endothelial cell-derived factors and to identify a mechanism by which they affect β-catenin activity in adrenocortical NCIH295R cells. Using reporter gene assays and Western blotting, we found that endothelial cell-conditioned medium (ECCM) led to nuclear translocation of β-catenin and an increase in β-catenin-dependent transcription that could be blocked by U0126, an inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Furthermore, we found that a receptor tyrosin kinase (RTK) was involved in ECCM-induced β-catenin-dependent transcription. Through selective inhibition of RTK using Su5402, it was shown that receptors responding to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mediate the action of ECCM. Adrenocortical cells treated with bFGF showed a significant greater level of bFGF mRNA. In addition, HUVECs secrete bFGF in a density-dependent manner. In conclusion, the data suggest that endothelial cells regulate β-catenin activity in adrenocortical cells also via secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Schwafertz
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven Schinner
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus C Kühn
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Haase
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; Department of Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Amelie Asmus
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Mülders-Opgenoorth
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Ishrath Ansurudeen
- Department of Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, L1:01 Rolf Luft Centrum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter J Hornsby
- Department of Physiology and Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Department of Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elke Oetjen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacology for Pharmacist's Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schott
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger S Willenberg
- Division for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany.
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6
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Lefebvre H, Thomas M, Duparc C, Bertherat J, Louiset E. Role of ACTH in the Interactive/Paracrine Regulation of Adrenal Steroid Secretion in Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:98. [PMID: 27489549 PMCID: PMC4951519 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the normal human adrenal gland, steroid secretion is regulated by a complex network of autocrine/paracrine interactions involving bioactive signals released by endothelial cells, nerve terminals, chromaffin cells, immunocompetent cells, and adrenocortical cells themselves. ACTH can be locally produced by medullary chromaffin cells and is, therefore, a major mediator of the corticomedullary functional interplay. Plasma ACTH also triggers the release of angiogenic and vasoactive agents from adrenocortical cells and adrenal mast cells and, thus, indirectly regulates steroid production through modulation of the adrenal blood flow. Adrenocortical neoplasms associated with steroid hypersecretion exhibit molecular and cellular defects that tend to reinforce the influence of paracrine regulatory loops on corticosteroidogenesis. Especially, ACTH has been found to be abnormally synthesized in bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia responsible for hypercortisolism. In these tissues, ACTH is detected in a subpopulation of adrenocortical cells that express gonadal markers. This observation suggests that ectopic production of ACTH may result from impaired embryogenesis leading to abnormal maturation of the adrenogonadal primordium. Globally, the current literature indicates that ACTH is a major player in the autocrine/paracrine processes occurring in the adrenal gland in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Lefebvre
- U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of Rouen, Rouen, France
- *Correspondence: Hervé Lefebvre,
| | - Michaël Thomas
- U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Céline Duparc
- U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- U1016, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Louiset
- U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
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Ross IL, Louw GJ. Embryological and molecular development of the adrenal glands. Clin Anat 2014; 28:235-42. [PMID: 25255746 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this mini review, the embryological and functional development of the adrenal glands is presented from a molecular perspective. While acknowledging that this is a highly complex series of events, the processes are described in simple and broad strokes in a single text for the reader who is interested in this field but is not an active researcher. The origin of the adrenal glands is in the mesodermal ridge as early as the fourth week of gestation. Between the eighth and ninth weeks of gestation, the adrenal glands are encapsulated and this results in the presence of a distinct organ. There have been great strides in deciphering the very complicated molecular aspects of adrenal gland development in which multiple transcription factors have been identified, directing the adrenogonadal primordium into the adrenal cortex, kidney, or bipotential gonad. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone is critical for early development of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis. Several mutations in transcription factors, responsible for normal adrenal gland development have been found to induce the familial syndrome of congenital adrenal hypoplasia or neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian L Ross
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, Republic of South Africa
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Ansurudeen I, Kopf PG, Gauthier KM, Bornstein SR, Cowley AW, Campbell WB. Aldosterone secretagogues increase adrenal blood flow in male rats. Endocrinology 2014; 155:127-32. [PMID: 24169551 PMCID: PMC3868807 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adrenal blood flow (ABF) is closely coupled to steroid hormone release. ACTH and angiotensin (Ang) II stimulate cortisol and aldosterone secretion; however, their effects on ABF remain poorly defined. We used the laser-Doppler technique to measure rat ABF. Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were cannulated for mean arterial pressure (MAP) measurement and drug infusion. The left adrenal gland was exposed for ABF measurement. ABF and MAP changes to ACTH and Ang II were determined. Bolus injections of Ang II (0.01-1000 ng/kg) increased ABF (maximal increase = 110 ± 18 perfusion units at 1000 ng/kg) and increased MAP at doses greater than 10 ng/kg (basal, 99.2 ± 1.4 mm Hg; 1000 ng/kg Ang II, 149.7 ± 3.9 mm Hg). ACTH (0.1-1000 ng/kg) increased ABF (maximum increase = 158 ± 33 perfusion units) without increasing MAP. ABF increases induced by Ang II and ACTH were ablated by the cytochrome 450 inhibitor miconazole (2 mg/kg). Bolus injections of endothelin-1 (1-1000 ng/kg) increased ABF only at 1 ng/kg and increased MAP at 1000 ng/kg. Bolus injections of sodium nitroprusside increased ABF at 1 and 10 μg/kg and decreased MAP at 10 μg/kg. Thus, laser-Doppler flowmetry is a useful tool for understanding ABF regulation by peptides that stimulate steroid hormone release. Our results demonstrate that Ang II and ACTH increases in ABF are mediated by a cytochrome P450 metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrath Ansurudeen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (I.A., P.G.K., K.M.G., W.B.C.) and Physiology (A.W.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226; Department of Medicine III (I.A., S.R.B.), Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; and Department of Pharmacology (P.G.K.), Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515
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9
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Alwani RA, de Herder WW, de Jong FH, Lamberts SWJ, van der Lely AJ, Feelders RA. Rapid decrease in adrenal responsiveness to ACTH stimulation after successful pituitary surgery in patients with Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75:602-7. [PMID: 21623858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of transsphenoidal surgery (TS) on the adrenal sensitivity to ACTH (adrenocorticotropin) stimulation in patients with Cushing's disease (CD). METHODS We measured the cortisol response to 1 μg synthetic ACTH (1-24) 6 days after pituitary surgery in 45 patients with CD. Mean follow-up period was 56·5 months (SE 4·7). RESULTS In 24 of 28 patients in sustained remission after pituitary surgery, peak cortisol concentrations below 774 nm (28·0 μg/dl) were recorded after stimulation with 1 μg synthetic ACTH (86%). Two patients with recurrent disease after initial remission (late relapse) also showed ACTH-stimulated peak cortisol levels below 774 nM. Fourteen of 15 patients with persistent CD after surgery (early failure) showed absolute peak cortisol levels >774 nm in response to ACTH stimulation. CONCLUSION Patients in remission after pituitary surgery for CD showed a rapid decrease of adrenal responsiveness to exogenous ACTH stimulation. This phenomenon may be explained by ACTH-receptor down-regulation in the adrenal cortex after complete removal of the pituitary corticotroph adenoma. In our study, the postoperative low-dose ACTH stimulation test had a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 87% in predicting immediate remission of CD after pituitary surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Alwani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine section, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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10
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Kopf PG, Gauthier KM, Zhang DX, Falck JR, Campbell WB. Angiotensin II regulates adrenal vascular tone through zona glomerulosa cell-derived EETs and DHETs. Hypertension 2011; 57:323-9. [PMID: 21199991 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.158311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of aldosterone are associated with several cardiovascular diseases. Angiotensin II (Ang II) increases aldosterone secretion and adrenal blood flow. This concurrent increase in steroidogenesis and adrenal blood flow is not understood. We investigated the role of zona glomerulosa (ZG) cells in the regulation of vascular tone of bovine adrenal cortical arteries by Ang II. ZG cells enhanced endothelium-dependent relaxations to Ang II. The ZG cell-dependent relaxations to Ang II were unchanged by removing the endothelium-dependent response to Ang II. These ZG cell-mediated relaxations were ablated by cytochrome P450 inhibition, epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) antagonism, and potassium channel blockade. Analysis of ZG cell EET production by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry demonstrated an increase in EETs and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids with Ang II stimulation. These EETs and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids produced similar concentration-dependent relaxations of adrenal arteries, which were attenuated by EET antagonism. Whole-cell potassium currents of adrenal artery smooth muscle cells were increased by Ang II stimulation in the presence of ZG cells but decreased in the absence of ZG cells. This increase in potassium current was abolished by iberiotoxin. Similarly, 14,15-EET induced concentration-dependent increases in potassium current, which was abolished by iberiotoxin. ZG cell aldosterone release was not directly altered by EETs. These data suggest that Ang II stimulates ZG cells to release EETs and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids, resulting in potassium channel activation and relaxation of adrenal arteries. This provides a mechanism by which Ang II concurrently increases adrenal blood flow and steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G Kopf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Kopf PG, Zhang DX, Gauthier KM, Nithipatikom K, Yi XY, Falck JR, Campbell WB. Adrenic acid metabolites as endogenous endothelium-derived and zona glomerulosa-derived hyperpolarizing factors. Hypertension 2009; 55:547-54. [PMID: 20038752 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.144147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adrenic acid (docosatetraenoic acid), an abundant fatty acid in the adrenal gland, is identical to arachidonic acid except for 2 additional carbons on the carboxyl end. Adrenic acid is metabolized by cyclooxygenases, cytochrome P450s, and lipoxygenases; however, little is known regarding the role of adrenic acid and its metabolites in vascular tone. Because of its abundance in the adrenal gland, we investigated the role of adrenic acid in vascular tone of bovine adrenal cortical arteries and its metabolism by bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa cells. In adrenal cortical arteries, adrenic acid caused concentration-dependent relaxations, which were inhibited by the epoxyeicosatrienoic acid antagonist 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5(Z)-enoic acid and the cytochrome P450 inhibitor SKF-525A. The large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel blocker iberiotoxin or removal of the endothelium abolished these relaxations. Reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry isolated and identified numerous adrenic acid metabolites from zona glomerulosa cells, including dihomo-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihomo-prostaglandins. In denuded adrenal cortical arteries, adrenic acid caused concentration-dependent relaxations in the presence of zona glomerulosa cells but not in their absence. These relaxations were inhibited by SKF-525A, 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5(Z)-enoic acid, and iberiotoxin. Dihomo-16,17-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid caused concentration-dependent relaxations of adrenal cortical arteries, which were inhibited by 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5(Z)-enoic acid and high potassium. Our results suggest that adrenic acid relaxations of bovine adrenal cortical arteries are mediated by endothelial and zona glomerulosa cell cytochrome P450 metabolites. Thus, adrenic acid metabolites could function as endogenous endothelium-derived and zona glomerulosa-derived hyperpolarizing factors in the adrenal cortex and contribute to the regulation of adrenal blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G Kopf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis 53226, USA
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Gauthier KM, Zhang DX, Cui L, Nithipatikom K, Campbell WB. Angiotensin II relaxations of bovine adrenal cortical arteries: role of angiotensin II metabolites and endothelial nitric oxide. Hypertension 2008; 52:150-5. [PMID: 18490519 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.104158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) II regulates adrenal steroidogenesis and adrenal cortical arterial tone. Vascular metabolism could decrease Ang II concentrations and produce metabolites with vascular activity. Our goals were to study adrenal artery Ang II metabolism and to characterize metabolite vascular activity. Bovine adrenal cortical arteries were incubated with Ang II (100 nmol/L) for 10 and 30 minutes. Metabolites were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Ang (1-7), Ang III, and Ang IV concentrations were 146+/-21, 173+/-42 and 58+/-11 pg/mg at 10 minutes and 845+/-163, 70+/-14, and 31+/-3 pg/mg at 30 minutes, respectively. Concentration-related relaxations of U46619-preconstricted cortical arteries to Ang II (maximum relaxation=29+/-3%; EC(50)=3.4 pmol/L) were eliminated by endothelium removal and inhibited by the NO synthase inhibitor, nitro-L-arginine (30 micromol/L; maximum relaxation=14+/-7%). Ang II relaxations were enhanced by the angiotensin type-1 receptor antagonist losartan (1 micromol/L; maximum relaxation=41+/-3%; EC(50)=11 pmol/L). Losartan-enhanced Ang II relaxations were inhibited by nitro-L-arginine (maximum relaxation=18+/-5%) and the angiotensin type-2 receptor antagonist PD123319 (10 micromol/L; maximum relaxation=27+/-5%). Ang (1-7) and Ang III caused concentration-related relaxations with less potency (EC(50)=43 and 24 nmol/L, respectively) but similar efficacy (maximum relaxations=39+/-3% and 48+/-5%, respectively) as losartan-enhanced Ang II relaxations. Ang (1-7) relaxations were inhibited by nitro-L-arginine (maximum relaxation=16+/-4%) and the Ang (1-7) receptor antagonist 7(D)-Ala-Ang (1-7) (1 micromol/L; maximum relaxation=10+/-3%) and eliminated by endothelium removal. Thus, Ang II metabolism by adrenal cortical arteries to metabolites with decreased vascular activity represents an inactivation pathway possibly decreasing Ang II presentation to adrenal steroidogenic cells and limits Ang II vascular effects.
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MESH Headings
- 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid/pharmacology
- Adrenal Cortex/blood supply
- Angiotensin I/pharmacology
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers
- Angiotensin III/pharmacology
- Animals
- Arteries/drug effects
- Arteries/metabolism
- Arteries/physiology
- Cattle
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Losartan/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/drug effects
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/physiology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/physiology
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- Vasodilation
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Gauthier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1500 East Woodrow Wilson Drive, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
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