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Paes T, Feelders RA, Hofland LJ. Epigenetic Mechanisms Modulated by Glucocorticoids With a Focus on Cushing Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e1424-e1433. [PMID: 38517306 PMCID: PMC11099489 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
In Cushing syndrome (CS), prolonged exposure to high cortisol levels results in a wide range of devastating effects causing multisystem morbidity. Despite the efficacy of treatment leading to disease remission and clinical improvement, hypercortisolism-induced complications may persist. Since glucocorticoids use the epigenetic machinery as a mechanism of action to modulate gene expression, the persistence of some comorbidities may be mediated by hypercortisolism-induced long-lasting epigenetic changes. Additionally, glucocorticoids influence microRNA expression, which is an important epigenetic regulator as it modulates gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. Evidence suggests that chronically elevated glucocorticoid levels may induce aberrant microRNA expression which may impact several cellular processes resulting in cardiometabolic disorders. The present article reviews the evidence on epigenetic changes induced by (long-term) glucocorticoid exposure. Key aspects of some glucocorticoid-target genes and their implications in the context of CS are described. Lastly, the effects of epigenetic drugs influencing glucocorticoid effects are discussed for their ability to be potentially used as adjunctive therapy in CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ticiana Paes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Arshad MF, Elder C, Newell-Price J, Ross R, Debono M. A retrospective study on weaning glucocorticoids and recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024:dgae059. [PMID: 38298131 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucocorticoids suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis resulting in tertiary adrenal insufficiency (AI). When weaning patients off glucocorticoids there is no consensus on whether to maintain patients on prednisolone or convert to hydrocortisone. OBJECTIVE Investigate HPA axis recovery in patients on long-term prednisolone and assess outcome after hydrocortisone conversion. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Outpatient endocrine steroid clinic. PATIENTS Patients on long-term prednisolone referred for HPA axis testing between 2015-2022. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURED 1) HPA axis recovery rate in patients on prednisolone demonstrated by normal ACTH stimulation test (AST).2) HPA axis recovery rate sub-analysis of dose-matched patients with confirmed tertiary AI on prednisolone or hydrocortisone. RESULTS 206 patients on prednisolone were tested for tertiary AI. Of these 176 remained on prednisolone while 30 were converted to hydrocortisone. The overall HPA axis recovery rate for patients on prednisolone after interval testing was 137/206 (66.5%). HPA axis recovery rate in dose-matched prednisolone and hydrocortisone conversion groups was 7/10 (70%) and 2/13 (15%) (p=0.008), respectively. There was no difference in mean (SD) age (67.1(12.2) v 63.4(11.1) years; p=0.464) and baseline cortisol (5.3(4.2) v 4.6(3.1)µg/dL; p=0.648) and median [IQR] glucocorticoids duration (1213[1114] v 2316[4808] days; p=0.693) and baseline ACTH (20.5[29.0] v 16.3[14.8]ng/L; p=0.905) between dose-matched prednisolone and hydrocortisone groups. Follow-up duration in prednisolone group was significantly lower (median [IQR] 348[975] v 667[884] days; p=0.012). CONCLUSIONS Patients with glucocorticoid induced AI maintained on once-daily prednisolone can recover HPA axis function when weaning. There is no apparent advantage to recover HPA axis function in converting to multiple dosing hydrocortisone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fahad Arshad
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Charlotte Elder
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Newell-Price
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Richard Ross
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Miguel Debono
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
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3
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Rao Z, Brunner E, Giszas B, Iyer-Bierhoff A, Gerstmeier J, Börner F, Jordan PM, Pace S, Meyer KPL, Hofstetter RK, Merk D, Paulenz C, Heinzel T, Grunert PC, Stallmach A, Serhan CN, Werner M, Werz O. Glucocorticoids regulate lipid mediator networks by reciprocal modulation of 15-lipoxygenase isoforms affecting inflammation resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302070120. [PMID: 37603745 PMCID: PMC10469032 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302070120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are potent anti-inflammatory agents, broadly used to treat acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, e.g., critically ill COVID-19 patients or patients with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. GC not only limit inflammation but also promote its resolution although the underlying mechanisms are obscure. Here, we reveal reciprocal regulation of 15-lipoxygenase (LOX) isoform expression in human monocyte/macrophage lineages by GC with respective consequences for the biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPM) and their 15-LOX-derived monohydroxylated precursors (mono-15-OH). Dexamethasone robustly up-regulated pre-mRNA, mRNA, and protein levels of ALOX15B/15-LOX-2 in blood monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) phenotypes, causing elevated SPM and mono-15-OH production in inflammatory cell types. In sharp contrast, dexamethasone blocked ALOX15/15-LOX-1 expression and impaired SPM formation in proresolving M2-MDM. These dexamethasone actions were mimicked by prednisolone and hydrocortisone but not by progesterone, and they were counteracted by the GC receptor (GR) antagonist RU486. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed robust GR recruitment to a putative enhancer region within intron 3 of the ALOX15B gene but not to the transcription start site. Knockdown of 15-LOX-2 in M1-MDM abolished GC-induced SPM formation and mono-15-OH production. Finally, ALOX15B/15-LOX-2 upregulation was evident in human monocytes from patients with GC-treated COVID-19 or patients with IBD. Our findings may explain the proresolving GC actions and offer opportunities for optimizing GC pharmacotherapy and proresolving mediator production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, JenaD-07743, Germany
| | - Elena Brunner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, JenaD-07743, Germany
| | - Benjamin Giszas
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena07747, Germany
| | - Aishwarya Iyer-Bierhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena07745, Germany
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, JenaD-07743, Germany
| | - Friedemann Börner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, JenaD-07743, Germany
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, JenaD-07743, Germany
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, JenaD-07743, Germany
| | - Katharina P. L. Meyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, JenaD-07743, Germany
| | - Robert K. Hofstetter
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, JenaD-07743, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Munich81377, Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Heinzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena07745, Germany
| | - Philip C. Grunert
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena07747, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena07747, Germany
| | - Charles N. Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Markus Werner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, JenaD-07743, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, JenaD-07743, Germany
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4
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SOX2 Modulates the Nuclear Organization and Transcriptional Activity of the Glucocorticoid Receptor. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167869. [PMID: 36309135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Steroid receptors (SRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors (TFs) relevant to key cellular processes in both physiology and pathology, including some types of cancer. SOX2 is a master TF of pluripotency and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells, and its dysregulation is also associated with various types of human cancers. A potential crosstalk between these TFs could be relevant in malignant cells yet, to the best of our knowledge, no formal study has been performed thus far. Here we show, by quantitative live-cell imaging microscopy, that ectopic expression of SOX2 disrupts the formation of hormone-dependent intranuclear condensates of many steroid receptors (SRs), including those formed by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). SOX2 also reduces GR's binding to specific DNA targets and modulates its transcriptional activity. SOX2-driven effects on GR condensates do not require the intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain of the receptor and, surprisingly, neither relies on GR/SOX2 interactions. SOX2 also alters the intranuclear dynamics and compartmentalization of the SR coactivator NCoA-2 and impairs GR/NCoA-2 interactions. These results suggest an indirect mechanism underlying SOX2-driven effects on SRs involving this coactivator. Together, these results highlight that the transcriptional program elicited by GR relies on its nuclear organization and is intimately linked to the distribution of other GR partners, such as the NCoA-2 coactivator. Abnormal expression of SOX2, commonly observed in many tumors, may alter the biological action of GR and, probably, other SRs as well. Understanding this crosstalk may help to improve steroid hormone-based therapies in cancers with elevated SOX2 expression.
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5
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Pan PK, Wu TM, Tsai HY, Cho IC, Tseng HW, Lin TD, Nan FH, Wu YS. Acid external and internal environment exchange the Oreochromis niloticus tissue immune gene expression compared to the mouse macrophage polarization model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012078. [PMID: 36225935 PMCID: PMC9549756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The water environment plays an important role in animal physiology. In this study, we sought to evaluate the effect of the acid environment on the Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) internal microenvironment immune response compare to the mouse macrophage model (J77A.1). The acid environment treated mouse macrophage J774A.1 model have shown that acidic treatment is able to polarize macrophages into M2-like macrophages via an increase in Ym1, Tgm2, Arg1, Fizz1, and IL-10 expression. Metabolic analysis of mouse macrophages (J774A.1) at pH 2 vs. pH 7 and pH 4 vs. pH 7 have been shown to promote the expression of intracellular acetylcholine, choline, prochlorperazine, L-leucine, and bisphenol A,2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f] quinolone metabolites in the M2-like macrophage. Immune gene expression of the O. niloticus spleen and liver treated at pH 2, 4, and 7 was shown to reduce TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-8, and IL-12 expression compared to pH 7 treatment. Immune gene was induced in O. niloticus following culture at pH 5, 6, and 7 fresh water environment. Taken together, we found that the acid internal environment polarizes tissues into an M2 macrophage developmental microenvironment. However, if the external environment is acid, tissues are exposed to an M1 macrophage developmental microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Kai Pan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Meng Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yuan Tsai
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - I-Cheng Cho
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Tseng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Du Lin
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yu-Sheng Wu,
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6
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Thevkar-Nagesh P, Habault J, Voisin M, Ruff SE, Ha S, Ruoff R, Chen X, Rawal S, Zahr T, Szabo G, Rogatsky I, Fisher EA, Garabedian MJ. Transcriptional regulation of Acsl1 by CHREBP and NF-kappa B in macrophages during hyperglycemia and inflammation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272986. [PMID: 36054206 PMCID: PMC9439225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1) is an enzyme that converts fatty acids to acyl-CoA-derivatives for lipid catabolism and lipid synthesis in general and can provide substrates for the production of mediators of inflammation in monocytes and macrophages. Acsl1 expression is increased by hyperglycemia and inflammatory stimuli in monocytes and macrophages, and promotes the pro-atherosclerotic effects of diabetes in mice. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms underlying Acsl1 transcriptional regulation. Here we demonstrate that the glucose-sensing transcription factor, Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein (CHREBP), is a regulator of the expression of Acsl1 mRNA by high glucose in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). In addition, we show that inflammatory stimulation of BMDMs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases Acsl1 mRNA via the transcription factor, NF-kappa B. LPS treatment also increases ACSL1 protein abundance and localization to membranes where it can exert its activity. Using an Acsl1 reporter gene containing the promoter and an upstream regulatory region, which has multiple conserved CHREBP and NF-kappa B (p65/RELA) binding sites, we found increased Acsl1 promoter activity upon CHREBP and p65/RELA expression. We also show that CHREBP and p65/RELA occupy the Acsl1 promoter in BMDMs. In primary human monocytes cultured in high glucose versus normal glucose, ACSL1 mRNA expression was elevated by high glucose and further enhanced by LPS treatment. Our findings demonstrate that CHREBP and NF-kappa B control Acsl1 expression under hyperglycemic and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Thevkar-Nagesh
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Justine Habault
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Maud Voisin
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Sophie E. Ruff
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Susan Ha
- Department of Urology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Rachel Ruoff
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Hosptial for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Shruti Rawal
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Tarik Zahr
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Inez Rogatsky
- Hosptial for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School for Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Garabedian
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
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7
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Antihistamines Potentiate Dexamethasone Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Impact on Glucocorticoid Receptor-Mediated Expression of Inflammation-Related Genes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113026. [PMID: 34831249 PMCID: PMC8617649 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antihistamines and glucocorticoids (GCs) are often used together in the clinic to treat several inflammation-related situations. Although there is no rationale for this association, clinical practice has assumed that, due to their concomitant anti-inflammatory effects, there should be an intrinsic benefit to their co-administration. In this work, we evaluated the effects of the co-treatment of several antihistamines on dexamethasone-induced glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activity on the expression of various inflammation-related genes in A549 and U937 cell lines. Our results show that all antihistamines potentiate GCs' anti-inflammatory effects, presenting ligand-, cell- and gene-dependent effects. Given that treatment with GCs has strong adverse effects, particularly on bone metabolism, we also examined the impact of antihistamine co-treatment on the expression of bone metabolism markers. Using MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells, we observed that, though the antihistamine azelastine reduces the expression of dexamethasone-induced bone loss molecular markers, it potentiates osteoblast apoptosis. Our results suggest that the synergistic effect could contribute to reducing GC clinical doses, ineffective by itself but effective in combination with an antihistamine. This could result in a therapeutic advantage, as the addition of an antihistamine may reinforce the wanted effects of GCs, while related adverse effects could be diminished or at least mitigated. By modulating the patterns of gene activation/repression mediated by GR, antihistamines could enhance only the desired effects of GCs, allowing their effective dose to be reduced. Further research is needed to correctly determine the clinical scope, benefits, and potential risks of this therapeutic strategy.
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8
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Húngaro TGR, Gregnani MF, Alves-Silva T, Herse F, Alenina N, Bader M, Araújo RC. Cortisol Dose-Dependently Impairs Migration and Tube-like Formation in a Trophoblast Cell Line and Modulates Inflammatory and Angiogenic Genes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:980. [PMID: 34440184 PMCID: PMC8393357 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several stimuli can change maternal hormone levels during pregnancy. These changes may affect trophoblastic cells and modulate the development of the embryo and the placental tissue itself. Changes in cortisol levels are associated with impaired trophoblast implantation and function, in addition to other pregnancy complications. This study aims to analyze the effects of low and high doses of cortisol on an extravillous trophoblast cell line, and the effects of various exposures to this hormone. SGHPL-4 cells were treated with cortisol at five doses (0-1000 nM) and two exposures (continuous: 24 h/day; and intermittent: 2 h/day). In intermittent treatment, cortisol acted mainly as an anti-inflammatory hormone, repressing gene expression of kinin B1 receptors, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β. Continuous treatment modulated inflammatory and angiogenic pathways, significantly repressing angiogenic factors and their receptors. Cortisol affected cell migration and tube-like structures formation. In conclusion, both continuous and intermittent exposure to cortisol repressed the expression of inflammatory genes, while only continuous exposure repressed the expression of angiogenic genes, suggesting that a sustained increase in the levels of this hormone is more harmful than a high short-term increase. Cortisol also impaired tube-like structures formation, and kinin receptors may be involved in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Guerreiro Rodrigues Húngaro
- Nephrology Program, Laboratory of Genetics and Exercise Metabolism, Biophysics Department, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil;
| | - Marcos F. Gregnani
- Molecular Biology Program, Laboratory of Genetics and Exercise Metabolism, Biophysics Department, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (M.F.G.); (T.A.-S.)
| | - Thaís Alves-Silva
- Molecular Biology Program, Laboratory of Genetics and Exercise Metabolism, Biophysics Department, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (M.F.G.); (T.A.-S.)
| | - Florian Herse
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (F.H.); (N.A.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Cooperation of Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (F.H.); (N.A.)
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (F.H.); (N.A.)
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center of Molecular Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ronaldo C. Araújo
- Nephrology Program, Laboratory of Genetics and Exercise Metabolism, Biophysics Department, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil;
- Molecular Biology Program, Laboratory of Genetics and Exercise Metabolism, Biophysics Department, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (M.F.G.); (T.A.-S.)
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9
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Alsudir SA, Almalik A, Alhasan AH. Catalogue of self-targeting nano-medical inventions to accelerate clinical trials. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3898-3910. [PMID: 33912874 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00235j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive outbreaks and prolonged epidemics represent mortal threats to global health, creating chaos in our globalized world. To date, scientists have been compelled to follow FDA guidelines for conventional clinical trials, which decelerates the release of effective therapies to battle outbreaks and safeguard global health security. Developing multi-purpose platform nanotechnologies to self-target specific organs in response to the disease microenvironment could greatly help to rapidly anticipate and efficiently manage outbreaks. Nano-interventions in the form of self-targeting nanoparticles (NPs) could accelerate the clinical translation of potential drugs to fight future outbreaks via innovating their clinical trials. This review sets the foundation of the self-targeting concept to govern the in vivo fate of NPs without the need to complicate the engineering designs with targeting ligands. The proposed catalogue of accelerated nano-innovations offers self-targeting, physiological trafficking, bio-compliance, and controllable drug release in response to associated smart linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A Alsudir
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Life science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulaziz Almalik
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Life science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. and KACST-BWH/Harvard Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Alhasan
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Life science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. and KACST-BWH/Harvard Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia and College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Yang N, Berry A, Sauer C, Baxter M, Donaldson IJ, Forbes K, Donn R, Matthews L, Ray D. Hypoxia regulates GR function through multiple mechanisms involving microRNAs 103 and 107. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111007. [PMID: 32871225 PMCID: PMC7646191 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (Gcs) potently inhibit inflammation, and regulate liver energy metabolism, often acting in a hypoxic environment. We now show hypoxic conditions open a specific GR cistrome, and prevent access of GR to part of the normoxic GR cistrome. Motif analysis identified enrichment of KLF4 binding sites beneath those peaks of GR binding exclusive to normoxia, implicating KLF4 as a pioneer, or co-factor under these conditions. Hypoxia reduced KLF4 expression, however, knockdown of KLF4 did not impair GR recruitment. KLF4 is a known target of microRNAs 103 and 107, both of which are induced by hypoxia. Expression of mimics to either microRNA103, or microRNA107 inhibited GR transactivation of normoxic target genes, thereby replicating the hypoxic effect. Therefore, studies in hypoxia reveal that microRNAs 103 and 107 are potent regulators of GR function. We have now identified a new pathway linking hypoxia through microRNAs 103 and 107 to regulation of GR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX37LE, UK
| | - Andrew Berry
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Carolin Sauer
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX37LE, UK
| | - Matthew Baxter
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX37LE, UK
| | - Ian J Donaldson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Karen Forbes
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Rachelle Donn
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Laura Matthews
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - David Ray
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX37LE, UK.
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11
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Small B, Millard CEF, Kisanga EP, Burman A, Anam A, Flannery C, Al-Hendy A, Whirledge S. The Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulator Ulipristal Acetate Inhibits the Activity of the Glucocorticoid Receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5609012. [PMID: 31665442 PMCID: PMC7112983 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The selective progesterone modulator ulipristal acetate (ulipristal) offers a much-needed therapeutic option for the clinical management of uterine fibroids. Although ulipristal initially passed safety evaluations in Europe, postmarketing analysis identified cases of hepatic injury and failure, leading to restrictions on the long-term use of ulipristal. One of the factors potentially contributing to significant side effects with the selective progesterone modulators is cross-reactivity with other steroid receptors. OBJECTIVE To determine whether ulipristal can alter the activity of the endogenous glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in relevant cell types. DESIGN Immortalized human uterine fibroid cells (UtLM) and hepatocytes (HepG2) were treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone and/or ulipristal. Primary uterine fibroid tissue was isolated from patients undergoing elective gynecological surgery and treated ex vivo with dexamethasone and/or ulipristal. In vivo ulipristal exposure was performed in C57Bl/6 mice to measure the effect on basal gene expression in target tissues throughout the body. RESULTS Dexamethasone induced the expression of established glucocorticoid-target genes period 1 (PER1), FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5), and glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) in UtLM and HepG2 cells, whereas cotreatment with ulipristal blocked the transcriptional response to glucocorticoids in a dose-dependent manner. Ulipristal inhibited glucocorticoid-mediated phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and DNA interactions of GR. Glucocorticoid stimulation of PER1, FKBP5, and GILZ was abolished by cotreatment with ulipristal in primary uterine fibroid tissue. The expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes was decreased in the lung, liver, and uterus of mice exposed to 2 mg/kg ulipristal. Interestingly, transcript levels of Fkbp5 and Gilz were increased in the hippocampus and pituitary. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that ulipristal inhibits endogenous glucocorticoid signaling in human fibroid and liver cells, which is an important consideration for its use as a long-term therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Small
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Charles E F Millard
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Edwina P Kisanga
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Andreanna Burman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anika Anam
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Clare Flannery
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shannon Whirledge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Shannon Whirledge, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St, Office LSOG 204C, New Haven, CT, 06510. E-mail:
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12
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Stavreva DA, Garcia DA, Fettweis G, Gudla PR, Zaki GF, Soni V, McGowan A, Williams G, Huynh A, Palangat M, Schiltz RL, Johnson TA, Presman DM, Ferguson ML, Pegoraro G, Upadhyaya A, Hager GL. Transcriptional Bursting and Co-bursting Regulation by Steroid Hormone Release Pattern and Transcription Factor Mobility. Mol Cell 2019; 75:1161-1177.e11. [PMID: 31421980 PMCID: PMC6754282 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Genes are transcribed in a discontinuous pattern referred to as RNA bursting, but the mechanisms regulating this process are unclear. Although many physiological signals, including glucocorticoid hormones, are pulsatile, the effects of transient stimulation on bursting are unknown. Here we characterize RNA synthesis from single-copy glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-regulated transcription sites (TSs) under pulsed (ultradian) and constant hormone stimulation. In contrast to constant stimulation, pulsed stimulation induces restricted bursting centered around the hormonal pulse. Moreover, we demonstrate that transcription factor (TF) nuclear mobility determines burst duration, whereas its bound fraction determines burst frequency. Using 3D tracking of TSs, we directly correlate TF binding and RNA synthesis at a specific promoter. Finally, we uncover a striking co-bursting pattern between TSs located at proximal and distal positions in the nucleus. Together, our data reveal a dynamic interplay between TF mobility and RNA bursting that is responsive to stimuli strength, type, modality, and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Stavreva
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, 41 Library Drive, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA.
| | - David A Garcia
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, 41 Library Drive, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA; Department of Physics and Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Gregory Fettweis
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, 41 Library Drive, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA
| | - Prabhakar R Gudla
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, 41 Library Drive, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA
| | - George F Zaki
- High Performance Computing Group, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vikas Soni
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, 41 Library Drive, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA
| | - Andrew McGowan
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, 41 Library Drive, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA
| | - Geneva Williams
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, 41 Library Drive, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA
| | - Anh Huynh
- Department of Physics and Graduate Program in Biomolecular Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Murali Palangat
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, 41 Library Drive, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA
| | - R Louis Schiltz
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, 41 Library Drive, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA
| | - Thomas A Johnson
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, 41 Library Drive, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA
| | - Diego M Presman
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, 41 Library Drive, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA
| | - Matthew L Ferguson
- Department of Physics and Graduate Program in Biomolecular Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Gianluca Pegoraro
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, 41 Library Drive, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Department of Physics and Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, 41 Library Drive, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA.
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13
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Cochlear Glucocorticoid Receptor and Serum Corticosterone Expression in a Rodent Model of Noise-induced Hearing Loss: Comparison of Timing of Dexamethasone Administration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12646. [PMID: 31477769 PMCID: PMC6718671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) is a steroid hormone secreted from the adrenal cortex in response to stress, which acts by binding to cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). Dexamethasone (DEX) is a synthetic GC exhibiting immunosuppressive effects in both human and rodent models of hearing loss. While clinical evidence has shown the effectiveness of DEX for treatment of various inner ear diseases, its mechanisms of action and the optimal timing of treatment are not well understood. In the present study, intergroup comparisons were conducted based on the time point of treatment with DEX: (1) pretreatment; (2) posttreatment; and (3) pre&post-noise. The pre&post DEX treatment group showed a significant improvement in threshold shift at 1 day post-noise exposure as compared to the TTS (transient threshold shift)-only group at 8 and 16 kHz. Both TTS and PTS (permanent threshold shift) significantly reduced cochlear GR mRNA expression and increased serum corticosterone and cochlear inflammatory cytokines. The pre&post DEX treatment group showed a significant decrease in serum corticosterone level as compared to other DEX treatment groups and TTS-treated group at 3 days after acoustic trauma. Our results suggest that the timing of DEX administration differentially modulates systemic steroid levels, GR expression and cochlear cytokine expression.
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14
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Thormann V, Rothkegel MC, Schöpflin R, Glaser LV, Djuric P, Li N, Chung HR, Schwahn K, Vingron M, Meijsing SH. Genomic dissection of enhancers uncovers principles of combinatorial regulation and cell type-specific wiring of enhancer-promoter contacts. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:2868-2882. [PMID: 29385519 PMCID: PMC5888794 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic binding of transcription factors, like the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), is linked to the regulation of genes. However, as we show here, GR binding is a poor predictor of GR-dependent gene regulation even when taking the 3D organization of the genome into account. To connect GR binding sites to the regulation of genes in the endogenous genomic context, we turned to genome editing. By deleting GR binding sites, individually or in combination, we uncovered how cooperative interactions between binding sites contribute to the regulation of genes. Specifically, for the GR target gene GILZ, we show that the simultaneous presence of a cluster of GR binding sites is required for the activity of an individual enhancer and that the GR-dependent regulation of GILZ depends on multiple GR-bound enhancers. Further, by deleting GR binding sites that are shared between different cell types, we show how cell type-specific genome organization and enhancer-blocking can result in cell type-specific wiring of promoter–enhancer contacts. This rewiring allows an individual GR binding site shared between different cell types to direct the expression of distinct transcripts and thereby contributes to the cell type-specific consequences of glucocorticoid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Thormann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maika C Rothkegel
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schöpflin
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura V Glaser
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petar Djuric
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Na Li
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ho-Ryun Chung
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Schwahn
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Vingron
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastiaan H Meijsing
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-67, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Thormann V, Glaser LV, Rothkegel MC, Borschiwer M, Bothe M, Fuchs A, Meijsing SH. Expanding the repertoire of glucocorticoid receptor target genes by engineering genomic response elements. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/2/e201800283. [PMID: 30867223 PMCID: PMC6417287 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study shows that addition of a single transcription factor binding site can be sufficient to convert a gene into a glucocorticoid receptor target. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a hormone-activated transcription factor, binds to a myriad of genomic binding sites yet seems to regulate a much smaller number of genes. Genome-wide analysis of GR binding and gene regulation has shown that the likelihood of GR-dependent regulation increases with decreased distance of its binding to the transcriptional start site of a gene. To test if we can adopt this knowledge to expand the repertoire of GR target genes, we used CRISPR/Cas-mediated homology-directed repair to add a single GR-binding site directly upstream of the transcriptional start site of each of four genes. To our surprise, we found that the addition of a single GR-binding site can be enough to convert a gene into a GR target. The gain of GR-dependent regulation was observed for two of four genes analyzed and coincided with acquired GR binding at the introduced binding site. However, the gene-specific gain of GR-dependent regulation could not be explained by obvious differences in chromatin accessibility between converted genes and their non-converted counterparts. Furthermore, by introducing GR-binding sequences with different nucleotide compositions, we show that activation can be facilitated by distinct sequences without obvious differences in activity between the GR-binding sequence variants we tested. The approach to use genome engineering to build genomic response elements facilitates the generation of cell lines with tailored repertoires of GR-responsive genes and a framework to test and refine our understanding of the cis-regulatory logic of gene regulation by testing if engineered response elements behave as predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Thormann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura V Glaser
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Melissa Bothe
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alisa Fuchs
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Monczor F, Chatzopoulou A, Zappia CD, Houtman R, Meijer OC, Fitzsimons CP. A Model of Glucocorticoid Receptor Interaction With Coregulators Predicts Transcriptional Regulation of Target Genes. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:214. [PMID: 30930776 PMCID: PMC6425864 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory factors that control gene transcription in multicellular organisms are assembled in multicomponent complexes by combinatorial interactions. In this context, nuclear receptors provide well-characterized and physiologically relevant systems to study ligand-induced transcription resulting from the integration of cellular and genomic information in a cell- and gene-specific manner. Here, we developed a mathematical model describing the interactions between the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and other components of a multifactorial regulatory complex controlling the transcription of GR-target genes, such as coregulator peptides. We support the validity of the model in relation to gene-specific GR transactivation with gene transcription data from A549 cells and in vitro real time quantification of coregulator-GR interactions. The model accurately describes and helps to interpret ligand-specific and gene-specific transcriptional regulation by the GR. The comprehensive character of the model allows future insight into the function and relative contribution of the molecular species proposed in ligand- and gene-specific transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Monczor
- Laboratorio de Farmacología de Receptores, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonia Chatzopoulou
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Carlos Daniel Zappia
- Laboratorio de Farmacología de Receptores, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - René Houtman
- PamGene International B.V., 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Neuroscience Collaboration, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Lin G, Jiao F, Sun Q, Tang M, Yu J, Zhou Z. Linking dynamical complexities from activation signals to transcription responses. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190286. [PMID: 31032064 PMCID: PMC6458353 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The transcription of inducible genes involves signalling pathways that induce DNA binding of the downstream transcription factors to form functional promoter states. How the transcription dynamics is linked to the temporal variations of activation signals is far from being fully understood. In this work, we develop a mathematical model with multiple promoter states to address this question. Each promoter state has its own activation and inactivation rates and is selected randomly with a probability that may change in time. Under the activation of constant signals, our analysis shows that if only the activation rates differ among the promoter states, then the mean transcription level m(t) displays only a monotone or monophasic growth pattern. In a sharp contrast, if the inactivation rates change with the promoter states, then m(t) may display multiphasic growth patterns. Upon the activation of signals that oscillate periodically, m(t) also oscillates later, almost periodically at the same frequency, but the magnitude decreases with frequency and is almost completely attenuated at high frequencies. This gives a surprising indication that multiple promoter states could filter out the signal oscillation and the noise in the random promoter state selection, as observed in the transcription of a gene activated by p53 in breast carcinoma cells. Our approach may help develop a theoretical framework to integrate coherently the genetic circuit with the promoter states to elucidate the linkage from the activation signal to the temporal profile of transcription outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genghong Lin
- Center for Applied Mathematics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Feng Jiao
- Center for Applied Mathematics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Qiwen Sun
- Center for Applied Mathematics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Moxun Tang
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jianshe Yu
- Center for Applied Mathematics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Center for Applied Mathematics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Hennessy EJ, van Solingen C, Scacalossi KR, Ouimet M, Afonso MS, Prins J, Koelwyn GJ, Sharma M, Ramkhelawon B, Carpenter S, Busch A, Chernogubova E, Matic LP, Hedin U, Maegdefessel L, Caffrey BE, Hussein MA, Ricci EP, Temel RE, Garabedian MJ, Berger JS, Vickers KC, Kanke M, Sethupathy P, Teupser D, Holdt LM, Moore KJ. The long noncoding RNA CHROME regulates cholesterol homeostasis in primate. Nat Metab 2019; 1:98-110. [PMID: 31410392 PMCID: PMC6691505 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human genome encodes thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), the majority of which are poorly conserved and uncharacterized. Here we identify a primate-specific lncRNA (CHROME), elevated in the plasma and atherosclerotic plaques of individuals with coronary artery disease, that regulates cellular and systemic cholesterol homeostasis. LncRNA CHROME expression is influenced by dietary and cellular cholesterol via the sterol-activated liver X receptor transcription factors, which control genes mediating responses to cholesterol overload. Using gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we show that CHROME promotes cholesterol efflux and HDL biogenesis by curbing the actions of a set of functionally related microRNAs that repress genes in those pathways. CHROME knockdown in human hepatocytes and macrophages increases levels of miR-27b, miR-33a, miR-33b and miR-128, thereby reducing expression of their overlapping target gene networks and associated biologic functions. In particular, cells lacking CHROME show reduced expression of ABCA1, which regulates cholesterol efflux and nascent HDL particle formation. Collectively, our findings identify CHROME as a central component of the non-coding RNA circuitry controlling cholesterol homeostasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Hennessy
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Coen van Solingen
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kaitlyn R. Scacalossi
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mireille Ouimet
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Milessa S. Afonso
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jurrien Prins
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Einthoven
Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center,
Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Graeme J. Koelwyn
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Monika Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bhama Ramkhelawon
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan Carpenter
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology,
University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Albert Busch
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum
Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ljubica Perisic Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum
Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Maryem A. Hussein
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of
Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emiliano P. Ricci
- INSERM U1111, Centre International de Recherche en
Infectiologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon,
Lyon, France
| | - Ryan E. Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Michael J. Garabedian
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of
Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Berger
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kasey C. Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, Tenessee, USA
| | - Matthew Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine,
Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lesca M. Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine,
Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathryn J. Moore
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of
Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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19
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Celentano A, McCullough M, Cirillo N. Glucocorticoids reduce chemotherapeutic effectiveness on OSCC cells via glucose-dependent mechanisms. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2013-2020. [PMID: 30240006 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic corticosteroids are routinely administered during the treatment of several diseases, including malignancies. However, recent evidence suggests that corticosteroids may have tumor-promoting effects, particularly in epithelial neoplasms. Our aim was to assess the role of the recently characterized cancer-associated glucocorticoid (GC) system in the resistance to chemotherapy of oral malignant keratinocytes. Human malignant oral keratinocyte cell lines H314/H357/H400/BICR16/BICR56 were tested with: two chemotherapeutic agents, doxorubicin (DOXO) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), as well as hydrocortisone (HC), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 5-pregnen-3-beta-ol-20-one-16-alfa-carbonitrile (PCN), and two glucose uptake inhibitors, Fasentin and WZB. Both DOXO and 5-FU induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. HC administration (100 nM) reduced the effectiveness of both chemotherapeutic agents to a variable extent in all 5 oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. ACTH also reduced the effectiveness of DOXO on 2 cell lines tested (H357 and BICR56). The glucose uptake inhibitors Fasentin and WZB were able to partially block the increased resistance to the cytotoxic drugs induced by HC. In summary, we have demonstrated, for the first time, the importance of cortisol on oral cancer cells ability to proliferate and combat the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents. This effect appears to be glucose dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Celentano
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Bain CR, Draxler DF, Taylor R, Wallace S, Gouldthorpe O, Corcoran TB, Myles PS, L. Medcalf R, Bozaoglu K. The early in-vivo effects of a single anti-emetic dose of dexamethasone on innate immune cell gene expression and activation in healthy volunteers. Anaesthesia 2018; 73:955-966. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Bain
- Department of Anaesthesia and Peri -operative Medicine; The Alfred Hospital and Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - D. F. Draxler
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis laboratory; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases and Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - R. Taylor
- Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory; Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute Victoria; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - S. Wallace
- Department of Anaesthesia and Peri -operative Medicine; The Alfred Hospital and Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - O. Gouldthorpe
- Department of Anaesthesia and Peri -operative Medicine; The Alfred Hospital and Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - T. B. Corcoran
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine Royal Perth Hospital and; University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
| | - P. S. Myles
- Department of Anaesthesia and Peri -operative Medicine; The Alfred Hospital and Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - R. L. Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis laboratory; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases and Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - K. Bozaoglu
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research; Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Department of Paediatrics; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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21
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Chow CC, Simons SS. An Approach to Greater Specificity for Glucocorticoids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:76. [PMID: 29593646 PMCID: PMC5859375 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid steroids are among the most prescribed drugs each year. Nonetheless, the many undesirable side effects, and lack of selectivity, restrict their greater usage. Research to increase glucocorticoid specificity has spanned many years. These efforts have been hampered by the ability of glucocorticoids to both induce and repress gene transcription and also by the lack of success in defining any predictable properties that control glucocorticoid specificity. Correlations of transcriptional specificity have been observed with changes in steroid structure, receptor and chromatin conformation, DNA sequence for receptor binding, and associated cofactors. However, none of these studies have progressed to the point of being able to offer guidance for increased specificity. We summarize here a mathematical theory that allows a novel and quantifiable approach to increase selectivity. The theory applies to all three major actions of glucocorticoid receptors: induction by agonists, induction by antagonists, and repression by agonists. Simple graphical analysis of competition assays involving any two factors (steroid, chemical, peptide, protein, DNA, etc.) yields information (1) about the kinetically described mechanism of action for each factor at that step where the factor acts in the overall reaction sequence and (2) about the relative position of that step where each factor acts. These two pieces of information uniquely provide direction for increasing the specificity of glucocorticoid action. Consideration of all three modes of action indicate that the most promising approach for increased specificity is to vary the concentrations of those cofactors/pharmaceuticals that act closest to the observed end point. The potential for selectivity is even greater when varying cofactors/pharmaceuticals in conjunction with a select class of antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson C. Chow
- Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Carson C. Chow, ; S. Stoney Simons, Jr.,
| | - S. Stoney Simons
- Steroid Hormones Section, NIDDK/LERB, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Carson C. Chow, ; S. Stoney Simons, Jr.,
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22
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McDowell IC, Manandhar D, Vockley CM, Schmid AK, Reddy TE, Engelhardt BE. Clustering gene expression time series data using an infinite Gaussian process mixture model. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1005896. [PMID: 29337990 PMCID: PMC5786324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome-wide time series expression profiling is used to characterize the cellular response to environmental perturbations. The first step to analyzing transcriptional response data is often to cluster genes with similar responses. Here, we present a nonparametric model-based method, Dirichlet process Gaussian process mixture model (DPGP), which jointly models data clusters with a Dirichlet process and temporal dependencies with Gaussian processes. We demonstrate the accuracy of DPGP in comparison to state-of-the-art approaches using hundreds of simulated data sets. To further test our method, we apply DPGP to published microarray data from a microbial model organism exposed to stress and to novel RNA-seq data from a human cell line exposed to the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. We validate our clusters by examining local transcription factor binding and histone modifications. Our results demonstrate that jointly modeling cluster number and temporal dependencies can reveal shared regulatory mechanisms. DPGP software is freely available online at https://github.com/PrincetonUniversity/DP_GP_cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. McDowell
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Genomic & Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dinesh Manandhar
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Genomic & Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Vockley
- Center for Genomic & Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amy K. Schmid
- Center for Genomic & Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Timothy E. Reddy
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Genomic & Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. Engelhardt
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Statistics and Machine Learning, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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23
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Engert LC, Weiler U, Stefanski V, Schmucker SS. Glucocorticoid receptor number and affinity differ between peripheral blood mononuclear cells and granulocytes in domestic pigs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2017; 61:11-16. [PMID: 28554109 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize the number and affinity of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and granulocytes of domestic pigs because glucocorticoid signaling is considered important for animal health and welfare. To investigate GR binding characteristics in intact porcine immune cells, blood samples of 6 castrated male pigs were collected via indwelling vein catheters. Porcine PBMC and granulocytes were isolated using two-layer density gradients, followed by radioligand binding assays to determine the number of GR sites per cell and the dissociation constant Kd as a measure for GR binding affinity. The present study revealed a greater number of GR sites per cell (P = 0.039) in PBMC (mean ± SEM: 1,953 ± 207 sites/cell) compared to granulocytes (1,561 ± 159 sites/cell) in domestic pigs. Furthermore, porcine PBMC had a higher GR binding affinity than porcine granulocytes (P = 0.003) as the dissociation constant Kd of PBMC (1.8 ± 0.2 nM) was lower than that of granulocytes (3.5 ± 0.4 nM). Our results point to differences in underlying mechanisms of glucocorticoid signaling in different porcine leukocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Engert
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - U Weiler
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - V Stefanski
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S S Schmucker
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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24
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Birth P, Schöne S, Stelzl U, Meijsing SH. Identification and characterization of BATF3 as a context-specific coactivator of the glucocorticoid receptor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181219. [PMID: 28708849 PMCID: PMC5510845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to regulate the transcriptional output of genes relies on its interactions with transcriptional coregulators. However, which coregulators are required for GR-dependent activation is context-dependent and can be influenced by the sequence of the DNA bound by GR and by the nature of the GR isoform responsible for the regulation of a gene. Here, we screened for GR-interacting proteins for which the interaction signal differed between two GR isoforms GRα and GRγ. These isoforms diverge by a single amino acid insertion in a domain, the lever arm, which adopts DNA sequence-specific conformations. We identify Basic Leucine Zipper ATF-Like Transcription Factor 3 (BATF3), an AP-1 family transcription factor, as a GR coregulator whose interaction with GR is modulated by the lever arm. Further, a combination of experiments uncovered that BATF3 acts as a gene-specific coactivator of GR whose coactivator potency is influenced by the sequence of the GR binding site. Together, our findings suggest that GR isoform and the sequence of GR binding site influence the interaction of GR with BATF3, which might direct the assembly of gene-specific regulatory complexes to fine-tune the expression of individual GR target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Birth
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63–73, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schöne
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63–73, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stelzl
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63–73, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz and BioTechMed-Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, Graz, Austria
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25
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Grbesa I, Hakim O. Genomic effects of glucocorticoids. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1175-1185. [PMID: 28013411 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids and their receptor (GR) have been an important area of research because of their pleiotropic physiological functions and extensive use in the clinic. In addition, the association between GR and glucocorticoids, which is highly specific, leads to rapid nuclear translocation where GR associates with chromatin to regulate gene transcription. This simplified model system has been instrumental for studying the complexity of transcription regulation processes occurring at chromatin. In this review we discuss our current understanding of GR action that has been enhanced by recent developments in genome wide measurements of chromatin accessibility, histone marks, chromatin remodeling and 3D chromatin structure in various cell types responding to glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Grbesa
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Building 206, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ofir Hakim
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Building 206, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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26
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Love MI, Huska MR, Jurk M, Schöpflin R, Starick SR, Schwahn K, Cooper SB, Yamamoto KR, Thomas-Chollier M, Vingron M, Meijsing SH. Role of the chromatin landscape and sequence in determining cell type-specific genomic glucocorticoid receptor binding and gene regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:1805-1819. [PMID: 27903902 PMCID: PMC5389550 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomic loci bound by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a hormone-activated transcription factor, show little overlap between cell types. To study the role of chromatin and sequence in specifying where GR binds, we used Bayesian modeling within the universe of accessible chromatin. Taken together, our results uncovered that although GR preferentially binds accessible chromatin, its binding is biased against accessible chromatin located at promoter regions. This bias can only be explained partially by the presence of fewer GR recognition sequences, arguing for the existence of additional mechanisms that interfere with GR binding at promoters. Therefore, we tested the role of H3K9ac, the chromatin feature with the strongest negative association with GR binding, but found that this correlation does not reflect a causative link. Finally, we find a higher percentage of promoter-proximal GR binding for genes regulated by GR across cell types than for cell type-specific target genes. Given that GR almost exclusively binds accessible chromatin, we propose that cell type-specific regulation by GR preferentially occurs via distal enhancers, whose chromatin accessibility is typically cell type-specific, whereas ubiquitous target gene regulation is more likely to result from binding to promoter regions, which are often accessible regardless of cell type examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I. Love
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63–73 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew R. Huska
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63–73 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Jurk
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63–73 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schöpflin
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63–73 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan R. Starick
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63–73 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Schwahn
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63–73 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samantha B. Cooper
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Keith R. Yamamoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Morgane Thomas-Chollier
- Computational Systems Biology, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS, Inserm, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Martin Vingron
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63–73 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Boortz KA, Syring KE, Lee RA, Dai C, Oeser JK, McGuinness OP, Wang JC, O'Brien RM. G6PC2 Modulates the Effects of Dexamethasone on Fasting Blood Glucose and Glucose Tolerance. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4133-4145. [PMID: 27653037 PMCID: PMC5086534 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 2 (G6PC2) gene encodes an islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit. G6PC2 forms a substrate cycle with glucokinase that determines the glucose sensitivity of insulin secretion. Consequently, deletion of G6pc2 lowers fasting blood glucose (FBG) without affecting fasting plasma insulin. Although chronic elevation of FBG is detrimental to health, glucocorticoids induce G6PC2 expression, suggesting that G6PC2 evolved to transiently modulate FBG under conditions of glucocorticoid-related stress. We show, using competition and mutagenesis experiments, that the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) induces G6PC2 promoter activity through a mechanism involving displacement of the islet-enriched transcription factor MafA by the glucocorticoid receptor. The induction of G6PC2 promoter activity by Dex is modulated by a single nucleotide polymorphism, previously linked to altered FBG in humans, that affects FOXA2 binding. A 5-day repeated injection paradigm was used to examine the chronic effect of Dex on FBG and glucose tolerance in wild-type (WT) and G6pc2 knockout mice. Acute Dex treatment only induces G6pc2 expression in 129SvEv but not C57BL/6J mice, but this chronic treatment induced G6pc2 expression in both. In 6-hour fasted C57BL/6J WT mice, Dex treatment lowered FBG and improved glucose tolerance, with G6pc2 deletion exacerbating the decrease in FBG and enhancing the improvement in glucose tolerance. In contrast, in 24-hour fasted C57BL/6J WT mice, Dex treatment raised FBG but still improved glucose tolerance, with G6pc2 deletion limiting the increase in FBG and enhancing the improvement in glucose tolerance. These observations demonstrate that G6pc2 modulates the complex effects of Dex on both FBG and glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A Boortz
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Kristen E Syring
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Rebecca A Lee
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Chunhua Dai
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - James K Oeser
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Richard M O'Brien
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., J.K.O., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (R.A.L., J.-C.W.), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
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Wu JN, Pinello L, Yissachar E, Wischhusen JW, Yuan GC, Roberts CWM. Functionally distinct patterns of nucleosome remodeling at enhancers in glucocorticoid-treated acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Epigenetics Chromatin 2015; 8:53. [PMID: 26633995 PMCID: PMC4667523 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-015-0046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Precise nucleosome positioning is an increasingly recognized feature of promoters and enhancers, reflecting complex contributions of DNA sequence, nucleosome positioning, histone modification and transcription factor binding to enhancer activity and regulation of gene expression. Changes in nucleosome position and occupancy, histone variants and modifications, and chromatin remodeling are also critical elements of dynamic transcriptional regulation, but poorly understood at enhancers. We investigated glucocorticoid receptor-associated (GR) nucleosome dynamics at enhancers in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Results For the first time, we demonstrate functionally distinct modes of nucleosome remodeling upon chromatin binding by GR, which we term central, non-central, phased, and minimal. Central and non-central remodeling reflect nucleosome eviction by GR and cofactors, respectively. Phased remodeling involves nucleosome repositioning and is associated with rapidly activated enhancers and induction of gene expression. Minimal remodeling sites initially have low levels of enhancer-associated histone modification, but the majority of these regions gain H3K4me2 or H3K27Ac to become de novo enhancers. Minimal remodeling regions are associated with gene ontologies specific to decreased B cell number and mTOR inhibition and may make unique contributions to glucocorticoid-induced leukemia cell death. Conclusions Our findings form a novel framework for understanding the dynamic interplay between transcription factor binding, nucleosome remodeling, enhancer function, and gene expression in the leukemia response to glucocorticoids. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-015-0046-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Wu
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Luca Pinello
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, MA USA
| | | | | | - Guo-Cheng Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, MA USA
| | - Charles W M Roberts
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 281, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
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29
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Cieślik M, Bekiranov S. Genome-wide predictors of NF-κB recruitment and transcriptional activity. BioData Min 2015; 8:37. [PMID: 26617673 PMCID: PMC4661973 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-015-0071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inducible transcription factors (TFs) mediate transcriptional responses to environmental cues. In response to multiple inflammatory signals active NF-κB dimers enter the nucleus and trigger cell-type-, and stimulus-specific transcriptional programs. Although much is known about NF-κB inducing pathways and about locus-specific mechanisms of transcriptional control, it is poorly understood how the pre-existing chromatin landscape determines NF-κB target selection and activation. Specifically, it is not known which epigenetic marks and pre-bound TFs serve genome-wide as positive (negative) cues for active NF-κB. RESULTS We applied multivariate and combinatorial data mining techniques on a comprehensive dataset of DNA methylation, DNase I hypersensitivity, eight epigenetic marks, and 34 TFs to arrive at genome-wide patterns that predict NF-κB binding. Strikingly, we observed NF-κB recruitment to accessible and nucleosome-bound sites. Within nucleosomal DNA NF-κB binding was primed by H3K4me1 and H2A.Z, but also hyper-methylated DNA outside of promoters and CpG-islands. Many of these predictors showed combinatorial cooperativity and statistically significant interactions. Recruitment to pre-accessible sites was more frequent and influenced by chromatin-associated TFs. We observed that specific TF-combinations are greatly enriched for (or depleted of) NF-κB binding events. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence of NF-κB binding within genomic regions that lack classical marks of activity. These pioneer binding events are relatively often associated with transcriptional regulation. Further, our predictive models indicate that specific combinations of epigenetic marks and transcription factors predetermine the NF-κB cistrome, supporting the feasibility of using statistical approaches to identify "histone codes".
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Cieślik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Stefan Bekiranov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia USA
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30
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Caveolin-1 regulates genomic action of the glucocorticoid receptor in neural stem cells. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:2611-23. [PMID: 24777604 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01121-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While glucocorticoids (GCs) are used clinically to treat many conditions, their neonatal and prenatal usage is increasingly controversial due to reports of delayed adverse outcomes, especially their effects on brain development. Such alterations may reflect the impact of GCs on neural progenitor/stem cell (NPSC) function. We previously demonstrated that the lipid raft protein caveolin-1 (Cav-1) was required for rapid GC signaling in embryonic mouse NPSCs operating through plasma membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). We show here that genomic GR signaling in NPSCs requires Cav-1. Loss of Cav-1 impacts the transcriptional response of many GR target genes (e.g., the serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 gene) that are likely to mediate the antiproliferative effects of GCs. Microarray analysis of wild-type C57 or Cav-1-deficient NPSCs identified approximately 100 genes that are differentially regulated by GC treatment. These changes in hormone responsiveness in Cav-1 knockout NPSCs are associated with the loss of GC-regulated phosphorylation of GR at serine 211 but not at serine 226. Chromatin recruitment of total GR to regulatory regions of target genes such as Fkbp-5, RhoJ, and Sgk-1, as well as p211-GR recruitment to Sgk-1, are compromised in Cav-1 knockout NPSCs. Cav-1 is therefore a multifunctional regulator of GR in NPSCs influencing both rapid and genomic action of the receptor to impact cell proliferation.
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Song C, Kim Y, Min GE, Ahn H. Dihydrotestosterone enhances castration-resistant prostate cancer cell proliferation through STAT5 activation via glucocorticoid receptor pathway. Prostate 2014; 74:1240-8. [PMID: 25043756 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to evaluate STAT5 expression and cell proliferation change after dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells to elucidate the mechanism in relation to different androgen receptor (AR) expression status. METHODS Using DU145, PC3, and LNCaP cells, cell viability assay and Western blot for phosphorylated STAT5 (p-STAT5) were done after DHT treatment at various concentrations. Endogenous levels of nuclear hormone receptor mRNA and protein were identified using real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. We treated the cells with RU486 and then glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA), to assess change in DHT-induced STAT5 activation. Immunofluorescence staining of DU145 cells with anti-GR and anti-pSTAT5 Ab before and after DHT treatment was done and visualized. RESULTS DHT treatment enhanced STAT5 phosphorylation and promoted proliferation of all CRPC cells. Endogenous GR was identified strongly in DU145, weakly in PC3 but not in LNCaP cells. AR was identified strongly in LNCaP but not in DU145 cells. RU486 treatment abolished DHT-induced cell proliferation and STAT5 activation in both DU145 and PC3 cells but not in LNCaP cells. Similarly, GR-specific siRNA completely suppressed STAT5 activation. On immunofluorescence, activation of STAT5 and GR translocating into the nucleus after DHT treatment was confirmed. Immunoprecipitation confirmed direct complex formation between the GR and pSTAT5. CONCLUSION In CRPC cells, DHT activated STAT5 enhancing cell proliferation. Activation was induced regardless of presence of AR and in cells devoid of AR, DHT used GR which formed direct complex with p-STAT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryn Song
- Department of Urology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Distinctly different dynamics and kinetics of two steroid receptors at the same response elements in living cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105204. [PMID: 25133404 PMCID: PMC4136857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Closely related transcription factors (TFs) can bind to the same response elements (REs) with similar affinities and activate transcription. However, it is unknown whether transcription is similarly orchestrated by different TFs bound at the same RE. Here we have compared the recovery half time (t1/2), binding site occupancy and the resulting temporal changes in transcription upon binding of two closely related steroid receptors, the androgen and glucocorticoid receptors (AR and GR), to their common hormone REs (HREs). We show that there are significant differences at all of these levels between AR and GR at the MMTV HRE when activated by their ligands. These data show that two TFs bound at the same RE can have significantly different modes of action that can affect their responses to environmental cues.
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Jones CL, Bhatla T, Blum R, Wang J, Paugh SW, Wen X, Bourgeois W, Bitterman DS, Raetz EA, Morrison DJ, Teachey DT, Evans WE, Garabedian MJ, Carroll WL. Loss of TBL1XR1 disrupts glucocorticoid receptor recruitment to chromatin and results in glucocorticoid resistance in a B-lymphoblastic leukemia model. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20502-15. [PMID: 24895125 PMCID: PMC4110265 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.569889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although great advances have been made in the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia, up to one of five patients will relapse, and their prognosis thereafter is dismal. We have previously identified recurrent deletions in TBL1XR1, which encodes for an F-box like protein responsible for regulating the nuclear hormone repressor complex stability. Here we model TBL1XR1 deletions in B-precursor ALL cell lines and show that TBL1XR1 knockdown results in reduced glucocorticoid receptor recruitment to glucocorticoid responsive genes and ultimately decreased glucocorticoid signaling caused by increased levels of nuclear hormone repressor 1 and HDAC3. Reduction in glucocorticoid signaling in TBL1XR1-depleted lines resulted in resistance to glucocorticoid agonists, but not to other chemotherapeutic agents. Importantly, we show that treatment with the HDAC inhibitor SAHA restores sensitivity to prednisolone in TBL1XR1-depleted cells. Altogether, our data indicate that loss of TBL1XR1 is a novel driver of glucocorticoid resistance in ALL and that epigenetic therapy may have future application in restoring drug sensitivity at relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teena Bhatla
- the Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
| | - Roy Blum
- From the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center
| | - Jinhua Wang
- From the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center
- the Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, and
| | - Steven W. Paugh
- the Hematological Malignancies Program and
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Xin Wen
- From the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center
- the Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, and
| | | | | | - Elizabeth A. Raetz
- the Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84102, and
| | | | - David T. Teachey
- the Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - William E. Evans
- the Hematological Malignancies Program and
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Michael J. Garabedian
- the Department of Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - William L. Carroll
- From the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center
- the Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
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Kadiyala V, Smith CL. Minireview: The versatile roles of lysine deacetylases in steroid receptor signaling. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:607-21. [PMID: 24645680 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine deacetylases have been known to regulate nuclear receptor function for many years. In the unliganded state, nuclear receptors that form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors, such as the retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors, associate with deacetylases to repress target genes. In the case of steroid receptors, binding of an antagonist ligand was initially reported to induce association of deacetylases to prevent activation of target genes. Since then, deacetylases have been shown to have diverse functions in steroid receptor signaling, from regulating interactions with molecular chaperones to facilitating their ability to activate transcription. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies on the role of deacetylases in steroid receptor signaling, which show deacetylases to be highly versatile regulators of steroid receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineela Kadiyala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (V.K., C.L.S.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science (V.K.), University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona 85721
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Live cell imaging unveils multiple domain requirements for in vivo dimerization of the glucocorticoid receptor. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001813. [PMID: 24642507 PMCID: PMC3958349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor's oligomerization state is revealed to not correlate with its activity; this challenges the current prevailing view that this state defines its transcriptional activity. Glucocorticoids are essential for life, but are also implicated in disease pathogenesis and may produce unwanted effects when given in high doses. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transcriptional activity and clinical outcome have been linked to its oligomerization state. Although a point mutation within the GR DNA-binding domain (GRdim mutant) has been reported as crucial for receptor dimerization and DNA binding, this assumption has recently been challenged. Here we have analyzed the GR oligomerization state in vivo using the number and brightness assay. Our results suggest a complete, reversible, and DNA-independent ligand-induced model for GR dimerization. We demonstrate that the GRdim forms dimers in vivo whereas adding another mutation in the ligand-binding domain (I634A) severely compromises homodimer formation. Contrary to dogma, no correlation between the GR monomeric/dimeric state and transcriptional activity was observed. Finally, the state of dimerization affected DNA binding only to a subset of GR binding sites. These results have major implications on future searches for therapeutic glucocorticoids with reduced side effects. The powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action of glucocorticoids have made them one of the most prescribed drugs worldwide. Unfortunately, acute or chronic treatment may have severe side-effects. Glucocorticoids bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor. GR regulates gene expression directly by binding to DNA or indirectly by modulating the activity of other transcription factors. It is currently accepted that the direct pathway is mostly responsible for glucocorticoids side-effects and that the oligomerization state of the GR (whether it is a dimer or a monomer) determines which pathway (direct or indirect) will prevail. Hence, scientists have tried to develop “dissociated ligands” able to specifically activate the GR indirect pathway. In the present work, we employed a novel microscopy method named the number and brightness assay, which measures GR oligomerization state inside the living cell. Our results suggest that—contrary to the established view—there is no clear correlation between the oligomerization state of GR and the mechanistic pathway the receptor will follow upon ligand binding. This discovery presents supporting evidence towards the increasing view of the inherent complexity of glucocorticoid action and might impact future approaches towards the design of safer synthetic glucocorticoids.
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Dynamic regulation of transcriptional states by chromatin and transcription factors. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 15:69-81. [PMID: 24342920 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of regulatory proteins with the complex nucleoprotein structures that are found in mammalian cells involves chromatin reorganization at multiple levels. Mechanisms that support these transitions are complex on many timescales, which range from milliseconds to minutes or hours. In this Review, we discuss emerging concepts regarding the function of regulatory elements in living cells. We also explore the involvement of these dynamic and stochastic processes in the evolution of fluctuating transcriptional activity states that are now commonly reported in eukaryotic systems.
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Song Y, Zhao F, Zhang L, Du Y, Wang T, Fu F. Ginsenoside Rg1 exerts synergistic anti-inflammatory effects with low doses of glucocorticoids in vitro. Fitoterapia 2013; 91:173-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Miranda TB, Morris SA, Hager GL. Complex genomic interactions in the dynamic regulation of transcription by the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:16-24. [PMID: 23499945 PMCID: PMC3724757 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor regulates transcriptional output through complex interactions with the genome. These events require continuous remodeling of chromatin, interactions of the glucocorticoid receptor with chaperones and other accessory factors, and recycling of the receptor by the proteasome. Therefore, the cohort of factors expressed in a particular cell type can determine the physiological outcome upon treatment with glucocorticoid hormones. In addition, circadian and ultradian cycling of hormones can also affect GR response. Here we will discuss revision of the classical static model of GR binding to response elements to incorporate recent findings from single cell and genome-wide analyses of GR regulation. We will highlight how these studies have changed our views on the dynamics of GR recruitment and its modulation of gene expression.
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Strehl C, Buttgereit F. Optimized glucocorticoid therapy: teaching old drugs new tricks. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:32-40. [PMID: 23403055 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used in the treatment of a wide range of rheumatic and other inflammatory diseases. They exert their potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects primarily via so called genomic mechanisms, mediated by the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (cGR). This mechanism of GC action can be divided into the transactivation and the transrepression processes. However, also rapid effects of GCs exist which are mediated by specific and unspecific non-genomic mechanisms. A clinical relevance of this mode of GC action is assumed for effects mediated by membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptors, but detailed knowledge on the underlying mechanisms is still missing. Great efforts have been made in the past to diminish GC-induced adverse effects, thus improving the benefit/risk ratio of the drugs. Besides approaches to improve the treatment with conventional glucocorticoids currently available to clinicians, new innovative GCs or GC receptor ligands are also being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Strehl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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40
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Medina CO, Lattin CR, McVey M, Romero LM. There is no correlation between glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression and protein binding in the brains of house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 193:27-36. [PMID: 23892014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The stress response represents an animal's attempt to cope with a noxious stimulus through a rapid release of corticosterone or cortisol (CORT) into the bloodstream, resulting in a suite of physiological and behavioral changes. These changes are mediated in large part through CORT's binding to two different intracellular receptors, the high-affinity mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the lower-affinity glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We tested the hypothesis that GR and MR mRNA expression would correlate with functional protein expression in neuronal tissue of wild-caught house sparrows (Passer domesticus). To test this hypothesis, we performed a parallel procedure in which protein concentrations were quantified in one half of house sparrow brains (n=16) using radioligand binding assays, and mRNA levels were quantified in the other brain half using reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Two reference genes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and TATA-box binding protein (TBP), were used for relative quantification of GR and MR mRNA. Quantifications showed that these two reference genes were not correlated with each other. Furthermore, there was no correlation between mRNA and protein levels for GR or MR using either reference gene, suggesting that regulation of mRNA and protein levels for MR and GR is not tightly linked. This study provides insight into the importance of regulatory steps between mRNA expression and the creation and stability of a functional protein. The overall conclusion is that mRNA expression cannot be used as a proxy for GR or MR binding in house sparrows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos O Medina
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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41
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King B, Jiang Y, Su X, Xu J, Xie L, Standard J, Wang W. Weight control, endocrine hormones and cancer prevention. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:502-8. [PMID: 23856901 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213480695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is increasing which becomes worrisome due to its association with several diseases and certain types of cancers. While weight control through dietary caloric restriction and/or physical activity protects against cancer in animal models, the underlying mechanisms are not fully defined. Weight loss due to negative energy balance is associated with alterations of multiple growth factors and endocrine hormones. The altered hormones and hormone-related functions appear to be responsible for anti-cancer mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the recent studies related to weight loss and the altered endocrine hormones, focusing on the reduced levels of the mitogenic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and adipokine leptin as well as the raised levels of adiponectin and glucocorticoids. The potential molecular targets of these hormone-dependent signalling pathways are also discussed. Considering the increasing trends of obesity throughout the world, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms between body weight, endocrine hormones and cancer risk may lead to novel approaches to cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenee King
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Gibbison B, Angelini G, Lightman S. Dynamic output and control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in critical illness and major surgery. Br J Anaesth 2013; 111:347-60. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Kadiyala V, Patrick NM, Mathieu W, Jaime-Frias R, Pookhao N, An L, Smith CL. Class I lysine deacetylases facilitate glucocorticoid-induced transcription. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28900-12. [PMID: 23946490 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.505115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors use lysine acetyltransferases and lysine deacetylases (KDACs) in regulating transcription through histone acetylation. Lysine acetyltransferases interact with steroid receptors upon binding of an agonist and are recruited to target genes. KDACs have been shown to interact with steroid receptors upon binding to an antagonist. We have shown previously that KDAC inhibitors (KDACis) potently repress the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter through transcriptional mechanisms and impair the ability of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to activate it, suggesting that KDACs can play a positive role in GR transactivation. In the current study, we extended this analysis to the entire GR transcriptome and found that the KDACi valproic acid impairs the ability of agonist-bound GR to activate about 50% of its target genes. This inhibition is largely due to impaired transcription rather than defective GR processing and was also observed using a structurally distinct KDACi. Depletion of KDAC1 expression mimicked the effects of KDACi in over half of the genes found to be impaired in GR transactivation. Simultaneous depletion of KDACs 1 and 2 caused full or partial impairment of several more GR target genes. Altogether we found that Class I KDAC activity facilitates GR-mediated activation at a sizable fraction of GR-activated target genes and that KDAC1 alone or in coordination with KDAC2 is required for efficient GR transactivation at many of these target genes. Finally, our work demonstrates that KDACi exposure has a significant impact on GR signaling and thus has ramifications for the clinical use of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineela Kadiyala
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy
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44
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Eukaryotic transcriptional dynamics: from single molecules to cell populations. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 14:572-84. [PMID: 23835438 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is achieved through combinatorial interactions between regulatory elements in the human genome and a vast range of factors that modulate the recruitment and activity of RNA polymerase. Experimental approaches for studying transcription in vivo now extend from single-molecule techniques to genome-wide measurements. Parallel to these developments is the need for testable quantitative and predictive models for understanding gene regulation. These conceptual models must also provide insight into the dynamics of transcription and the variability that is observed at the single-cell level. In this Review, we discuss recent results on transcriptional regulation and also the models those results engender. We show how a non-equilibrium description informs our view of transcription by explicitly considering time- and energy-dependence at the molecular level.
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The glucocorticoid receptor and KLF15 regulate gene expression dynamics and integrate signals through feed-forward circuitry. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2104-15. [PMID: 23508109 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01474-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates adaptive transcriptional programs that alter metabolism in response to stress. Network properties that allow GR to tune gene expression to match specific physiologic demands are poorly understood. We analyzed the transcriptional consequences of GR activation in murine lungs deficient for KLF15, a transcriptional regulator of amino acid metabolism that is induced by glucocorticoids and fasting. Approximately 7% of glucocorticoid-regulated genes had altered expression in Klf15-knockdown (Klf15(-/-)) mice. KLF15 formed coherent and incoherent feed-forward circuits with GR that correlated with the expression dynamics of the glucocorticoid response. Coherent feed-forward gene regulation by GR and KLF15 was characterized by combinatorial activation of linked GR-KLF15 regulatory elements by both factors and increased GR occupancy, while expression of KLF15 reduced GR occupancy at the incoherent target, MT2A. Serum deprivation, which increased KLF15 expression in a GR-independent manner in vitro, enhanced glucocorticoid-mediated induction of feed-forward targets of GR and KLF15, such as the loci for the amino acid-metabolizing enzymes proline dehydrogenase and alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase. Our results establish feed-forward architecture as an organizational principle for the GR network and provide a novel mechanism through which GR integrates signals and regulates expression dynamics.
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Systems approaches to genomic and epigenetic inter-regulation of peptide hormones in stress and reproduction. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 113:375-86. [PMID: 23500148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the organismal stress response and fertility are two of the most important aspects that drive the fitness of a species. However, the integrated regulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes has been traditionally thwarted by the complexity of these systems. Pepidergic signalling systems have emerged as critical integrating systems for stress and reproduction. Current high throughput systems approaches are now providing a detailed understanding of peptide signalling in stress and reproduction. These approaches were dependent upon a long history of discovery aimed at the structural characterization of the associated molecular components. The combination of comparative genomics, microarray and epigenetic studies has led not only to a much greater understanding of the integration of stress and reproduction but also to the discovery of novel physiological systems. Recent epigenomic approaches have similarly yielded a new level of complexity in the interaction of these physiological systems. Together, such studies have provided a greater understanding of the effects of stress and reproduction.
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Relationship of glucocorticoid receptor expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the cochlea of guinea pigs and effects of dexamethasone administration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56323. [PMID: 23409174 PMCID: PMC3567064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used to treat sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and significantly improve hearing. However, GC insensitivity has been observed in some patients of SSNHL. Objective To study the correlation between GR expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in the cochlea of guinea pigs at mRNA and protein levels. Methods One group of guinea pigs received dexamethasone (10 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days (dexamethasone group), and another group of guinea pigs received normal saline (control group). Real time PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of GR mRNA and GR protein in PBMCs and the cochleae. Results The GR mRNA and GR protein were detected in both PBMCs and the cochlear tissue of guinea pigs. GR mRNA and GR protein levels in PBMCs were positively correlated with those in the cochlea. The expression of GR mRNA and GR protein was significantly increased in the dexamethasone group compared to the control group. Conclusions Levels of GR mRNA and GR protein in the PBMCs were positively correlated with those in the cochlea of guinea pigs. Systemic dexamethasone treatment can significantly up-regulate GR expression in PBMCs and in the cochlea. Measurement of the GR level in PBMCs could be used as an indicator of GR level in the cochlea.
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Incoherent feed-forward regulatory logic underpinning glucocorticoid receptor action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:1964-9. [PMID: 23307810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216108110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity and specificity of metazoan transcription are determined by combinatorial control of the composition and activity of regulatory complexes. To investigate the basis of this specificity, we focused on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a single regulatory factor that integrates multiple signals to give rise to many distinct patterns of expression. We measured the expression of a set of genes, each directly GR-regulated, but by different mechanisms in two cell lines. We varied ligand (dose, chemistry, and duration of treatment), GR (expression level and functionality), and a non-GR regulatory factor that commonly interacts with GR. Our study revealed distinct expression patterns within this set of genes, but all could be modeled by an incoherent feed-forward regulatory logic. Cellular signals, operating on GR and other factors within regulatory complexes, may define and modulate the kinetics and strength of the activating or inhibitory paths of the regulatory logic. Thus, characterizing systems behavior by perturbing single or multiple signals can reveal general principles of regulation, providing an approach to the dissection and deconvolution of combinatorial control.
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Zhang Z, Sun Y, Cho YW, Chow CC, Simons SS. PA1 protein, a new competitive decelerator acting at more than one step to impede glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transactivation. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:42-58. [PMID: 23161582 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.427740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous cofactors modulate the gene regulatory activity of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) by affecting one or more of the following three major transcriptional properties: the maximal activity of agonists (A(max)), the potency of agonists (EC(50)), and the partial agonist activity of antisteroids (PAA). Here, we report that the recently described nuclear protein, Pax2 transactivation domain interaction protein (PTIP)-associated protein 1 (PA1), is a new inhibitor of GR transactivation. PA1 suppresses A(max), increases the EC(50), and reduces the PAA of an exogenous reporter gene in a manner that is independent of associated PTIP. PA1 is fully active with, and strongly binds to, the C-terminal half of GR. PA1 reverses the effects of the coactivator TIF2 on GR-mediated gene induction but is unable to augment the actions of the corepressor SMRT. Analysis of competition assays between PA1 and TIF2 with an exogenous reporter indicates that the kinetic definition of PA1 action is a competitive decelerator at two sites upstream from where TIF2 acts. With the endogenous genes IGFBP1 and IP6K3, PA1 also represses GR induction, increases the EC(50), and decreases the PAA. ChIP and re-ChIP experiments indicate that PA1 accomplishes this inhibition of the two genes via different mechanisms as follows: PA1 appears to increase GR dissociation from and reduce GR transactivation at the IGFBP1 promoter regions but blocks GR binding to the IP6K3 promoter. We conclude that PA1 is a new competitive decelerator of GR transactivation and can act at more than one molecularly defined step in a manner that depends upon the specific gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuan Zhang
- Steroid Hormones Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Khan SH, Awasthi S, Guo C, Goswami D, Ling J, Griffin PR, Simons SS, Kumar R. Binding of the N-terminal region of coactivator TIF2 to the intrinsically disordered AF1 domain of the glucocorticoid receptor is accompanied by conformational reorganizations. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:44546-60. [PMID: 23132854 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.411330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of gene transcription by glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) is important for many physiological processes. Like other steroid hormone receptors, the regulation of target genes by GR is mediated by two transactivation domains: activation function 1 (AF1) in the N-terminal domain and AF2 in the C-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD). Full receptor activity requires both AF1 and -2 plus assorted coregulatory proteins. Crystal structures of the ligand-bound LBD have provided insight regarding how AF2 interacts with specific coactivators. However, despite its being the major activation domain of GRs, knowledge of AF1 structure/function has languished. This is mainly because of the highly disorganized structure of the GR N-terminal domain. This lack of AF1 structure is shared by all members of the steroid/nuclear receptor superfamily for which it has been examined and AF1 is thought to allow productive interactions with assorted cofactors via protein-induced changes in secondary/tertiary structures. To date, there are no reports of a classical coactivator altering the secondary/tertiary structure of the GR AF1 domain. Earlier, we reported an N-terminal fragment of the p160 coactivator TIF2, called TIF2.0, that binds the GR N-terminal domain and alters GR transcriptional activity. We therefore proposed that TIF2.0 binding to AF1 changes both its conformation and transcriptional activity. We now report that TIF2.0 interacts with the GR AF1 domain to increase the amount of α-helical structure in the complex. Furthermore, TIF2 coactivator activity is observed in the absence of the GR LBD in a manner that requires the AF1 domain. This contrasts with previous models where TIF2 receptor interaction domains binding to GR LBD somehow alter AF1 conformation. Our results establish for the first time that coactivators can modify the structure of the AF1 domain directly via the binding of a second region of the coactivator and suggest a molecular explanation for how coactivators increase the transcriptional activity of GR-agonist complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta H Khan
- Department of Basic Sciences, The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18509, USA
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