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Zhang WW, Zheng RH, Bai F, Sturdivant K, Wang NP, James EA, Bose HS, Zhao ZQ. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein/aldosterone synthase mediates angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:1207-1222. [PMID: 31820314 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone produced in adrenal glands by angiotensin II (Ang II) is known to elicit myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that Ang II causes cardiac morphological changes through the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)/aldosterone synthase (AS)-dependent aldosterone synthesis primarily initiated in the heart. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to following groups: Ang II infusion for a 4-week period, treatment with telmisartan, spironolactone or adrenalectomy during Ang II infusion. Sham-operated rats served as control. Relative to Sham rats, Ang II infusion significantly increased the protein levels of AT1 receptor, StAR, AS and their tissue expression in the adrenal glands and heart. In coincidence with reduced aldosterone level in the heart, telmisartan, an AT1 receptor blocker, significantly down-regulated the protein level and expression of StAR and AS. Ang II induced changes in the expression of AT1/StAR/AS were not altered by an aldosterone receptor antagonist spironolactone. Furthermore, Ang II augmented migration of macrophages, protein level of TGFβ1, phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and proliferation of myofibroblasts, accompanied by enhanced perivascular/interstitial collagen deposition and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, which all were significantly abrogated by telmisartan or spironolactone. However, adrenalectomy did not fully suppress Ang II-induced cell migration/proliferation and fibrosis/hypertrophy, indicating a role of aldosterone synthesized within the heart in pathogenesis of Ang II induced injury. These results indicate that myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy stimulated by Ang II is associated with tissue-specific activation of aldosterone synthesis, primarily mediated by AT1/StAR/AS signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Zhang
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Rong-Hua Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Katelyn Sturdivant
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Ning-Ping Wang
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Erskine A James
- Department of Internal Medicine, Navicent Health, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Himangshu S Bose
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhao
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1250 East 66th Street, Savannah, GA, 31404, USA.
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Chadwick JA, Hauck JS, Lowe J, Shaw JJ, Guttridge DC, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Rafael-Fortney JA. Mineralocorticoid receptors are present in skeletal muscle and represent a potential therapeutic target. FASEB J 2015; 29:4544-54. [PMID: 26178166 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-276782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early treatment with heart failure drugs lisinopril and spironolactone improves skeletal muscle pathology in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) mouse models. The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist spironolactone indirectly and directly target MR. The presence and function of MR in skeletal muscle have not been explored. MR mRNA and protein are present in all tested skeletal muscles from both wild-type mice and DMD mouse models. MR expression is cell autonomous in both undifferentiated myoblasts and differentiated myotubes from mouse and human skeletal muscle cultures. To test for MR function in skeletal muscle, global gene expression analysis was conducted on human myotubes treated with MR agonist (aldosterone; EC50 1.3 nM) or antagonist (spironolactone; IC50 1.6 nM), and 53 gene expression differences were identified. Five differences were conserved in quadriceps muscles from dystrophic mice treated with spironolactone plus lisinopril (IC50 0.1 nM) compared with untreated controls. Genes down-regulated more than 2-fold by MR antagonism included FOS, ANKRD1, and GADD45B, with known roles in skeletal muscle, in addition to NPR3 and SERPINA3, bona fide targets of MR in other tissues. MR is a novel drug target in skeletal muscle and use of clinically safe antagonists may be beneficial for muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Chadwick
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - J Spencer Hauck
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jeovanna Lowe
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Shaw
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Denis C Guttridge
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jill A Rafael-Fortney
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Montero D, Terova G, Rimoldi S, Tort L, Negrin D, Zamorano MJ, Izquierdo M. Modulation of adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH)-induced expression of stress-related genes by PUFA in inter-renal cells from European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e16. [PMID: 26090096 PMCID: PMC4463938 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids have been shown to exert a clear effect on the stress response, modulating the release of cortisol. The role of fatty acids on the expression of steroidogenic genes has been described in mammals, but little is known in fish. The effect of different fatty acids on the release of cortisol and expression of stress-related genes of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) head kidney, induced by a pulse of adenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH), was studied. Tissue was maintained in superfusion with 60 min of incubation with EPA, DHA, arachidonic acid (ARA), linoleic acid or α-linolenic acid (ALA) during 490 min. Cortisol was measured by RIA. The quantification of stress-related genes transcripts was conducted by One-Step TaqMan real-time RT-PCR. There was an effect of the type of fatty acid on the ACTH-induced release of cortisol, values from ALA treatment being elevated within all of the experimental period. The expression of some steroidogenic genes, such as the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and c-fos, were affected by fatty acids, ALA increasing the expression of StAR after 1 h of ACTH stimulation whereas DHA, ARA and ALA increased the expression of c-fos after 20 min. ARA increased expression of the 11β-hydroxylase gene. Expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was increased in all the experimental treatments except for ARA. Results corroborate previous studies of the effect of different fatty acids on the release of cortisol in marine fish and demonstrate that those effects are mediated by alteration of the expression of steroidogenic genes.
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Key Words
- ACTH, adrenocorticotrophin hormone
- ALA, α-linolenic acid
- ARA, arachidonic acid
- Adrenocorticotrophin hormone-induced stress response
- COX, cyclo-oxygenase
- CYP11b, cytochrome P450 11β
- Dicentrarchus labrax
- Fatty acids
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- HSP, heat shock protein
- LA, linoleic acid
- LOX, lipo-oxygenase
- Nutritional modulation of steroidogenesis
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- StAR, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
- Stress-related gene expression
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Montero
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
(ULPGC), Grupo de Investigación en acuicultura (GIA),
Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria
(IUSA), c/ Transmontaña, s/n,
35413, Arucas, Las
Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Genciana Terova
- University of Insubria,
Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Via
Dunant, 3-21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Simona Rimoldi
- University of Insubria,
Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Via
Dunant, 3-21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Lluis Tort
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,
Department de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i
immunologia, Edifici M. 08193,
Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès,
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Davinia Negrin
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
(ULPGC), Grupo de Investigación en acuicultura (GIA),
Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria
(IUSA), c/ Transmontaña, s/n,
35413, Arucas, Las
Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María Jesús Zamorano
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
(ULPGC), Grupo de Investigación en acuicultura (GIA),
Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria
(IUSA), c/ Transmontaña, s/n,
35413, Arucas, Las
Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Marisol Izquierdo
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
(ULPGC), Grupo de Investigación en acuicultura (GIA),
Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria
(IUSA), c/ Transmontaña, s/n,
35413, Arucas, Las
Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
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Abstract
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized in and secreted from the outer layer of the adrenal cortex, the zona glomerulosa. Aldosterone is responsible for regulating sodium homeostasis, thereby helping to control blood volume and blood pressure. Insufficient aldosterone secretion can lead to hypotension and circulatory shock, particularly in infancy. On the other hand, excessive aldosterone levels, or those too high for sodium status, can cause hypertension and exacerbate the effects of high blood pressure on multiple organs, contributing to renal disease, stroke, visual loss, and congestive heart failure. Aldosterone is also thought to directly induce end-organ damage, including in the kidneys and heart. Because of the significance of aldosterone to the physiology and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system, it is important to understand the regulation of its biosynthesis and secretion from the adrenal cortex. Herein, the mechanisms regulating aldosterone production in zona glomerulosa cells are discussed, with a particular emphasis on signaling pathways involved in the secretory response to the main controllers of aldosterone production, the renin-angiotensin II system, serum potassium levels and adrenocorticotrophic hormone. The signaling pathways involved include phospholipase C-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, cytosolic calcium levels, calcium influx pathways, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, diacylglycerol, protein kinases C and D, 12-hydroxyeicostetraenoic acid, phospholipase D, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, tyrosine kinases, adenylate cyclase, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. A complete understanding of the signaling events regulating aldosterone biosynthesis may allow the identification of novel targets for therapeutic interventions in hypertension, primary aldosteronism, congestive heart failure, renal disease, and other cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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Maron BA, Oldham WM, Chan SY, Vargas SO, Arons E, Zhang YY, Loscalzo J, Leopold JA. Upregulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein by hypoxia stimulates aldosterone synthesis in pulmonary artery endothelial cells to promote pulmonary vascular fibrosis. Circulation 2014; 130:168-79. [PMID: 25001622 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.007690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular mechanism(s) regulating hypoxia-induced vascular fibrosis are unresolved. Hyperaldosteronism correlates positively with vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension, suggesting that aldosterone may contribute to the pulmonary vasculopathy of hypoxia. The hypoxia-sensitive transcription factors c-Fos/c-Jun regulate steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), which facilitates the rate-limiting step of aldosterone steroidogenesis. We hypothesized that c-Fos/c-Jun upregulation by hypoxia activates StAR-dependent aldosterone synthesis in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) to promote vascular fibrosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, rats with Sugen/hypoxia-pulmonary arterial hypertension, and mice exposed to chronic hypoxia expressed increased StAR in remodeled pulmonary arterioles, providing a basis for investigating hypoxia-StAR signaling in HPAECs. Hypoxia (2.0% FiO2) increased aldosterone levels selectively in HPAECs, which was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Increased aldosterone by hypoxia resulted from enhanced c-Fos/c-Jun binding to the proximal activator protein-1 site of the StAR promoter in HPAECs, which increased StAR expression and activity. In HPAECs transfected with StAR-small interfering RNA or treated with the activator protein-1 inhibitor SR-11302 [3-methyl-7-(4-methylphenyl)-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid], hypoxia failed to increase aldosterone, confirming that aldosterone biosynthesis required StAR activation by c-Fos/c-Jun. The functional consequences of aldosterone were confirmed by pharmacological inhibition of the mineralocorticoid receptor with spironolactone or eplerenone, which attenuated hypoxia-induced upregulation of the fibrogenic protein connective tissue growth factor and collagen III in vitro and decreased pulmonary vascular fibrosis to improve pulmonary hypertension in vivo. CONCLUSION Our findings identify autonomous aldosterone synthesis in HPAECs attributable to hypoxia-mediated upregulation of StAR as a novel molecular mechanism that promotes pulmonary vascular remodeling and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Maron
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.).
| | - William M Oldham
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.)
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.)
| | - Sara O Vargas
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.)
| | - Elena Arons
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.)
| | - Ying-Yi Zhang
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.)
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.)
| | - Jane A Leopold
- From the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.A.M., S.Y.C., E.A., Y.-Y.Z., J.L., J.A.L.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (W.M.O.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (B.A.M.); and Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.O.V.)
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Hofland J, Steenbergen J, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, Eijken M, van Nederveen FH, Kazemier G, de Herder WW, Feelders RA, de Jong FH. Protein kinase C-induced activin A switches adrenocortical steroidogenesis to aldosterone by suppressing CYP17A1 expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E736-44. [PMID: 23900415 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00034.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Functional zonation of the adrenal cortex is a consequence of the zone-specific expression of P450c17 (CYP17A1) and its cofactors. Activin and inhibin peptides are differentially produced within the zones of the adrenal cortex and have been implicated in steroidogenic control. In this study, we investigated whether activin and inhibin can function as intermediates in functional zonation of the human adrenal cortex. Activin A suppressed CYP17A1 expression and P450c17 function in adrenocortical cell lines as well as in primary adrenal cell cultures. Inhibin βA-subunit mRNA and activin A protein levels were found to be increased up to 1,900-fold and 49-fold, respectively, after protein kinase C (PKC) stimulation through PMA or angiotensin II in H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells. This was confirmed in HAC15 cells and for PMA in primary adrenal cell cultures. Both PMA and Ang II decreased CYP17A1 expression in the adrenocortical cell lines, whereas PMA concurrently suppressed CYP17A1 levels in the primary cultures. Inhibition of activin signaling during PKC stimulation through silencing of the inhibin βA-subunit or blocking of the activin type I receptor opposed the PMA-induced downregulation of CYP17A1 expression and P450c17 function. In contrast, PKA stimulation through adrenocorticotrophin or forskolin increased expression of the inhibin α-subunit and betaglycan, both of which are antagonists of activin action. These data indicate that activin A acts as a PKC-induced paracrine factor involved in the suppression of CYP17A1 in the zona glomerulosa and can thereby contribute to functional adrenocortical zonation.
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Jansen PM, Hofland J, van den Meiracker AH, de Jong FH, Danser AHJ. Renin and prorenin have no direct effect on aldosterone synthesis in the human adrenocortical cell lines H295R and HAC15. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 13:360-6. [PMID: 22396488 DOI: 10.1177/1470320312438792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transgenic rats expressing the human (pro)renin receptor (h(P)RR) have elevated plasma aldosterone levels despite unaltered levels, in plasma and adrenal, of renin and angiotensin II. MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate whether renin/prorenin-(P)RR interaction underlies these elevated aldosterone levels, the effect of (pro)renin on steroidogenesis was compared with that of angiotensin II in two (P)RR-expressing human adrenocortical cell lines, H295R and HAC15. Angiotensin II rapidly induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and increased the expression of STAR, CYP21A2, CYP11B2, and CYP17A1 at 6 and 24 hours, whereas the expression of CYP11A1 and HSD3B2 remained unaltered. Incubation with renin or prorenin at nanomolar concentrations had no effect on the expression of any of the steroidogenic enzymes tested, nor resulted in ERK phosphorylation. Angiotensin II, but not renin or prorenin, induced aldosterone production. CONCLUSION Although the (P)RR is present in adrenocortical cells, renin and prorenin do not elicit ERK phosphorylation nor directly affect steroid production via this receptor at nanomolar concentrations. Thus, direct (pro)renin-(P)RR interaction is unlikely to contribute to the elevated aldosterone levels in human (P)RR transgenic rats. This conclusion also implies that the aldosterone rise that often occurs during prolonged renin-angiotensin system blockade is rather due to the angiotensin II 'escape' during such blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter M Jansen
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Meier RK, Clark BJ. Angiotensin II-dependent transcriptional activation of human steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene by a 25-kDa cAMP-responsive element modulator protein isoform and Yin Yang 1. Endocrinology 2012; 153:1256-68. [PMID: 22253417 PMCID: PMC3281547 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional activation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) gene is a critical component in the angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent increase in aldosterone biosynthesis in the adrenal gland. The purpose of this study was to define the molecular mechanisms that mediate the Ang II-dependent increase in STARD1 gene (STAR) expression in H295R human adrenocortical cells. Mutational analysis of the STAR proximal promoter revealed that a nonconsensus cAMP-responsive element located at -78 bp relative to the transcription start site (-78CRE) is required for the Ang II-stimulated STAR reporter gene activity. DNA immunoaffinity chromatography identified a 25-kDa cAMP-responsive element modulator isoform and Yin Yang 1 (YY1) as -78CRE DNA-binding proteins, and Ang II treatment of H295R cells increased expression of that 25-kDa CREM isoform. Small interfering RNA silencing of CREM and YY1 attenuated the Ang II-dependent increases in STAR reporter gene activity and STAR mRNA levels. Conversely, overexpression of CREM and YY1 in COS-1 cells resulted in transactivation of STAR reporter gene activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated recruitment of CREM and YY1 to the STAR promoter along with increased association of the coactivator cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP) and increased phosphorylated RNA polymerase II after Ang II treatment. Together our data reveal that the Ang II-stimulated increase in STAR expression in H295R cells requires 25 kDa CREM and YY1. The recruitment of these transcription factors to the STAR proximal promoter results in association of CBP and activation of RNA polymerase II leading to increased STAR transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate K Meier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Thiel G, Rössler OG. Immediate-early transcriptional response to angiotensin II in human adrenocortical cells. Endocrinology 2011; 152:4211-23. [PMID: 21914770 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II binds to the angiotensin II receptors type 1 (AT1 receptors) in adrenocortical cells and triggers an intracellular signaling cascade leading to changes in the gene expression pattern. Here, we show that stimulation with angiotensin II induces the expression of biologically active early growth response (Egr)-1, a zinc finger transcription factor, in human H295R adrenocortical cells. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant of the ternary complex factor Elk-1, a key transcriptional regulator of serum response element-driven gene transcription, prevented Egr-1 expression in angiotensin II-stimulated H295R cells, indicating that Ets-like protein-1 (Elk-1) or related ternary complex factors connect the intracellular signaling cascade elicited by activation of AT1 receptors with transcription of the Egr-1 gene. These data were corroborated by the fact that angiotensin II stimulation increased the transcription activation potential of Elk-1. In addition, activator protein-1 transcriptional activity was significantly elevated in angiotensin II-treated H295R cells. Expression of c-Jun and c-Fos was increased as well as the transcription activation potential of c-Fos. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Elk-1 reduced c-Fos expression in angiotensin II-stimulated adrenocortical cells, suggesting that the serum response element within the c-Fos promoter functions as an angiotensin II-response element. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant of c-Jun reduced activator protein-1 activity in angiotensin II-stimulated adrenocortical cells and reduced the up-regulation of c-Jun after angiotensin II stimulation. Thus, c-Jun regulates its own expression in adrenocortical cells. Together, the data show that angiotensin II stimulation activates the transcription factors Egr-1, Elk-1, c-Jun, and c-Fos in adrenocortical cells, leading to stimulus-dependent changes in the gene expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Thiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Building 44, University of Saarland Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
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Sirianni R, Nogueira E, Bassett MH, Carr BR, Suzuki T, Pezzi V, Andò S, Rainey WE. The AP-1 family member FOS blocks transcriptional activity of the nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:3956-65. [PMID: 20980388 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.055806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid production in the adrenal zona glomerulosa is under the control of angiotensin II (Ang II), which, upon binding to its receptor, activates protein kinase C (PKC) within these cells. PKC is a potent inhibitor of the steroidogenic enzyme CYP17. We have demonstrated that, in the ovary, PKC activates expression of FOS, a member of the AP-1 family, and increased expression of this gene is linked to CYP17 downregulation. However, the pathway and the molecular mechanism responsible for the inhibitory effect of PKC on CYP17 expression are not defined. Herein, we demonstrated that Ang II inhibited CYP17 through PKC and ERK1/2-activated FOS and that blocking FOS expression decreased PKC-mediated inhibition. Although CYP17 transcription was activated by the nuclear receptor SF-1, expression of FOS resulted in a decrease in SF-1-mediated gene transcription. FOS physically interacted with the hinge region of SF-1 and modulated its transactivity, thus preventing binding of cofactors such as SRC1 and CBP, which were necessary to fully activate CYP17 transcription. Collectively, these results indicate a new regulatory mechanism for SF-1 transcriptional activity that might influence adrenal zone-specific expression of CYP17, a mechanism that can potentially be applied to other steroidogenic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sirianni
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology and Cell Biology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS) 87036, Italy
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Romero DG, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Angiotensin II-regulated transcription regulatory genes in adrenal steroidogenesis. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42A:259-66. [PMID: 20876845 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00098.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription regulatory genes are crucial modulators of cell physiology and metabolism whose intracellular levels are tightly controlled in response to extracellular stimuli. We previously reported a set of 29 transcription regulatory genes modulated by angiotensin II in H295R human adrenocortical cells and their roles in regulating the expression of the last and unique enzymes of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid biosynthetic pathways, 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase, respectively, using gene expression reporter assays. To study the effect of this set of transcription regulatory genes on adrenal steroidogenesis, H295R cells were transfected by high-efficiency nucleofection and aldosterone and cortisol were measured in cell culture supernatants under basal and angiotensin II-stimulated conditions. BCL11B, BHLHB2, CITED2, ELL2, HMGA1, MAFF, NFIL3, PER1, SERTAD1, and VDR significantly stimulated aldosterone secretion, while EGR1, FOSB, and ZFP295 decreased aldosterone secretion. BTG2, HMGA1, MITF, NR4A1, and ZFP295 significantly increased cortisol secretion, while BCL11B, NFIL3, PER1, and SIX2 decreased cortisol secretion. We also report the effect of some of these regulators on the expression of endogenous aldosterone synthase and 11β-hydroxylase under basal and angiotensin II-stimulated conditions. In summary, this study reports for the first time the effects of a set of angiotensin II-modulated transcription regulatory genes on aldosterone and cortisol secretion and the expression levels of the last and unique enzymes of the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid biosynthetic pathways. Abnormal regulation of mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid secretion is involved in several pathophysiological conditions. These transcription regulatory genes may be involved in adrenal steroidogenesis pathologies; thus they merit additional study as potential candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian G Romero
- Endocrinology, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
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Lavoie HA, King SR. Transcriptional regulation of steroidogenic genes: STARD1, CYP11A1 and HSD3B. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:880-907. [PMID: 19491374 DOI: 10.3181/0903-mr-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the genes that mediate the first steps in steroidogenesis, the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STARD1), the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta5-Delta4 isomerase (HSD3B), is tightly controlled by a battery of transcription factors in the adrenal cortex, the gonads and the placenta. These genes generally respond to the same hormones that stimulate steroid production through common pathways such as cAMP signaling and common actions on their promoters by proteins such as NR5A and GATA family members. However, there are distinct temporal, tissue and species-specific differences in expression between the genes that are defined by combinatorial regulation and unique promoter elements. This review will provide an overview of the hormonal and transcriptional regulation of the STARD1, CYP11A1 and specific steroidogenic HSD3B genes in the adrenal, testis, ovary and placenta and discuss the current knowledge regarding the key transcriptional factors involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Lavoie
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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