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Mozafari S, Ashoori M, Emami Meybodi SM, Solhi R, Mirjalili SR, Firoozabadi AD, Soltani S. Association between APOA5 polymorphisms and susceptibility to metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:590. [PMID: 38867151 PMCID: PMC11167842 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10493-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been established by many studies, but there have been conflicting results from the literature. We performed a meta-analysis of observational studies to evaluate the association between APOA5 gene polymorphisms and the prevalence of MetS. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus were searched up to April 2024. The random effects model was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the association between APOA5 gene polymorphisms and the prevalence of MetS development. The potential sources of heterogeneity were evaluated by subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS A total of 30 studies with 54,986 subjects (25,341 MetS cases and 29,645 healthy controls) were included. The presence of rs662799 and rs651821 polymorphisms is associated with an approximately 1.5-fold higher likelihood of MetS prevalence (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.32, 1.53, p < 0.001; I2 = 67.1%; P-heterogeneity < 0.001; and OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.36-1.65, p < 0.001), respectively. MetS is also more prevalent in individuals with the genetic variants rs3135506 and rs2075291. There was no evidence of a connection with rs126317. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that polymorphisms located in the promoter and coding regions of the APOA5 gene are associated with an increased prevalence of MetS in the adult population. Identifying individuals with these genetic variations could lead to early disease detection and the implementation of preventive strategies to reduce the risk of MetS and its related health issues. However, because the sample size was small and there was evidence of significant heterogeneity for some APOA5 gene polymorphisms, these results need to be confirmed by more large-scale and well-designed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Mozafari
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Afshar Hospital, Jomhouri Blvd., Yazd, 8917945556, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Ashoori
- Rasool Akram Medical Complex, Clinical Research Development Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Emami Meybodi
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Afshar Hospital, Jomhouri Blvd., Yazd, 8917945556, Iran
| | - Roya Solhi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mirjalili
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Afshar Hospital, Jomhouri Blvd., Yazd, 8917945556, Iran
| | - Ali Dehghani Firoozabadi
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Afshar Hospital, Jomhouri Blvd., Yazd, 8917945556, Iran
| | - Sepideh Soltani
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Afshar Hospital, Jomhouri Blvd., Yazd, 8917945556, Iran.
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Guo DC, Gao JW, Wang X, Chen ZT, Gao QY, Chen YX, Wang JF, Liu PM, Zhang HF. Remnant cholesterol and risk of incident hypertension: a population-based prospective cohort study. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:1157-1166. [PMID: 38212367 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Remnant cholesterol (RC) has been associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but its relationship with hypertension remains unclear. This prospective cohort study aimed to investigate the association between RC and subsequent hypertension risk. Data from the UK Biobank, comprising 295,062 participants initially free of hypertension, were analyzed. Cox proportional hazards regression assessed the association between RC quartiles and hypertension risk. Discordance analysis evaluated the risk of hypertension in discordant/concordant groups of RC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) using the difference in percentile units (>10 units). Restricted cubic spline curves were used to model the relationship between RC and hypertension risk. The mean ± SD age of participants was 55.1 ± 8.1 years, with 40.6% being men and 94.7% White. During a median follow-up of 12.8 years, 39,038 participants developed hypertension. Comparing extreme quartiles of RC, the hazard ratio (HR) for incident hypertension was 1.20 (95% CI: 1.17-1.24). After adjusting for traditional risk factors, each 1 mmol/L increase in RC levels was associated with a 27% higher risk of incident hypertension (HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.23-1.31). The discordant group with high RC/low LDL-C exhibited a higher risk of incident hypertension compared to the concordant group (HR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.03-1.09). Spline curves further demonstrated a positive association between RC and the risk of incident hypertension. We concluded that elevated RC emerged as an independent risk factor of incident hypertension, extending beyond traditional risk factors. Monitoring RC levels and implementing interventions to lower RC may have potential benefits in preventing hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Chuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jing-Wei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhi-Teng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yang-Xin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jing-Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Pin-Ming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Wu Y, Wei Q, Li H, Yang H, Wu Y, Yu Y, Chen Q, He B, Chen F. Association of remnant cholesterol with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and their coexistence: the mediating role of inflammation-related indicators. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:158. [PMID: 37752554 PMCID: PMC10521406 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01915-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cholesterol metabolism is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and recent studies have shown that cholesterol metabolism poses a residual risk of cardiovascular disease even when conventional lipid risk factors are in the optimal range. The association between remnant cholesterol (RC) and cardiovascular disease has been demonstrated; however, its association with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the concomitance of the two diseases requires further study. This study aimed to evaluate the association of RC with hypertension, T2DM, and both in a large sample of the U.S. population, and to further explore the potential mechanisms involved. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from the 2005-2018 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 17,749). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the relationships of RC with hypertension, T2DM, and both comorbidities. A restricted cubic spline regression model was used to reveal the dose effect. Mediation analyses were performed to explore the potential mediating roles of inflammation-related indicators in these associations. RESULTS Of the 17,749 participants included (mean [SD] age: 41.57 [0.23] years; women: 8983 (50.6%), men: 8766 (49.4%)), the prevalence of hypertension, T2DM, and their co-occurrence was 32.6%, 16.1%, and 11.0%, respectively. Higher RC concentrations were associated with an increased risk of hypertension, T2DM, and their co-occurrence (adjusted odds ratios for per unit increase in RC were 1.068, 2.259, and 2.362, and 95% confidence intervals were 1.063-1.073, 1.797-2.838, and 1.834-3.041, respectively), with a linear dose-response relationship. Even when conventional lipids were present at normal levels, positive associations were observed. Inflammation-related indicators (leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils) partially mediated these associations. Among these, leukocytes had the greatest mediating effect (10.8%, 14.5%, and 14.0%, respectively). CONCLUSION The results of this study provide evidence that RC is associated with the risk of hypertension, T2DM, and their co-occurrence, possibly mediated by an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qinfei Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Husheng Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuying Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiming Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiansi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baochang He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fa Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
- Clinical Research Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.
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Parksook WW, Williams GH. Aldosterone and cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:28-44. [PMID: 35388416 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone's role in the kidney and its pathophysiologic actions in hypertension are well known. However, its role or that of its receptor [minieralocorticoid receptor (MR)] in other cardiovascular (CV) disease are less well described. To identify their potential roles in six CV conditions (heart failure, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, stroke, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis), we assessed these associations in the following four areas: (i) mechanistic studies in rodents and humans; (ii) pre-clinical studies of MR antagonists; (iii) clinical trials of MR antagonists; and (iv) genetics. The data were acquired from an online search of the National Library of Medicine using the PubMed search engine from January 2011 through June 2021. There were 3702 publications identified with 200 publications meeting our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data strongly supported an association between heart failure and dysregulated aldosterone/MR. This association is not surprising given aldosterone/MR's prominent role in regulating sodium/volume homeostasis. Atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction are also associated with dysregulated aldosterone/MR, but less strongly. For the most part, the data were insufficient to determine whether there was a relationship between atherosclerosis, stroke, or thrombosis and aldosterone/MR dysregulation. This review clearly documented an expanding role for aldosterone/MR's dysregulation in CV diseases beyond hypertension. How expansive it might be is limited by the currently available data. It is anticipated that with an increased focus on aldosterone/MR's potential roles in these diseases, additional clinical and pre-clinical data will clarify these relationships, thereby, opening approaches to use modulators of aldosterone/MR's action to more precisely treat these CV conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasita W Parksook
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gordon H Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chen J, Chew K, Mary S, Boder P, Bagordo D, Rossi G, Touyz R, Delles C, Rossitto G. Skin-specific mechanisms of body fluid regulation in hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:239-250. [PMID: 36648486 PMCID: PMC10621731 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests excess skin Na+ accumulation in hypertension; however, the role of skin-specific mechanisms of local Na+/water regulation remains unclear. We investigated the association between measures of sweat and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) with Na+ content in the skin ([Na+]skin) and clinical characteristics in consecutive hypertensive patients. We obtained an iontophoretic pilocarpine-induced sweat sample, a skin punch biopsy for chemical analysis, and measures of TEWL from the upper limbs. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor-c (VEGF-c) and a reflectance measure of haemoglobin skin content served as surrogates of skin microvasculature. In our cohort (n = 90; age 21-86 years; females = 49%), sweat composition was independent of sex and BMI. Sweat Na+ concentration ([Na+]sweat) inversely correlated with [K+]sweat and was higher in patients on ACEIs/ARBs (P < 0.05). A positive association was found between [Na+]sweat and [Na+]skin, independent of sex, BMI, estimated Na+ intake and use of ACEi/ARBs (Padjusted = 0.025); both closely correlated with age (P < 0.01). Office DBP, but not SBP, inversely correlated with [Na+]sweat independent of other confounders (Padjusted = 0.03). Total sweat volume and Na+ loss were lower in patients with uncontrolled office BP (Padjusted < 0.005 for both); sweat volume also positively correlated with serum VEGF-c and TEWL. Lower TEWL was paralleled by lower skin haemoglobin content, which increased less after vasodilatory pilocarpine stimulation when BMI was higher (P = 0.010). In conclusion, measures of Na+ and water handling/regulation in the skin were associated with relevant clinical characteristics, systemic Na+ status and blood pressure values, suggesting a potential role of the skin in body-fluid homeostasis and therapeutic targeting of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu Chen
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, U.K
| | - Khai Syuen Chew
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, U.K
| | - Sheon Mary
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, U.K
| | - Philipp Boder
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, U.K
| | - Domenico Bagordo
- Emergency Medicine and Hypertension, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- Emergency Medicine and Hypertension, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christian Delles
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, U.K
| | - Giacomo Rossitto
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, U.K
- Emergency Medicine and Hypertension, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy
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Chen Y, Iyer SR, Nikolaev VO, Naro F, Pellegrini M, Cardarelli S, Ma X, Lee HC, Burnett JC. MANP Activation Of The cGMP Inhibits Aldosterone Via PDE2 And CYP11B2 In H295R Cells And In Mice. Hypertension 2022; 79:1702-1712. [PMID: 35674049 PMCID: PMC9309987 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldosterone is a critical pathological driver for cardiac and renal diseases. We recently discovered that mutant atrial natriuretic peptide (MANP), a novel atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) analog, possessed more potent aldosterone inhibitory action than ANP in vivo. MANP and natriuretic peptide (NP)-augmenting therapy sacubitril/valsartan are under investigations for human hypertension treatment. Understanding the elusive mechanism of aldosterone inhibition by NPs remains to be a priority. Conflicting results were reported on the roles of the pGC-A (particulate guanylyl cyclase A receptor) and NP clearance receptor in aldosterone inhibition. Furthermore, the function of PKG (protein kinase G) and PDEs (phosphodiesterases) on aldosterone regulation are not clear. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of aldosterone regulation in a human adrenocortical cell line H295R and in mice. RESULTS We first provided evidence to show that pGC-A, not NP clearance receptor, mediates aldosterone inhibition. Next, we confirmed that MANP inhibits aldosterone via PDE2 (phosphodiesterase 2) not PKG, with specific agonists, antagonists, siRNA silencing, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments. Further, the inhibitory effect is mediated by a reduction of intracellular Ca2+ levels. We then illustrated that MANP directly reduces aldosterone synthase CYP11B2 (cytochrome p450 family 11 subfamily b member 2) expression via PDE2. Last, in PDE2 knockout mice, consistent with in vitro findings, embryonic adrenal CYP11B2 is markedly increased. CONCLUSIONS Our results innovatively explore and expand the NP/pGC-A/3',5', cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/PDE2 pathway for aldosterone inhibition by MANP in vitro and in vivo. In addition, our data also support the development of MANP as a novel ANP analog drug for aldosterone excess treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.C., S.R.I., X.M., J.C.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN.,The Institute for Diabetes' Obesity' and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Y.C.)
| | - Seethalakshmi R Iyer
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.C., S.R.I., X.M., J.C.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (V.O.N.)
| | - Fabio Naro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (F.N.' S.C.)
| | - Manuela Pellegrini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC-CNR, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy (M.P.)
| | - Silvia Cardarelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (F.N.' S.C.)
| | - Xiao Ma
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.C., S.R.I., X.M., J.C.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN
| | - Hon-Chi Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.-C.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN
| | - John C Burnett
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.C., S.R.I., X.M., J.C.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN
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Mogi M. Aldosterone breakthrough from a pharmacological perspective. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:967-975. [PMID: 35422512 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone (Aldo) breakthrough is a well-known phenomenon that occurs in patients with long-term renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade using inhibitors of renin or angiotensin converting enzyme or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers. The blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), an Aldo binding receptor, is effective in managing patients with resistant hypertension, defined as uncontrollable blood pressure despite the concurrent use of three antihypertensive drugs. In other words, MR inhibitors are not used as first-line antihypertensive drugs in most guidelines for hypertension management. Aldo breakthrough puts hypertensive patients at higher risk of cardiovascular disease and worsens future outcomes. This review discusses Aldo secretion and the mechanism of Aldo breakthrough, dependent or independent of the RAAS, with consideration of the pharmacological aspects of this phenomenon, as well as hypothetical views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
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8
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Spaulding SC, Bollag WB. The role of lipid second messengers in aldosterone synthesis and secretion. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100191. [PMID: 35278411 PMCID: PMC9020094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Second messengers are small rapidly diffusing molecules or ions that relay signals between receptors and effector proteins to produce a physiological effect. Lipid messengers constitute one of the four major classes of second messengers. The hydrolysis of two main classes of lipids, glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids, generate parallel profiles of lipid second messengers: phosphatidic acid (PA), diacylglycerol (DAG), and lysophosphatidic acid versus ceramide, ceramide-1-phosphate, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate, respectively. In this review, we examine the mechanisms by which these lipid second messengers modulate aldosterone production at multiple levels. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone responsible for maintaining fluid volume, electrolyte balance, and blood pressure homeostasis. Primary aldosteronism is a frequent endocrine cause of secondary hypertension. A thorough understanding of the signaling events regulating aldosterone biosynthesis may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. The cumulative evidence in this literature emphasizes the critical roles of PA, DAG, and sphingolipid metabolites in aldosterone synthesis and secretion. However, it also highlights the gaps in our knowledge, such as the preference for phospholipase D-generated PA or DAG, as well as the need for further investigation to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which these lipid second messengers regulate optimal aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjini C Spaulding
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Research Department, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
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9
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Chen MM, Huang X, Xu C, Song XH, Liu YM, Yao D, Lu H, Wang G, Zhang GL, Chen Z, Sun T, Yang C, Lei F, Qin JJ, Ji YX, Zhang P, Zhang XJ, Zhu L, Cai J, Wan F, She ZG, Li H. High Remnant Cholesterol Level Potentiates the Development of Hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:830347. [PMID: 35222285 PMCID: PMC8863865 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.830347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests an association between remnant cholesterol (RC) and vascular damage and hypertension. However, this association has not been explored in a large-scale population in China, and a temporal relationship between RC and hypertension also needs to be investigated. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study in 2,199,366 individuals and a longitudinal study in 24,252 individuals with repeated measurements of lipid profile and blood pressure in at least a 3-year follow-up. The logistic model was used to explore the association between lipid components and hypertension in the cross-sectional analysis. The Cox model was used to analyze the association between high RC (HRC) at baseline and the subsequent incidence of hypertension or the association between hypertension at baseline and incidence of HRC. The cross-lagged panel model was applied to analyze the temporal relationship between RC and hypertension. RESULTS RC level as a continuous variable had the highest correlation with hypertension among lipid profiles, including RC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, with an odds ratio of 1.59 (95% confidence interval: 1.58-1.59). In the longitudinal cohort, HRC at baseline was associated with incident hypertension. We further explored the temporal relationship between RC and hypertension using the cross-lagged analysis, and the results showed that RC increase preceded the development of hypertension, rather than vice versa. CONCLUSIONS RC had an unexpected high correlation with the prevalence and incidence of hypertension. Moreover, RC increase might precede the development of hypertension, suggesting the potential role of RC in the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuewei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengsheng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Song
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye-Mao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongai Yao
- Physical Examination Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiming Lu
- General Medical Department, China Resource and WireCo Wire Rope Co (CR & WISCO) General Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Basic Medical Laboratory, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Gui-Lan Zhang
- Physical Examination Center, Xiaogan Central Hospital, Xiaogan, China
| | - Ze Chen
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengzhang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Lei
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan-Juan Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Xiao Ji
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Neurology, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, China
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Wan, ; Zhi-Gang She, ; Hongliang Li,
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Wan, ; Zhi-Gang She, ; Hongliang Li,
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Wan, ; Zhi-Gang She, ; Hongliang Li,
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10
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Xu J, Qu P, Du X, Xiang Q, Guo L, Zhu L, Tan Y, Fu Y, Wen T, Liu L. Change in Postprandial Level of Remnant Cholesterol After a Daily Breakfast in Chinese Patients With Hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:685385. [PMID: 34212015 PMCID: PMC8239280 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.685385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypertension (HBP) is usually accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia that represents the increased triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and cholesterol content in remnant lipoproteins [i.e., remnant cholesterol (RC)]. According to the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS), high RC (HRC) is defined as fasting RC ≥0.8 mmol/L and/or postprandial RC ≥0.9 mmol/L. However, little is known about postprandial change in RC level after a daily meal in Chinese patients with HBP. Methods: One hundred thirty-five subjects, including 90 hypertensive patients (HBP group) and 45 non-HBP controls (CON group), were recruited in this study. Serum levels of blood lipids, including calculated RC, were explored at 0, 2, and 4 h after a daily breakfast. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the cutoff point of postprandial HRC. Results: Fasting TG and RC levels were significantly higher in the HBP group (P < 0.05), both of which increased significantly after a daily meal in the two groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, postprandial RC level was significantly higher in the HBP group (P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal cutoff point for RC after a daily meal to predict HRC corresponding to fasting RC of 0.8 mmol/L was 0.91 mmol/L, which was very close to that recommended by the EAS, i.e., 0.9 mmol/L. Fasting HRC was found in 31.1% of hypertensive patients but not in the controls. According to the postprandial cutoff point, postprandial HRC was found in approximately half of hypertensive patients and ~1-third of the controls. Conclusion: Postprandial RC level increased significantly after a daily meal, and hypertensive patients had higher percentage of HRC at both fasting and postprandial states. More importantly, the detection of postprandial lipids could be helpful to find HRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Peiliu Qu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Du
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Qunyan Xiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Liling Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yangrong Tan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Tie Wen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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11
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Yamashita K, Ito K, Endo J, Matsuhashi T, Katsumata Y, Yamamoto T, Shirakawa K, Isobe S, Kataoka M, Yoshida N, Goto S, Moriyama H, Kitakata H, Mitani F, Fukuda K, Goda N, Ichihara A, Sano M. Adrenal cortex hypoxia modulates aldosterone production in heart failure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:184-189. [PMID: 31982132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasma aldosterone concentration increases in proportion to the severity of heart failure, even during treatment with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. This study investigated alternative regulatory mechanisms of aldosterone production that are significant in heart failure. Dahl salt-sensitive rats on a high-salt diet, a rat model of heart failure with cardio-renal syndrome, had high plasma aldosterone levels and elevated β3-adrenergic receptor expression in hypoxic zona glomerulosa cells. In H295R cells (a human adrenocortical cell line), hypoxia-induced β3-adrenergic receptor expression. Hypoxia-mediated β3-adrenergic receptor expression augmented aldosterone production by facilitating hydrolysis of lipid droplets though ERK-mediated phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase, also known as cholesteryl ester hydrolase. Hypoxia also accelerated the synthesis of cholesterol esters by acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase, thereby increasing the cholesterol ester content in lipid droplets. Thus, hypoxia enhanced aldosterone production by zona glomerulosa cells via promotion of the accumulation and hydrolysis of cholesterol ester in lipid droplets. In conclusion, hypoxic zona glomerulosa cells with heart failure show enhanced aldosterone production via increased catecholamine responsiveness and activation of cholesterol trafficking, irrespective of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Yamashita
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ito
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Endo
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | - Tsunehisa Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Shirakawa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sarasa Isobe
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kataoka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Goto
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Moriyama
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kitakata
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Mitani
- Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Goda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Shimada H, Noro E, Suzuki S, Sakamoto J, Sato I, Parvin R, Yokoyama A, Sugawara A. Effects of Adipocyte-derived Factors on the Adrenal Cortex. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2020; 13:2-6. [DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666191015161334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective:
Obesity is highly complicated by hypertension and hyperglycemia.
In particular, it has been proposed that obesity-related hypertension is caused by adipocyte-derived
factors that are recognized as undetermined proteins secreted from adipocytes. Adipocyte-derived factors
have been known to be related to aldosterone secretion in the adrenal gland. So far, Wnt proteins,
CTRP-1, VLDL, LDL, HDL and leptin have been demonstrated to stimulate aldosterone secretion. In
contrast, it has not yet been clarified whether adipocyte-derived factors also affect adrenal cortisol secretion.
Methods and Results:
In the present study, we investigated the effect of adipocyte-derived factors on
cortisol synthase gene CYP11B1 mRNA expression in vitro study using adrenocortical carcinoma
H295R cells and mouse fibroblast 3T3-L1cells. Interestingly, adipocyte-derived factors were demonstrated
to have the ability to stimulate CYP11B1 mRNA expression.
Conclusion:
Since CYP11B1 is well known as a limiting enzyme of cortisol synthesis, our study suggests
that adipocyte-derived factors may stimulate cortisol secretion, as well as aldosterone secretion.
Taken together, adipocyte-derived factors may be the cause of metabolic syndrome due to their stimulating
effects on aldosterone/cortisol secretion. Therefore, the innovation of novel drugs against them
may possibly be a new approach against metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Shimada
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Erika Noro
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Susumu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jun Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ikuko Sato
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Rehana Parvin
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akira Sugawara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
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13
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14
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The regulation of aldosterone secretion by leptin: implications in obesity-related cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2018; 27:63-69. [PMID: 29135585 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although it has been known for some time that increases in body mass enhance aldosterone secretion, particularly in women, the origin of this elevation in aldosterone production is not well defined. Adipocyte-derived factors have emerged as potential candidates to increase aldosterone production in obesity. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence suggests the presence of a mechanistic link in which the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin stimulates aldosterone production in obesity, thereby creating a positive feedback loop for obesity-associated cardiovascular disease. In addition, recent reports give credence to the concept that this leptin-aldosterone stimulation pathway in obesity is an underlying mechanism for sex-discrepancies in obesity-associated cardiovascular disease. SUMMARY Leptin appears as a new direct regulator of adrenal aldosterone production and leptin-mediated aldosterone production is a novel candidate mechanism underlying obesity-associated hypertension, particularly in females.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Nanba
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (K.N., W.E.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine (W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.V.).
| | - Anand Vaidya
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (K.N., W.E.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine (W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.V.)
| | - William E Rainey
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (K.N., W.E.R.), and Department of Internal Medicine (W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.V.)
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16
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Werth S, Müller-Fielitz H, Raasch W. Obesity-stimulated aldosterone release is not related to an S1P-dependent mechanism. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:251-265. [PMID: 28970286 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone has been identified as an important factor in obesity-associated hypertension. Here, we investigated whether sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which has previously been linked to obesity, increases aldosterone release. S1P-induced aldosterone release was determined in NCI H295R cells in the presence of S1P receptor (S1PR) antagonists. In vivo release of S1P (100-300 µg/kgbw) was investigated in pithed, lean Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, diet-obese spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs), as well as in lean or obese Zucker rats. Aldosterone secretion was increased in NCI H295R cells by S1P, the selective S1PR1 agonist SEW2871 and the selective S1PR2 antagonist JTE013. Treatment with the S1PR1 antagonist W146 or fingolimod and the S1PR1/3 antagonist VPbib2319 decreased baseline and/or S1P-stimulated aldosterone release. Compared to saline-treated SD rats, plasma aldosterone increased by ~50 pg/mL after infusing S1P. Baseline levels of S1P and aldosterone were higher in obese than in lean SHRs. Adrenal S1PR expression did not differ between chow- or CD-fed rats that had the highest S1PR1 and lowest S1PR4 levels. S1P induced a short-lasting increase in plasma aldosterone in obese, but not in lean SHRs. However, 2-ANOVA did not demonstrate any difference between lean and obese rats. S1P-induced aldosterone release was also similar between obese and lean Zucker rats. We conclude that S1P is a local regulator of aldosterone production. S1PR1 agonism induces an increase in aldosterone secretion, while stimulating adrenal S1PR2 receptor suppresses aldosterone production. A significant role of S1P in influencing aldosterone secretion in states of obesity seems unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Werth
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helge Müller-Fielitz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- CBBM (Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism)Lübeck, Germany
| | - Walter Raasch
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- CBBM (Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism)Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research)partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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17
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Tsai YY, Rainey WE, Bollag WB. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-induced signals mediating aldosterone production. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:R115-R129. [PMID: 27913572 PMCID: PMC8310676 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone, secreted by the adrenal zona glomerulosa, enhances sodium retention, thus increasing blood volume and pressure. Excessive production of aldosterone results in high blood pressure and contributes to cardiovascular and renal disease, stroke and visual loss. Hypertension is also associated with obesity, which is correlated with other serious health risks as well. Although weight gain is associated with increased blood pressure, the mechanism by which excess fat deposits increase blood pressure remains unclear. Several studies have suggested that aldosterone levels are elevated with obesity and may represent a link between obesity and hypertension. In addition to hypertension, obese patients typically have dyslipidemia, including elevated serum levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). VLDL, which functions to transport triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues, has been demonstrated to stimulate aldosterone production. Recent studies suggest that the signaling pathways activated by VLDL are similar to those utilized by AngII. Thus, VLDL increases cytosolic calcium levels and stimulates phospholipase D (PLD) activity to result in the induction of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression. These effects seem to be mediated by the ability of VLDL to increase the phosphorylation (activation) of their regulatory transcription factors, such as the cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein family of transcription factors. Thus, research into the pathways by which VLDL stimulates aldosterone production may identify novel targets for the development of therapies for the treatment of hypertension, particularly those associated with obesity, and other aldosterone-modulated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Tsai
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of Georgia at Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of Georgia at Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical CenterOne Freedom Way, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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18
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Tsai YY, Rainey WE, Johnson MH, Bollag WB. VLDL-activated cell signaling pathways that stimulate adrenal cell aldosterone production. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 433:138-46. [PMID: 27222295 PMCID: PMC4955520 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone plays an important role in regulating ion and fluid homeostasis and thus blood pressure, and hyperaldosteronism results in hypertension. Hypertension is also observed with obesity, which is associated with additional health risks, including cardiovascular disease. Obese individuals have high serum levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), which has been shown to stimulate aldosterone production; however, the mechanisms underlying VLDL-induced aldosterone production are still unclear. Here we demonstrate in human adrenocortical carcinoma (HAC15) cells that submaximal concentrations of angiotensin II and VLDL stimulate aldosterone production in an additive fashion, suggesting the possibility of common mechanisms of action. We show using inhibitors that VLDL-induced aldosterone production is mediated by the PLC/IP3/PKC signaling pathway. Our results suggest that PKC is upstream of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation previously observed with VLDL. An understanding of the mechanisms mediating VLDL-induced aldosterone production may provide insights into therapies to treat obesity-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Tsai
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States
| | - Maribeth H Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, United States; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States.
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19
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Yang T, Zhang HL, Liang Q, Shi Y, Mei YA, Barrett PQ, Hu C. Small-Conductance Ca2+-Activated Potassium Channels Negatively Regulate Aldosterone Secretion in Human Adrenocortical Cells. Hypertension 2016; 68:785-95. [PMID: 27432863 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone, which plays a key role in maintaining water and electrolyte balance, is produced by zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex. Autonomous overproduction of aldosterone from zona glomerulosa cells causes primary hyperaldosteronism. Recent clinical studies have highlighted the pathological role of the KCNJ5 potassium channel in primary hyperaldosteronism. Our objective was to determine whether small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated potassium (SK) channels may also regulate aldosterone secretion in human adrenocortical cells. We found that apamin, the prototypic inhibitor of SK channels, decreased membrane voltage, raised intracellular Ca(2+) and dose dependently increased aldosterone secretion from human adrenocortical H295R cells. By contrast, 1-Ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone, an agonist of SK channels, antagonized apamin's action and decreased aldosterone secretion. Commensurate with an increase in aldosterone production, apamin increased mRNA expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and aldosterone synthase that control the early and late rate-limiting steps in aldosterone biosynthesis, respectively. In addition, apamin increased angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone secretion, whereas 1-Ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone suppressed both angiotensin II- and high K(+)-stimulated production of aldosterone in H295R cells. These findings were supported by apamin-modulation of basal and angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone secretion from acutely prepared slices of human adrenals. We conclude that SK channel activity negatively regulates aldosterone secretion in human adrenocortical cells. Genetic association studies are necessary to determine whether mutations in SK channel subtype 2 genes may also drive aldosterone excess in primary hyperaldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science (T.Y., Q.L., Y.-A.M., C.H.) and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College (H.-L.Z.), Fudan University, China; Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, China (H.-L.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (Y.S., P.Q.B.)
| | - Hai-Liang Zhang
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science (T.Y., Q.L., Y.-A.M., C.H.) and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College (H.-L.Z.), Fudan University, China; Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, China (H.-L.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (Y.S., P.Q.B.)
| | - Qingnan Liang
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science (T.Y., Q.L., Y.-A.M., C.H.) and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College (H.-L.Z.), Fudan University, China; Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, China (H.-L.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (Y.S., P.Q.B.)
| | - Yingtang Shi
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science (T.Y., Q.L., Y.-A.M., C.H.) and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College (H.-L.Z.), Fudan University, China; Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, China (H.-L.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (Y.S., P.Q.B.)
| | - Yan-Ai Mei
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science (T.Y., Q.L., Y.-A.M., C.H.) and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College (H.-L.Z.), Fudan University, China; Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, China (H.-L.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (Y.S., P.Q.B.)
| | - Paula Q Barrett
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science (T.Y., Q.L., Y.-A.M., C.H.) and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College (H.-L.Z.), Fudan University, China; Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, China (H.-L.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (Y.S., P.Q.B.)
| | - Changlong Hu
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science (T.Y., Q.L., Y.-A.M., C.H.) and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College (H.-L.Z.), Fudan University, China; Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, China (H.-L.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (Y.S., P.Q.B.).
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20
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Xie D, Bollag WB. Obesity, hypertension and aldosterone: is leptin the link? J Endocrinol 2016; 230:F7-F11. [PMID: 27252389 PMCID: PMC8350967 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a serious health hazard with rapidly increasing prevalence in the United States. In 2014, the World Health Organization estimated that nearly 2 billion people worldwide were overweight with an estimated 600 million of these obese. Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Data from the Framingham Heart study suggest that approximately 78% of the risk for hypertension in men and 65% in women is related to excess body weight, a relationship that is further supported by studies showing increases in blood pressure with weight gain and decreases with weight loss. However, the exact mechanism by which excess body fat induces hypertension remains poorly understood. Several clinical studies have demonstrated elevated plasma aldosterone levels in obese individuals, especially those with visceral adiposity, with decreased aldosterone levels measured in concert with reduced blood pressure following weight loss. Since aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone that regulates blood volume and pressure, serum aldosterone levels may link obesity and hypertension. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which obesity induces aldosterone production is unclear. A recent study by Belin de Chantemele and coworkers suggests that one adipose-released factor, leptin, is a direct agonist for aldosterone secretion; other adipose-related factors may also contribute to elevated aldosterone levels in obesity, such as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), the levels of which are elevated in obesity and which also directly stimulates aldosterone biosynthesis. This focused review explores the possible roles of leptin and VLDL in modulating aldosterone secretion to underlie obesity-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Xie
- Department of Family MedicineMedical College of Georgia at Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical CenterAugusta, Georgia, USA Department of PhysiologyMedical College of Georgia at Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Kroiss M, Plonné D, Kendl S, Schirmer D, Ronchi CL, Schirbel A, Zink M, Lapa C, Klinker H, Fassnacht M, Heinz W, Sbiera S. Association of mitotane with chylomicrons and serum lipoproteins: practical implications for treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:343-53. [PMID: 26671975 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral mitotane (o,p'-DDD) is a cornerstone of medical treatment for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). AIM Serum mitotane concentrations >14 mg/l are targeted for improved efficacy but not achieved in about half of patients. Here we aimed at a better understanding of intestinal absorption and lipoprotein association of mitotane and metabolites o,p'-dichlorodiphenylacetic acid (o,p'-DDA) and o,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (o,p'-DDE). DESIGN Lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation from the chyle of a 29-year-old patient and serum from additional 14 ACC patients treated with mitotane. HPLC was applied for quantification of mitotane and metabolites. We assessed NCI-H295 cell viability, cortisol production, and expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker genes to study the functional consequences of mitotane binding to lipoproteins. RESULTS Chyle of the index patient contained 197 mg/ml mitotane, 53 mg/ml o,p'-DDA, and 51 mg/l o,p'-DDE. Of the total mitotane in serum, lipoprotein fractions contained 21.7±21.4% (VLDL), 1.9±0.8% (IDL), 8.9±5.5% (LDL1), 18.9±9.6% (LDL2), 10.1±4.0% (LDL3), and 26.3±13.0% (HDL2). Only 12.3±5.5% were in the lipoprotein-depleted fraction. DISCUSSION Mitotane content of lipoproteins directly correlated with their triglyceride and cholesterol content. O,p'-DDE was similarly distributed, but 87.9±4.2% of o,p'-DDA found in the HDL2 and lipoprotein-depleted fractions. Binding of mitotane to human lipoproteins blunted its anti-proliferative and anti-hormonal effects on NCI-H295 cells and reduced ER stress marker gene expression. CONCLUSION Mitotane absorption involves chylomicron binding. High concentrations of o,p'-DDA and o,p'-DDE in chyle suggest intestinal mitotane metabolism. In serum, the majority of mitotane is bound to lipoproteins. In vitro, lipoprotein binding inhibits activity of mitotane suggesting that lipoprotein-free mitotane is the therapeutically active fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kroiss
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Plonné
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Kendl
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Diana Schirmer
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina L Ronchi
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schirbel
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Zink
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Klinker
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Werner Heinz
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine IInfectiology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Street 6, 97080 Würzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyDivision of Laboratory MedicineMedical Care Centre of Human Genetics Ulm, Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyClinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Hoekstra M, Van Eck M. HDL is redundant for adrenal steroidogenesis in LDLR knockout mice with a human-like lipoprotein profile. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:631-7. [PMID: 26891738 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m066019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of HDL to adrenal steroidogenesis appears to be different between mice and humans. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that a difference in lipoprotein profile may be the underlying cause. Hereto, we determined the impact of HDL deficiency on the adrenal glucocorticoid output in genetically modified mice with a human-like lipoprotein profile. Genetic deletion of APOA1 in LDL receptor (LDLR) knockout mice was associated with HDL deficiency and a parallel increase in the level of cholesterol associated with nonHDL fractions. Despite a compensatory increase in the adrenal relative mRNA expression levels of the cholesterol synthesis gene, HMG-CoA reductase, adrenals from APOA1/LDLR double knockout mice were severely depleted of neutral lipids, as compared with those of control LDLR knockout mice. However, basal corticosterone levels and the adrenal glucocorticoid response to stress were not different between the two types of mice. In conclusion, we have shown that HDL is not critical for proper adrenal glucocorticoid function when mice are provided with a human-like lipoprotein profile. Our findings provide the first experimental evidence that APOB-containing lipoproteins may facilitate adrenal steroidogenesis, in an LDLR-independent manner, in vivo in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Hoekstra
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Cluster BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Cluster BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized in and secreted from the outer layer of the adrenal cortex, the zona glomerulosa. Aldosterone is responsible for regulating sodium homeostasis, thereby helping to control blood volume and blood pressure. Insufficient aldosterone secretion can lead to hypotension and circulatory shock, particularly in infancy. On the other hand, excessive aldosterone levels, or those too high for sodium status, can cause hypertension and exacerbate the effects of high blood pressure on multiple organs, contributing to renal disease, stroke, visual loss, and congestive heart failure. Aldosterone is also thought to directly induce end-organ damage, including in the kidneys and heart. Because of the significance of aldosterone to the physiology and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system, it is important to understand the regulation of its biosynthesis and secretion from the adrenal cortex. Herein, the mechanisms regulating aldosterone production in zona glomerulosa cells are discussed, with a particular emphasis on signaling pathways involved in the secretory response to the main controllers of aldosterone production, the renin-angiotensin II system, serum potassium levels and adrenocorticotrophic hormone. The signaling pathways involved include phospholipase C-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, cytosolic calcium levels, calcium influx pathways, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, diacylglycerol, protein kinases C and D, 12-hydroxyeicostetraenoic acid, phospholipase D, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, tyrosine kinases, adenylate cyclase, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. A complete understanding of the signaling events regulating aldosterone biosynthesis may allow the identification of novel targets for therapeutic interventions in hypertension, primary aldosteronism, congestive heart failure, renal disease, and other cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review fundamentals in adrenal gland histophysiology. Key findings regarding the important signaling pathways involved in the regulation of steroidogenesis and adrenal growth are summarized. We illustrate how adrenal gland morphology and function are deeply interconnected in which novel signaling pathways (Wnt, Sonic hedgehog, Notch, β-catenin) or ionic channels are required for their integrity. Emphasis is given to exploring the mechanisms and challenges underlying the regulation of proliferation, growth, and functionality. Also addressed is the fact that while it is now well-accepted that steroidogenesis results from an enzymatic shuttle between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, key questions still remain on the various aspects related to cellular uptake and delivery of free cholesterol. The significant progress achieved over the past decade regarding the precise molecular mechanisms by which the two main regulators of adrenal cortex, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and angiotensin II act on their receptors is reviewed, including structure-activity relationships and their potential applications. Particular attention has been given to crucial second messengers and how various kinases, phosphatases, and cytoskeleton-associated proteins interact to ensure homeostasis and/or meet physiological demands. References to animal studies are also made in an attempt to unravel associated clinical conditions. Many of the aspects addressed in this article still represent a challenge for future studies, their outcome aimed at providing evidence that the adrenal gland, through its steroid hormones, occupies a central position in many situations where homeostasis is disrupted, thus highlighting the relevance of exploring and understanding how this key organ is regulated. © 2014 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 4:889-964, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gallo-Payet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Tsai YY, Rainey WE, Pan ZQ, Frohman MA, Choudhary V, Bollag WB. Phospholipase D activity underlies very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-induced aldosterone production in adrenal glomerulosa cells. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3550-60. [PMID: 24956203 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone is the mineralocorticoid responsible for sodium retention, thus increased blood volume and pressure. Excessive production of aldosterone results in high blood pressure as well as renal disease, stroke, and visual loss via both direct effects and effects on blood pressure. Weight gain is often associated with increased blood pressure, but it remains unclear how obesity increases blood pressure. Obese patients typically have higher lipoprotein levels; moreover, some studies have suggested that aldosterone levels are also elevated and represent a link between obesity and hypertension. Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) functions to transport triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. Although previous studies have demonstrated that VLDL can stimulate aldosterone production, the mechanisms underlying this effect are largely unclear. Here we show for the first time that phospholipase D (PLD) is involved in VLDL-induced aldosterone production in both a human adrenocortical cell line (HAC15) and primary cultures of bovine zona glomerulosa cells. Our data also reveal that PLD mediates steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression via increasing the phosphorylation (activation) of their regulatory transcription factors. Finally, by using selective PLD inhibitors, our studies suggest that both PLD1 and PLD2 isoforms play an important role in VLDL-induced aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Tsai
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center (V.C., W.B.B.), Augusta, Georgia 30904; Department of Physiology (Y.-Y.T., W.E.R., Z.P., V.C., W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; and Department of Pharmacology and Center for Developmental Genetics (M.A.F.), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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26
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Pan ZQ, Xie D, Choudhary V, Seremwe M, Tsai YY, Olala L, Chen X, Bollag WB. The effect of pioglitazone on aldosterone and cortisol production in HAC15 human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 394:119-28. [PMID: 25038520 PMCID: PMC4237224 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pioglitazone belongs to the class of drugs called thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which are widely used as insulin sensitizers in the treatment of diabetes. A major side effect of TZDs is fluid retention. The steroid hormone aldosterone also promotes sodium and fluid retention; however, the effect of pioglitazone on aldosterone production is controversial. We analyzed the effect of pioglitazone alone and in combination with angiotensin II (AngII) on the late rate-limiting step of adrenocortical steroidogenesis in human adrenocortical carcinoma HAC15 cells. Treatment with pioglitazone for 24 h significantly increased the expression of CYP11B2 and enhanced AngII-induced CYP11B2 expression. Despite the observed changes in mRNA levels, pioglitazone significantly inhibited AngII-induced aldosterone production and CYP11B2 protein levels. On the other hand, pioglitazone stimulated the expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) marker DDIT3, with this effect occurring at early times and inhibitable by the PPARγ antagonist GW9962. The levels of DDIT3 (CHOP) and phospho-eIF2α (Ser51), a UPR-induced event that inhibits protein translation, were also increased. Thus, pioglitazone promotes CYP11B2 expression but nevertheless inhibits aldosterone production in AngII-treated HAC15 cells, likely by blocking global protein translation initiation through DDIT3 and phospho-eIF2α. In contrast, pioglitazone promoted AngII-induced CYP11B1 expression and cortisol production. Since cortisol enhances lipolysis, this result suggests the possibility that PPARs, activated by products of fatty acid oxidation, stimulate cortisol secretion to promote utilization of fatty acids during fasting. In turn, the ability of pioglitazone to stimulate cortisol production could potentially underlie the effects of this drug on fluid retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-qiang Pan
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University (Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ding Xie
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University (Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Vivek Choudhary
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University (Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mutsa Seremwe
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University (Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Tsai
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University (Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lawrence Olala
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University (Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Xunsheng Chen
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University (Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University (Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Felizola SJA, Nakamura Y, Ono Y, Kitamura K, Kikuchi K, Onodera Y, Ise K, Takase K, Sugawara A, Hattangady N, Rainey WE, Satoh F, Sasano H. PCP4: a regulator of aldosterone synthesis in human adrenocortical tissues. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:159-67. [PMID: 24403568 PMCID: PMC4103644 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4) is a calmodulin (CaM)-binding protein that accelerates calcium association and dissociation with CaM. It has been previously detected in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA), but details on its expression and function in adrenocortical tissues have remained unknown. Therefore, we performed the immunohistochemical analysis of PCP4 in the following tissues: normal adrenal (NA; n=15), APA (n=15), cortisol-producing adenomas (n=15), and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism cases (IHA; n=5). APA samples (n=45) were also submitted to quantitative RT-PCR of PCP4, CYP11B1, and CYP11B2, as well as DNA sequencing for KCNJ5 mutations. Transient transfection analysis using PCP4 siRNA was also performed in H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells, following ELISA analysis, and CYP11B2 luciferase assays were also performed after PCP4 vector transfection in order to study the regulation of PCP4 protein expression. In our findings, PCP4 immunoreactivity was predominantly detected in APA and in the zona glomerulosa of NA and IHA. In APA, the mRNA levels of PCP4 were significantly correlated with those of CYP11B2 (P<0.0001) and were significantly higher in cases with KCNJ5 mutation than WT (P=0.005). Following PCP4 vector transfection, CYP11B2 luciferase reporter activity was significantly higher than controls in the presence of angiotensin-II. Knockdown of PCP4 resulted in a significant decrease in CYP11B2 mRNA levels (P=0.012) and aldosterone production (P=0.011). Our results indicate that PCP4 is a regulator of aldosterone production in normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic human adrenocortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo J. A. Felizola
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Ono
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kanako Kitamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kumi Kikuchi
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Onodera
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazue Ise
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Takase
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Sugawara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Namita Hattangady
- Department of Physiology and Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William E. Rainey
- Department of Physiology and Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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28
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Nishimoto K, Harris RBS, Rainey WE, Seki T. Sodium deficiency regulates rat adrenal zona glomerulosa gene expression. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1363-72. [PMID: 24422541 PMCID: PMC3959598 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone is the primary adrenocortical hormone regulating sodium retention, and its production is under the control of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). In vitro, angiotensin II can induce aldosterone production in adrenocortical cells without causing cell proliferation. In vivo, a low-sodium diet activates the RAAS and aldosterone production, at least in part, through an expansion of the adrenal zona glomerulosa (zG) layer. Although these mechanisms have been investigated, RAAS effects on zG gene expression have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we took an unbiased approach to define the complete list of zG transcripts involved in RAAS activation. Adrenal glands were collected from 11-week old Sprague-Dawley rats fed either sodium-deficient (SDef), normal sodium (NS), or high-sodium (HS) diet for 72 hours, and laser-captured zG RNA was analyzed on microarrays containing 27 342 probe sets. When the SDef transcriptome was compared with NS transcriptome (SDef/NS comparison), only 79 and 10 probe sets were found to be up- and down-regulated more than two-fold in SDef, respectively. In SDef/HS comparison, 201 and 68 probe sets were up- and down-regulated in SDef, respectively. Upon gene ontology (GO) analysis of these gene sets, we identified three groups of functionally related GO terms: cell proliferation-associated (group 1), response to stimulus-associated (group 2), and cholesterol/steroid metabolism-associated (group 3) GO terms. Although genes in group 1 may play a critical role in zG layer expansion, those in groups 2 and 3 may have important functions in aldosterone production, and further investigations on these genes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (K.N., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Physiology (R.B.S.H., T.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; and Department of Urology (K.N.), Tachikawa Hospital, Tachikawa, 190-0022 Tokyo, Japan
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Swierczynska MM, Lamounier-Zepter V, Bornstein SR, Eaton S. Lipoproteins and Hedgehog signalling--possible implications for the adrenal gland function. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:1178-83. [PMID: 23992253 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is a common metabolic disorder that is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Disturbances in adrenal steroid hormone production significantly contribute to the development of this disorder. Therefore, it is extremely important to fully understand the mechanisms governing adrenal gland function, both in physiological and pathological conditions. RESULTS Recently, Sonic hedgehog has emerged as an important regulator of adrenal development, with a possible role in adult gland homeostasis. Recent work of our group shows that lipoproteins are important regulators of Hedgehog signaling; they act as carriers for the spread of Hedgehog proteins, but also contain lipid(s) that inhibit the pathway. CONCLUSIONS We propose that lipoproteins may affect Sonic hedgehog signaling in the adult adrenal gland at multiple levels. Understanding the interplay between lipoprotein metabolism and adrenal Hedgehog signaling may improve our understanding of how adrenal gland disorders contribute to the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Swierczynska
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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Marcus Y, Shefer G, Stern N. Adipose tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and progression of insulin resistance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 378:1-14. [PMID: 22750719 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the expression of the key components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in fat tissue. At the center of this report is the role of RAAS in normal and excessive fat mass enlargement, the leading etiology of insulin resistance. Understanding the expression and regulation of RAAS components in various fat depots allows insight not only into the processes by which these complex patterns are modified by the enlargement of adipose tissue, but also into their impact on local and systemic response to insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonit Marcus
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
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