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Goel A, Ncho CM, Jeong CM, Gupta V, Jung JY, Ha SY, Yang JK, Choi YH. Dietary supplementation of solubles from shredded, steam-exploded pine particles modifies gut length and cecum microbiota in cyclic heat-stressed broilers. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102498. [PMID: 36739799 PMCID: PMC9932117 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementing solubles from steam-exploded pine particles (SSPP) on mitigating the adverse effects of cyclic heat stress (CHS) in broilers which were distributed into 3 dietary treatment groups and 2 temperature conditions. Heat stress (HS) exposure for 6 h daily for 7 d adversely affected performance parameters and rectal temperature of chickens. The absolute and relative weights of the liver and bursa of Fabricius decreased in the CHS group while the relative lengths of the jejunum and ileum increased, which was rescued by dietary supplementation with SSPP. The expression of mucin2 (MUC2) and occludin (OCLN) genes was decreased in CHS birds. The expression of heat shock protein -70 and -90 increased in 0% HS compared to that in 0% NT. Birds supplemented with 0.4% SSPP had higher NADPH oxidase -1 expression than birds in the 0% and 0.1% SSPP treatments. Beta diversity of gut microbiota evaluated through unweighted UniFrac distances was significantly different among treatments. Bacteroidetes was among the 2 most abundant phyla in the cecum, which decreased with 0.1% NT and increased with 0.1% HS in comparison to 0% NT. A total of 13 genera were modified by HS, 5 were altered by dose, and nine showed an interaction effect. In conclusion, CHS adversely affects performance and gut health which can be mitigated with dietary SSPP supplementation that modifies the cecal microbiota in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshat Goel
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Chris Major Ncho
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Chae-Mi Jeong
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Vaishali Gupta
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Jung
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; Department of Environmental Materials Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Si-Young Ha
- Department of Environmental Materials Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Yang
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; Department of Environmental Materials Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Yang-Ho Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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Xiao M, Jia X, Wang N, Kang J, Hu X, Goff HD, Cui SW, Ding H, Guo Q. Therapeutic potential of non-starch polysaccharides on type 2 diabetes: from hypoglycemic mechanism to clinical trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1177-1210. [PMID: 36036965 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2113366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) have been reported to exert therapeutic potential on managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Various mechanisms have been proposed; however, several studies have not considered the correlations between the anti-T2DM activity of NSPs and their molecular structure. Moreover, the current understanding of the role of NSPs in T2DM treatment is mainly based on in vitro and in vivo data, and more human clinical trials are required to verify the actual efficacy in treating T2DM. The related anti-T2DM mechanisms of NSPs, including regulating insulin action, promoting glucose metabolism and regulating postprandial blood glucose level, anti-inflammatory and regulating gut microbiota (GM), are reviewed. The structure-function relationships are summarized, and the relationships between NSPs structure and anti-T2DM activity from clinical trials are highlighted. The development of anti-T2DM medication or dietary supplements of NSPs could be promoted with an in-depth understanding of the multiple regulatory effects in the treatment/intervention of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Nifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ji Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinzhong Hu
- College of Food Engineering & Nutrition Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Steve W Cui
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Qingbin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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A Mini-Review on Potential of Neuropeptides as Future Therapeutics. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sun H, Meng K, Hou L, Shang L, Yan J. Melanocortin receptor-4 mediates the anorectic effect induced by the nucleus tractus solitarius injection of glucagon-like Peptide-2 in fasted rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 901:174072. [PMID: 33823184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is secreted from enteroendocrine L-type cells of the gut and also released from preproglucagonergic (PPG) neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and adjacent medial reticular nucleus of the brain stem. The neurons in the NTS express GLP-2, and the neurons send extensive projections to the hypothalamus. Recent studies show that the intracerebroventricular administration of GLP-2 significantly suppresses food intake in animals and some evidence suggest that the melanocortin receptor-4 (MC4-R) signaling in the hypothalamus is required for intracerebroventricular GLP-2-mediated inhibition of feeding. There is proopiomelanocortin (POMC) positive neurons expressing MC4-R in the NTS. Suppression of MC4-R expressing neurons in the brain stem inhibits gastric emptying. In this study, we tested the effects of NTS GLP-2R activation and blockade on feeding behavior and evaluated the endogenous melanocortin system's role in the NTS in mediating effects of GLP-2 on feeding behavior in fed and fasted rats. Our results demonstrated that microinjection of GLP-2 into the NTS suppressed food intake in fasted-refeeding rats but did not affect food intake in free-feeding rats, and this inhibition was blocked by pretreatment of either Exendin (9-39) or SHU 9119, suggesting the GLP-2 system in the NTS exerts an inhibitory action on food intake. MC4-R mediates this action in the NTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Research Center of Stomatology College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Kai Meng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Lijun Shang
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, N7 8BD, UK.
| | - Jianqun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Research Center of Stomatology College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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5
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Sun H, Meng K, Hou L, Shang L, Yan J. GLP-2 decreases food intake in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) through Exendin (9-39) in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113253. [PMID: 33220330 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), a member of Glucagon peptide family involved in regulating energy metabolism, can be produced and secreted by preproglucagonergic (PPG) neurons in the brain. GLP-2 reduces food intake but at which brain sites GLP-2 exerts its feeding-suppress effects are still unclear. In this study, we used the stereological microinjection technique and behavioral test to examine the functions of locally delivered GLP-2 into DMH on feeding behavior. We compared effects of different concentration of GLP-2 on the food intake behavior in free-feeding rats and fasted-refeeding rats. We found that GLP-2 inhibited food intake in fasted rats after a short-term intervention in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, the effects of locally delivered GLP-2 can be blocked by specific GLP-1 receptor antagonist Exendin(9-39), but not the melanocortin-4 receptor antagonist SHU9119, indicating the involvement of specificity of GLP-2 signaling in regulating the feeding behavior. Taken together, our data revealed that GLP-2 peptide pharmacologically inhibited food intake in DMH and this effect could be blocked functionally by Exendin(9-39).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Research Center of Stomatology College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, P.R. China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Kai Meng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Shang
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, N7 8BD, United Kingdom.
| | - Jianqun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Research Center of Stomatology College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 98 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, P.R. China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yan Ta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China.
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Ejarque M, Sabadell‐Basallote J, Beiroa D, Calvo E, Keiran N, Nuñez‐Roa C, Rodríguez MDM, Sabench F, Castillo D, Jimenez V, Bosch F, Nogueiras R, Vendrell J, Fernández‐Veledo S. Adipose tissue is a key organ for the beneficial effects of GLP‐2 metabolic function. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:2131-2145. [DOI: 10.1111/bph.15278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ejarque
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Joan Sabadell‐Basallote
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Daniel Beiroa
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS University of Santiago de Compostela‐Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Santiago de Compostela Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Noelia Keiran
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Catalina Nuñez‐Roa
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Maria del Mar Rodríguez
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Fatima Sabench
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut de Reus Universitat Rovira Virgili Tarragona Spain
- Surgery Service Hospital Sant Joan de Reus Reus Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut de Reus Universitat Rovira Virgili Tarragona Spain
- Surgery Service Hospital Sant Joan de Reus Reus Spain
| | - Veronica Jimenez
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
| | - Fatima Bosch
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS University of Santiago de Compostela‐Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Santiago de Compostela Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut de Reus Universitat Rovira Virgili Tarragona Spain
| | - Sonia Fernández‐Veledo
- Unitat de Recerca Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili Tarragona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
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Ma Q, Li Y, Li P, Wang M, Wang J, Tang Z, Wang T, Luo L, Wang C, Wang T, Zhao B. Research progress in the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and intestinal flora. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109138. [PMID: 31247468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common clinical chronic disease, while its pathogenesis is still inconclusive. Intestinal flora, the largest micro-ecological system in the human body, is involved in, meanwhile has a major impact on the body's material and energy metabolism. Recent studies have shown that in addition to obesity, genetics, and islet dysfunction, the disturbance of intestinal flora may partly give rise to diabetes. In this paper, we summarized the current research on the correlation between T2DM and intestinal flora, and concluded the pathological mechanisms of intestinal flora involved in T2DM. Moreover, the ideas and methods of prevention and treatment of T2DM based on intestinal flora were proposed, providing theoretical basis and literature reference for the treatment of T2DM and its complications based on the regulation of intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quantao Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yaqi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ziyan Tang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No.8 Hong-Da Middle Road, Da-Xing District, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Linglong Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Castro BBA, Arriel K, Renó P, Sanders-Pinheiro H. Modelos experimentais de obesidade: análise crítica do perfil metabólico e da aplicabilidade. HU REVISTA 2019. [DOI: 10.34019/1982-8047.2018.v44.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introdução: a prevalência da obesidade e de outras doenças relacionadas está aumentando em todo o mundo de forma preocupante. Caracterizada pelo aumento do peso corporal ou do acúmulo excessivo de gordura corporal, a obesidade tem sido associada ao aumento da mortalidade decorrente de maior incidência de hipertensão, diabetes e vários tipos de câncer. Os modelos animais fornecem dados fundamentais para a compreensão dos parâmetros básicos que regulam os componentes do nosso balanço energético. Objetivo: esta revisão selecionou artigos que utilizaram modelos animais (ratos e camundongos) de obesidade focando nas principais alterações metabólicas causadas pela obesidade com o objetivo de apresentar os principais modelos utilizados nos últimos 5 anos. Material e Métodos: Foram realizadas duas buscas na base de dados PubMed utilizando as expressões: “obesity” AND “metabolism” AND “animal model” AND “mice” e “obesity” AND “metabolism” AND “animal model” AND “rat”, sendo selecionados os estudos considerados mais relevantes a partir dos critérios: descrição detalhada do modelo experimental e análise dos parâmetros metabólicos de interesse: peso, perfil lipídico e perfil glicêmico. Outras referências foram utilizadas para elucidar melhor os modelos encontrados e também aqueles que não foram citados, mas, que possuem importância no entendimento da evolução dos modelos animais de obesidade. Resultados: A espécie mais utilizada foi o camundongo, o sexo predominante foi o masculino, a faixa etária dos roedores variou de neonatos até 44 semanas e o período de acompanhamento chegou até 53 semanas. A obesidade foi confirmada pelo aumento significativo do peso e na maioria dos estudos foram encontradas alterações no metabolismo lipídico e glicêmico. Encontramos cinco grupos de mecanismos de indução da obesidade porém a maioria dos estudos utilizou dietas hiperlipídicas, modelo que mais se assemelha às alterações metabólicas encontradas em humanos. Conclusão: Investigar as causas e efeitos da obesidade induzida em modelos experimentais pode fornecer uma melhor compreensão da fisiopatologia da obesidade, e proporcionar novas opções de prevenção e tratamento.
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9
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Sekar R, Wang L, Chow BKC. Central Control of Feeding Behavior by the Secretin, PACAP, and Glucagon Family of Peptides. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:18. [PMID: 28223965 PMCID: PMC5293785 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Constituting a group of structurally related brain-gut peptides, secretin (SCT), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), and glucagon (GCG) family of peptide hormones exert their functions via interactions with the class B1 G protein-coupled receptors. In recent years, the roles of these peptides in neuroendocrine control of feeding behavior have been a specific area of research focus for development of potential therapeutic drug targets to combat obesity and metabolic disorders. As a result, some members in the family and their analogs have already been utilized as therapeutic agents in clinical application. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding on the important role of SCT, PACAP, and GCG family of peptides in central control of feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Sekar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Deng QH, Jia G, Zhao H, Chen ZL, Chen XL, Liu GM, Wang KN. The prolonged effect of glucagon-like peptide 2 pretreatment on growth performance and intestinal development of weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:28. [PMID: 27148449 PMCID: PMC4855712 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is a potent epithelium-specific intestinal growth factor. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the prolonged effect of GLP-2 on the growth performance of weaned piglets. Forty piglets weaned at the age of 28 d with an average BW of 6.8 ± 0.4 kg were assigned to four treatments: (i) non-challenged control; (ii) LPS-challenged control; (iii) LPS + low GLP-2; and (iv) LPS + high GLP-2. Piglets in groups (i), (ii), and (iv) were s.c. injected with PBS supplemented with human [Gly2]GLP-21-34 at doses of 0, 2 and 10 nmol/kg BW per day for seven consecutive days. BW, gain:feed ratio (G:F), and plasma GLP-2 levels were determined on d 0, 7, and 14 after weaning. Piglets were challenged with i.p. administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a dose of 100 μg/kg on d 14 to induce intestinal damage. Twenty-four hours later, intestinal tract samples were collected to assess intestinal morphology and quantify enzyme activity. RESULTS Plasma GLP-2 levels decreased after weaning, but in the high GLP-2 group, plasma GLP-2 was maintained on d 7 and even increased to a level higher than the preweaning level on d 14 (P < 0.05). High GLP-2 treatment significantly increased the duodenal, jejunal and ileal weight, as well as the gross weight of the small intestine (SI), and the SI weight index (P < 0.05). LPS caused villous atrophy and disrupted intestinal morphology in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. GLP-2 also significantly increased the villus height and the villus height/crypt depth ratio (VCR) of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (P < 0.05). Histological examination revealed that in GLP-2-treated groups, the integrity of the villus was maintained, and the villus was protected against LPS-induced damage. GLP-2 significantly increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AKP), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT), and pancreatic lipase in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). GLP-2 treatment also significantly increased the average daily gain (ADG) and G:F of piglets at 0 to 7, 7 to 14, as well as 0 to14 d (P < 0.05), resulting in a significant increase of final BW in high GLP-2 pigs (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Exogenous GLP-2 improved the growth of weaned piglets and protected them against LPS-induced intestinal damage. These effects may be due to the ability of GLP-2 to promote the secretion of endogenous GLP-2 to stimulate the small intestinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Hong Deng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 China
| | - Gang Jia
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 China
| | - Zheng Li Chen
- College of Animal Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 China
| | - Xiao Ling Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 China
| | - Guang Mang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 China
| | - Kang Ning Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 China
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Breit A, Wicht K, Boekhoff I, Glas E, Lauffer L, Mückter H, Gudermann T. Glucose Enhances Basal or Melanocortin-Induced cAMP-Response Element Activity in Hypothalamic Cells. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:748-62. [PMID: 27144291 DOI: 10.1210/me.2016-1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-induced activation of the cAMP-response element (CRE) via the CRE-binding protein in hypothalamic cells promotes expression of TRH and thereby restricts food intake and increases energy expenditure. Glucose also induces central anorexigenic effects by acting on hypothalamic neurons, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. It has been proposed that glucose activates the CRE-binding protein-regulated transcriptional coactivator 2 (CRTC-2) in hypothalamic neurons by inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinases (AMPKs), but whether glucose directly affects hypothalamic CRE activity has not yet been shown. Hence, we dissected effects of glucose on basal and MSH-induced CRE activation in terms of kinetics, affinity, and desensitization in murine, hypothalamic mHypoA-2/10-CRE cells that stably express a CRE-dependent reporter gene construct. Physiologically relevant increases in extracellular glucose enhanced basal or MSH-induced CRE-dependent gene transcription, whereas prolonged elevated glucose concentrations reduced the sensitivity of mHypoA-2/10-CRE cells towards glucose. Glucose also induced CRCT-2 translocation into the nucleus and the AMPK activator metformin decreased basal and glucose-induced CRE activity, suggesting a role for AMPK/CRTC-2 in glucose-induced CRE activation. Accordingly, small interfering RNA-induced down-regulation of CRTC-2 expression decreased glucose-induced CRE-dependent reporter activation. Of note, glucose also induced expression of TRH, suggesting that glucose might affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis via the regulation of hypothalamic CRE activity. These findings significantly advance our knowledge about the impact of glucose on hypothalamic signaling and suggest that TRH release might account for the central anorexigenic effects of glucose and could represent a new molecular link between hyperglycaemia and thyroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Breit
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Wicht
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Ingrid Boekhoff
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Evi Glas
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Lauffer
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Mückter
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
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12
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Breit A, Besik V, Solinski HJ, Muehlich S, Glas E, Yarwood SJ, Gudermann T. Serine-727 phosphorylation activates hypothalamic STAT-3 independently from tyrosine-705 phosphorylation. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:445-59. [PMID: 25584415 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) is a key element in the central regulation of appetite and energy homeostasis. Activation of hypothalamic STAT-3 has been attributed to cytokine-promoted phosphorylation at tyrosine-705 (Tyr-705). In nonhypothalamic cells, STAT-3 is also phosphorylated at serine-727 (Ser-727), but the functional significance of Ser-727 in the regulation of hypothalamic STAT-3 is not known. We used 2 hypothalamic cell lines and analyzed the effects of various hormones on STAT-3-dependent reporter gene activity and observed that IFN-γ, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and bradykinin (BK) induce similar STAT-3 reporter activation. EGF and BK solely increased Ser-727 and IFN-γ increased Tyr-705 phosphorylation of STAT-3. Specific inhibition of ERK-1/2 activity blocked EGF- and BK-induced STAT-3 activation and Ser-727 phosphorylation. BK-induced ERK-1/2 activation occurred via EGF receptor transactivation. Consequently, the BK-mediated effects on STAT-3 were blocked by a specific EGF receptor antagonist. Next, we analyzed the effects of IFN-γ and EGF on the expression of the STAT-3-dependent genes thyroliberin-releasing hormone and suppressors of cytokine signaling-3. EGF but not IFN-γ enhanced thyroliberin-releasing hormone expression via STAT-3. With regard to suppressors of cytokine signaling-3, we observed prolonged expression induced by IFN-γ and a transient effect of EGF that required coactivation of the activator protein-1. Thus, EGF-promoted Ser-727 phosphorylation by ERK-1/2 is not only sufficient to fully activate hypothalamic STAT-3, but, in terms of targeted genes and required cofactors, entails distinct modes of STAT-3 actions compared with IFN-γ-induced Tyr-705 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Breit
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (A.B., V.B., H.J.S., S.M., E.G., T.G.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany 80336; and The Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology (S.J.Y.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow GC12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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13
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Wellhauser L, Gojska NM, Belsham DD. Delineating the regulation of energy homeostasis using hypothalamic cell models. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 36:130-49. [PMID: 25223866 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Attesting to its intimate peripheral connections, hypothalamic neurons integrate nutritional and hormonal cues to effectively manage energy homeostasis according to the overall status of the system. Extensive progress in the identification of essential transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms regulating the controlled expression and actions of hypothalamic neuropeptides has been identified through the use of animal and cell models. This review will introduce the basic techniques of hypothalamic investigation both in vivo and in vitro and will briefly highlight the key advantages and challenges of their use. Further emphasis will be place on the use of immortalized models of hypothalamic neurons for in vitro study of feeding regulation, with a particular focus on cell lines proving themselves most fruitful in deciphering fundamental basics of NPY/AgRP, Proglucagon, and POMC neuropeptide function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Wellhauser
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Nicole M Gojska
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine and OB/GYN, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1A8, Canada; Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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14
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Guan X. The CNS glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor in the control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R585-96. [PMID: 24990862 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00096.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis plays a key role in the control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. In response to luminal stimulation of macronutrients and microbiota-derived metabolites (secondary bile acids and short chain fatty acids), glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1 and -2) are cosecreted from endocrine L cells in the gut and coreleased from preproglucagonergic neurons in the brain stem. Glucagon-like peptides are proposed as key mediators for bariatric surgery-improved glycemic control and energy balance. Little is known about the GLP-2 receptor (Glp2r)-mediated physiological roles in the control of food intake and glucose homeostasis, yet Glp1r has been studied extensively. This review will highlight the physiological relevance of the central nervous system (CNS) Glp2r in the control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis and focuses on cellular mechanisms underlying the CNS Glp2r-mediated neural circuitry and intracellular PI3K signaling pathway. New evidence (obtained from Glp2r tissue-specific KO mice) indicates that the Glp2r in POMC neurons is essential for suppressing feeding behavior, gastrointestinal motility, and hepatic glucose production. Mice with Glp2r deletion selectively in POMC neurons exhibit hyperphagic behavior, accelerated gastric emptying, glucose intolerance, and hepatic insulin resistance. GLP-2 differentially modulates postsynaptic membrane excitability of hypothalamic POMC neurons in Glp2r- and PI3K-dependent manners. GLP-2 activates the PI3K-Akt-FoxO1 signaling pathway in POMC neurons by Glp2r-p85α interaction. Intracerebroventricular GLP-2 augments glucose tolerance, suppresses glucose production, and enhances insulin sensitivity, which require PI3K (p110α) activation in POMC neurons. Thus, the CNS Glp2r plays a physiological role in the control of food intake and glucose homeostasis. This review will also discuss key questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfu Guan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics; and Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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15
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Purser MJ, Dalvi PS, Wang ZC, Belsham DD. The cytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) activates hypothalamic urocortin-expressing neurons both in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61616. [PMID: 23626705 PMCID: PMC3633986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) induces neurogenesis, reduces feeding, and induces weight loss. However, the central mechanisms by which CNTF acts are vague. We employed the mHypoE-20/2 line that endogenously expresses the CNTF receptor to examine the direct effects of CNTF on mRNA levels of urocortin-1, urocortin-2, agouti-related peptide, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotensin. We found that treatment of 10 ng/ml CNTF significantly increased only urocortin-1 mRNA by 1.84-fold at 48 h. We then performed intracerebroventricular injections of 0.5 mg/mL CNTF into mice, and examined its effects on urocortin-1 neurons post-exposure. Through double-label immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies against c-Fos and urocortin-1, we showed that central CNTF administration significantly activated urocortin-1 neurons in specific areas of the hypothalamus. Taken together, our studies point to a potential role for CNTF in regulating hypothalamic urocortin-1-expressing neurons to mediate its recognized effects on energy homeostasis, neuronal proliferaton/survival, and/or neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Purser
- Department of Physiology, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prasad S. Dalvi
- Department of Physiology, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zi C. Wang
- Department of Physiology, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denise D. Belsham
- Department of Physiology, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Medicine, University of Toronto and Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Nilsson A, Johansson E, Ekström L, Björck I. Effects of a brown beans evening meal on metabolic risk markers and appetite regulating hormones at a subsequent standardized breakfast: a randomized cross-over study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59985. [PMID: 23577078 PMCID: PMC3618511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary prevention strategies are increasingly recognized as essential to combat the current epidemic of obesity and related metabolic disorders. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the potential prebiotic effects of indigestible carbohydrates in Swedish brown beans (Phaseolus vulgaris var. nanus) in relation to cardiometabolic risk markers and appetite regulating hormones. METHODS Brown beans, or white wheat bread (WWB, reference product) were provided as evening meals to 16 healthy young adults in a randomised crossover design. Glucose, insulin, appetite regulatory hormones, GLP-1, GLP-2, appetite sensations, and markers of inflammation were measured at a following standardised breakfast, that is at 11 to 14 h post the evening meals. Additionally, colonic fermentation activity was estimated from measurement of plasma short chain fatty acids (SCFA, including also branched chain fatty acids) and breath hydrogen (H2) excretion. RESULTS An evening meal of brown beans, in comparison with WWB, lowered blood glucose (-15%, p<0.01)- and insulin (-16%, p<0.05) responses, increased satiety hormones (PYY 51%, p<0.001), suppressed hunger hormones (ghrelin -14%, p<0.05), and hunger sensations (-15%, p = 0.05), increased GLP-2 concentrations (8.4%, p<0.05) and suppressed inflammatory markers (IL-6 -35%, and IL-18 -8.3%, p<0.05) at a subsequent standardised breakfast. Breath H2 (141%, p<0.01), propionate (16%, p<0.05), and isobutyrate (18%, P<0.001) were significantly increased after brown beans compared to after WWB, indicating a higher colonic fermentative activity after brown beans. CONCLUSIONS An evening meal with brown beans beneficially affected important measures of cardiometabolic risk and appetite regulatory hormones, within a time frame of 11-14 h, in comparison to a WWB evening meal. Concentrations of plasma SCFA and H2 were increased, indicating involvement of colonic fermentation. Indigestible colonic substrates from brown beans may provide a preventive tool in relation to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01706042.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nilsson
- Division of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Sweden.
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