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Nwia SM, Leite APO, Li XC, Zhuo JL. Sex differences in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its roles in hypertension, cardiovascular, and kidney diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1198090. [PMID: 37404743 PMCID: PMC10315499 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1198090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a pathology that exhibits well-researched biological sex differences, making it possible for physicians to tailor preventative and therapeutic approaches for various diseases. Hypertension, which is defined as blood pressure greater than 130/80 mmHg, is the primary risk factor for developing coronary artery disease, stroke, and renal failure. Approximately 48% of American men and 43% of American women suffer from hypertension. Epidemiological data suggests that during reproductive years, women have much lower rates of hypertension than men. However, this protective effect disappears after the onset of menopause. Treatment-resistant hypertension affects approximately 10.3 million US adults and is unable to be controlled even after implementing ≥3 antihypertensives with complementary mechanisms. This indicates that other mechanisms responsible for modulating blood pressure are still unclear. Understanding the differences in genetic and hormonal mechanisms that lead to hypertension would allow for sex-specific treatment and an opportunity to improve patient outcomes. Therefore, this invited review will review and discuss recent advances in studying the sex-specific physiological mechanisms that affect the renin-angiotensin system and contribute to blood pressure control. It will also discuss research on sex differences in hypertension management, treatment, and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Nwia
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ana Paula O. Leite
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Xiao Chun Li
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jia Long Zhuo
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Lenzini L, Caroccia B, Seccia TM, Rossi GP. Peptidergic G Protein-Coupled Receptor Regulation of Adrenal Function: Bench to Bedside and Back. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:1038-1050. [PMID: 35436330 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An altered secretion of adrenocortical and adrenomedullary hormones plays a role in the clinical syndromes of primary aldosteronism (PA), Cushing, and pheochromocytoma. Moreover, an altered production of adrenocortical hormones and/or an abnormal release of factors by the adrenal medulla are involved in several other diseases, including high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, primary reninism, renovascular hypertension, Addison disease, Bartter, Gitelman, and virilization syndromes. Understanding the regulation of adrenal function and the interactions between adrenal cortex and medulla is, therefore, the prerequisite for mechanistic understanding of these disorders. Accumulating evidence indicates that the modulation of adrenal hormone biosynthesis is a process far more complex than originally thought, as it involves several factors, each cooperating with the other. Moreover, the tight vascular and neural interconnections between the adrenal cortex and medulla underlie physiologically relevant autocrine/paracrine interactions involving several peptides. Besides playing a pathophysiological role in common adrenal diseases, these complex mechanisms could intervene also in rare diseases, such as pheochromocytoma concomitant with adrenal Cushing or with PA, and PA co-occurring with Cushing, through mechanisms that remain to be fully understood at the molecular levels. Heterodimerization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) induced by peptide signaling is a further emerging new modulatory mechanism capable of finely tuning adrenal hormones synthesis and release. In this review we will examine current knowledge on the role of peptides that act via GPCRs in the regulation of adrenal hormone secretion with a particular focus on autocrine-paracrine signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Lenzini
- Emergency Medicine Unit, Center for blood pressure disorders -Regione Veneto and Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Brasilina Caroccia
- Emergency Medicine Unit, Center for blood pressure disorders -Regione Veneto and Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Teresa Maria Seccia
- Emergency Medicine Unit, Center for blood pressure disorders -Regione Veneto and Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- Emergency Medicine Unit, Center for blood pressure disorders -Regione Veneto and Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, 35126 Padua, Italy
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Ali Y, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibition Decreases Angiotensin II-Induced Steroidogenesis in HAC15 Human Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cells. Endocrinology 2022; 164:bqac185. [PMID: 36320101 PMCID: PMC9923797 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors suppress adrenal cortical carcinoma cell proliferation and cortisol production; the relationship between mTOR and aldosterone production has not been examined. METHODS HAC15 cells were incubated with an mTOR activator and several inhibitors including AZD8055 (AZD) in the presence and absence of angiotensin II (AngII). The expression of rapamycin-sensitive adapter protein of mTOR (Raptor) and rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor), adaptor proteins of mTOR complex 1 and 2, respectively, were studied in the HAC15 cells and deleted by CRISPR/gRNA. RESULTS The mTOR inhibitors decreased aldosterone induced by AngII. Inhibition of mTOR by AZD significantly suppressed AngII-induced aldosterone and cortisol formation in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the mTOR activator MHY had no effect. AZD did not alter forskolin-induced aldosterone production showing that it is specific to the AngII signaling pathway. AngII-mediated ERK and mTOR activation were suppressed by AZD, along with a concomitant dose-dependent reduction of AngII-induced steroidogenic enzymes including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 2, CYP17A1, and aldosterone synthase protein. Furthermore, mTOR components ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70S6K) and protein kinase B phosphorylation levels were decreased by AZD. As mTOR exerts its main effects by forming complexes with adaptor proteins Raptor and Rictor, the roles of these individual complexes were studied. We found an increase in the phosphorylation of Raptor and Rictor by AngII and that their CRISPR/gRNA-mediated knockdown significantly attenuated AngII-induced aldosterone and cortisol production. CONCLUSION mTOR signaling has a critical role in transducing the AngII signal initiating aldosterone and cortisol synthesis in HAC15 cells and that inhibition of mTOR could be a therapeutic option for conditions associated with excessive renin-angiotensin system-mediated steroid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ali
- G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery, VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery, VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Peng KY, Liao HW, Chueh JS, Pan CY, Lin YH, Chen YM, Chen PY, Huang CL, Wu VC. Pathophysiological and Pharmacological Characteristics of KCNJ5 157-159delITE Somatic Mutation in Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081026. [PMID: 34440230 PMCID: PMC8391641 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutated channelopathy could play important roles in the pathogenesis of aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). In this study, we identified a somatic mutation, KCNJ5 157-159delITE, and reported its immunohistological, pathophysiological and pharmacological characteristics. We conducted patch-clamp experiments on HEK293T cells and experiments on expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and aldosterone secretion in HAC15 cells to evaluate electrophysiological and functional properties of this mutated KCNJ5. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to identify expressions of several steroidogenic enzymes. Macrolide antibiotics and a calcium channel blocker were administrated to evaluate the functional attenuation of mutated KCNJ5 channel in transfected HAC15 cells. The interaction between macrolides and KCNJ5 protein was evaluated via molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation analysis. The immunohistochemistry analysis showed strong CYP11B2 immunoreactivity in the APA harboring KCNJ5 157-159delITE mutation. Whole-cell patch-clamp data revealed that mutated KCNJ5 157-159delITE channel exhibited loss of potassium ion selectivity. The mutant-transfected HAC15 cells increased the expression of CYP11B2 and aldosterone secretion, which was partially suppressed by clarithromycin and nifedipine but not roxithromycin treatment. The docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulation disclosed that roxithromycin had strong interaction with KCNJ5 L168R mutant channel but not with this KCNJ5 157-159delITE mutant channel. We showed comprehensive evaluations of the KCNJ5 157-159delITE mutation which revealed that it disrupted potassium channel selectivity and aggravated autonomous aldosterone production. We further demonstrated that macrolide antibiotics, roxithromycin, could not interfere the aberrant electrophysiological properties and gain-of-function aldosterone secretion induced by KCNJ5 157-159delITE mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Yung Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
| | | | - Jeff S. Chueh
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Yuan Pan
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Yung-Ming Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Peng-Ying Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Chun-Lin Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-23562082
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 and aldosterone synthesis: beyond the renin--angiotensin--aldosterone system and closer to the clinic. J Hypertens 2021; 39:1546-1548. [PMID: 34188000 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Caroccia B, Vanderriele PE, Seccia TM, Piazza M, Lenzini L, Prisco S, Torresan F, Domenig O, Iacobone M, Poglitsch M, Rossi GP. Aldosterone and cortisol synthesis regulation by angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the human adrenal cortex. J Hypertens 2021; 39:1577-1585. [PMID: 33657582 PMCID: PMC9904433 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The branch of the renin--angiotensin system constituting angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], the Ang II type 2 receptor, the Mas receptors and the Ang-(1-7)-forming enzyme ACE-2, by counteracting the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R)-mediated effects, are held to be cardiovascular protective in several conditions. However, whether Ang-(1-7) and ACE-2 are detectable in human adrenocortical tissues and whether they affect aldosterone and cortisol biosynthesis was unknown. METHODS We measured angiotensin peptides with liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry and ACE-2 mRNA with digital droplet (dd)PCR in human aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and APA-adjacent tissue obtained from patients with primary aldosteronism. We also investigated the effects of Ang-(1-7) and the ACE-2 activator diminazene aceturate (DIZE) on aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) gene expression, in the absence or presence of the AT1R antagonist irbesartan, or of the MasR antagonist A779. RESULTS APA and APA-adjacent adrenocortical tissues express ACE-2 mRNA and contain detectable amounts of Ang II and Ang-(2-8), but not of Ang I, Ang-(1-5), Ang (3-8) and Ang-(1-7). Under unstimulated and Ang II- stimulated conditions Ang-(1-7) did not blunt CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 mRNA. At supraphysiological concentrations (10-4 mol/l), Ang-(1-7) stimulated both CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 mRNA via the AT1R. The ACE-2 activator DIZE increased by 1.5-fold ACE-2 mRNA but did not blunt Ang II- upregulated CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 expression. CONCLUSION These results do not support the hypothesis that the ACE-2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis play a protective role by counteracting enhanced aldosterone secretion in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brasilina Caroccia
- Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto and Emergency-Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua
| | - Paul-Emmanuel Vanderriele
- Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto and Emergency-Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua
| | - Teresa Maria Seccia
- Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto and Emergency-Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua
| | - Maria Piazza
- Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto and Emergency-Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua
| | - Livia Lenzini
- Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto and Emergency-Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua
| | - Selene Prisco
- Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto and Emergency-Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua
| | - Francesca Torresan
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Iacobone
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- Specialized Center for Blood Pressure Disorders-Regione Veneto and Emergency-Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua
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Rossi GP, Lenzini L, Caroccia B, Rossitto G, Seccia TM. Angiotensin peptides in the regulation of adrenal cortical function. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2021.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenal cortex plays a key role in the regulation of metabolism, salt and water homeostasis and sex differentiation by synthesizing glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid and androgen hormones. Evidence exists that angiotensin II regulates adrenocortical function and it has been contended that angiotensin peptides of the non-canonical branch of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) might also modulate steroidogenesis in adrenals. Thus, the aim of this review is to examine the role of the RAS, and particularly of the angiotensin peptides and their receptors, in the regulation of adrenocortical hormones with particular focus on aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Paolo Rossi
- Emergency Medicine Unit and European Society of Hypertension Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Livia Lenzini
- Emergency Medicine Unit and European Society of Hypertension Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Brasilina Caroccia
- Emergency Medicine Unit and European Society of Hypertension Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossitto
- Emergency Medicine Unit and European Society of Hypertension Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Teresa Maria Seccia
- Emergency Medicine Unit and European Society of Hypertension Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
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Scott MA, Woolums AR, Swiderski CE, Perkins AD, Nanduri B, Smith DR, Karisch BB, Epperson WB, Blanton JR. Whole blood transcriptomic analysis of beef cattle at arrival identifies potential predictive molecules and mechanisms that indicate animals that naturally resist bovine respiratory disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227507. [PMID: 31929561 PMCID: PMC6957175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a multifactorial disease complex and the leading infectious disease in post-weaned beef cattle. Clinical manifestations of BRD are recognized in beef calves within a high-risk setting, commonly associated with weaning, shipping, and novel feeding and housing environments. However, the understanding of complex host immune interactions and genomic mechanisms involved in BRD susceptibility remain elusive. Utilizing high-throughput RNA-sequencing, we contrasted the at-arrival blood transcriptomes of 6 beef cattle that ultimately developed BRD against 5 beef cattle that remained healthy within the same herd, differentiating BRD diagnosis from production metadata and treatment records. We identified 135 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the differential gene expression tools edgeR and DESeq2. Thirty-six of the DEGs shared between these two analysis platforms were prioritized for investigation of their relevance to infectious disease resistance using WebGestalt, STRING, and Reactome. Biological processes related to inflammatory response, immunological defense, lipoxin metabolism, and macrophage function were identified. Production of specialized pro-resolvin mediators (SPMs) and endogenous metabolism of angiotensinogen were increased in animals that resisted BRD. Protein-protein interaction modeling of gene products with significantly higher expression in cattle that naturally acquire BRD identified molecular processes involving microbial killing. Accordingly, identification of DEGs in whole blood at arrival revealed a clear distinction between calves that went on to develop BRD and those that resisted BRD. These results provide novel insight into host immune factors that are present at the time of arrival that confer protection from BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Scott
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amelia R. Woolums
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Cyprianna E. Swiderski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Andy D. Perkins
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - David R. Smith
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Brandi B. Karisch
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - William B. Epperson
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - John R. Blanton
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
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9
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Itcho K, Oki K, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Ohno H, Kobuke K, Nagano G, Yoshii Y, Baba R, Hattori N, Yoneda M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone Calmegin Is Upregulated in Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma and Associates With Aldosterone Production. Hypertension 2019; 75:492-499. [PMID: 31865789 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a pivotal role in syntheses of proteins and steroid hormones and regulation of intracellular Ca2+ level. We aimed to investigate ER-associated genes in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) and clarify their effect on aldosterone production. Microarray analysis targeting 288 ER-associated genes was conducted using nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenomas (n=5) and APAs (n=19). Immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed with 13 nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenoma and 48 APA samples. Functional studies were performed with human adrenocortical carcinoma (HAC15) cells, some of which were genetically modified using lentiviruses. The ER chaperone calmegin (CLGN) was the most highly expressed ER-associated gene in APAs relative to nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenomas. Analysis with quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed CLGN to be 9.5-fold upregulated in APAs relative to nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenomas. There were no differences among different APA genotypes affecting aldosterone production. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that CLGN was strongly expressed in APAs and aldosterone-producing cell clusters. Angiotensin II stimulation or KCNJ5 T158A overexpression in HAC15 cells did not affect CLGN mRNA levels. CLGN overexpression in HAC15 cells increased aldosterone levels but did not stimulate CYP11B2 mRNA levels. Pathway and gene ontology analyses using RNA sequencing results showed that tRNA aminoacyl metabolism was the most enriched pathway in CLGN-overexpressing cells. CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) and HSD3B2 (3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta 5->4-isomerase type 2) protein expression were more abundant in CLGN-overexpressing cells. CLGN knockdown using CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated 9) method in HAC15 cells that carry the KCNJ5 mutation did not affect aldosterone production. To summarize, CLGN was upregulated and associated with aldosterone production via translational regulation of CYP11B2 in APAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Itcho
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Kenji Oki
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Haruya Ohno
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Kazuhiro Kobuke
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Gaku Nagano
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Yoko Yoshii
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Ryuta Baba
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Noboru Hattori
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
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10
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Altamish M, Samuel VP, Dahiya R, Singh Y, Deb PK, Bakshi HA, Tambuwala MM, Chellappan DK, Collet T, Dua K, Gupta G. Molecular signaling of G-protein-coupled receptor in chronic heart failure and associated complications. Drug Dev Res 2019; 81:23-31. [PMID: 31785110 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The well-known condition of heart failure is a clinical syndrome that results when the myocardium's ability to pump enough blood to meet the body's metabolic needs is impaired. Most of the cardiac activity is maintained by adrenoceptors, are categorized into two main α and β and three distinct subtypes of β receptor: β1-, β2-, and β3-adrenoceptors. The β adrenoreceptor is the main regulatory macro proteins, predominantly available on heart and responsible for down regulatory cardiac signaling. Moreover, the pathological involvement of Angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1)/angiotensin II (Ang II)/angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) axis and beneficial ACE2/Ang (1-7)/Mas receptor axis also shows protective role via Gi βγ, during heart failure these receptors get desensitized or internalized due to increase in the activity of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) and GRK5, responsible for phosphorylation of G-protein-mediated down regulatory signaling. Here, we investigate the various clinical and preclinical data that exhibit the molecular mechanism of upset level of GRK change the cardiac activity during failing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Altamish
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijaya Paul Samuel
- Department of Anatomy, RAK College of Medicine, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Rajiv Dahiya
- Laboratory of Peptide Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Hamid A Bakshi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Dinesh K Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Trudi Collet
- Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Sultanpur, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 229, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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11
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Itcho K, Oki K, Kobuke K, Ohno H, Yoneda M, Hattori N. Angiotensin 1-7 suppresses angiotensin II mediated aldosterone production via JAK/STAT signaling inhibition. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:137-141. [PMID: 30125658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), which is a protein cleaved from angiotensin II (A-II), binds to the MAS receptor. Ang 1-7 has been demonstrated to exert protective effects against A-II-mediated cardiac, atherosclerotic, and renal damages. The aims of our study were to demonstrate the inhibitory role of Ang 1-7 in A-II-mediated aldosterone production by interacting with the MAS receptor in human adrenocortical carcinoma (HAC15) cells, and clarify the intracellular signaling mechanisms underlying the inhibition of aldosterone production by Ang 1-7. Ang 1-7 significantly suppressed A-II-stimulated aldosterone production, and partially abrogated A-II-induced upregulation of CYP11B2 expression. Treatment with a selective Ang 1-7 antagonist abrogated Ang 1-7-mediated inhibition of aldosterone production in HAC15 cells. Incubation of A-II-treated HAC15 cells with conditioned medium containing Ang 1-7 was demonstrated to suppress A-II-mediated aldosterone production and CYP11B2 expression. Proteomic analysis showed that Ang 1-7 predominantly inhibited the phosphorylation of JAK-STAT proteins in A-II stimulated HAC15 cells. Treatment of HAC15 cells with a STAT3 inhibitor partially but significantly repressed A-II-mediated aldosterone production by 63.2%. Similarly, treatment with a STAT5 inhibitor significantly abrogated A-II-stimulated aldosterone production in HAC15 cells by 60.7%. In conclusion, we demonstrated that Ang 1-7 negatively regulates A-II-mediated aldosterone production, and the observed inhibition of aldosterone production was associated with JAK/STAT signaling in human adrenal cells. Therefore, activation of Ang 1-7 or stimulation of the MAS receptor, which inhibits aldosterone production, is a promising therapeutic approach for the prevention of cardiovascular events that can directly affect the target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Itcho
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kenji Oki
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Kobuke
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Haruya Ohno
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Noboru Hattori
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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12
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Malaiyandi LM, Sharthiya H, Surachaicharn N, Shams Y, Arshad M, Schupbach C, Kopf PG, Dineley KE. M 3-subtype muscarinic receptor activation stimulates intracellular calcium oscillations and aldosterone production in human adrenocortical HAC15 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 478:1-9. [PMID: 29959979 PMCID: PMC6193837 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A previous body of work in bovine and rodent models shows that cholinergic agonists modulate the secretion of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex. In this study we used live-cell Ca2+ imaging to investigate cholinergic activity in the HAC15 human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line. The cholinergic agonists carbachol and acetylcholine triggered heterogeneous Ca2+ oscillations that were strongly inhibited by antagonists with high affinity for the M3 muscarinic receptor subtype, while preferential block of M1 or M2 receptors was less effective. Acute exposure to carbachol and acetylcholine modestly elevated aldosterone secretion in HAC15 cells, and this effect was also diminished by M3 inhibition. HAC15 cells expressed relatively high levels of mRNA for M3 and M2 receptors, while M1 and M5 mRNA were much lower. In conclusion, our data extend previous findings in non-human systems to implicate the M3 receptor as the dominant muscarinic receptor in the human adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha M Malaiyandi
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Harsh Sharthiya
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | | | - Yara Shams
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Mohammad Arshad
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Chad Schupbach
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Phillip G Kopf
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Kirk E Dineley
- Department of Pharmacology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
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13
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Kopf PG, Park SK, Herrnreiter A, Krause C, Roques BP, Campbell WB. Obligatory Metabolism of Angiotensin II to Angiotensin III for Zona Glomerulosa Cell-Mediated Relaxations of Bovine Adrenal Cortical Arteries. Endocrinology 2018; 159:238-247. [PMID: 29088382 PMCID: PMC5761603 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperaldosteronism is associated with hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and congestive heart failure. Steroidogenic factors facilitate aldosterone secretion by increasing adrenal blood flow. Angiotensin (Ang) II decreases adrenal vascular tone through release of zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell-derived vasodilatory eicosanoids. However, ZG cell-mediated relaxation of bovine adrenal cortical arteries to Ang II is not altered by angiotensin type 1 or 2 receptor antagonists. Because traditional Ang II receptors do not mediate these vasorelaxations to Ang II, we investigated the role of Ang II metabolites. Ang III was identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as the primary ZG cell metabolite of Ang II. Ang III stimulated ZG cell-mediated relaxation of adrenal arteries with greater potency than did Ang II. Furthermore, ZG cell-mediated relaxations of adrenal arteries by Ang II were attenuated by aminopeptidase inhibition, and Ang III-stimulated relaxations persisted. Ang IV had little effect compared with Ang II. Moreover, ZG cell-mediated relaxations of adrenal arteries by Ang II were attenuated by an Ang III antagonist but not by an Ang (1-7) antagonist. In contrast, Ang II and Ang III were equipotent in stimulating aldosterone secretion from ZG cells and were unaffected by aminopeptidase inhibition. Additionally, aspartyl and leucyl aminopeptidases, which convert Ang II to Ang III, are the primary peptidase expressed in ZG cells. This was confirmed by enzyme activity. These data indicate that intra-adrenal metabolism of Ang II to Ang III is required for ZG cell-mediated relaxations of adrenal arteries but not aldosterone secretion. These studies have defined an important role of Ang III in the adrenal gland.
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MESH Headings
- Abattoirs
- Adrenal Cortex/blood supply
- Adrenal Cortex/drug effects
- Adrenal Cortex/metabolism
- Aldosterone/metabolism
- Aminopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Aminopeptidases/genetics
- Aminopeptidases/metabolism
- Angiotensin I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Angiotensin I/metabolism
- Angiotensin II/analogs & derivatives
- Angiotensin II/chemistry
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Angiotensin III/metabolism
- Animals
- Arterioles/cytology
- Arterioles/drug effects
- Arterioles/metabolism
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- In Vitro Techniques
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/antagonists & inhibitors
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Zona Glomerulosa/cytology
- Zona Glomerulosa/drug effects
- Zona Glomerulosa/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G. Kopf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515
| | - Sang-Kyu Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Anja Herrnreiter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Christian Krause
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Bernard P. Roques
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (U1022 INSERM, UMR8258 CNRS), Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - William B. Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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14
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Chadwick JA, Swager SA, Lowe J, Welc SS, Tidball JG, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Rafael-Fortney JA. Myeloid cells are capable of synthesizing aldosterone to exacerbate damage in muscular dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 25:5167-5177. [PMID: 27798095 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
FDA-approved mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists are used to treat heart failure. We have recently demonstrated efficacy of MR antagonists for skeletal muscles in addition to heart in Duchenne muscular dystrophy mouse models and that mineralocorticoid receptors are present and functional in skeletal muscles. The goal of this study was to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of MR antagonist efficacy on dystrophic skeletal muscles. We demonstrate for the first time that infiltrating myeloid cells clustered in damaged areas of dystrophic skeletal muscles have the capacity to produce the natural ligand of MR, aldosterone, which in excess is known to exacerbate tissue damage. Aldosterone synthase protein levels are increased in leukocytes isolated from dystrophic muscles compared with controls and local aldosterone levels in dystrophic skeletal muscles are increased, despite normal circulating levels. All genes encoding enzymes in the pathway for aldosterone synthesis are expressed in muscle-derived leukocytes. 11β-HSD2, the enzyme that inactivates glucocorticoids to increase MR selectivity for aldosterone, is also increased in dystrophic muscle tissues. These results, together with the demonstrated preclinical efficacy of antagonists, suggest MR activation is in excess of physiological need and likely contributes to the pathology of muscular dystrophy. This study provides new mechanistic insight into the known contribution of myeloid cells to muscular dystrophy pathology. This first report of myeloid cells having the capacity to produce aldosterone may have implications for a wide variety of acute injuries and chronic diseases with inflammation where MR antagonists may be therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Chadwick
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sarah A Swager
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeovanna Lowe
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven S Welc
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James G Tidball
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jill A Rafael-Fortney
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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15
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Bai JJ, Tan CD, Chow BKC. Secretin, at the hub of water-salt homeostasis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 312:F852-F860. [PMID: 27279485 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00191.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Water and salt metabolism are tightly regulated processes. Maintaining this milieu intérieur within narrow limits is critical for normal physiological processes to take place. Disturbances to this balance can result in disease and even death. Some of the better-characterized regulators of water and salt homeostasis include angiotensin II, aldosterone, arginine vasopressin, and oxytocin. Although secretin (SCT) was first described >100 years ago, little is known about the role of this classic gastrointestinal hormone in the maintenance of water-salt homeostasis. In recent years, increasing body of evidence suggested that SCT and its receptor play important roles in the central nervous system and kidney to ensure that the mammalian extracellular fluid osmolarity is kept within a healthy range. In this review, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of the molecular, cellular, and network mechanisms by which SCT and its receptor mediate the control of osmotic homeostasis. Implications of hormonal cross talk and receptor-receptor interaction are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Juan Bai
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chong Da Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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16
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Stindl J, Tauber P, Sterner C, Tegtmeier I, Warth R, Bandulik S. Pathogenesis of Adrenal Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas Carrying Mutations of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4582-91. [PMID: 26418325 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) is a major cause of primary aldosteronism, leading to secondary hypertension. Somatic mutations in the gene for the α1 subunit of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase were found in about 6% of APAs. APA-related α1 subunit of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase mutations lead to a loss of the pump function of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, which is believed to result in membrane depolarization and Ca(2+)-dependent stimulation of aldosterone synthesis in adrenal cells. In addition, H(+) and Na(+) leak currents via the mutant Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase were suggested to contribute to the phenotype. The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular pathophysiology of adenoma-associated Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase mutants (L104R, V332G, G99R) in adrenocortical NCI-H295R cells. The expression of these Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase mutants depolarized adrenal cells and stimulated aldosterone secretion. However, an increase of basal cytosolic Ca(2+) levels in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase mutant cells was not detectable, and stimulation with high extracellular K(+) hardly increased Ca(2+) levels in cells expressing L104R and V332G mutant Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Cytosolic pH measurements revealed an acidification of L104R and V332G mutant cells, despite an increased activity of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. The possible contribution of cellular acidification to the hypersecretion of aldosterone was supported by the observation that aldosterone secretion of normal adrenocortical cells was stimulated by acetate-induced acidification. Taken together, mutations of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase depolarize adrenocortical cells, disturb the K(+) sensitivity, and lower intracellular pH but, surprisingly, do not induce an overt increase of intracellular Ca(2+). Probably, the autonomous aldosterone secretion is caused by the concerted action of several pathological signaling pathways and incomplete cellular compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stindl
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - P Tauber
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Sterner
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - I Tegtmeier
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - R Warth
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Bandulik
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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17
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Huby AC, Antonova G, Groenendyk J, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Bollag WB, Filosa JA, Belin de Chantemèle EJ. Adipocyte-Derived Hormone Leptin Is a Direct Regulator of Aldosterone Secretion, Which Promotes Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiac Fibrosis. Circulation 2015; 132:2134-45. [PMID: 26362633 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.018226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In obesity, the excessive synthesis of aldosterone contributes to the development and progression of metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunctions. Obesity-induced hyperaldosteronism is independent of the known regulators of aldosterone secretion, but reliant on unidentified adipocyte-derived factors. We hypothesized that the adipokine leptin is a direct regulator of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression and aldosterone release and promotes cardiovascular dysfunction via aldosterone-dependent mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunostaining of human adrenal cross-sections and adrenocortical cells revealed that adrenocortical cells coexpress CYP11B2 and leptin receptors. Measurements of adrenal CYP11B2 expression and plasma aldosterone levels showed that increases in endogenous (obesity) or exogenous (infusion) leptin dose-dependently raised CYP11B2 expression and aldosterone without elevating plasma angiotensin II, potassium or corticosterone. Neither angiotensin II receptors blockade nor α and β adrenergic receptors inhibition blunted leptin-induced aldosterone secretion. Identical results were obtained in cultured adrenocortical cells. Enhanced leptin signaling elevated CYP11B2 expression and plasma aldosterone, whereas deficiency in leptin or leptin receptors blunted obesity-induced increases in CYP11B2 and aldosterone, ruling out a role for obesity per se. Leptin increased intracellular calcium, elevated calmodulin and calmodulin-kinase II expression, whereas calcium chelation blunted leptin-mediated increases in CYP11B2, in adrenocortical cells. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade blunted leptin-induced endothelial dysfunction and increases in cardiac fibrotic markers. CONCLUSIONS Leptin is a newly described regulator of aldosterone synthesis that acts directly on adrenal glomerulosa cells to increase CYP11B2 expression and enhance aldosterone production via calcium-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, leptin-mediated aldosterone secretion contributes to cardiovascular disease by promoting endothelial dysfunction and the expression of profibrotic markers in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cécile Huby
- From Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., G.A., J.G., W.B.B., J.A.F., E.J.D.d.C.); Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (W.B.B.); Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C..E.G.-S.)
| | - Galina Antonova
- From Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., G.A., J.G., W.B.B., J.A.F., E.J.D.d.C.); Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (W.B.B.); Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C..E.G.-S.)
| | - Jake Groenendyk
- From Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., G.A., J.G., W.B.B., J.A.F., E.J.D.d.C.); Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (W.B.B.); Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C..E.G.-S.)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- From Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., G.A., J.G., W.B.B., J.A.F., E.J.D.d.C.); Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (W.B.B.); Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C..E.G.-S.)
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- From Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., G.A., J.G., W.B.B., J.A.F., E.J.D.d.C.); Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (W.B.B.); Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C..E.G.-S.)
| | - Jessica A Filosa
- From Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., G.A., J.G., W.B.B., J.A.F., E.J.D.d.C.); Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (W.B.B.); Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C..E.G.-S.)
| | - Eric J Belin de Chantemèle
- From Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., G.A., J.G., W.B.B., J.A.F., E.J.D.d.C.); Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (W.B.B.); Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C..E.G.-S.).
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18
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Nakamura Y, Yamazaki Y, Konosu-Fukaya S, Ise K, Satoh F, Sasano H. Aldosterone biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex and associated disorders. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 153:57-62. [PMID: 26051166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is one of the mineralocorticoids synthesized and secreted by the adrenal glands, and it plays pivotal roles in regulating extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. Autonomous excessive aldosterone secretion resulting from adrenocortical diseases is known as primary aldosteronism, and it constitutes one of the most frequent causes of secondary hypertension. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of aldosterone synthesis in both normal and pathological adrenal tissues. Various factors have been suggested to be involved in regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis, and several adrenocortical cell lines have been developed for use as in vitro models of adrenal aldosterone-producing cells, for analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the available reports on the regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis in the normal adrenal cortex, in associated disorders, and in in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sachiko Konosu-Fukaya
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazue Ise
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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19
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Maron BA, Leopold JA. The role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (2013 Grover Conference series). Pulm Circ 2014; 4:200-10. [PMID: 25006439 PMCID: PMC4070776 DOI: 10.1086/675984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with aberrant pulmonary vascular remodeling that leads to increased pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and right ventricular dysfunction. There is now accumulating evidence that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated and contributes to cardiopulmonary remodeling that occurs in PAH. Increased plasma and lung tissue levels of angiotensin and aldosterone have been detected in experimental models of PAH and shown to correlate with cardiopulmonary hemodynamics and pulmonary vascular remodeling. These processes are abrogated by treatment with angiotensin receptor or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. At a cellular level, angiotensin and aldosterone activate oxidant stress signaling pathways that decrease levels of bioavailable nitric oxide, increase inflammation, and promote cell proliferation, migration, extracellular matrix remodeling, and fibrosis. Clinically, enhanced renin-angiotensin activity and elevated levels of aldosterone have been detected in patients with PAH, which suggests a role for angiotensin and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in the treatment of PAH. This review will examine the current evidence linking renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation to PAH with an emphasis on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are modulated by aldosterone and may be of importance for the pathobiology of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A. Maron
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Department of Cardiology, 1400 VFW Parkway, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jane A. Leopold
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Kem DC, Li H, Velarde-Miranda C, Liles C, Vanderlinde-Wood M, Galloway A, Khan M, Zillner C, Benbrook A, Rao V, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Cunningham MW, Yu X. Autoimmune mechanisms activating the angiotensin AT1 receptor in 'primary' aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1790-7. [PMID: 24552217 PMCID: PMC4010696 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The mechanisms causing excessive aldosterone production and hypertension in primary aldosteronism (PA) are complex and often incompletely recognized. Autoantibodies to the angiotensin AT1 receptor (AT1R) have been reported in some PA patients with an aldosterone-producing adenoma but not with idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether these autoantibodies will activate AT1R and thereby potentially contribute to the pathophysiology of PA. DESIGN AT1R autoantibody activity in sera and/or IgG purified from 13 biochemically confirmed PA patients was measured using AT1R-transfected cells, and their contractile effects were assayed using perfused rat cremaster arterioles. Aldosterone stimulation was measured in vitro using isolated human adrenal carcinoma (HAC15) adrenal cells. These data were compared with sera obtained from a group of normotensive control subjects who were expected to have negligible AT1R autoantibodies. RESULTS Sera from each of the 13 PA patients significantly increased AT1R activation in AT1R-transfected cells compared with 20 control subjects, and this activity was inhibited by the selective AT1R blocker losartan. Sera and IgG purified from AT1R autoantibody-positive sera demonstrated significant vasoconstrictive effects in isolated rat cremaster arterioles and were blocked by losartan. Moreover, the AT1R autoantibody-positive IgG directly stimulated aldosterone production in the cultured adrenal cells and enhanced angiotensin-induced aldosterone production in these cells, and these effects were blocked by candesartan. CONCLUSIONS These data support a probable pathophysiological role for AT1R autoantibodies in PA and thereby raise important etiological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Kem
- Department of Endocrinology (D.C.K., H.L., C.L., M.V.-W., A.G., M.K., C.Z., A.B., V.R., X.Y.), Heart Rhythm Institute (D.C.K., H.L., X.Y.), and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (M.W.C.), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104; and G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center (C.V.-M., C.E.G.-S.), Jackson, Mississippi 39216
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