1
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Liimatta J, Curschellas E, Altinkilic EM, Naamneh Elzenaty R, Augsburger P, du Toit T, Voegel CD, Breault DT, Flück CE, Pignatti E. Adrenal Abcg1 Controls Cholesterol Flux and Steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae014. [PMID: 38301271 PMCID: PMC10863561 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol is the precursor of all steroids, but how cholesterol flux is controlled in steroidogenic tissues is poorly understood. The cholesterol exporter ABCG1 is an essential component of the reverse cholesterol pathway and its global inactivation results in neutral lipid redistribution to tissue macrophages. The function of ABCG1 in steroidogenic tissues, however, has not been explored. To model this, we inactivated Abcg1 in the mouse adrenal cortex, which led to an adrenal-specific increase in transcripts involved in cholesterol uptake and de novo synthesis. Abcg1 inactivation did not affect adrenal cholesterol content, zonation, or serum lipid profile. Instead, we observed a moderate increase in corticosterone production that was not recapitulated by the inactivation of the functionally similar cholesterol exporter Abca1. Altogether, our data imply that Abcg1 controls cholesterol uptake and biosynthesis and regulates glucocorticoid production in the adrenal cortex, introducing the possibility that ABCG1 variants may account for physiological or subclinical variation in stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Liimatta
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Kuopio Pediatric Research Unit (KuPRU), University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70200, Finland
| | - Evelyn Curschellas
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Emre Murat Altinkilic
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Rawda Naamneh Elzenaty
- Department for BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Augsburger
- Department for BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Therina du Toit
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Clarissa D Voegel
- Department for BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - David T Breault
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christa E Flück
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Pignatti
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
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2
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Zhu Y, Zhang X, Hu C. Structure of rosettes in the zona glomerulosa of human adrenal cortex. J Anat 2023; 243:684-689. [PMID: 37294692 PMCID: PMC10485581 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in mouse models have demonstrated that the multi-cellular rosette structure of the adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG) is crucial for aldosterone production by ZG cells. However, the rosette structure of human ZG has remained unclear. The human adrenal cortex undergoes remodeling during aging, and one surprising change is the occurrence of aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCCs). It is intriguing to know whether APCCs form a rosette structure like normal ZG cells. In this study, we investigated the rosette structure of ZG in human adrenal with and without APCCs, as well as the structure of APCCs. We found that glomeruli in human adrenal are enclosed by a laminin subunit β1 (lamb1)-rich basement membrane. In slices without APCCs, each glomerulus contains an average of 11 ± 1 cells. In slices with APCCs, each glomerulus in normal ZG contains around 10 ± 1 cells, while each glomerulus in APCCs has significantly more cells (average of 22 ± 1). Similar to what was observed in mice, cells in normal ZG or in APCCs of human adrenal formed rosettes through β-catenin- and F-actin-rich adherens junctions. The cells in APCCs form larger rosettes through enhanced adherens junctions. This study provides, for the first time, a detailed characterization of the rosette structure of human adrenal ZG and shows that APCCs are not an unstructured cluster of ZG cells. This suggests that the multi-cellular rosette structure may also be necessary for aldosterone production in APCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- International Human Phenome Institute (Shanghai), Shanghai, China
| | - Changlong Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- International Human Phenome Institute (Shanghai), Shanghai, China
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3
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Takeda Y, Demura M, Kometani M, Karashima S, Yoneda T, Takeda Y. Molecular and Epigenetic Control of Aldosterone Synthase, CYP11B2 and 11-Hydroxylase, CYP11B1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065782. [PMID: 36982850 PMCID: PMC10054571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone and cortisol serve important roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Epigenetics is a mechanism to control enzyme expression by genes without changing the gene sequence. Steroid hormone synthase gene expression is regulated by transcription factors specific to each gene, and methylation has been reported to be involved in steroid hormone production and disease. Angiotensin II or potassium regulates the aldosterone synthase gene, CYP11B2. The adrenocorticotropic hormone controls the 11b-hydroxylase, CYP11B1. DNA methylation negatively controls the CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 expression and dynamically changes the expression responsive to continuous stimulation of the promoter gene. Hypomethylation status of the CYP11B2 promoter region is seen in aldosterone-producing adenomas. Methylation of recognition sites of transcription factors, including cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein 1 or nerve growth factor-induced clone B, diminish their DNA-binding activity. A methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 cooperates directly with the methylated CpG dinucleotides of CYP11B2. A low-salt diet, treatment with angiotensin II, and potassium increase the CYP11B2 mRNA levels and induce DNA hypomethylation in the adrenal gland. A close association between a low DNA methylation ratio and an increased CYP11B1 expression is seen in Cushing's adenoma and aldosterone-producing adenoma with autonomous cortisol secretion. Epigenetic control of CYP11B2 or CYP11B1 plays an important role in autonomic aldosterone or cortisol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimichi Takeda
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
- Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masashi Demura
- Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kometani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Karashima
- Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoneda
- Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiyu Takeda
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
- Endocrine and Diabetes Center, Asanogawa General Hospital, Kanazawa 920-0811, Japan
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4
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Le Floch E, Cosentino T, Larsen CK, Beuschlein F, Reincke M, Amar L, Rossi GP, De Sousa K, Baron S, Chantalat S, Saintpierre B, Lenzini L, Frouin A, Giscos-Douriez I, Ferey M, Abdellatif AB, Meatchi T, Empana JP, Jouven X, Gieger C, Waldenberger M, Peters A, Cusi D, Salvi E, Meneton P, Touvier M, Deschasaux M, Druesne-Pecollo N, Boulkroun S, Fernandes-Rosa FL, Deleuze JF, Jeunemaitre X, Zennaro MC. Identification of risk loci for primary aldosteronism in genome-wide association studies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5198. [PMID: 36057693 PMCID: PMC9440917 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism affects up to 10% of hypertensive patients and is responsible for treatment resistance and increased cardiovascular risk. Here we perform a genome-wide association study in a discovery cohort of 562 cases and 950 controls and identify three main loci on chromosomes 1, 13 and X; associations on chromosome 1 and 13 are replicated in a second cohort and confirmed by a meta-analysis involving 1162 cases and 3296 controls. The association on chromosome 13 is specific to men and stronger in bilateral adrenal hyperplasia than aldosterone producing adenoma. Candidate genes located within the two loci, CASZ1 and RXFP2, are expressed in human and mouse adrenals in different cell clusters. Their overexpression in adrenocortical cells suppresses mineralocorticoid output under basal and stimulated conditions, without affecting cortisol biosynthesis. Our study identifies the first risk loci for primary aldosteronism and highlights new mechanisms for the development of aldosterone excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Le Floch
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | | | - Casper K Larsen
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich (USZ) und Universität Zürich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Laurence Amar
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Unité Hypertension artérielle, Paris, France
| | - Gian-Paolo Rossi
- DMCS 'G. Patrassi' University of Padova Medical School, University Hospital, 35126, Padova, Italy
| | - Kelly De Sousa
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Baron
- Université Paris Cité, F-75006, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Physiologie, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Chantalat
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Benjamin Saintpierre
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Genom'IC platform, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Livia Lenzini
- DMCS 'G. Patrassi' University of Padova Medical School, University Hospital, 35126, Padova, Italy
| | - Arthur Frouin
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | | | - Matthis Ferey
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | | | - Tchao Meatchi
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Paris, France
| | | | - Xavier Jouven
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Cardiologie, Paris, France
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Research Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Research Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
- Bio4Dreams-Business Nursery for Life Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Salvi
- Neuroalgology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico 'Carlo Besta', Milan, Italy
| | - Pierre Meneton
- UMR_1142, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris 13, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAe U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - Université Paris Cité (CRESS), 93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Mélanie Deschasaux
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAe U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - Université Paris Cité (CRESS), 93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Nathalie Druesne-Pecollo
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAe U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - Université Paris Cité (CRESS), 93017, Bobigny, France
| | | | | | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Christina Zennaro
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France.
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France.
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Глазова ОВ, Воронцова МВ, Шевкова ЛВ, Сакр Н, Онянов НА, Казиахмедова СА, Волчков ПЮ. [Gene and cell therapy of adrenal pathology: achievements and prospects]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2021; 67:80-89. [PMID: 35018764 PMCID: PMC9753849 DOI: 10.14341/probl12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms in tissues and organs during normal and pathological conditions opens up substantial prospects for the development of novel approaches to treatment of various diseases. For instance, lifelong replacement therapy is no longer mandatory for the management of some monogenic hereditary diseases. Genome editing techniques that have emerged in the last decade are being actively investigated as tools for correcting mutations in affected organs. Furthermore, new protocols for obtaining various types of human and animal cells and cellular systems are evolving, increasingly reflecting the real structures in vivo. These methods, together with the accompanying gene and cell therapy, are being actively developed and several approaches are already undergoing clinical trials. Adrenal insufficiency caused by a variety of factors can potentially be the target of such therapeutic strategies. The adrenal gland is a highly organized organ, with multiple structural components interacting with each other via a complex network of endocrine and paracrine signals. This review summarizes the findings of studies in the field of structural organization and functioning of the adrenal gland at the molecular level, as well as the modern approaches to the treatment of adrenal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- О. В. Глазова
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии;
Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет)
| | - М. В. Воронцова
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии;
Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет)
| | - Л. В. Шевкова
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии;
Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет)
| | - Н. Сакр
- Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет)
| | - Н. А. Онянов
- Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет), Долгопрудный, Россия
| | - С. А. Казиахмедова
- Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет)
| | - П. Ю. Волчков
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии;
Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет)
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Abstract
Resident progenitor and/or stem cell populations in the adult adrenal cortex enable cortical cells to undergo homeostatic renewal and regeneration after injury. Renewal occurs predominantly in the outer layers of the adrenal gland but newly formed cells undergo centripetal migration, differentiation and lineage conversion in the process of forming the different functional steroidogenic zones. Over the past 10 years, advances in the genetic characterization of adrenal diseases and studies of mouse models with altered adrenal phenotypes have helped to elucidate the molecular pathways that regulate adrenal tissue renewal, several of which are fine-tuned via complex paracrine and endocrine influences. Moreover, the adrenal gland is a sexually dimorphic organ, and testicular androgens have inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and progenitor cell recruitment in the adrenal cortex. This Review integrates these advances, including the emerging role of sex hormones, into existing knowledge on adrenocortical cell renewal. An in-depth understanding of these mechanisms is expected to contribute to the development of novel therapies for severe endocrine diseases, for which current treatments are unsatisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodanthi Lyraki
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Andreas Schedl
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France.
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7
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Beta-Catenin Causes Adrenal Hyperplasia by Blocking Zonal Transdifferentiation. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107524. [PMID: 32320669 PMCID: PMC7281829 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway are key drivers of hyperplasia, the gateway for tumor development. In a wide range of tissues, this occurs primarily through enhanced effects on cellular proliferation. Whether additional mechanisms contribute to β-catenin-driven hyperplasia remains unknown. The adrenal cortex is an ideal system in which to explore this question, as it undergoes hyperplasia following somatic β-catenin gain-of-function (βcat-GOF) mutations. Targeting βcat-GOF to zona Glomerulosa (zG) cells leads to a progressive hyperplastic expansion in the absence of increased proliferation. Instead, we find that hyperplasia results from a functional block in the ability of zG cells to transdifferentiate into zona Fasciculata (zF) cells. Mechanistically, zG cells demonstrate an upregulation of Pde2a, an inhibitor of zF-specific cAMP/PKA signaling. Hyperplasia is further exacerbated by trophic factor stimulation leading to organomegaly. Together, these data indicate that β-catenin drives adrenal hyperplasia through both proliferation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Using the adrenal cortex as a model for slow-cycling tissues, Pignatti et al. show that activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway leads to tissue hyperplasia by blocking cellular differentiation/cell-fate commitment, independent of its effects on cellular proliferation.
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DNA Methylation of the Angiotensinogen Gene, AGT, and the Aldosterone Synthase Gene, CYP11B2 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094587. [PMID: 33925539 PMCID: PMC8123855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensinogen (AGT) and aldosterone play key roles in the regulation of blood pressure and are implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. DNA methylation typically acts to repress gene transcription. The aldosterone synthase gene CYP11B2 is regulated by angiotensin II and potassium. DNA methylation negatively regulates AGT and CYP11B2 expression and dynamically changes in response to continuous promoter stimulation of each gene. High salt intake and excess circulating aldosterone cause DNA demethylation around the CCAAT-enhancer-binding-protein (CEBP) sites of the ATG promoter region, thereby converting the phenotype of AGT expression from an inactive to an active state in visceral adipose tissue and heart. A close association exists between low DNA methylation at CEBP-binding sites and increased AGT expression in salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. Salt-dependent hypertension may be partially affected by increased cardiac AGT expression. CpG dinucleotides in the CYP11B2 promoter are hypomethylated in aldosterone-producing adenomas. Methylation of recognition sequences of transcription factors, including CREB1, NGFIB (NR4A1), and NURR1 (NR4A2) diminish their DNA-binding activity. The methylated CpG-binding protein MECP2 interacts directly with the methylated CYP11B2 promoter. Low salt intake and angiotensin II infusion lead to upregulation of CYP11B2 expression and DNA hypomethylation in the adrenal gland. Treatment with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist decreases CYP11B2 expression and leads to DNA hypermethylation. A close association between low DNA methylation and increased CYP11B2 expression are seen in the hearts of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. These results indicate that epigenetic regulation of both AGT and CYP11B2 contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
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Little DW, Dumontet T, LaPensee CR, Hammer GD. β-catenin in adrenal zonation and disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 522:111120. [PMID: 33338548 PMCID: PMC8006471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is a critical mediator of the development and maintenance of several tissues. The adrenal cortex is highly dependent upon Wnt/β-catenin signaling for proper zonation and endocrine function. Adrenocortical cells emerge in the peripheral capsule and subcapsular cortex of the gland as progenitor cells that centripetally differentiate into steroid hormone-producing cells of three functionally distinct concentric zones that respond robustly to various endocrine stimuli. Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediates adrenocortical progenitor cell fate and tissue renewal to maintain the gland throughout life. Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling contributes to various adrenal disorders of steroid production and growth that range from hypofunction and hypoplasia to hyperfunction, hyperplasia, benign adrenocortical adenomas, and malignant adrenocortical carcinomas. Great strides have been made in defining the molecular underpinnings of adrenocortical homeostasis and disease, including the interplay between the capsule and cortex, critical components involved in maintaining the adrenocortical Wnt/β-catenin signaling gradient, and new targets in adrenal cancer. This review seeks to examine these and other recent advancements in understanding adrenocortical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and how this knowledge can inform therapeutic options for adrenal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Typhanie Dumontet
- Training Program in Organogenesis, Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA
| | - Christopher R LaPensee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, USA; Training Program in Organogenesis, Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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10
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Vohra T, Kemter E, Sun N, Dobenecker B, Hinrichs A, Burrello J, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Wang J, Kinker IS, Teupser D, Fischer K, Schnieke A, Peitzsch M, Eisenhofer G, Walch A, Reincke M, Wolf E, Williams TA. Effect of Dietary Sodium Modulation on Pig Adrenal Steroidogenesis and Transcriptome Profiles. Hypertension 2020; 76:1769-1777. [PMID: 33070662 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is a frequent form of endocrine hypertension caused by aldosterone overproduction from the adrenal cortex. Regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis has been studied in rodents despite differences in adrenal physiology with humans. We, therefore, investigated pig adrenal steroidogenesis, morphology, and transcriptome profiles of the zona glomerulosa (zG) and zona fasciculata in response to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by dietary sodium restriction. Six-week-old pigs were fed a low- or high-sodium diet for 14 days (3 pigs per group, 0.4 g sodium/kg feed versus 6.8 g sodium/kg). Plasma aldosterone concentrations displayed a 43-fold increase (P=0.011) after 14 days of sodium restriction (day 14 versus day 0). Low dietary sodium caused a 2-fold increase in thickness of the zG (P<0.001) and an almost 3-fold upregulation of CYP11B (P<0.05) compared with high dietary sodium. Strong immunostaining of the KCNJ5 (G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4), which is frequently mutated in primary aldosteronism, was demonstrated in the zG. mRNA sequencing transcriptome analysis identified significantly altered expression of genes modulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the zG (n=1172) and zona fasciculata (n=280). These genes included many with a known role in the regulation of aldosterone synthesis and adrenal function. The most highly enriched biological pathways in the zG were related to cholesterol biosynthesis, steroid metabolism, cell cycle, and potassium channels. This study provides mechanistic insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of aldosterone production in a species closely related to humans and shows the suitability of pigs as a translational animal model for human adrenal steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Vohra
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences (E.K., A.H., E.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Na Sun
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (N.S., J.W., A.W.)
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (B.D.)
| | - Arne Hinrichs
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences (E.K., A.H., E.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jacopo Burrello
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (J.B., T.A.W.)
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Division, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.).,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (N.S., J.W., A.W.)
| | - Isabella-Sabrina Kinker
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital (D.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Konrad Fischer
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany (K.F., A.S.)
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany (K.F., A.S.)
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.P., G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.P., G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.,Department of Medicine III (G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (N.S., J.W., A.W.)
| | - Martin Reincke
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences (E.K., A.H., E.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tracy Ann Williams
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (J.B., T.A.W.)
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11
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Hayashi T, Zhang Z, Al-Eyd G, Sasaki A, Yasuda M, Oyama M, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Asakura H, Seki T, Mukai K, Nishimoto K. Expression of aldosterone synthase CYP11B2 was inversely correlated with longevity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 191:105361. [PMID: 30974191 PMCID: PMC6786771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry of human aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) has revealed that most of aldosterone is autonomously produced in aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCCs) beneath the capsule of adult adrenals rather than physiologically in the zona glomerulosa (ZG). APCCs have been occasionally found to harbor a somatic mutation of ion channel/pump genes, and number and size of APCCs increase with age until 50 years old. Herein, the objective of the study was to examine APCC development in 106 autopsied adrenals from 85 elderly individuals who died at ages from 50 to 103 years. We obtained the following results: (1) physiological CYP11B2 expression in ZG were attenuated in more elderly persons; (2) number and size of APCCs decreased with age; (3) detachment of APCC from the capsule appeared to occur occasionally over the wide range of the ages; and (4) incidental micro aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) and possible APCC-to-APA transitional lesions (pAATLs) were found primarily in samples from persons aged 50-60 years but not in samples from more elderly persons; pAATL was a putative designation based on our previous results indicating that it consisted of subcapsular APCC-like portion and inner APA-like portions. Thus, the formation of the CYP11B2-expressing lesions as well as thickening of the ZG in the adrenals were inversely correlated with age of death in the individuals aged over 50 years. Considering that autopsy samples were used in this study, inactive production of aldosterone regardless of autonomous or physiological manners may have survival advantages in individuals aged over 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Hayashi
- Department of Uro-Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan; Department of Urology, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Uro-Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan; Tianjin University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ghaith Al-Eyd
- Department of Clinical Science, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Masanori Yasuda
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Japan
| | - Masafumi Oyama
- Department of Uro-Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Tsugio Seki
- Department of Medical Education, California University of Science and Medicine, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Kuniaki Mukai
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Medical Education Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Uro-Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Takeo E, Sugiura Y, Uemura T, Nishimoto K, Yasuda M, Sugiyama E, Ohtsuki S, Higashi T, Nishikawa T, Suematsu M, Fukusaki E, Shimma S. Tandem Mass Spectrometry Imaging Reveals Distinct Accumulation Patterns of Steroid Structural Isomers in Human Adrenal Glands. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8918-8925. [PMID: 31204806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing tissue distribution of steroid hormones is a promising application of MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). On-tissue chemical derivatization using Girard's T reagent has enhanced the ionization efficiency of steroids. However, discriminating between structural isomers with distinct bioactivities remains a challenge. Herein, we used ion trap MS/tandem MS (MS3) to distinguish a mineralcorticoid aldosterone (Aldo) and a glucocorticoid cortisol (F), from their structural isomers. Our method is also useful to detect hybrid steroids (18-hydroxycortisol [18-OHF] and 18-oxocortisol) with sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. The clinical applicability of the tandem MS method was evaluated by analyzing F, Aldo, and 18-OHF distributions in human adrenal glands. In such clinical specimens, small Aldo-producing cell clusters (APCCs) were identified and were first found to produce a high level of Aldo and not to contain F. Moreover, a part of APCCs produced 18-OHF, presumably converted from F by APCC-specific CYP11B2 activity. Catecholamine species were also visualized with another derivatization reagent (TAHS), and those profiling successfully discriminated pheochromocytoma species. These tandem MSI-methods, coupled with on-tissue chemical derivatization has proven to be useful for detecting low-abundance steroids, including Aldo and hybrid steroids and thus identifying steroid hormone-producing lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Takeo
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry , Keio University School of Medicine , 35 Shinanomachi , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582 , Japan
| | - Tatsuki Uemura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences , Kumamoto University , 5-1 Oe-honmachi , Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973 , Japan
| | - Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Biochemistry , Keio University School of Medicine , 35 Shinanomachi , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582 , Japan.,Department of Uro-Oncology , Saitama Medical University International Medical Center , 1397-1 Yamane , Hidaka , Saitama 350-1298 , Japan
| | - Masanori Yasuda
- Department of Pathology , Saitama Medical University International Medical Center , 1397-1 Yamane , Hidaka , Saitama 350-1298 , Japan
| | - Eiji Sugiyama
- Department of Biochemistry , Keio University School of Medicine , 35 Shinanomachi , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582 , Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences , Kumamoto University , 5-1 Oe-honmachi , Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973 , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki , Noda , Chiba 278-8510 , Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nishikawa
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Center , Yokohama Rosai Hospital , 3211 Kozukuecho , Kohoku-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 222-0036 , Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry , Keio University School of Medicine , 35 Shinanomachi , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582 , Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Shuichi Shimma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
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13
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Sugiura Y, Takeo E, Shimma S, Yokota M, Higashi T, Seki T, Mizuno Y, Oya M, Kosaka T, Omura M, Nishikawa T, Suematsu M, Nishimoto K. Aldosterone and 18-Oxocortisol Coaccumulation in Aldosterone-Producing Lesions. Hypertension 2019; 72:1345-1354. [PMID: 30571232 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is a secondary hypertensive disease caused by autonomous aldosterone production that often caused by an aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). Immunohistochemistry of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) shows the presence of aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCCs) even in non-primary aldosteronism adult adrenal cortex. An APCC-like structure also exists as possible APCC-to-APA transitional lesions (a speculative designation) in primary aldosteronism adrenals. However, whether APCCs produce aldosterone or 18-oxocortisol, a potential serum marker of APA, remains unknown because of lack of technology to visualize adrenocorticosteroids on tissue sections. To address this obstacle, in this study, we used highly sensitive Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to image various adrenocorticosteroids, including 18-oxocortisol, in adrenal tissue sections from 8 primary aldosteronism patients with APCC (cases 1-4), possible APCC-to-APA transitional lesions (case 5), and APA (cases 6-8). Further analyses by tandem mass spectrometry imaging allowed us to differentially visualize aldosterone from cortisone, which share identical mass-to-charge ratio value ( m/z). In conclusion, these advanced imaging techniques revealed that aldosterone and 18-oxocortisol coaccumulated within CYP11B2-expressing lesions. These imaging outcomes along with a growing body of aldosterone research led us to build a progressive development hypothesis of an aldosterone-producing pathology in the adrenal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugiura
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.S., M.S., K.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Takeo
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan (E.T., S.S.)
| | - Shuichi Shimma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan (E.T., S.S.)
| | - Mai Yokota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan (M.Y., T.H.)
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan (M.Y., T.H.)
| | - Tsugio Seki
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, San Bernardino (T.S.)
| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidakashi, Japan (Y.M.)
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology (M. Oya, T.K.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology (M. Oya, T.K.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Omura
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (M. Omura, T.N.)
| | - Tetsuo Nishikawa
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (M. Omura, T.N.)
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.S., M.S., K.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koshiro Nishimoto
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.S., M.S., K.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Uro-Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan (K.N.)
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14
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Ashikari D, Tawara S, Sato K, Mochida J, Masuda S, Mukai K, Turcu A, Nishimoto K, Yamaguchi K, Takahashi S. Ectopic adrenal adenoma causing gross hematuria: Steroidogenic enzyme profiling and literature review. IJU Case Rep 2019; 2:158-161. [PMID: 32743400 PMCID: PMC7292187 DOI: 10.1002/iju5.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aberrant cortical adrenal tissues are not generally identified in adults. Herein, we present a very rare case of an ectopic adrenal tumor located in the renal hilum that caused gross hematuria. Case presentation A 33‐year‐old man suddenly presented with asymptomatic gross hematuria. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a 35‐mm mass in the left renal hilum encroaching the renal vein. Following the surgical removal with frozen section of the mass, his gross hematuria immediately improved. Pathological analysis of the specimen revealed the features adrenal adenoma. Immunohistochemical staining for key steroidogenic enzymes confirmed the adrenocortical origin without excessive hormone production. Conclusion This is the first case of an ectopic adrenocortical adenoma in the renal hilum that caused gross hematuria without hormonal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisaku Ashikari
- Department of Urology Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - So Tawara
- Department of Urology Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Sato
- Department of Urology Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Junichi Mochida
- Department of Urology Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinobu Masuda
- Department of Pathology Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kuniaki Mukai
- Department of Biochemistry Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan.,Medical Education Center Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Adina Turcu
- Department of Endocrinology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Biochemistry Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan.,Department of Urology Tachikawa Hospital Tokyo Japan.,International Medical Center-Comprehensive Cancer Center Saitama Medical University Saitama Japan
| | - Kenya Yamaguchi
- Department of Urology Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Urology Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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15
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Immunohistochemistry for aldosterone synthase CYP11B2 and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry for in-situ aldosterone detection. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2019; 28:105-112. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Takeda Y, Demura M, Wang F, Karashima S, Yoneda T, Kometani M, Hashimoto A, Aono D, Horike SI, Meguro-Horike M, Yamagishi M, Takeda Y. Epigenetic Regulation of Aldosterone Synthase Gene by Sodium and Angiotensin II. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.008281. [PMID: 29739797 PMCID: PMC6015301 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background DNA methylation is believed to be maintained in adult somatic cells. Recent findings, however, suggest that all methylation patterns are not stable. We demonstrate that stimulatory signals can change the DNA methylation status around transcription factor binding sites and a transcription start site and activate expression of the aldosterone synthase gene (CYP11B2). Methods and Results DNA methylation of CYP11B2 was analyzed in aldosterone‐producing adenomas, nonfunctioning adrenal adenomas, and adrenal glands and compared with the gene expression levels. CpG dinucleotides in the CYP11B2 promoter were found to be hypormethylated in tissues with high expression, but not in those with low expression, of CYP11B2. Methylation of the CYP11B2 promoter fused to a reporter gene decreased transcriptional activity. Methylation of recognition sequences of transcription factors, including CREB1, NGFIB (NR4A1), and NURR1 (NR4A2) diminished their DNA‐binding activity. A methylated‐CpG‐binding protein MECP2 interacted directly with the methylated CYP11B2 promoter. In rats, low salt intake led to upregulation of CYP11B2 expression and DNA hypomethylation in the adrenal gland. Treatment with angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist decreased CYP11B2 expression and led to DNA hypermethylation. Conclusions DNA demethylation may switch the phenotype of CYP11B2 expression from an inactive to an active state and regulate aldosterone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimichi Takeda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Demura
- Department of Hygiene, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Karashima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoneda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kometani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hashimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Horike
- Division of Functional Genomics, Kanazawa University Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Meguro-Horike
- Division of Functional Genomics, Kanazawa University Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamagishi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyu Takeda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan .,Innovative Clinical Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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17
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Nishimoto K, Koga M, Seki T, Oki K, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Naruse M, Sakaguchi T, Morita S, Kosaka T, Oya M, Ogishima T, Yasuda M, Suematsu M, Kabe Y, Omura M, Nishikawa T, Mukai K. Immunohistochemistry of aldosterone synthase leads the way to the pathogenesis of primary aldosteronism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:124-133. [PMID: 27751767 PMCID: PMC5470036 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Our group previously purified human and rat aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2 and Cyp11b2, respectively) from their adrenals and verified that it is distinct from steroid 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1 or Cyp11b1), the cortisol- or corticosterone-synthesizing enzyme. We now describe their distributions immunohistochemically with specific antibodies. In rats, there is layered functional zonation with the Cyp11b2-positive zona glomerulosa (ZG), Cyp11b1-positive zona fasciculata (ZF), and Cyp11b2/Cyp11b1-negative undifferentiated zone between the ZG and ZF. In human infants and children (<12 years old), the functional zonation is similar to that in rats. In adults, the adrenal cortex remodels and subcapsular aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCCs) replace the continuous ZG layer. We recently reported possible APCC-to-APA transitional lesions (pAATLs) in 2 cases of unilateral multiple adrenocortical micro-nodules. In this review, we present 4 additional cases of primary aldosteronism, from which the extracted adrenals contain pAATLs, with results of next generation sequencing for these lesions. Immunohistochemistry for CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 has become an important tool for the diagnosis of and research on adrenocortical pathological conditions and suggests that APCCs may be the origin of aldosterone-producing adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Uro-Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka 350-1241, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Minae Koga
- Endocrinology & Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama 222-0036, Japan
| | - Tsugio Seki
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, 1405 West Valley Blvd #101, Colton, CA 92324, USA
| | - Kenji Oki
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrinology Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Mitsuhide Naruse
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Sakaguchi
- Department of Surgery, Misato Kenwa Hospital, 4-494-1 Takano, Misato, Saitama 341-8555, Japan
| | - Shinya Morita
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ogishima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Yasuda
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka 350-1241, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masao Omura
- Endocrinology & Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama 222-0036, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nishikawa
- Endocrinology & Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama 222-0036, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Mukai
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Medical Education Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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18
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Pignatti E, Leng S, Carlone DL, Breault DT. Regulation of zonation and homeostasis in the adrenal cortex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:146-155. [PMID: 27619404 PMCID: PMC5235909 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The adult adrenal cortex is organized into concentric zones, each specialized to produce distinct steroid hormones. Cellular composition of the cortex is highly dynamic and subject to diverse signaling controls. Cortical homeostasis and regeneration rely on centripetal migration of steroidogenic cells from the outer to the inner cortex, which is accompanied by direct conversion of zona glomerulosa (zG) into zona fasciculata (zF) cells. Given the important impact of tissue structure and growth on steroidogenic function, it is essential to understand the mechanisms governing adrenal zonation and homeostasis. Towards this end, we review the distinctions between each zone by highlighting their morphological and ultra-structural features, discuss key signaling pathways influencing zonal identity, and evaluate current evidence for long-term self-renewing stem cells in the adult cortex. Finally, we review data supporting zG-to-zF transdifferentiation/direct conversion as a major mechanism of adult cortical renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pignatti
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sining Leng
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diana L Carlone
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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19
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Vinson GP. Functional Zonation of the Adult Mammalian Adrenal Cortex. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:238. [PMID: 27378832 PMCID: PMC4908136 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard model of adrenocortical zonation holds that the three main zones, glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis each have a distinct function, producing mineralocorticoids (in fact just aldosterone), glucocorticoids, and androgens respectively. Moreover, each zone has its specific mechanism of regulation, though ACTH has actions throughout. Finally, the cells of the cortex originate from a stem cell population in the outer cortex or capsule, and migrate centripetally, changing their phenotype as they progress through the zones. Recent progress in understanding the development of the gland and the distribution of steroidogenic enzymes, trophic hormone receptors, and other factors suggests that this model needs refinement. Firstly, proliferation can take place throughout the gland, and although the stem cells are certainly located in the periphery, zonal replenishment can take place within zones. Perhaps more importantly, neither the distribution of enzymes nor receptors suggest that the individual zones are necessarily autonomous in their production of steroid. This is particularly true of the glomerulosa, which does not seem to have the full suite of enzymes required for aldosterone biosynthesis. Nor, in the rat anyway, does it express MC2R to account for the response of aldosterone to ACTH. It is known that in development, recruitment of stem cells is stimulated by signals from within the glomerulosa. Furthermore, throughout the cortex local regulatory factors, including cytokines, catecholamines and the tissue renin-angiotensin system, modify and refine the effects of the systemic trophic factors. In these and other ways it more and more appears that the functions of the gland should be viewed as an integrated whole, greater than the sum of its component parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Vinson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
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20
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Nishimoto K, Seki T, Hayashi Y, Mikami S, Al-Eyd G, Nakagawa K, Morita S, Kosaka T, Oya M, Mitani F, Suematsu M, Kabe Y, Mukai K. Human Adrenocortical Remodeling Leading to Aldosterone-Producing Cell Cluster Generation. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:7834356. [PMID: 27721827 PMCID: PMC5046023 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7834356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The immunohistochemical detection of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and steroid 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) has enabled the identification of aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCCs) in the subcapsular portion of the human adult adrenal cortex. We hypothesized that adrenals have layered zonation in early postnatal stages and are remodeled to possess APCCs over time. Purposes. To investigate changes in human adrenocortical zonation with age. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed adrenal tissues prepared from 33 autopsied patients aged between 0 and 50 years. They were immunostained for CYP11B2 and CYP11B1. The percentage of APCC areas over the whole adrenal area (AA/WAA, %) and the number of APCCs (NOA, APCCs/mm2) were calculated by four examiners. Average values were used in statistical analyses. Results. Adrenals under 11 years old had layered zona glomerulosa (ZG) and zona fasciculata (ZF) without apparent APCCs. Some adrenals had an unstained (CYP11B2/CYP11B1-negative) layer between ZG and ZF, resembling the rat undifferentiated cell zone. Average AA/WAA and NOA correlated with age, suggesting that APCC development is associated with aging. Possible APCC-to-APA transitional lesions were incidentally identified in two adult adrenals. Conclusions. The adrenal cortex with layered zonation remodels to possess APCCs over time. APCC generation may be associated with hypertension in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Uro-Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
- *Koshiro Nishimoto: and
| | - Tsugio Seki
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA, USA
| | - Yuichiro Hayashi
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Shuji Mikami
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Ghaith Al-Eyd
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA, USA
| | - Ken Nakagawa
- Department of Urology, Ichikawa General Hospital, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Shinya Morita
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Fumiko Mitani
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Mukai
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
- Medical Education Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
- *Kuniaki Mukai:
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21
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Chen AX, Nishimoto K, Nanba K, Rainey WE. Potassium channels related to primary aldosteronism: Expression similarities and differences between human and rat adrenals. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 417:141-8. [PMID: 26375812 PMCID: PMC4646165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Three potassium channels have been associated with primary aldosteronism (PA) in rodents and humans: KCNK3 (TASK-1), KCNK9 (TASK-3), and KCNJ5 (Kir3.4). Mice with deficiency in Kcnk3 and Kcnk9 have elevated aldosterone production and blood pressure. In humans, adrenal tumors with somatic mutations in KCNJ5 cause PA. However, there are very few reports on the expression patterns of these genes in humans versus rodents. Herein, we compared human and rat mRNA expression (by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and protein levels (by immunohistochemistry) across three tissues (adrenal, brain, heart) and two laser-captured adrenal zones (zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata). Our findings show that expression patterns of KCNK3, KCNK9, and KCNJ5 are inconsistent between rats and humans across both tissues and adrenal zones. Thus, species variation in the expression of PA-related potassium channels indicates an evolutionary divergence in their role in regulating adrenal aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew X Chen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kazutaka Nanba
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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22
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Aldosterone-stimulating somatic gene mutations are common in normal adrenal glands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E4591-9. [PMID: 26240369 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505529112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) represents the most common cause of secondary hypertension, but little is known regarding its adrenal cellular origins. Recently, aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCCs) with high expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) were found in both normal and PA adrenal tissue. PA-causing aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) harbor mutations in genes encoding ion channels/pumps that alter intracellular calcium homeostasis and cause renin-independent aldosterone production through increased CYP11B2 expression. Herein, we hypothesized that APCCs have APA-related aldosterone-stimulating somatic gene mutations. APCCs were studied in 42 normal adrenals from kidney donors. To clarify APCC molecular characteristics, we used microarrays to compare the APCC transcriptome with conventional adrenocortical zones [zona glomerulosa (ZG), zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis]. The APCC transcriptome was most similar to ZG but with an enhanced capacity to produce aldosterone. To determine if APCCs harbored APA-related mutations, we performed targeted next generation sequencing of DNA from 23 APCCs and adjacent normal adrenal tissue isolated from both formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, and frozen tissues. Known aldosterone driver mutations were identified in 8 of 23 (35%) APCCs, including mutations in calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L-type, α1D-subunit (CACNA1D; 6 of 23 APCCs) and ATPase, Na(+)/(K+) transporting, α1-polypeptide (ATP1A1; 2 of 23 APCCs), which were not observed in the adjacent normal adrenal tissue. Overall, we show three major findings: (i) APCCs are common in normal adrenals, (ii) APCCs harbor somatic mutations known to cause excess aldosterone production, and (iii) the mutation spectrum of aldosterone-driving mutations is different in APCCs from that seen in APA. These results provide molecular support for APCC as a precursor of PA.
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23
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Luo W, Fang M, Xu H, Xing H, Nie Q. Transcriptome comparison in the pituitary-adrenal axis between Beagle and Chinese Field dogs after chronic stress exposure. Anim Genet 2015; 46:522-34. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; College of Animal Science; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510642 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Ministry of Agriculture; Guangzhou Guangdong 510642 China
| | - Meixia Fang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science; Medical College of Jinan University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Haiping Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; College of Animal Science; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510642 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Ministry of Agriculture; Guangzhou Guangdong 510642 China
| | - Huijie Xing
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science; Medical College of Jinan University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; College of Animal Science; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510642 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction; Ministry of Agriculture; Guangzhou Guangdong 510642 China
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24
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Rege J, Nishimoto HK, Nishimoto K, Rodgers RJ, Auchus RJ, Rainey WE. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4 (BMP4): A Paracrine Regulator of Human Adrenal C19 Steroid Synthesis. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2530-40. [PMID: 25868050 PMCID: PMC4475723 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) comprise one of the largest subgroups in the TGF-β ligand superfamily. We have identified a functional BMP system equipped with the ligand (BMP4), receptors (BMP type II receptor, BMP type IA receptor, also called ALK3) and the signaling proteins, namely the mothers against decapentaplegic homologs 1, 4, and 5 in the human adrenal gland and the human adrenocortical cell line H295R. Microarray, quantitative RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry confirmed that BMP4 expression was highest in the adrenal zona glomerulosa followed by the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Treatment of H295R cells with BMP4 caused phosphorylation of the mothers against decapentaplegic and a profound decrease in synthesis of the C19 steroids dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and androstenedione. Administration of BMP4 to cultures of H295R cells also caused a profound decrease in the mRNA and protein levels of 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17A1 and P450c17, respectively) but no significant effect on the mRNA levels of cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450 (CYP11A1) or type 2 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B2). Furthermore, Noggin (a BMP inhibitor) was able to reverse the negative effects of BMP4 with respect to both CYP17A1 transcription and DHEA secretion in the H295R cell line. Collectively the present data suggest that BMP4 is an autocrine/paracrine negative regulator of C19 steroid synthesis in the human adrenal and works by suppressing P450c17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., H.K.N., K.N., W.E.R.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan (R.J.A.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622; and School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health (R.J.R.), Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Hiromi Koso Nishimoto
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., H.K.N., K.N., W.E.R.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan (R.J.A.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622; and School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health (R.J.R.), Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., H.K.N., K.N., W.E.R.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan (R.J.A.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622; and School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health (R.J.R.), Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Raymond J Rodgers
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., H.K.N., K.N., W.E.R.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan (R.J.A.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622; and School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health (R.J.R.), Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., H.K.N., K.N., W.E.R.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan (R.J.A.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622; and School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health (R.J.R.), Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., H.K.N., K.N., W.E.R.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan (R.J.A.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622; and School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health (R.J.R.), Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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25
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Trejter M, Hochol A, Tyczewska M, Ziolkowska A, Jopek K, Szyszka M, Malendowicz LK, Rucinski M. Sex-related gene expression profiles in the adrenal cortex in the mature rat: microarray analysis with emphasis on genes involved in steroidogenesis. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:702-14. [PMID: 25572386 PMCID: PMC4314423 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Notable sex-related differences exist in mammalian adrenal cortex structure and function. In adult rats, the adrenal weight and the average volume of zona fasciculata cells of females are larger and secrete greater amounts of corticosterone than those of males. The molecular bases of these sex-related differences are poorly understood. In this study, to explore the molecular background of these differences, we defined zone- and sex-specific transcripts in adult male and female (estrous cycle phase) rats. Twelve-week-old rats of both genders were used and samples were taken from the zona glomerulosa (ZG) and zona fasciculata/reticularis (ZF/R) zones. Transcriptome identification was carried out using the Affymetrix® Rat Gene 1.1 ST Array. The microarray data were compared by fold change with significance according to moderated t-statistics. Subsequently, we performed functional annotation clustering using the Gene Ontology (GO) and Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). In the first step, we explored differentially expressed transcripts in the adrenal ZG and ZF/R. The number of differentially expressed transcripts was notably higher in the female than in the male rats (702 vs. 571). The differentially expressed genes which were significantly enriched included genes involved in steroid hormone metabolism, and their expression levels in the ZF/R of adult female rats were significantly higher compared with those in the male rats. In the female ZF/R, when compared with that of the males, prevailing numbers of genes linked to cell fraction, oxidation/reduction processes, response to nutrients and to extracellular stimuli or steroid hormone stimuli were downregulated. The microarray data for key genes involved directly in steroidogenesis were confirmed by qPCR. Thus, when compared with that of the males, in the female ZF/R, higher expression levels of genes involved directly in steroid hormone synthesis were accompanied by lower expression levels of genes regulating basal cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Trejter
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Hochol
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marianna Tyczewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ziolkowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karol Jopek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Szyszka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ludwik K Malendowicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Rucinski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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26
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Abstract
Stem cells are endowed with the potential for self-renewal and multipotency. Pluripotent embryonic stem cells have an early role in the formation of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm), whereas adult tissue stem cells and progenitor cells are critical mediators of organ homeostasis. The adrenal cortex is an exceptionally dynamic endocrine organ that is homeostatically maintained by paracrine and endocrine signals throughout postnatal life. In the past decade, much has been learned about the stem and progenitor cells of the adrenal cortex and the multiple roles that these cell populations have in normal development and homeostasis of the adrenal gland and in adrenal diseases. In this Review, we discuss the evidence for the presence of adrenocortical stem cells, as well as the various signalling molecules and transcriptional networks that are critical for the embryological establishment and postnatal maintenance of this vital population of cells. The implications of these pathways and cells in the pathophysiology of disease are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Walczak
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Center for Organogenesis, Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Building, Room 1528, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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