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Lin J, Lu W, Huang B, Yang W, Wang X. The role of tissue-derived extracellular vesicles in tumor microenvironment. Tissue Cell 2024; 89:102470. [PMID: 39002287 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a highly heterogeneous ecosystem that plays critical roles in the initiation, progression, invasion, and metastasis of cancers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as emerging components of the host-tumor communication, are lipid-bilayer membrane structures that are secreted by most cell types into TEM and increasingly recognized as critical elements that regulate the interaction between tumor cells and their surroundings. They contain a variety of bioactive molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, and participate in various pathophysiological processes while regulating intercellular communication. While many studies have focused on the EVs derived from different body fluids or cell culture supernatants, the direct isolation of tissue-derived EVs (Ti-EVs) has garnered more attention due to the advantages of tissue specificity and accurate reflection of tissue microenvironment. In this review, we summarize the protocol for isolating Ti-EVs from different tissue interstitium, discuss the role of tumor-derived and adipose tissue-derived Ti-EVs in regulating TME. In addition, we sum up the latest application of Ti-EVs as potential biomarkers for cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lin
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wan Lu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Prevention and Control, Medical Genetics Center, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weiming Yang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaozhong Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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2
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Sandoval-Bórquez A, Carrión P, Hernández MP, Pérez JA, Tapia-Castillo A, Vecchiola A, Fardella CE, Carvajal CA. Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and the Role of Adipocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae126. [PMID: 38988671 PMCID: PMC11234198 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health issue that is associated with metabolic diseases including diabetes mellitus type 2 and metabolic syndrome. This pathology leads to detrimental cardiovascular health and secondary effects, such as lipotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been highlighted as novel players participating in human physiology and pathophysiology. In obesity, adipose tissue is related to the active shedding of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (AdEVs). The current review explores and highlights the role of AdEVs and their cargo in obesity and metabolic syndrome. AdEVs are proposed to play an important role in obesity and its comorbidities. AdEVs are biological nanoparticles mainly shed by visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, acting in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, and also carrying different cargo biomolecules, such as RNA, microRNA (miRNA), proteins, and lipids, among others. RNA and miRNA have local and systemic effects affecting gene expression in target cell types via paracrine and endocrine actions. State of the art analyses identified some miRNAs, such as miR-222, miR-23b, miR-4429, miR-148b, and miR-4269, that could potentially affect cell pathways involved in obesity-related comorbidities, such as chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Similarly, AdEVs-proteins (RBP4, perilipin-A, FABP, mimecan, TGFBI) and AdEVs-lipids (sphingolipids) have been linked to the obesity pathophysiology. The current knowledge about AdEVs along with further research would support and reveal novel pathways, potential biomarkers, and therapeutic options in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Sandoval-Bórquez
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso 2373223, Chile
| | - Pablo Carrión
- Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330074, Chile
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile
| | - María Paz Hernández
- Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330074, Chile
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile
| | - Jorge A Pérez
- Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330074, Chile
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile
| | - Alejandra Tapia-Castillo
- Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330074, Chile
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile
| | - Andrea Vecchiola
- Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330074, Chile
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile
| | - Carlos E Fardella
- Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330074, Chile
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile
| | - Cristian A Carvajal
- Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330074, Chile
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile
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3
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Palacio PL, Greenwald J, Nguyen KT, Shantaram D, Butsch BL, Kim Y, Dattu MH, Noria S, Brethauer SA, Needleman BJ, Wysocki V, Hsueh W, Reátegui E, Magaña SM. Novel multiparametric bulk and single EV pipeline for adipose cell-specific biomarker discovery in paired human biospecimens. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.18.590172. [PMID: 38659953 PMCID: PMC11042368 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.18.590172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a global health crisis that contributes to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Obesity's comorbid association with a variety of diseases, from metabolic syndrome to neurodegenerative disease, underscores the critical need to better understand the pathobiology of obesity. Adipose tissue, once seen as an inert storage depot, is now recognized as an active endocrine organ, regulating metabolic and systemic homeostasis. Recent studies spotlight the theranostic utility of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as novel biomarkers and drivers of disease, including obesity-related complications. Adipose-derived EVs (ADEVs) have garnered increased interest for their roles in diverse diseases, however robust isolation and characterization protocols for human, cell-specific EV subsets are limited. Herein, we directly address this technical challenge by establishing a multiparametric analysis framework that leverages bulk and single EV characterization, mRNA phenotyping and proteomics of human ADEVs directly from paired visceral adipose tissue, cultured mature adipocyte conditioned media, and plasma from obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery. Importantly, rigorous EV phenotyping at the tissue and cell-specific level identified top 'adipose liquid biopsy' candidates that were validated in circulating plasma EVs from the same patient. In summary, our study paves the way toward a tissue and cell-specific, multiparametric framework for studying tissue and circulating adipose EVs in obesity-driven disease.
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4
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Cunha E Rocha K, Ying W, Olefsky JM. Exosome-Mediated Impact on Systemic Metabolism. Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:225-253. [PMID: 38345906 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042222-024535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that carry lipids, proteins, and microRNAs (miRNAs). They are released by all cell types and can be found not only in circulation but in many biological fluids. Exosomes are essential for interorgan communication because they can transfer their contents from donor to recipient cells, modulating cellular functions. The miRNA content of exosomes is responsible for most of their biological effects, and changes in exosomal miRNA levels can contribute to the progression or regression of metabolic diseases. As exosomal miRNAs are selectively sorted and packaged into exosomes, they can be useful as biomarkers for diagnosing diseases. The field of exosomes and metabolism is expanding rapidly, and researchers are consistently making new discoveries in this area. As a result, exosomes have great potential for a next-generation drug delivery platform for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Cunha E Rocha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Wei Ying
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
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5
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Yang X, Hao J, Luo J, Lu X, Kong X. Adipose tissue‑derived extracellular vesicles: Systemic messengers in health and disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 2023; 28:189. [PMID: 37615193 PMCID: PMC10502927 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2023.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is a complicated metabolic organ consisting of a heterogeneous population of cells that exert wide‑ranging effects on the regulation of systemic metabolism and in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Various obesity‑related complications are associated with the development of dysfunctional AT. As an essential transmitter of intercellular information, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently been recognized as crucial in regulating multiple physiological functions. AT‑derived extracellular vesicles (ADEVs) have been shown to facilitate cellular communication both inside and between ATs and other peripheral organs. Here, the role of EVs released from ATs in the homeostasis of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders by delivering lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids between different cells is summarized. Furthermore, the differences in the sources of ADEVs, such as adipocytes, AT macrophages, AT‑derived stem cells, and AT‑derived mesenchymal stem cells, are also discussed. This review may provide valuable information for the potential application of ADEVs in metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
- Orthopedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zheijiang 310002, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zheijiang 310002, P.R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zheijiang 310002, P.R. China
| | - Jiayue Hao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zheijiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zheijiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xinliang Lu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center and Institute of Immunology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center and Institute of Immunology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
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Mishra S, Kumar A, Kim S, Su Y, Singh S, Sharma M, Almousa S, Rather HA, Jain H, Lee J, Furdui CM, Ahmad S, Ferrario CM, Punzi HA, Chuang CC, Wabitsch M, Kritchevsky SB, Register TC, Deep G. A Liquid Biopsy-Based Approach to Isolate and Characterize Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles from Blood. ACS NANO 2023; 17:10252-10268. [PMID: 37224410 PMCID: PMC10713009 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for multiple chronic diseases. Anthropometric and imaging approaches are primarily used to assess adiposity, and there is a dearth of techniques to determine the changes in adipose tissue (AT) at the molecular level. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a novel and less invasive source of biomarkers for various pathologies. Furthermore, the possibility of enriching cell or tissue-specific EVs from the biofluids based on their unique surface markers has led to classifying these vesicles as "liquid biopsies", offering valuable molecular information on hard-to-access tissues. Here, we isolated small EVs from AT (sEVAT) of lean and diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, identified unique surface proteins on sEVAT by surface shaving followed by mass spectrometry, and developed a signature of five unique proteins. Using this signature, we pulled out sEVAT from the blood of mice and validated the specificity of isolated sEVAT by measuring the expression of adiponectin, 38 adipokines on an array, and several adipose tissue-related miRNAs. Furthermore, we provided evidence of sEV applicability in disease prediction by characterizing sEVAT from the blood of lean and DIO mice. Interestingly, sEVAT-DIO cargo showed a stronger pro-inflammatory effect on THP1 monocytes compared to sEVAT-Lean and a significant increase in obesity-associated miRNA expression. Equally important, sEVAT cargo revealed an obesity-associated aberrant amino acid metabolism that was subsequently validated in the corresponding AT. Lastly, we show a significant increase in inflammation-related molecules in sEVAT isolated from the blood of nondiabetic obese (>30 kg/m2) individuals. Overall, the present study offers a less-invasive approach to characterize AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Mishra
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Susy Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Yixin Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Mitu Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Sameh Almousa
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Hilal A Rather
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Heetanshi Jain
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Jingyun Lee
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Laboratory of Translational Hypertension, Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- Laboratory of Translational Hypertension, Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Henry A Punzi
- Punzi Medical Center, Punzi Institute of Medicine, Carrollton, Texas 75006, United States
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States
| | - Chia-Chi Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm 89069, Germany
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Thomas C Register
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
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7
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Michel LYM. Extracellular Vesicles in Adipose Tissue Communication with the Healthy and Pathological Heart. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097745. [PMID: 37175451 PMCID: PMC10177965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue and its diverse cell types constitute one of the largest endocrine organs. With multiple depot locations, adipose tissue plays an important regulatory role through paracrine and endocrine communication, particularly through the secretion of a wide range of bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids or adipocytokines. Over the past several years, research has uncovered a myriad of interorgan communication signals mediated by small lipid-derived nanovesicles known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), in which secreted bioactive molecules are stably transported as cargo molecules and delivered to adjacent cells or remote organs. EVs constitute an essential part of the human adipose secretome, and there is a growing body of evidence showing the crucial implications of adipose-derived EVs in the regulation of heart function and its adaptative capacity. The adipose tissue modifications and dysfunction observed in obesity and aging tremendously affect the adipose-EV secretome, with important consequences for the myocardium. The present review presents a comprehensive analysis of the findings in this novel area of research, reports the key roles played by adipose-derived EVs in interorgan cross-talk with the heart and discusses their implications in physiological and pathological conditions affecting adipose tissue and/or the heart (pressure overload, ischemia, diabetic cardiomyopathy, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Y M Michel
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 57 Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Izquierdo-Altarejos P, Martínez-García M, Felipo V. Extracellular vesicles from hyperammonemic rats induce neuroinflammation in hippocampus and impair cognition in control rats. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:90. [PMID: 36922433 PMCID: PMC11072842 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Patients with liver cirrhosis show hyperammonemia and peripheral inflammation and may show hepatic encephalopathy with cognitive impairment, reproduced by rats with chronic hyperammonemia. Peripheral inflammation induces neuroinflammation in hippocampus of hyperammonemic rats, altering neurotransmission and leading to cognitive impairment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) may transmit pathological effects from the periphery to the brain. We hypothesized that EVs from peripheral blood would contribute to cognitive alterations in hyperammonemic rats. The aims were to assess whether EVs from plasma of hyperammonemic rats (HA-EVs) induce cognitive impairment and to identify the underlying mechanisms. Injection of HA-EVs impaired learning and memory, induced microglia and astrocytes activation and increased TNFα and IL-1β. Ex vivo incubation of hippocampal slices from control rats with HA-EVs reproduced these alterations. HA-EVs increased membrane expression of TNFR1, reduced membrane expression of TGFβR2 and Smad7 and IκBα levels and increased IκBα phosphorylation. This led to increased activation of NF-κB and IL-1β production, altering membrane expression of NR2B, GluA1 and GluA2 subunits, which would be responsible for cognitive impairment. All these effects of HA-EVs were prevented by blocking TNFα, indicating that they were mediated by enhanced activation of TNFR1 by TNFα. We show that these mechanisms are very different from those leading to motor incoordination, which is due to altered GABAergic neurotransmission in cerebellum. This demonstrates that peripheral EVs play a key role in the transmission of peripheral alterations to the brain in hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy, inducing neuroinflammation and altering neurotransmission in hippocampus, which in turn is responsible for the cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Izquierdo-Altarejos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigacion Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo-Yufera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Martínez-García
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigacion Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo-Yufera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigacion Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo-Yufera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain.
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9
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Extracellular Vesicles as Carriers of Adipokines and Their Role in Obesity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020422. [PMID: 36830957 PMCID: PMC9953604 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have lately arisen as new metabolic players in energy homeostasis participating in intercellular communication at the local and distant levels. These nanosized lipid bilayer spheres, carrying bioactive molecular cargo, have somehow changed the paradigm of biomedical research not only as a non-classic cell secretion mechanism, but as a rich source of biomarkers and as useful drug-delivery vehicles. Although the research about the role of EVs on metabolism and its deregulation on obesity and associated pathologies lagged slightly behind other diseases, the knowledge about their function under normal and pathological homeostasis is rapidly increasing. In this review, we are focusing on the current research regarding adipose tissue shed extracellular vesicles including their characterization, size profile, and molecular cargo content comprising miRNAs and membrane and intra-vesicular proteins. Finally, we will focus on the functional aspects attributed to vesicles secreted not only by adipocytes, but also by other cells comprising adipose tissue, describing the evidence to date on the deleterious effects of extracellular vesicles released by obese adipose tissue both locally and at the distant level by interacting with other peripheral organs and even at the central level.
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10
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An Overview of Inter-Tissue and Inter-Kingdom Communication Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles in the Regulation of Mammalian Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032071. [PMID: 36768391 PMCID: PMC9916451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with defects of insulin action in different tissues or alterations in β-cell secretory capacity that may be triggered by environmental challenges, inadequate lifestyle choices, or an underlying genetic predisposition. In addition, recent data shows that obesity may also be caused by perturbations of the gut microbiota, which then affect metabolic function and energy homeostasis in the host. Maintenance of metabolic homeostasis in complex organisms such as mammals requires organismal-level communication, including between the different organs and the gut microbiota. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified in all domains of life and have emerged as crucial players in inter-organ and inter-kingdom crosstalk. Interestingly, EVs found in edible vegetables or in milk have been shown to influence gut microbiota or tissue function in mammals. Moreover, there is a multidirectional crosstalk mediated by EVs derived from gut microbiota and body organs that has implications for host health. Untangling this complex signaling network may help implement novel therapies for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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11
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Kalinina OV, Khudiakov AА, Panshin DD, Nikitin YV, Ivanov AM, Kostareva AA, Golovkin AS. Small Non-Coding RNA Profiles of Sorted Plasma Extracellular Vesicles: Technical Approach. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022060151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Rajput PK, Sharma JR, Yadav UCS. Cellular and molecular insights into the roles of visfatin in breast cancer cells plasticity programs. Life Sci 2022; 304:120706. [PMID: 35691376 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached a pandemic proportion and is responsible for the augmentation of multimorbidity including certain cancers. With the rise in obesity amongst the female population globally, a concomitant increase in breast cancer (BC) incidence and related mortality has been observed. In the present review, we have elucidated the cellular and molecular insight into the visfatin-mediated cellular plasticity programs such as Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), and stemness-associated changes in BC cells. EMT and EndoMT are responsible for inducing metastasis in cancer cells and conferring chemotherapy resistance, immune escape, and infinite growth potential. Visfatin, an obesity-associated adipokine implicated in metabolic syndrome, has emerged as a central player in BC pathogenesis. Several studies have indicated the presence of visfatin in the tumor microenvironment (TME) where it augments EMT and EndoMT of BC cells. Further, Visfatin also modulates the TME by acting on the tumor stroma cells such as adipocytes, infiltrated immune cells, and adipose-associated stem cells that secrete factors such as cytokines, and extracellular vesicles responsible for augmenting cellular plasticity program. Visfatin induced altered metabolism of the cancer cells and molecular determinants such as non-coding RNAs involved in EMT and EndoMT have been discussed. We have also highlighted specific therapeutic targets that can be exploited for the development of effective BC treatment. Taken together, these advanced understandings of cellular and molecular insight into the visfatin-mediated cellular plasticity programs may stimulate the development of better approaches for the prevention and therapy of BC, especially in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Rajput
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382030, India
| | - Jiten R Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382030, India
| | - Umesh C S Yadav
- Special Center for Molecular medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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13
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Bond ST, Calkin AC, Drew BG. Adipose-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Systemic Messengers and Metabolic Regulators in Health and Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:837001. [PMID: 35283789 PMCID: PMC8905439 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.837001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is comprised of a heterogeneous population of cells that co-operate to perform diverse physiological roles including endocrine-related functions. The endocrine role of adipose tissue enables it to communicate nutritional and health cues to other organs, such as the liver, muscle, and brain, in order to regulate appetite and whole body metabolism. Adipose tissue dysfunction, which is often observed in obesity, is associated with changes in the adipose secretome, which can subsequently contribute to disease pathology. Indeed, secreted bioactive factors released from adipose tissue contribute to metabolic homeostasis and likely play a causal role in disease; however, what constitutes the entirety of the adipose tissue secretome is still poorly understood. Recent advances in nanotechnology have advanced this field substantially and have led to the identification of small, secreted particles known as extracellular vesicles (EVs). These small nano-sized lipid envelopes are released by most cell types and are capable of systemically delivering bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. EVs interact with target cells to deliver specific cargo that can then elicit effects in various tissues throughout the body. Adipose tissue has recently been shown to secrete EVs that can communicate with the periphery to maintain metabolic homeostasis, or under certain pathological conditions, drive disease. In this review, we discuss the current landscape of adipose tissue-derived EVs, with a focus on their role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T Bond
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna C Calkin
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian G Drew
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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14
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Estrada AL, Valenti ZJ, Hehn G, Amorese AJ, Williams NS, Balestrieri NP, Deighan C, Allen CP, Spangenburg EE, Kruh-Garcia NA, Lark DS. Extracellular vesicle secretion is tissue-dependent ex vivo and skeletal muscle myofiber extracellular vesicles reach the circulation in vivo. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C246-C259. [PMID: 34910603 PMCID: PMC8816621 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00580.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biomarkers and modifiers of human disease. EVs secreted by insulin-responsive tissues like skeletal muscle (SkM) and white adipose tissue (WAT) contribute to metabolic health and disease but the relative abundance of EVs from these tissues has not been directly examined. Human Protein Atlas data and directly measuring EV secretion in mouse SkM and WAT using an ex vivo tissue explant model confirmed that SkM tissue secretes more EVs than WAT. Differences in EV secretion between SkM and WAT were not due to SkM contraction but may be explained by differences in tissue metabolic capacity. We next examined how many EVs secreted from SkM tissue ex vivo and in vivo are myofiber-derived. To do this, a SkM myofiber-specific dual fluorescent reporter mouse was created. Spectral flow cytometry revealed that SkM myofibers are a major source of SkM tissue-derived EVs ex vivo and EV immunocapture indicates that ∼5% of circulating tetraspanin-positive EVs are derived from SkM myofibers in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that 1) SkM secretes more EVs than WAT, 2) many SkM tissue EVs are derived from SkM myofibers, and 3) SkM myofiber-derived EVs reach the circulation in vivo. These findings advance our understanding of EV secretion between metabolically active tissues and provide direct evidence that SkM myofibers secrete EVs that can reach the circulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Estrada
- 1Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Health and
Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Zackary J. Valenti
- 1Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Health and
Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Gabriella Hehn
- 1Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Health and
Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Adam J. Amorese
- 3Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Nicholas S. Williams
- 1Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Health and
Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado,4Department of Biology, Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas P. Balestrieri
- 3Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | | | - Christopher P. Allen
- 2Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of
Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Espen E. Spangenburg
- 3Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Nicole A. Kruh-Garcia
- 2Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of
Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Daniel S. Lark
- 1Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Health and
Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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15
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Crewe C, Scherer PE. Intercellular and interorgan crosstalk through adipocyte extracellular vesicles. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:61-69. [PMID: 33447986 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional adipose tissue is essential for homeostatic maintenance of systemic metabolism. As such, adipose tissue dysfunction, like that seen in the obese state, directly contributes to system-wide pathological metabolism, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes and other obesity-associated comorbidities. In addition to the storage function of adipocytes, they also secrete numerous factors that robustly regulate metabolism-related pathways throughout the body. Many of these factors, in addition to other signaling proteins, RNA species and lipids, are found in extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from adipocytes. EVs are vesicles with a lipid bilayer, known to carry signaling proteins and lipids, mRNAs and miRNAs. Because of this diverse cargo, EVs can have robust and pleotropic signaling effects depending on the receiving target cells. We are only now starting to understand how adipocyte EVs can modulate metabolism within adipose tissue and beyond. Here, we highlight the current literature that demonstrates EV-mediated crosstalk between adipocytes and other tissues or distal cells. We become increasingly aware of the importance of these adipocyte-derived EV signals that establish a so far underappreciated endocrine system. Adipocyte EVs offer a new avenue for pharmacological manipulation of metabolism to treat obesity-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair Crewe
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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16
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Li SR, Man QW, Gao X, Lin H, Wang J, Su FC, Wang HQ, Bu LL, Liu B, Chen G. Tissue-derived extracellular vesicles in cancers and non-cancer diseases: Present and future. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12175. [PMID: 34918479 PMCID: PMC8678102 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid‐bilayer membrane structures secreted by most cell types. EVs act as messengers via the horizontal transfer of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and influence various pathophysiological processes in both parent and recipient cells. Compared to EVs obtained from body fluids or cell culture supernatants, EVs isolated directly from tissues possess a number of advantages, including tissue specificity, accurate reflection of tissue microenvironment, etc., thus, attention should be paid to tissue‐derived EVs (Ti‐EVs). Ti‐EVs are present in the interstitium of tissues and play pivotal roles in intercellular communication. Moreover, Ti‐EVs provide an excellent snapshot of interactions among various cell types with a common histological background. Thus, Ti‐EVs may be used to gain insights into the development and progression of diseases. To date, extensive investigations have focused on the role of body fluid‐derived EVs or cell culture‐derived EVs; however, the number of studies on Ti‐EVs remains insufficient. Herein, we summarize the latest advances in Ti‐EVs for cancers and non‐cancer diseases. We propose the future application of Ti‐EVs in basic research and clinical practice. Workflows for Ti‐EV isolation and characterization between cancers and non‐cancer diseases are reviewed and compared. Moreover, we discuss current issues associated with Ti‐EVs and provide potential directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ran Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Wen Man
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Gao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Lin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fu-Chuan Su
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Han-Qi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Lin Bu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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17
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Kwan HY, Chen M, Xu K, Chen B. The impact of obesity on adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7275-7288. [PMID: 34677643 PMCID: PMC8531905 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03973-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the emerging roles of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) linking obesity and its comorbidities have been recognized. In obese subjects, adipocytes are having hypertrophic growth and are under stressed. The dysfunction adipocytes dysregulate the assembly of the biological components in the EVs including exosomes. This article critically reviews the current findings on the impact of obesity on the exosomal cargo contents that induce the pathophysiological changes. Besides, this review also summarizes the understanding on how obesity affects the biogenesis of adipocyte-derived exosomes and the exosome secretion. Furthermore, the differences of the exosomal contents in different adipose depots, and the impact of obesity on the exosomes that are derived from the stromal vascular fraction such as the adipose tissue macrophages and adipocyte-derived stem cells will also be discussed. The current development and potential application of exosome-based therapy will be summarized. This review provides crucial information for the design of novel exosome-based therapy for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Yee Kwan
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Minting Chen
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keyang Xu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baisen Chen
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Isaac R, Reis FCG, Ying W, Olefsky JM. Exosomes as mediators of intercellular crosstalk in metabolism. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1744-1762. [PMID: 34496230 PMCID: PMC8428804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoparticles secreted by all cell types and are a large component of the broader class of nanoparticles termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). Once secreted, exosomes gain access to the interstitial space and ultimately the circulation, where they exert local paracrine or distal systemic effects. Because of this, exosomes are important components of an intercellular and intraorgan communication system capable of carrying biologic signals from one cell type or tissue to another. The exosomal cargo consists of proteins, lipids, miRNAs, and other RNA species, and many of the biologic effects of exosomes have been attributed to miRNAs. Exosomal miRNAs have also been used as disease biomarkers. The field of exosome biology and metabolism is rapidly expanding, with new discoveries and reports appearing on a regular basis, and it is possible that potential therapeutic approaches for the use of exosomes or miRNAs in metabolic diseases will be initiated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Isaac
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Felipe Castellani Gomes Reis
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Wei Ying
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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19
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Connolly KD, Rees DA, James PE. Role of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in vascular inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:58-64. [PMID: 34052345 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometre-sized vesicles released from most cells, including adipocytes. Relatively little is known about adipocyte-derived EVs (ADEVs) in comparison to other EV subtypes, though interest in ADEVs as potential paracrine and endocrine communicators of adipose tissue in obesity is building. Current evidence indicates that ADEVs contribute to the development of adipose tissue dysfunction; a key feature of obese adipose tissue that it is associated with obesity-related comorbidities including cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review summarises our current knowledge of ADEVs in the development of adipose tissue dysfunction and the potential of ADEVs to disrupt redox signalling and exert vascular effects that may exacerbate CVD in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Connolly
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF5 2YB, United Kingdom
| | - D Aled Rees
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip E James
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF5 2YB, United Kingdom.
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20
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Alberro A, Iparraguirre L, Fernandes A, Otaegui D. Extracellular Vesicles in Blood: Sources, Effects, and Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158163. [PMID: 34360924 PMCID: PMC8347110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important players for intercellular communication. EVs are secreted by almost all cell types; they can transfer information between nearby or distant cells, and they are highly abundant in body fluids. In this review, we describe the general characteristics of EVs, as well as isolation and characterization approaches. Then, we focus on one of the most relevant sources of EVs: the blood. Indeed, apart from EVs secreted by blood cells, EVs of diverse origins travel in the bloodstream. We present the numerous types of EVs that have been found in circulation. Besides, the implications of blood-derived EVs in both physiological and pathological processes are summarized, highlighting their potential as biomarkers for the diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognosis of several diseases, and also as indicators of physiological modifications. Finally, the applications of EVs introduced in the circulatory system are discussed. We describe the use of EVs from distinct origins, naturally produced or engineered, autologous, allogeneic, or even from different species and the effects they have when introduced in circulation. Therefore, the present work provides a comprehensive overview of the components, effects, and applications of EVs in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Alberro
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (A.A.); (L.I.)
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Leire Iparraguirre
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (A.A.); (L.I.)
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Otaegui
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (A.A.); (L.I.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Zhou Z, Tao Y, Zhao H, Wang Q. Adipose Extracellular Vesicles: Messengers From and to Macrophages in Regulating Immunometabolic Homeostasis or Disorders. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666344. [PMID: 34108967 PMCID: PMC8183682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is comprised of heterogenous cell populations that regulate both energy metabolism and immune reactions. Macrophages play critical roles in regulating immunometabolic homeostasis or disorders through cooperation with adipocytes, adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) or other cells in adipose tissue. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are recently recognized as efficient messengers for intercellular communication. Emerging evidences have demonstrated that adipose EVs are actively involved in the mutual interactions of macrophages, adipocytes and ADSCs, which produce considerable influences on immunometabolism under healthy or obese conditions. Here, we will elaborate the production and the characteristics of adipose EVs that are related to macrophages under different metabolic demands or stresses, whilst discuss the roles of these EVs in regulating local or systemic immunometabolic homeostasis or disorders in the context of adipocyte-macrophage dialogue and ADSC-macrophage interaction. Particularly, we provide a profile of dynamic adipose microenvironments based on macrophages. Adipose EVs act as the messengers between ADSCs and macrophages to maintain the balance of metabolism and immunity, while drive a vicious cycle between hypertrophic adipocytes and inflammatory macrophages to cause immunometabolic imbalance. This review may provide valuable information about the physio- or pathological roles of adipose EVs and the application of adipose EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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22
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Claridge B, Rai A, Fang H, Matsumoto A, Luo J, McMullen JR, Greening DW. Proteome characterisation of extracellular vesicles isolated from heart. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2100026. [PMID: 33861516 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac intercellular communication is critical for heart function and often dysregulated in cardiovascular diseases. While cardiac extracellular vesicles (cEVs) are emerging mediators of signalling, their isolation remains a technical challenge hindering our understanding of cEV protein composition. Here, we utilised Langendorff-collagenase-based enzymatic perfusion and differential centrifugation to isolate cEVs from mouse heart (yield 3-6 μg/heart). cEVs are ∼200 nm, express classical EV markers (Cd63/81/9+ , Tsg101+ , Pdcd6ip/Alix+ ), and are depleted of blood (Alb/Fga/Hba) and cardiac damage markers (Mb, Tnnt2, Ldhb). Comparison with mechanically-derived EVs revealed greater detection of EV markers and decreased cardiac damage contaminants. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling revealed 1721 proteins in cEVs, implicated in proteasomal and autophagic proteostasis, glycolysis, and fatty acid metabolism; essential functions often disrupted in cardiac pathologies. There was striking enrichment of 942 proteins in cEVs compared to mouse heart tissue - implicated in EV biogenesis, antioxidant activity, and lipid transport, suggesting active cargo selection and specialised function. Interestingly, cEVs contain marker proteins for cardiomyocytes, cardiac progenitors, B-cells, T-cells, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and cardiac fibroblasts, suggesting diverse cellular origin. We present a method of cEV isolation and provide insight into potential functions, enabling future studies into EV roles in cardiac physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Claridge
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alin Rai
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haoyun Fang
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aya Matsumoto
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jieting Luo
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie R McMullen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Le Lay S, Rome S, Loyer X, Nieto L. Adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in health and diseases: Nano-packages with vast biological properties. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:407-419. [PMID: 34124596 PMCID: PMC8171308 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As the largest human energy reservoir, adipocytes drive an intense dialog with other cells/organs throughout the body to regulate the size of adipose tissue and to communicate with other metabolic tissues and the brain to regulate energy supply. Adipokines have long been described as mediators of this crosstalk, participating in obesity‐associated complications. Recently, adipocyte‐derived extracellular vesicles (Ad‐EVs) have emerged as new key actors in this communication due to their powerful capacity to convey complex messages between cells. Ad‐EVs convey specific subpopulations of RNA, proteins, and lipids from their parental cells, and can transfer these cargoes into various recipient cells, modulating their metabolism and cell cycle. In healthy individuals, Ad‐EVs actively participate in adipose tissue remodeling to compensate energy supply variations by exchanging information between adipocytes or stroma‐vascular cells, including immune cells. Besides this, recent evidence points out that Ad‐EV secretion and composition from dysfunctional adipocytes are strongly impacted within adipose tissue where they modulate local intercellular communication, contributing to inflammation, fibrosis, abnormal angiogenesis, and at distance with other cells/tissues intrinsically linked to fat (muscle, hepatocytes and even cancer cells). Additionally, some data even suggests that Ad‐EVs might have a systemic action. In this review, we will describe the particular properties of Ad‐EVs and their involvement in health and diseases, with a particular focus on metabolic and cardiovascular diseases as well as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soazig Le Lay
- Université de Nantes CNRS INSERM, l'institut du thorax Nantes France.,Université Angers SFR ICAT Angers France
| | - Sophie Rome
- CarMeN Laboratory U1060/INSERM INRA/1397 Lyon-Sud Hospital Pierre Benite France.,Institute of Functional Genomic of Lyon (IGFL) ENS CNRS UMR 5242 University of Lyon Lyon France
| | | | - Laurence Nieto
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) Université de Toulouse CNRS UPS Toulouse France
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24
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Rome S, Blandin A, Le Lay S. Adipocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: State of the Art. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041788. [PMID: 33670146 PMCID: PMC7916840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is involved in long-term energy storage and represents 10–15% of total body weight in healthy humans. WAT secretes many peptides (adipokines), hormones and steroids involved in its homeostatic role, especially in carbohydrate–lipid metabolism regulation. Recently, adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (AdEVs) have been highlighted as important actors of intercellular communication that participate in metabolic responses to control energy flux and immune response. In this review, we focus on the role of AdEVs in the cross-talks between the different cellular types composing WAT with regard to their contribution to WAT homeostasis and metabolic complications development. We also discuss the AdEV cargoes (proteins, lipids, RNAs) which may explain AdEV’s biological effects and demonstrate that, in terms of proteins, AdEV has a very specific signature. Finally, we list and suggest potential therapeutic strategies to modulate AdEV release and composition in order to reduce their deleterious effects during the development of metabolic complications associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rome
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM/1060- INRAE/1397, University of Lyon, Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, 69310 Pierre Benite, France
- Institute of Functional Genomic of Lyon (IGFL), ENS, CNRS UMR 5242, University of Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (S.L.L.)
| | - Alexia Blandin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L’Institut du Thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France;
- Univ Angers, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Soazig Le Lay
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L’Institut du Thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France;
- Univ Angers, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (S.L.L.)
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Camino T, Lago-Baameiro N, Martis-Sueiro A, Couto I, Santos F, Baltar J, Pardo M. Deciphering Adipose Tissue Extracellular Vesicles Protein Cargo and Its Role in Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9366. [PMID: 33316953 PMCID: PMC7764772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key players in metabolic disorders rising as an alternative way of paracrine/endocrine communication. In particular, in relation to adipose tissue (AT) secreted EVs, the current knowledge about its composition and function is still very limited. Nevertheless, those vesicles have been lately suggested as key players in AT communication at local level, and also with other metabolic peripheral and central organs participating in physiological homoeostasis, and also contributing to the metabolic deregulation related to obesity, diabetes, and associated comorbidities. The aim of this review is to summarize the most relevant data around the EVs secreted by adipose tissue, and especially in the context of obesity, focusing in its protein cargo. The description of the most frequent proteins identified in EVs shed by AT and its components, including their changes under pathological status, will give the reader a whole picture about the membrane/antigens, and intracellular proteins known so far, in an attempt to elucidate functional roles, and also suggesting biomarkers and new paths of therapeutic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Camino
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.C.); (N.L.-B.)
| | - Nerea Lago-Baameiro
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.C.); (N.L.-B.)
| | - Aurelio Martis-Sueiro
- Grupo Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iván Couto
- Servicio de Cirugía Plástica y Reparadora, Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Francisco Santos
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (F.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Javier Baltar
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (F.S.); (J.B.)
| | - María Pardo
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.C.); (N.L.-B.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Blood-derived extracellular vesicles isolated from healthy donors exposed to air pollution modulate in vitro endothelial cells behavior. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20138. [PMID: 33208829 PMCID: PMC7674466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) into the bloodstream is positively associated with Particulate Matter (PM) exposure, which is involved in endothelial dysfunction and related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Obesity modifies the effects of PM exposure on heart rate variability and markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and acute phase response. We isolated and characterized plasmatic EVs from six healthy donors and confirmed a positive association with PM exposure. We stratified for Body Mass Index (BMI) and observed an increased release of CD61+ (platelets) and CD105+ (endothelium) derived-EVs after high PM level exposure in Normal Weight subjects (NW) and no significant variations in Overweight subjects (OW). We then investigated the ability to activate endothelial primary cells by plasmatic EVs after both high and low PM exposure. NW-high-PM EVs showed an increased endothelial activation, measured as CD105+/CD62e+ (activated endothelium) EVs ratio. On the contrary, cells treated with OW-high-PM EVs showed reduced endothelial activation. These results suggest the ability of NW plasmatic EVs to communicate to endothelial cells and promote the crosstalk between activated endothelium and peripheral cells. However, this capacity was lost in OW subjects. Our findings contribute to elucidate the role of EVs in endothelial activation after PM exposure.
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Sidhom K, Obi PO, Saleem A. A Review of Exosomal Isolation Methods: Is Size Exclusion Chromatography the Best Option? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6466. [PMID: 32899828 PMCID: PMC7556044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles secreted by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and play a vital role in intercellular communication. EVs are classified into several subtypes based on their origin, physical characteristics, and biomolecular makeup. Exosomes, a subtype of EVs, are released by the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVB) with the plasma membrane of the cell. Several methods have been described in literature to isolate exosomes from biofluids including blood, urine, milk, and cell culture media, among others. While differential ultracentrifugation (dUC) has been widely used to isolate exosomes, other techniques including ultrafiltration, precipitating agents such as poly-ethylene glycol (PEG), immunoaffinity capture, microfluidics, and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) have emerged as credible alternatives with pros and cons associated with each. In this review, we provide a summary of commonly used exosomal isolation techniques with a focus on SEC as an ideal methodology. We evaluate the efficacy of SEC to isolate exosomes from an array of biological fluids, with a particular focus on its application to adipose tissue-derived exosomes. We argue that exosomes isolated via SEC are relatively pure and functional, and that this methodology is reproducible, scalable, inexpensive, and does not require specialized equipment or user expertise. However, it must be noted that while SEC is a good candidate method to isolate exosomes, direct comparative studies are required to support this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Sidhom
- Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada;
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada;
- Biology of Breathing Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Patience O. Obi
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada;
- Biology of Breathing Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ayesha Saleem
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada;
- Biology of Breathing Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Masaoutis C, Al Besher S, Koutroulis I, Theocharis S. Exosomes in Nephropathies: A Rich Source of Novel Biomarkers. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8897833. [PMID: 32849923 PMCID: PMC7441435 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8897833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biomarkers commonly utilized in diagnostic evaluations of kidney disease suffer from low sensitivity, especially in the early stages of renal damage. On the other hand, obtaining a renal biopsy to augment clinical decision making can lead to potentially serious complications. In order to overcome the shortcomings of currently available diagnostic tools, recent studies suggest that exosomes, cell-secreted extracellular vesicles containing a large array of active molecules to facilitate cell-to-cell communication, may represent a rich source of novel disease biomarkers. Because of their endocytic origin, exosomes carry markers typical for their parent cells, which could permit the localization of biochemical cellular alterations in specific kidney compartments. Different types of exosomes can be isolated from noninvasively obtained biofluids; however, in the context of kidney disease, evidence has emerged on the role of urinary exosomes in the diagnostic and predictive modeling of renal pathology. The current review summarizes the potential application of exosomes in the detection of acute and chronic inflammatory, metabolic, degenerative, and genetic renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Masaoutis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Samer Al Besher
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Koutroulis
- Children's National Hospital, Division of Emergency Medicine and Center for Genetic Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Zhou Y, Tan C. miRNAs in Adipocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Multiple Roles in Development of Obesity-Associated Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:171. [PMID: 32850961 PMCID: PMC7403463 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and overweight are common modern health challenges. Caloric intake greater than that needed for energy production results in excess storage of fat in the abdomen. Visceral fat secretes a wide spectrum of adipokines, and increased adiposity is associated with a higher risk of development of metabolic disorders. In addition, adipose tissue secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) to communicate with peripheral cells and distant organs, and regulate whole-body metabolism. Furthermore, clinical evidence has shown that adipose tissue-derived EVs are present at low levels in the circulation of healthy individuals. In contrast, individuals with metabolic syndrome have significantly higher levels of circulating adipose-derived EVs. The composition of the contents of EVs is dynamic, and closely mirrors individual daily habits and fasting-fed state metabolic characteristics. In this mini-review, we aimed to elucidate the role of adipocyte-derived EVs in regulation of whole-body metabolism under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Studies have shown that adipose tissue may be a major source of circulating exosomal miRNAs that regulate metabolic homeostasis and directly promote insulin-resistance in other organs. Furthermore, the composition of adipocyte-derived circulating miRNAs in EVs may change prior to development of metabolic disorder. Adipocyte-derived miRNAs in EVs may also induce obesity-related changes such as M1 polarization and inhibition of M2 polarization of macrophages, which may affect the biological behaviors of surrounding tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaliang Zhou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunlu Tan
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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30
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Li X, Ballantyne LL, Yu Y, Funk CD. Perivascular adipose tissue-derived extracellular vesicle miR-221-3p mediates vascular remodeling. FASEB J 2019; 33:12704-12722. [PMID: 31469602 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901548r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing microRNAs (miRNAs) convey intercellular message signaling. The biogenesis of EV-miRNAs from perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and their roles in intercellular communication in response to obesity-associated inflammation have not yet been fully explored. By feeding mice a high-fat diet for 16 wk, we established obesity-associated, chronic low-grade inflammation in PVAT, characterized as hypertrophy of perivascular adipocytes, decreased adipogenesis, and proinflammatory macrophage infiltration. We show that PVAT-derived EVs and their encapsulated miRNAs can be taken up into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vivo and in vitro. miR-221-3p is one of the highly enriched miRNAs in obese PVAT and PVAT-derived EVs. Transfer and direct overexpression of miR-221-3p dramatically enhances VSMC proliferation and migration. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α is identified as a miR-221-3p target in VSMC phenotypic modulation. Obese mice secrete abundant miRNA-containing EVs, evoking inflammatory responses in PVAT and vascular phenotypic switching in abdominal aorta of lean mice. Local delivery of miR-221-3p mimic in femoral artery causes vascular dysfunction by suppressing the contractile genes in the arterial wall. Our findings provide an EV-miR-221-3p-mediated mechanism by which PVAT triggers an early-stage vascular remodeling in the context of obesity-associated inflammation.-Li, X., Ballantyne, L. L., Yu, Y., Funk, C. D. Perivascular adipose tissue-derived extracellular vesicle miR-221-3p mediates vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Li
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurel L Ballantyne
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Colin D Funk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Barrachina MN, Calderón-Cruz B, Fernandez-Rocca L, García Á. Application of Extracellular Vesicles Proteomics to Cardiovascular Disease: Guidelines, Data Analysis, and Future Perspectives. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800247. [PMID: 30467982 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of vesicles composed of a lipid bilayer that carry a large repertoire of molecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. In this review, some guidelines for plasma-derived EVs isolation, characterization, and proteomic analysis, and the application of the above to cardiovascular disease (CVD) studies are provided. For EVs analysis, blood samples should be collected using a 21-gauge needle, preferably in citrate tubes, and plasma stored for up to 1 year at -80°, using a single freeze-thaw cycle. For proteomic applications, differential centrifugation (including ultracentrifugation steps) is a good option for EVs isolation. EVs characterization is done by transmission electron microscopy, particle enumeration techniques (nanoparticle-tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering), and flow cytometry. Regarding the proteomics strategy, a label-free and gel-free quantitative method is a good choice due to its accuracy and because it minimizes the amount of sample required for clinical applications. Besides the above, main EVs proteomic findings in cardiovascular-related diseases are presented and analyzed in this review, paying especial attention to overlapping results between studies. The latter might offer new insights into the clinical relevance and potential of novel EVs biomarkers identified to date in the context of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Barrachina
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación, Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Beatriz Calderón-Cruz
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación, Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernandez-Rocca
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory, Maciel Hospital, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic, Montevideo, 11000, Uruguay
| | - Ángel García
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación, Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
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