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Canosa LF, Bertucci JI. The effect of environmental stressors on growth in fish and its endocrine control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1109461. [PMID: 37065755 PMCID: PMC10098185 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1109461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish body growth is a trait of major importance for individual survival and reproduction. It has implications in population, ecology, and evolution. Somatic growth is controlled by the GH/IGF endocrine axis and is influenced by nutrition, feeding, and reproductive-regulating hormones as well as abiotic factors such as temperature, oxygen levels, and salinity. Global climate change and anthropogenic pollutants will modify environmental conditions affecting directly or indirectly fish growth performance. In the present review, we offer an overview of somatic growth and its interplay with the feeding regulatory axis and summarize the effects of global warming and the main anthropogenic pollutants on these endocrine axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fabián Canosa
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-EByNT-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Luis Fabián Canosa, ; Juan Ignacio Bertucci,
| | - Juan Ignacio Bertucci
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IEO-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
- *Correspondence: Luis Fabián Canosa, ; Juan Ignacio Bertucci,
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2
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Azodi M, Bahabadi MN, Ghasemi A, Morshedi V, Mozanzadeh MT, Shahraki R, Khademzadeh O, Hamedi S, Avizhgan S. Effects of salinity on gills' chloride cells, stress indices, and gene expression of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch, 1790). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:2027-2039. [PMID: 34716532 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-01024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A 2-week research was carried out to assess water salinity (WS) effects including 0, 15, 35, and 50‰ on osmoregulatory mechanisms and stress indices in Asian sea bass (34.4 g) juveniles. Except for fish reared at 50‰, in the other treatments, it gradually decreased to the prescribed WS during a 10-day period (- 5‰ a day). After a 10-day acclimation period, fish were reared at the prescribed WS for 2 weeks. Fish reared at 15 and 35‰ had higher chloride cell (CC) counts in the interlamellar region. The number of CC in the interlamellar region elevated with increment of WS up to 35‰, but they were pronouncedly reduced in 50‰ group. The diameter of CC in the interlamellar region was not affected by WS. The smallest nucleus diameter of CC in the interlamellar region was observed in fish reared at 15‰ (P < 0.05). The largest and the smallest amounts of serum aspartate aminotransferase were observed in fish reared at freshwater and 15‰, respectively. Fish reared at 35‰ had the highest serum sodium and potassium contents. Serum chloride content and total osmolality increased with increment of WS (P < 0.05). Serum cortisol and glucose contents gradually increased with elevation of WS up to 35‰; then, their contents remarkably decreased. The relative expression of insulin like growth factor-1 in the liver of fish reared at 35‰ was strikingly higher than that in the other groups. The relative expression of HSP70 gene in fresh water group was pronouncedly elevated compared to other treatments. The relative expression of interleukin-1β in 15 and 35‰ groups was higher than that in the other groups; however, the relative expression of lysozyme gene in the liver of fish reared at fresh water was pronouncedly lower than that in the other treatments. The results of this study suggested rearing L. calcarifer at 15‰ closer to the isosmotic point and better provide its welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Azodi
- Persian Gulf Research Institute, University of Persian Gulf, 7516913798, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Nafisi Bahabadi
- Persian Gulf Research Institute, University of Persian Gulf, 7516913798, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Fisheries and Biology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, 7516913798, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghasemi
- Persian Gulf Research Institute, University of Persian Gulf, 7516913798, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Vahid Morshedi
- Persian Gulf Research Institute, University of Persian Gulf, 7516913798, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Mansour Torfi Mozanzadeh
- Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), South Iran Aquaculture Research Centre, Iranian Fisheries Science Institute (IFSRI), Ahwaz, Iran.
| | - Raheleh Shahraki
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Omid Khademzadeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Shirin Hamedi
- Persian Gulf Research Institute, University of Persian Gulf, 7516913798, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sakineh Avizhgan
- Persian Gulf Research Institute, University of Persian Gulf, 7516913798, Bushehr, Iran
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Morro B, Broughton R, Balseiro P, Handeland SO, Mackenzie S, Doherty MK, Whitfield PD, Shimizu M, Gorissen M, Sveier H, Albalat A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress as a key mechanism in stunted growth of seawater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:824. [PMID: 34781893 PMCID: PMC8594166 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a salmonid species with a complex life-history. Wild populations are naturally divided into freshwater residents and sea-run migrants. Migrants undergo an energy-demanding adaptation for life in seawater, known as smoltification, while freshwater residents display these changes in an attenuated magnitude and rate. Despite this, in seawater rainbow trout farming all fish are transferred to seawater. Under these circumstances, weeks after seawater transfer, a significant portion of the fish die (around 10%) or experience growth stunting (GS; around 10%), which represents an important profitability and welfare issue. The underlying causes leading to GS in seawater-transferred rainbow trout remain unknown. In this study, we aimed at characterising the GS phenotype in seawater-transferred rainbow trout using untargeted and targeted approaches. To this end, the liver proteome (LC-MS/MS) and lipidome (LC-MS) of GS and fast-growing phenotypes were profiled to identify molecules and processes that are characteristic of the GS phenotype. Moreover, the transcription, abundance or activity of key proteins and hormones related to osmoregulation (Gill Na+, K + -ATPase activity), growth (plasma IGF-I, and liver igf1, igfbp1b, ghr1 and ctsl) and stress (plasma cortisol) were measured using targeted approaches. RESULTS No differences in Gill Na+, K + -ATPase activity and plasma cortisol were detected between the two groups. However, a significant downregulation in plasma IGF-I and liver igf1 transcription pointed at this growth factor as an important pathomechanism for GS. Changes in the liver proteome revealed reactive-oxygen-species-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress as a key mechanism underlying the GS phenotype. From the lipidomic analysis, key observations include a reduction in triacylglycerols and elevated amounts of cardiolipins, a characteristic lipid class associated with oxidative stress, in GS phenotype. CONCLUSION While the triggers to the activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress are still unknown, data from this study point towards a nutritional deficiency as an underlying driver of this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Morro
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Pablo Balseiro
- NORCE AS, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sigurd O Handeland
- NORCE AS, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon Mackenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.,NORCE AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mary K Doherty
- Institute of Health Research and Innovation, Centre for Health Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Scotland, UK
| | - Phillip D Whitfield
- Institute of Health Research and Innovation, Centre for Health Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Scotland, UK.,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Munetaka Shimizu
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Marnix Gorissen
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Amaya Albalat
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
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Celino-Brady FT, Petro-Sakuma CK, Breves JP, Lerner DT, Seale AP. Early-life exposure to 17β-estradiol and 4-nonylphenol impacts the growth hormone/insulin-like growth-factor system and estrogen receptors in Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 217:105336. [PMID: 31733503 PMCID: PMC6935514 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) released into the environment through anthropogenic activities can have short-term impacts on physiological and behavioral processes and/or sustained or delayed long-term developmental effects on aquatic organisms. While numerous studies have characterized the effects of EDCs on temperate fishes, less is known on the effects of EDCs on the growth and reproductive physiology of tropical species. To determine the long-term effects of early-life exposure to common estrogenic chemicals, we exposed Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) yolk-sac fry to 17β-estradiol (E2) and nonylphenol (NP) and subsequently characterized the expression of genes involved in growth and reproduction in adults. Fry were exposed to waterborne E2 (0.1 and 1 μg/L) and NP (10 and 100 μg/L) for 21 days. After the exposure period, juveniles were reared for an additional 112 days until males were sampled. Gonadosomatic index was elevated in fish exposed to E2 (0.1 μg/L) while hepatosomatic index was decreased by exposure to NP (100 μg/L). Exposure to E2 (0.1 μg/L) induced hepatic growth hormone receptor (ghr) mRNA expression. The high concentration of E2 (1 μg/L), and both concentrations of NP, increased hepatic insulin-like growth-factor 1 (igf1) expression; E2 and NP did not affect hepatic igf2 and pituitary growth hormone (gh) levels. Both E2 (1 μg/L) and NP (10 μg/L) induced hepatic igf binding protein 1b (igfbp1b) levels while only NP (100 μg/L) induced hepatic igfbp2b levels. By contrast, hepatic igfbp6b was reduced in fish exposed to E2 (1 μg/L). There were no effects of E2 or NP on hepatic igfbp4 and igfbp5a expression. Although the expression of three vitellogenin transcripts was not affected, E2 and NP stimulated hepatic estrogen receptor (erα and erβ) mRNA expression. We conclude that tilapia exposed to E2 and NP as yolk-sac fry exhibit subsequent changes in the endocrine systems that control growth and reproduction during later life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritzie T Celino-Brady
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Cody K Petro-Sakuma
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Jason P Breves
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Darren T Lerner
- University of Hawai'i Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Andre P Seale
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Björnsson BT, Einarsdóttir IE, Johansson M, Gong N. The Impact of Initial Energy Reserves on Growth Hormone Resistance and Plasma Growth Hormone-Binding Protein Levels in Rainbow Trout Under Feeding and Fasting Conditions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:231. [PMID: 29867764 PMCID: PMC5968089 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) system regulates important physiological functions in salmonid fish, including hydromineral balance, growth, and metabolism. While major research efforts have been directed toward this complex endocrine system, understanding of some key aspects is lacking. The aim was to provide new insights into GH resistance and growth hormone-binding proteins (GHBPs). Fish frequently respond to catabolic conditions with elevated GH and depressed IGF-I plasma levels, a condition of acquired GH resistance. The underlying mechanisms or the functional significance of GH resistance are, however, not well understood. Although data suggest that a significant proportion of plasma GH is bound to specific GHBPs, the regulation of plasma GHBP levels as well as their role in modulating the GH-IGF-I system in fish is virtually unknown. Two in vivo studies were conducted on rainbow trout. In experiment I, fish were fasted for 4 weeks and then refed and sampled over 72 h. In experiment II, two lines of fish with different muscle adiposity were sampled after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of fasting. In both studies, plasma GH, IGF-I, and GHBP levels were assessed as well as the hepatic gene expression of the growth hormone receptor 2a (ghr2a) isoform. While most rainbow trout acquired GH resistance within 4 weeks of fasting, fish selected for high muscle adiposity did not. This suggests that GH resistance does not set in while fat reserves as still available for energy metabolism, and that GH resistance is permissive for protein catabolism. Plasma GHBP levels varied between 5 and 25 ng ml-1, with large fluctuations during both long-term (4 weeks) fasting and short-term (72 h) refeeding, indicating differentiated responses depending on prior energy status of the fish. The two opposing functions of GHBPs of prolonging the biological half-life of GH while decreasing GH availability to target tissues makes the data interpretation difficult, but nutritional regulatory mechanisms are suggested. The lack of correlation between hepatic ghr2a expression and plasma GHBP levels indicate that ghr2a assessment cannot be used as a proxy measure for GHBP levels, even if circulating GHBPs are derived from the GH receptor molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Thrandur Björnsson
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Cheng CH, Guo ZX, Wang AL. Growth performance and protective effect of vitamin E on oxidative stress pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) following by ammonia stress. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:735-745. [PMID: 29349632 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of vitamin E on growth performance, biochemical parameters, and antioxidant capacity of pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) exposed to ammonia stress. The experimental basal diets supplemented with vitamin E at the rates of 2.31 (control), 21.84, 40.23, 83.64, 158.93, and 311.64 mg kg-1 dry weight were fed to fish for 60 days. After the feeding trial, the fish were exposed to 100 mg L-1 ammonia-nitrogen for 48 h. The results shown that the vitamin E group significantly improved weight gain, specific growth rate, and the expression levels of growth hormone receptors and insulin-like growth factor. Fish fed with the vitamin E-supplemented diets could increase plasma alkaline phosphatase activities and decrease plasma glutamicoxalacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities. The relative expression levels of heat shock proteins (40.23-311.64 mg kg-1 vitamin E diet group), manganese superoxide dismutase (83.64-158.93 mg kg-1 vitamin E diet group), catalase (40.23-311.64 mg kg-1 vitamin E diet group), and glutathione reductase (40.23-311.64 mg kg-1 vitamin E diet group) were upregulated. On the other hand, the decreased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed in the 83.64-311.64 mg kg-1 vitamin E additive group. These results showed that vitamin E might have a potentially useful role as an effective antioxidant to improve resistance in pufferfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-Xun Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - An-Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Pérez L, Ortiz-Delgado JB, Manchado M. Molecular characterization and transcriptional regulation by GH and GnRH of insulin-like growth factors I and II in white seabream (Diplodus sargus). Gene 2015; 578:251-62. [PMID: 26706220 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II are key regulators of development, growth and reproduction in fish. In the present study we have cloned and characterized the cDNA and genomic sequences of IGF-I and IGF-II in the white seabream (Diplodus sargus). The igf1 and igf2 genes were encoded putatively by five and four exons, respectively. Moreover, the 5'-flanking upstream region of the igf1 gene contained highly conserved regulatory elements including HNF-1α, HNF-3β, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) and the TATA box. The full-length cDNAs were 1225 and 1666 nucleotides long for igf1 and igf2, respectively. Sequence analysis identified the A-E domains as well as three spliced forms involving the E domain in exons 3-5. ORF identities were higher than 83% with respect to other fish orthologs. Expression analysis demonstrated that igf1 and its spliced forms were mostly expressed in liver, whereas the igf2 was expressed ubiquitously not detecting significant differences among the ten tissues analyzed. Hormonal treatments using the porcine GH demonstrated a sharply increase of both igf1 and igf2 mRNA levels in liver and gills at 30 min and 1h after injection. In the gonads, igf1 mRNA levels increased steadily with testis and ovary maturation. In contrast, igf2 transcript amounts were higher in immature stages (S1-S2). Hormonal treatments using GH and GnRH demonstrated that igf1 and igf2 expression were upregulated in the gonads. Overall, these data demonstrate that IGF-I and IGF-II are locally expressed in several tissues and regulated by key hormones of the somatotropic and gonadotropic axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pérez
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Bosco Ortiz-Delgado
- Institute of Marine Science of Andalusia (ICMAN). CSIC, Av Republica Saharaui, 2, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
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8
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Pujolar JM, Jacobsen MW, Bekkevold D, Lobón-Cervià J, Jónsson B, Bernatchez L, Hansen MM. Signatures of natural selection between life cycle stages separated by metamorphosis in European eel. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:600. [PMID: 26268725 PMCID: PMC4535825 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species showing complex life cycles provide excellent opportunities to study the genetic associations between life cycle stages, as selective pressures may differ before and after metamorphosis. The European eel presents a complex life cycle with two metamorphoses, a first metamorphosis from larvae into glass eels (juvenile stage) and a second metamorphosis into silver eels (adult stage). We tested the hypothesis that different genes and gene pathways will be under selection at different life stages when comparing the genetic associations between glass eels and silver eels. RESULTS We used two sets of markers to test for selection: first, we genotyped individuals using a panel of 80 coding-gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) developed in American eel; second, we investigated selection at the genome level using a total of 153,423 RAD-sequencing generated SNPs widely distributed across the genome. Using the RAD approach, outlier tests identified a total of 2413 (1.57%) potentially selected SNPs. Functional annotation analysis identified signal transduction pathways as the most over-represented group of genes, including MAPK/Erk signalling, calcium signalling and GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) signalling. Many of the over-represented pathways were related to growth, while others could result from the different conditions that eels inhabit during their life cycle. CONCLUSIONS The observation of different genes and gene pathways under selection when comparing glass eels vs. silver eels supports the adaptive decoupling hypothesis for the benefits of metamorphosis. Partitioning the life cycle into discrete morphological phases may be overall beneficial since it allows the different life stages to respond independently to their unique selection pressures. This might translate into a more effective use of food and niche resources and/or performance of phase-specific tasks (e.g. feeding in the case of glass eels, migrating and reproducing in the case of silver eels).
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pujolar
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - M W Jacobsen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - D Bekkevold
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - J Lobón-Cervià
- National Museum of Natural Sciences (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - B Jónsson
- Biopol, Marine Biology and Biotechnology Center, Skagastrond, Iceland.
| | - L Bernatchez
- IBIS (Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes), Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
| | - M M Hansen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark.
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9
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Xu Y, Zang K, Liu X, Shi B, Li C, Shi X. Insulin-like growth factors I and II in starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus): molecular cloning and differential expression during embryonic development. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:139-152. [PMID: 25424555 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-0012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the possible roles of insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) in the embryonic development of Platichthys stellatus, their cDNAs were isolated and their spatial expression pattern in adult organs and temporal expression pattern throughout embryonic development were examined by quantitative real-time PCR assay. The IGF-I cDNA sequence was 1,268 bp in length and contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 558 bp, which encoded 185 amino acid residues. With respect to IGF-II, the full-length cDNA was 899 bp in length and contained a 648-bp ORF, which encoded 215 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequences of IGF-I and IGF-II exhibited high identities with their fish counterparts. The highest IGF-I mRNA level was found in the liver for both sexes, whereas the IGF-II gene was most abundantly expressed in female liver and male liver, gill, and brain. The sex-specific and spatial expression patterns of IGF-I and IGF-II mRNAs are thought to be related to the sexually dimorphic growth and development of starry flounder. Both IGF-I and IGF-II mRNAs were detected in unfertilized eggs, which indicated that IGF-I and IGF-II were parentally transmitted. Nineteen embryonic development stages were tested. IGF-I mRNA level remained high from unfertilized eggs to low blastula followed by a significant decrease at early gastrula and then maintained a lower level. In contrast, IGF-II mRNA level was low from unfertilized eggs to high blastula and peaked at low blastula followed by a gradual decrease. Moreover, higher levels of IGF-I mRNA than that of IGF-II were found from unfertilized eggs to high blastula, vice versa from low blastula to newly hatched larva, and the different expression pattern verified the differential roles of IGF-I and IGF-II in starry flounder embryonic development. These results could help in understanding the endocrine mechanism involved in the early development and growth of starry flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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10
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Piccinetti CC, Migliarini B, Olivotto I, Simoniello MP, Giorgini E, Carnevali O. Melatonin and peripheral circuitries: insights on appetite and metabolism in Danio rerio. Zebrafish 2013; 10:275-82. [PMID: 23682835 PMCID: PMC3760084 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2012.0844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a neuroendocrine transducer of circadian/circannual rhythms able to synchronize organism's physiological activity. On the basis of our recent findings on appetite regulation by melatonin in the zebrafish brain, the aim of this study was to evaluate melatonin's role in peripheral circuitries regulating food intake, growth, and lipid metabolism. For this purpose, the effect of two melatonin doses (100 nM and 1 μM) administered for 10 days, via water, to adult zebrafish was evaluated at both physiological and molecular levels. The major signals controlling energy homeostasis were analyzed together. Additionally, the effect of melatonin doses on muscle metabolic resources was evaluated. The results obtained indicate that melatonin reduces food intake by stimulating molecules involved in appetite inhibition, such as leptin (LPT), in the liver and intestine and MC4R, a melanocortin system receptor, in the liver. Moreover, melatonin decreases hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene expression, involved in growth process and other signals involved in lipid metabolism such as proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, β, and γ) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP). These results were correlated with lower levels of lipids in the muscles as evidenced by the macromolecular pools analyses. The findings obtained in this study could be of great interest for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms as the basis of food intake control and, in turn, can be a useful tool for medical and aquaculture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Carla Piccinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e dell'ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Beatrice Migliarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e dell'ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e dell'ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Pasquale Simoniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e dell'ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e dell'ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e dell'ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Roma, Italy
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11
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Lennquist A, Asker N, Kristiansson E, Brenthel A, Björnsson BT, Kling P, Hultman M, Larsson DGJ, Förlin L. Physiology and mRNA expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after long-term exposure to the new antifoulant medetomidine. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 154:234-41. [PMID: 21703361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Medetomidine is under evaluation for use as an antifouling agent, and its effects on non-target aquatic organisms are therefore of interest. In this study, rainbow trout was exposed to low (0.5 and 5.0nM) concentrations of medetomidine for up to 54 days. Recently we have reported on effects on paleness and melanophore aggregation of medetomidine in these fish. Here, specific growth rates were investigated together with a broad set of physiological parameters including plasma levels of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and leptin, glucose and haemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), condition factor, liver and heart somatic indexes (LSI, HSI). Hepatic enzyme activities of CYP1A (EROD activity), glutathione S-transferases (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) were also measured. Additionally, hepatic mRNA expression was analysed through microarray and quantitative PCR in fish sampled after 31 days of exposure. Medetomidine at both concentrations significantly lowered blood glucose levels and the higher concentration significantly reduced the LSI. The mRNA expression analysis revealed few differentially expressed genes in the liver and the false discovery rate was high. Taken together, the results suggest that medetomidine at investigated concentrations could interfere with carbohydrate metabolism of exposed fish but without any clear consequences for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lennquist
- Department of Zoology/Zoophysiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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12
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Dong H, Zeng L, Duan D, Zhang H, Wang Y, Li W, Lin H. Growth hormone and two forms of insulin-like growth factors I in the giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus): molecular cloning and characterization of tissue distribution. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 36:201-212. [PMID: 20467861 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors play important roles in the growth, development and metabolism of vertebrates. In this study, we used reverse transcription and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) to obtain the three full-length cDNA sequences encoding GH and two forms of IGF-I from the giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus), a coral fish of high commercial value cultured in Southeast Asia. GH precursor cDNA consists of 938 bp in size with an open-reading frame (ORF) encoding 204 amino acid (aa), a 65 bp 5'-untranslated region and a 236 bp 3'-untranslated region. The sequence of giant grouper GH shared 98.6% nucleotide sequence homology with orange-spotted grouper (E. coioides) GH. Two forms of IGF-I precursor cDNA were cloned from giant grouper, IGF-I a consisting of 159 aa, and IGF-I b with 186 aa. They shared 98.4 and 98.7% aa identity with IGF-I reported in the orange-spotted grouper, respectively. Giant grouper IGF-I a and b have the same signal peptide and B-C-A-D domains, but they are different in the E domain. Using real-time reverse transcription PCR strategy, tissue distribution profile showed that GH and IGF-I mRNA signals were all observed in pituitary, brain, liver, ovary and spleen. GH mRNA in pituitary was the most abundant, and IGF-I mRNA level in liver was found to be more abundant than that in other selected tissues. These findings will contribute to the understanding of the evolution of GH and IGF-I, and provide some basic information about the characterization of GH and IGF-I in the giant grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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13
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Reinecke M. Influences of the environment on the endocrine and paracrine fish growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I system. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2010; 76:1233-54. [PMID: 20537012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a key component of the complex system that regulates differentiation, development, growth and reproduction of fishes. The IGF-I gene is mainly expressed in the liver that represents the principal source of endocrine IGF-I but also in numerous other organs where the hormone most probably acts in an autocrine-paracrine manner. The primary stimulus for synthesis and release of IGF-I is growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary. Thus, in analogy to mammals, it is usual to speak of a fish 'GH-IGF-I axis'. The GH-IGF-I system is affected by changes in the environment and probably represents a target of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) that impair many physiological processes in fishes. Thus, the review deals with the influences of changes in different environmental factors, such as food availability, temperature, photoperiod, season, salinity and EDCs, on GH gene expression in pituitary, IGF-I gene expression in liver and extrahepatic sites and the physiological effects resulting from the evoked alterations in endocrine and local IGF-I. Environmental influences certainly interact with each other but for convenience of the reader they will be dealt with in separate sections. Current trends in GH-IGF-I research are analysed and future focuses are suggested at the end of the sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reinecke
- Division of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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14
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Campos C, Valente LMP, Borges P, Bizuayehu T, Fernandes JMO. Dietary lipid levels have a remarkable impact on the expression of growth-related genes in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:200-9. [PMID: 20038653 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.033126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup), growth is negatively correlated to dietary lipid levels. To understand the molecular basis of this effect a molecular toolbox of 12 genes, including fgf6, fst, mstn1, myf5, mrf4, myod1, myod2, myog, myHC, mylc2, igf1r and insr, was developed. The expression profiles of these genes were investigated in white muscle and liver of fish fed with three dietary lipid levels (4%, 12% and 20%). The expression of igf-I and igf-II was also examined. MRFs and myosins were only expressed in the muscle and, except for myf5, the general trend was a decrease in expression with an increase in dietary lipids. Fgf6 was identified for the first time in liver and its expression augmented in hepatic tissues with increasing dietary lipid levels. A similar tendency was observed for mstn1 and igf-I. The opposite was observed for igf1r expression in muscle and liver. Myog, mrf4, mylc2 and igf1r were highly correlated with growth and nutrient utilisation indices. In addition to its practical implications, this work provides a valuable contribution towards our understanding of the genetic networks controlling growth in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Campos
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Bodø University College, NO-8049 Bodø, Norway
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15
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Lynn SG, Powell KA, Westneat DF, Shepherd BS. Seasonal and sex-specific mRNA levels of key endocrine genes in adult yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from Lake Erie. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 11:210-222. [PMID: 18810549 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the endocrine mechanisms that underlie sexually dimorphic growth (females grow faster) in yellow perch (Perca flavescens), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to measure pituitary, liver, and ovary mRNA levels of genes related to growth and reproduction-sex in this species. Adult perch were collected from Lake Erie and body mass, age, gonadosomatic index (I (G)), hepatosomatic index (I (H)), and gene expression for growth hormone (GH), prolactin, somatolactin, insulin-like growth factor Ib (IGF-Ib), estrogen receptor alpha (esr1), estrogen receptor betaa (esr2a), and aromatase (cyp19a1a) were measured. Females had higher body mass, I (H), and liver esr1 mRNA level than males, while males had higher liver IGF-Ib, liver esr2a, and liver cyp19a1a mRNA levels. In both sexes, season had a significant effect on GH and liver IGF-Ib mRNAs with higher levels occurring in spring, which also corresponded with higher liver cyp19a1a mRNA levels. For females, I (G), liver esr1, and ovary cyp19a1a mRNA levels were higher in autumn than the spring, and ovary cyp19a1a mRNA levels showed a significant negative correlation with pituitary GH and liver IGF-Ib mRNA levels. The most significant (p </= 0.001) relationships across the parameters measured were positive correlations between liver IGF-Ib and esr2a mRNA levels and liver IGF-Ib and cyp19a1a mRNA levels. This study shows significant effects of season and sex on adult yellow perch endocrine physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Lynn
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
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16
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Sciara AA, Somoza GM, Arranz SE. Insulin-like growth factor-I of pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis: cDNA characterization, tissue distribution and expression profiles after growth hormone administration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 309:407-18. [PMID: 18521839 DOI: 10.1002/jez.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The liver production of the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a key factor in the endocrine control of body growth by a growth hormone. As pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis has been reported as a fish with low growth rates in captivity, basic research on this respect is needed in order to understand it. In this context, the pejerrey IGF-I cDNA was cloned and its hepatic expression was examined in fish after recombinant pejerrey growth hormone (pjGHr) administration. The full length of IGF-I transcript showed a high sequence similarity to other teleost sequences. The tissue distribution analysis by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in adult fish revealed that IGF-I expressed ubiquitously with the highest mRNA levels in the liver, posterior intestine and brain. No alternative IGF-I mRNA was found in the liver, as it was reported for other teleosts. IGF-I transcript was measured in the liver after pjGHr in vivo stimulation by means of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. A dose-dependent response of IGF-I mRNA was observed after pjGHr administration, and reached a six-fold IGF-I maximum increase over control group when 2.5 microg pjGH/g-body weight (bw) was injected. Temporal analysis of hepatic IGF-I mRNA level showed that administration of a single dose of pjGHr into juvenile pejerrey resulted in a significant increase (P <0.02) 9 hours post-injection (hpi). These results add novel information on the nucleotide sequence of IGF-I in Atheriniformes and demonstrate that pjGHr could promote a dramatic response in liver, increasing the IGF-I mRNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés A Sciara
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET)-Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
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17
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Rousseau K, Dufour S. Comparative aspects of GH and metabolic regulation in lower vertebrates. Neuroendocrinology 2007; 86:165-74. [PMID: 17377370 DOI: 10.1159/000101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In all vertebrates, the regulations of growth and energy balance are complex phenomena which involve elaborate interactions between the brain and peripheral signals. Most vertebrates adopt and maintain a life style after birth, but lower vertebrates may have complex life histories involving metamorphoses, migrations and long periods of fasting. In order to achieve the complex developmental programs associated with these changes, coordinated regulation of all aspects of energy metabolism is required. Somatotropic axis (somatostatin (SRIH) growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), is known to be involved in the regulation of growth and energy balance. Interestingly, recent studies showed that additional factors such as pituitary adenylate cyclase-activated polypeptide (PACAP), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), ghrelin and leptin could also have major roles in the control of growth and metabolism in lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians and reptiles). This mini-review will survey the function of GH and metabolic regulation in lower vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Rousseau
- MNHN, Département des Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, USM 0401, UMR 5178 CNRS, Paris, France.
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18
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Deane EE, Woo NYS. Upregulation of the somatotropic axis is correlated with increased G6PDH expression in Black Sea bream adapted to iso-osmotic salinity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1040:293-6. [PMID: 15891045 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1327.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Black sea bream (Mylio macrocephalus) were adapted to salinities of 0 ppt (freshwater), 6 ppt (hypo-osmotic), 12 ppt (iso-osmotic), 33 ppt (seawater), and 50 ppt (hypersaline) for 1 month. Using RT-PCR assays, the expression of pituitary growth hormone (GH) and hepatic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) genes were studied. It was found that the transcripts for both of these genes were highest in fish maintained at iso-osmotic salinity. To correlate the expression of GH and IGF-1 with an index of growth, we also measured the transcript levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in liver. It was found that this transcript was also elevated in iso-osmotically adapted black sea bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie E Deane
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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19
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Berishvili G, Shved N, Eppler E, Clota F, Baroiller JF, Reinecke M. Organ-specific expression of IGF-I during early development of bony fish as revealed in the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry: indication for the particular importance of local IGF-I. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 325:287-301. [PMID: 16596395 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cellular sites of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) synthesis in the early developing tilapia (0-140 days post fertilization, DPF) were investigated. IGF-I mRNA and peptide appeared in liver as early as 4 DPF and in gastro-intestinal epithelial cells between 5-9 DPF. In exocrine pancreas, the expression of IGF-I started at 4 DPF and continued until 90 DPF. IGF-I production was detected in islets at 6 DPF in non-insulin cells and occurred throughout life. In renal tubules and ducts, IGF-I production started at 8 DPF. IGF-I production in chondrocytes had its onset at 4 DPF, was more pronounced in growing regions and was also found in adults. IGF-I mRNA and peptide appeared in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells at 4 DPF. In gill chloride cells, IGF-I production started at 6 DPF. At 13 DPF, IGF-I was detected in cardiac myocytes. IGF-I-producing epidermal cells appeared at 5 DPF. In brain and ganglia, IGF-I was expressed in virtually all neurones from 6 to 29 DPF, their number decreasing with age. Neurosecretory IGF-I-immunoreactive axons were first seen in the neurohypophysis around 17 DPF. Endocrine cells of the adenohypophysis exhibited IGF-I mRNA at 28 DPF and IGF-I immunoreactivity at 40 DPF. Thus, IGF-I appeared early (4-5 DPF), first in liver, the main source of endocrine IGF-I, and then in organs involved in growth or metabolism. The expression of IGF-I was more pronounced during development than in juvenile and adult life. Local IGF-I therefore seems to have a high functional impact in early growth, metabolism and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgi Berishvili
- Division of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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Campbell B, Dickey J, Beckman B, Young G, Pierce A, Fukada H, Swanson P. Previtellogenic oocyte growth in salmon: relationships among body growth, plasma insulin-like growth factor-1, estradiol-17beta, follicle-stimulating hormone and expression of ovarian genes for insulin-like growth factors, steroidogenic-acute regulatory protein and receptors for gonadotropins, growth hormone, and somatolactin. Biol Reprod 2006; 75:34-44. [PMID: 16554413 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.049494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Body growth during critical periods is known to be an important factor in determining the age of maturity and fecundity in fish. However, the endocrine mechanisms controlling oogenesis in fish and the effects of growth on this process are poorly understood. In this study interactions between the growth and reproductive systems were examined by monitoring changes in various components of the FSH-ovary axis, plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1), and ovarian gene expression in relation to body and previtellogenic oocyte growth in coho salmon. Samples were collected from females during two hypothesized critical periods when growth influences maturation in this species. Body growth during the fall-spring months was strongly related to the degree of oocyte development, with larger fish possessing more advanced oocytes than smaller, slower growing fish. The accumulation of cortical alveoli in the oocytes was associated with increases in plasma and pituitary FSH, plasma estradiol-17beta, and ovarian steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star) gene expression, whereas ovarian transcripts for growth hormone receptor and somatolactin receptor decreased. As oocytes accumulated lipid droplets, a general increase occurred in plasma Igf1 and components of the FSH-ovary axis, including plasma FSH, estradiol-17beta, and ovarian mRNAs for gonadotropin receptors, star, igf1, and igf2. A consistent positive relationship between plasma Igf1, estradiol-17beta, and pituitary FSH during growth in the spring suggests that these factors are important links in the mechanism by which body growth influences the rate of oocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Campbell
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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21
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Castillo J, Ammendrup-Johnsen I, Codina M, Navarro I, Gutiérrez J. IGF-I and insulin receptor signal transduction in trout muscle cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290:R1683-90. [PMID: 16439672 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00294.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, primary cultures of trout skeletal muscle cells were used to investigate the main signal transduction pathways of insulin and IGF-I receptors in rainbow trout muscle. At different stages of in vitro development (myoblasts on day 1, myocytes on day 4, and fully developed myotubes on day 11), we detected in these cells the presence of immunoreactivity against ERK 1/2 MAPK and Akt/PKB proteins, components of the MAPK and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathways, respectively, two of the main intracellular transduction pathways for insulin and IGF-I receptors. Both insulin and IGF-I activated both pathways, although the latter provoked higher immunoreactivity of phosphorylated MAPKs and Akt proteins. At every stage, increases in total MAPK immunoreactivity levels were observed when cells were stimulated with IGF-I or insulin, while total Akt immunoreactivity levels changed little under stimulation of peptides. Total Akt and total MAPK levels increased as skeletal muscle cells differentiated in culture. Moreover, when cells were incubated with IGF-I or insulin, MAPK-P immunoreactivity levels showed greater increases over the basal levels on days 1 and 4, with no effect observed on day 11. Although Akt-P immunoreactivity displayed improved responses on days 1 and 4 as well, a stimulatory effect was still observed on day 11. In addition, the present study demonstrates that purified trout insulin receptors possess higher phosphorylative activity per unit of receptor than IGF-I receptors. In conclusion, these results indicate that trout skeletal muscle culture is a suitable model to study the insulin and IGF-I signal transduction molecules and that there is a different regulation of MAPK and Akt pathways depending on the developmental stage of the muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Castillo
- Department de Fisiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Shepherd BS, Drennon K, Johnson J, Nichols JW, Playle RC, Singer TD, Vijayan MM. Salinity acclimation affects the somatotropic axis in rainbow trout. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 288:R1385-95. [PMID: 15604305 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00443.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we set out to examine the role of the somatotropic axis in the ion-regulation process in rainbow trout. Specifically, our objective was to examine whether plasma insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are modulated by gradual salinity exposure. To this end, freshwater (FW)-adapted rainbow trout were subjected to gradual salinity increases, up to 66% seawater, over a period of 5 days. During this acclimation process, minimal elevations in plasma Ca2+ and Cl- were seen in the salinity-acclimated groups compared with FW controls. There were no changes in plasma Na+ levels, and only a minor transient change in plasma cortisol levels was seen with salinity exposure. The salinity challenged animals responded with elevations in plasma growth hormone (GH) and IGF-I levels and gill Na+-K+-ATPase activity. We identified IGFBPs of 21, 32, 42, and 50 kDa in size in the plasma of these animals, and they were consistently higher with salinity. Despite the overall increase in IGFBPs with salinity, transient changes in individual BPs over the 5-day period were noted in the FW and salinity-exposed fish. Specifically, the transient changes in plasma levels of the 21-, 42-, and 50-kDa IGFBPs were different between the FW and salinity groups, while the 32-kDa IGFBP showed a similar trend (increases with sampling time) in both groups. Considered together, the elevated plasma IGFBPs suggest a key role for these binding proteins in the regulation of IGF-I during salinity acclimation in salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Shepherd
- National Center for Cool and Coldwater Aquaculture, ARS/USDA, 11861 Leetown Rd., Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA.
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23
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Deane EE, Woo NYS. Differential gene expression associated with euryhalinity in sea bream (Sparus sarba). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 287:R1054-63. [PMID: 15242828 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00347.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Certain fish have the remarkable capability of euryhalinity, being able to withstand large variations in salinity for indefinite periods. Using the highly euryhaline species, silver sea bream (Sparus sarba), as an experimental model, some of the molecular processes involved during ion regulation (Na+-K+-ATPase), cytoprotection [heat shock protein (hsp) 70], and growth (somatotropic axis) were studied. To perform these studies, seven key genes involved in these processes were cloned, and the tissue-specific expression profiles in fish adapted to salinities of 6 parts per thousand (ppt; hypoosmotic), 12 ppt (isoosmotic), 33 ppt (seawater), and 50 ppt (hypersaline) were studied. In gills, the transcriptional and translational expression profiles of Na+-K+-ATPase alpha- and beta-subunit genes were lowest in isoosmotic-adapted fish, whereas in kidneys the expression of the beta-subunit increased in seawater- and hypersaline-adapted groups. The hsp70 multigene family, comprising genes coding for heat shock cognate (hsc70), inducible heat shock protein (hsp70), and a heat shock transcription factor (hsf1), was found to be highly upregulated in gills of seawater- and hypersaline-adapted fish. In liver, hsc70 expression was lowest in isoosmotic groups, and in kidneys the hsp70 multigene family remained unchanged over the salinity range tested. The regulation of the somatotropic axis was studied by measuring pituitary growth hormone expression and liver IGF-I expression in salinity-adapted fish. The expression amounts of both genes involved in the somatotropic axis were highest in fish maintained at an isoosmotic salinity. The results of this study provide new information on key molecular processes involved in euryhalinity of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie E Deane
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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24
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Castillo J, Codina M, Martínez ML, Navarro I, Gutiérrez J. Metabolic and mitogenic effects of IGF-I and insulin on muscle cells of rainbow trout. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286:R935-41. [PMID: 14751844 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00459.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The relative function of IGF-I and insulin on fish muscle metabolism and growth has been investigated by the isolation and culture at different stages (myoblasts at day 1, myocytes at day 4, and myotubes at day 10) of rainbow trout muscle cells. This in vitro model avoids interactions with endogenous peptides, which could interfere with the muscle response. In these cells, the effects of IGF-I and insulin on cell proliferation, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), and l-alanine uptake at different development stages, and the use of inhibitors were studied and quantified. Insulin (10-1,000 nM) and IGF-I (10-100 nM) stimulated 2-DG uptake in trout myocytes at day 4 in a similar manner (maximum of 124% for insulin and of 142% for IGF-I), and this stimulation increased when cells differentiated to myotubes (maximum for IGF-I of 193%). When incubating the cells with PD-98059 and especially cytochalasin B, a reduction in 2-DG uptake was observed, suggesting that glucose transport takes place through specific facilitative transporters. IGF-I (1-100 nM) stimulated the l-alanine uptake in myocytes at day 4 (maximum of 239%), reaching higher values of stimulation than insulin (100-1,000 nM) (maximum of 160%). This stimulation decreased when cells developed to myotubes at day 10 (118% for IGF-I and 114% for insulin). IGF-I (0.125-25 nM) had a significant effect on myoblast proliferation, measured by thymidine incorporation (maximum of 170%), and required the presence of 2-5% fetal serum (FBS) to promote thymidine uptake. On the other hand, insulin was totally ineffective in stimulating thymidine uptake. We conclude that IGF-I is more effective than insulin in stimulating glucose and alanine uptake in rainbow trout myosatellite cells and that the degree of stimulation changes when cells differentiate to myotubes. IGF-I stimulates cell proliferation in this model of muscle in vitro and insulin does not. These results indicate the important role of IGF-I on growth and metabolism of fish muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Castillo
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Larsen DA, Beckman BR, Dickhoff WW. The effect of low temperature and fasting during the winter on metabolic stores and endocrine physiology (insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and thyroxine) of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2001; 123:308-23. [PMID: 11589631 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.2001.7677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of winter feeding and fasting at both high (10 degrees ) and low (2.5 degrees ) temperatures on growth, metabolic stores, and endocrinology of coho salmon. Treatments were as follows: warm-fed, warm-not fed, cold-fed, and cold-not fed during the winter (January-February). The following parameters were measured: length, weight, whole body lipid, liver glycogen, hepatosomatic index, and plasma levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and thyroxine (T4). Warm-fed fish grew continuously throughout the experiment from 21.5 +/- 0.3 to 43.4 +/- 1.4 g and were larger than fish in the other treatments. Fish in all other treatments grew from 21.5 +/- 0.3 to approximately 32 g and showed depressed growth during January and February. During the winter, liver glycogen, hepatosomatic index, plasma insulin, and IGF-I were highly influenced by manipulations in rearing conditions, whereas whole body lipid and plasma T4 were less affected. Plasma insulin levels fluctuated dramatically (from 2 to 7 ng/ml) in the two cold-acclimated groups shortly after the change in temperature. In general, the plasma insulin levels of the warm-fed fish were the highest (8-9 ng/ml), those of the warm-not fed fish were the lowest (2-5 ng/ml), and those of the two cold-acclimated groups were more variable but intermediate. In contrast, plasma IGF-I levels showed a decline with temperature decrease (from 9 to 5 ng/ml) and more gradual changes than insulin with the change in feeding. The highest plasma IGF-I levels were found in the warm-fed fish (10-15 ng/ml), the lowest levels were in the cold-not fed fish (4-5 ng/ml), and those of the warm-not fed and cold-fed fish were intermediate. During the treatment period the T4 levels were relatively unaffected by manipulations in feeding and temperature compared with either insulin or IGF-I. These data suggest that the insulin, IGF-I, and thyroid axes are differentially regulated under changing seasonal and/or environmental conditions in yearling salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Larsen
- Integrative Fish Biology Program, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlake Boulevard, East Seattle, Washington 98112, USA
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Myosin Expression During Ontogeny, Post-Hatching Growth, and Adaptation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(01)18004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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McCormick SD, Moriyama S, Björnsson BT. Low temperature limits photoperiod control of smolting in atlantic salmon through endocrine mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 278:R1352-61. [PMID: 10801307 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.5.r1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the interaction of photoperiod and temperature in regulating the parr-smolt transformation and its endocrine control. Atlantic salmon juveniles were reared at a constant temperature of 10 degrees C or ambient temperature (2 degrees C from January to April followed by seasonal increase) under simulated natural day length. At 10 degrees C, an increase in day length [16 h of light and 8 h of darkness (LD 16:8)] in February accelerated increases in gill Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, whereas fish at ambient temperature did not respond to increased day length. Increases in gill Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity under both photoperiods occurred later at ambient temperature than at 10 degrees C. Plasma growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor, and thyroxine increased within 7 days of increased day length at 10 degrees C and remained elevated for 5-9 wk; the same photoperiod treatment at 2 degrees C resulted in much smaller increases of shorter duration. Plasma cortisol increased transiently 3 and 5 wk after LD 16:8 at 10 degrees C and ambient temperature, respectively. Plasma thyroxine was consistently higher at ambient temperature than at 10 degrees C. Plasma triiodothyronine was initially higher at 10 degrees C than at ambient temperature, and there was no response to LD 16:8 under either temperature regimen. There was a strong correlation between gill Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity and plasma GH; correlations were weaker with other hormones. The results provide evidence that low temperature limits the physiological response to increased day length and that GH, insulin-like growth factor I, cortisol, and thyroid hormones mediate the environmental control of the parr-smolt transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D McCormick
- Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, Biological Resources Division, US Geological Survey, Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376, USA
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Beckman BR, Larsen DA, Moriyama S, Lee-Pawlak B, Dickhoff WW. Insulin-like growth factor-I and environmental modulation of growth during smoltification of spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawystscha). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1998; 109:325-35. [PMID: 9480740 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1997.7036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relations among rearing environment, fish size, insulin-like growth factor-I, and smoltification were examined in yearling spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Juvenile chinook salmon were size-graded into small and large categories. Half of the fish in each group were reared at an increased temperature and feeding rate beginning in mid-February, resulting in four distinct treatment groups: large warm-water (LW), large cool-water (LC), small warm-water (SW), and small cool-water (SC). Increased temperature and feeding rate resulted in overall higher growth rates for the LW and SW groups. Temporal increases in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were found in all groups through the spring. Plasma IGF-I levels were significantly higher in warm-water groups than in cool-water groups from late March through May. Size itself appeared to have little relation to plasma IGF-I levels. Simple regression showed a significant relation between plasma IGF-I and growth (P < 0. 001, R2 = 0.50). No differences were found between treatment groups in other physiological parameters assessed (plasma thyroxine, gill Na+-K+-ATPase, liver glycogen, body lipid).
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Beckman
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA.
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Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are evolutionarily ancient growth factors present in all vertebrates. The central importance of IGF for normal development and growth has been illustrated by the severe growth-retarded phenotype exhibited by IGF-I, IGF-II or IGF-I receptor "knockout" mice. Although we know much about the gross effects of IGF on the overall size of the fetus and the clinical manifestations that result from fetal and neonatal deficiency of IGF (i.e., severe growth retardation leads to dwarfism), very little is known about the in vivo actions of IGF during embryogenesis at the cellular and molecular levels. Most research on the developmental role of IGF has relied on rodent models, and attempts to elucidate the molecular and cellular basis of IGF actions have been hampered by the inaccessibility of the mammalian fetus enclosed in the uterus. During the past decade, there has been growing support for the concept that the IGF have been highly conserved in all vertebrates. Both IGF-I and IGF-II are present in fish, and their structures are highly conserved. Human and fish IGF-I are equally potent in mammalian and fish bioassay systems. Insulin-like growth factor mRNA is found in all life stages of fish, ranging from unfertilized egg to adult. The temporal and spatial expression patterns of fish IGF-I seem to be similar to those in mammals. Nutritional status and growth hormone both have a profound effect on IGF-I expression in fish, as they do in mammals. These features suggest that the IGF system is highly conserved between teleost fish and mammals. Because fish embryos develop externally, they provide excellent animal models for understanding the regulatory roles of IGF, IGF receptor and IGF-binding proteins in vertebrate embryonic development. Current research on the developmental and nutritional roles of IGF in fish will undoubtedly contribute to knowledge of the basic physiology of vertebrates in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Duan
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1048, USA
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Reinecke M, Schmid A, Ermatinger R, Loffing-Cueni D. Insulin-like growth factor I in the teleost Oreochromis mossambicus, the tilapia: gene sequence, tissue expression, and cellular localization. Endocrinology 1997; 138:3613-9. [PMID: 9275043 DOI: 10.1210/endo.138.9.5375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Using reverse transcription-PCR and molecular cloning, the complementary DNA sequence encoding preproinsulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) of a teleost, the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) was established from liver. At the amino acid level, tilapia IGF-I shows all residues necessary for the maintenance of tertiary structure and shares about 80% identity with IGF-I from other teleosts. The B and A domains of tilapia IGF-I show more than 90% homology to those of other teleosts and 86-93% to those of human. However, in contrast to salmonids, the C domain of tilapia is truncated. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis followed by Southern blotting with an internal probe specific for tilapia IGF-I indicated a transcript in liver, pancreas, gut, kidney, head kidney, gill, ovary, testis, eye, and brain. In correlation, parenchymal cells were identified as likely local production sites by the use of immunohistochemistry. IGF-I immunoreactivity was confined to D cells in pancreatic islets, gastroentero-endocrine cells, cells of renal proximal tubules, interrenal cells of the head kidney, gill chondrocytes, chloride cells of the gill epithelium, granulosa cells in the ovary, spermatocytes and Sertoli cells in testis, and neurons in retina and brain. The local production of IGF-I in multiple organs of the tilapia indicates paracrine/autocrine actions of IGF-I involved in organ-specific functions. The results further demonstrate that the primary structure of IGF-I, especially in the B and A domains, is highly conserved during phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reinecke
- Division of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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