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Yao J, Tao Y, Hu Z, Li J, Xue Z, Zhang Y, Lei Y. Optimization of small molecule degraders and antagonists for targeting estrogen receptor based on breast cancer: current status and future. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1225951. [PMID: 37808197 PMCID: PMC10551544 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1225951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) is a classical receptor protein that plays a crucial role in mediating multiple signaling pathways in various target organs. It has been shown that ER-targeting therapies inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation, enhance neuronal protection, and promote osteoclast formation. Several drugs have been designed to specifically target ER in ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer, including selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) such as Tamoxifen. However, the emergence of drug resistance in ER+ breast cancer and the potential side effects on the endometrium which has high ER expression has posed significant challenges in clinical practice. Recently, novel ER-targeted drugs, namely, selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) and selective estrogen receptor covalent antagonist (SERCA) have shown promise in addressing these concerns. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the structural functions of ER and highlights recent advancements in SERD and SERCA-related small molecule drugs, especially focusing on their structural optimization strategies and future optimization directions. Additionally, the therapeutic potential and challenges of novel SERDs and SERCAs in breast cancer and other ER-related diseases have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Yao
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiran Tao
- West China-California Research Center for Predictive Intervention Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zelin Hu
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ziyi Xue
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Ya Zhang
- West China-California Research Center for Predictive Intervention Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Lei
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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2
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Shagufta, Ahmad I, Mathew S, Rahman S. Recent progress in selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs) for the treatment of breast cancer. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:438-454. [PMID: 33479648 PMCID: PMC7580774 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00570f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs) are a novel class of compounds capable of reducing the ERα protein level and blocking ER activity. Therefore, SERDs are considered as a significant therapeutic approach to treat ER+ breast cancer in both early stage and more advanced drug-resistant cases. After the FDA approval of a steroidal drug, fulvestrant, as a SERD for the treatment of breast cancer in patients who have progressed on antihormonal agents, several molecules with diverse chemical structures have been rapidly developed, studied and evaluated for selective estrogen receptor downregulation activity. Here we compile the promising SERDs reported in recent years and discuss the chemical structure and pharmacological profile of the most potent compound of the considered series. Because of the availability of only a limited number of effective drugs for the treatment of breast cancer, the quest for a potent SERD with respectable activity and bioavailability is still ongoing. The goal of this article is to make available to the reader an overview of the current progress in SERDs and provide clues for the future discovery and development of novel pharmacological potent SERDs for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , School of Arts and Sciences , American University of Ras Al Khaimah , P. O. Box 10021 , Ras Al Khaimah , United Arab Emirates . ;
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , School of Arts and Sciences , American University of Ras Al Khaimah , P. O. Box 10021 , Ras Al Khaimah , United Arab Emirates . ;
| | - Shimy Mathew
- Department of Biotechnology , School of Arts and Sciences , American University of Ras Al Khaimah , P. O. Box 10021 , Ras Al Khaimah , United Arab Emirates
| | - Sofia Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology , School of Arts and Sciences , American University of Ras Al Khaimah , P. O. Box 10021 , Ras Al Khaimah , United Arab Emirates
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3
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Andreano KJ, Wardell SE, Baker JG, Desautels TK, Baldi R, Chao CA, Heetderks KA, Bae Y, Xiong R, Tonetti DA, Gutgesell LM, Zhao J, Sorrentino JA, Thompson DA, Bisi JE, Strum JC, Thatcher GRJ, Norris JD. G1T48, an oral selective estrogen receptor degrader, and the CDK4/6 inhibitor lerociclib inhibit tumor growth in animal models of endocrine-resistant breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 180:635-646. [PMID: 32130619 PMCID: PMC7103015 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The combination of targeting the CDK4/6 and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathways with palbociclib and fulvestrant is a proven therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ER-positive breast cancer. However, the poor physicochemical properties of fulvestrant require monthly intramuscular injections to patients, which limit the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity of the compound. Therefore, an orally available compound that more rapidly reaches steady state may lead to a better clinical response in patients. Here, we report the identification of G1T48, a novel orally bioavailable, non-steroidal small molecule antagonist of ER. Methods The pharmacological effects and the antineoplastic mechanism of action of G1T48 on tumors was evaluated using human breast cancer cells (in vitro) and xenograft efficacy models (in vivo). Results G1T48 is a potent and efficacious inhibitor of estrogen-mediated transcription and proliferation in ER-positive breast cancer cells, similar to the pure antiestrogen fulvestrant. In addition, G1T48 can effectively suppress ER activity in multiple models of endocrine therapy resistance including those harboring ER mutations and growth factor activation. In vivo, G1T48 has robust antitumor activity in a model of estrogen-dependent breast cancer (MCF7) and significantly inhibited the growth of tamoxifen-resistant (TamR), long-term estrogen-deprived (LTED) and patient-derived xenograft tumors with an increased response being observed with the combination of G1T48 and the CDK4/6 inhibitor lerociclib. Conclusions These data show that G1T48 has the potential to be an efficacious oral antineoplastic agent in ER-positive breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10549-020-05575-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn J Andreano
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Suzanne E Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer G Baker
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Taylor K Desautels
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Robert Baldi
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Christina A Chao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kendall A Heetderks
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yeeun Bae
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Rui Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (M/C 781), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Debra A Tonetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (M/C 781), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Lauren M Gutgesell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (M/C 781), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (M/C 781), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jessica A Sorrentino
- G1 Therapeutics, Inc, 700 Park Offices Drive, Suite 200, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Delita A Thompson
- G1 Therapeutics, Inc, 700 Park Offices Drive, Suite 200, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - John E Bisi
- G1 Therapeutics, Inc, 700 Park Offices Drive, Suite 200, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jay C Strum
- G1 Therapeutics, Inc, 700 Park Offices Drive, Suite 200, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (M/C 781), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - John D Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Chinnasamy K, Saravanan M, Poomani K. Investigation of binding mechanism and downregulation of elacestrant for wild and L536S mutant estrogen receptor-α through molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy analysis. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:97-109. [PMID: 31602686 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs) are the new emerging class of drugs that are used for the treatment of endocrine resistance breast cancer. Elacestrant (ELA) is a new SERD, currently it is in phase II clinical trial. To understand the ELA-ERα interactions, the molecular docking analysis has been carried out. The ELA molecule binds with the helices H3, H5, H6, and H11 and forms important intermolecular interactions. In addition to this, the tetrahydronapthalene and phenyl rings of ELA are forming T-shaped π···π interactions with the Phe404 and Trp383 residues. Further to understand the stability and flexibility of ELA molecule in the active site of wild and mutated L536S ERα, 100ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed for both complexes. Interestingly, the MD analysis of wild complex revealed an interaction between ELA and the Asn532 of H11, which is an essential interaction for the downregulation/degradation of ERα, whereas this interaction is not observed in the mutated complex. The drug binding mechanism and H12 dynamics have been elucidated from the analysis of hydrogen bonding interactions and the secondary structure analysis. To explore the binding affinity of ELA molecule, the binding free energy and normal mode analyses were carried out. The per residue decomposition analysis also performed, which shows the contribution of individual amino acids. The principal component analysis and residue interaction network analysis were used to identify the modifications and the interaction between the residues. From the results of different analysis, the inhibition mechanism and downregulation of ERα-ELA complex has been investigated. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiarasi Chinnasamy
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, India
| | - Manjula Saravanan
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, India
| | - Kumaradhas Poomani
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, India
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5
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Wardell SE, Yllanes AP, Chao CA, Bae Y, Andreano KJ, Desautels TK, Heetderks KA, Blitzer JT, Norris JD, McDonnell DP. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of fulvestrant in preclinical models of breast cancer to assess the importance of its estrogen receptor-α degrader activity in antitumor efficacy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 179:67-77. [PMID: 31562570 PMCID: PMC6985185 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Fulvestrant is a selective estrogen receptor downregulator (SERD) that is approved for first- or second-line use as a single agent or in combination with cyclin dependent kinase or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Fulvestrant exhibits exceptionally effective antitumor activity in preclinical models of breast cancer, a success that has been attributed to its robust SERD activity despite modest receptor downregulation in patient tumors. By modeling human exposures in animal models we probe the absolute need for SERD activity. Methods Three xenograft models of endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer were used to evaluate the efficacy of fulvestrant administered in doses historically used in preclinical studies in the field or by using a dose regimen intended to model clinical exposure levels. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses were conducted to evaluate plasma exposure and intratumoral ER downregulation. Results A clinically relevant 25 mg/kg dose of fulvestrant exhibited antitumor efficacy comparable to the historically used 200 mg/kg dose, but at this lower dose it did not result in robust ER downregulation. Further, the antitumor efficacy of the lower dose of fulvestrant was comparable to that observed for other oral SERDs currently in development. Conclusion The use of clinically unachievable exposure levels of fulvestrant as a benchmark in preclinical development of SERDs may negatively impact the selection of those molecules that are advanced for clinical development. Further, these studies suggest that antagonist efficacy, as opposed to SERD activity, is likely to be the primary driver of clinical response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10549-019-05454-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Alexander P Yllanes
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Christina A Chao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yeeun Bae
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kaitlyn J Andreano
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Taylor K Desautels
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kendall A Heetderks
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - John D Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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6
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Chinnasamy K, Saravanan M, Poomani K. Evaluation of binding and antagonism/downregulation of brilanestrant molecule in estrogen receptor-α via quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics and binding free energy calculations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:219-235. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1574605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiarasi Chinnasamy
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manjula Saravanan
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumaradhas Poomani
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Abderrahman B, Jordan VC. Successful Targeted Therapies for Breast Cancer: the Worcester Foundation and Future Opportunities in Women's Health. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2980-2990. [PMID: 29931061 PMCID: PMC6963694 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The signing of the National Cancer Act in 1971 was designed to take laboratory discoveries rapidly from the bench to the bedside. A "war on cancer" had been declared. Combination cytotoxic chemotherapy was predicted to cure all cancers, based on the stunning success in treating childhood leukemia. Breast cancer treatments were primitive; radical mastectomy and radiation were standard of care for disease that had not spread. Ablative endocrine surgery (oophorectomy, hypophysectomy, and adrenalectomy) was a palliative last option for metastatic breast cancer. However, only 30% responded, surviving for only 1 or 2 years: every patient soon died. The discovery of the estrogen receptor (ER) and translation to breast cancer treatment triggered a revolution in women's health. Two important but interconnected events occurred in 1972 at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology (WFEB) that would exploit the breast tumor ER as the first target to save lives and prevent breast cancer development. Two new groups of medicines-selective ER modulators (SERMs) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs)-would continue the momentum of research at the WFEB to improve women's health. Here, we recount the important progress made in women's health based on knowledge of the endocrinology of breast cancer. We propose future opportunities in SERM therapeutics to "refresh" the current standards of care for breast cancer treatment. The opportunity is based on emerging knowledge about acquired resistance to long-term adjuvant AI therapy used to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balkees Abderrahman
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas
| | - V Craig Jordan
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence: V. Craig Jordan, PhD, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Street, Unit 1354, Houston, Texas 77030. E-mail:
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8
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Min J, Guillen VS, Sharma A, Zhao Y, Ziegler Y, Gong P, Mayne CG, Srinivasan S, Kim SH, Carlson KE, Nettles KW, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA. Adamantyl Antiestrogens with Novel Side Chains Reveal a Spectrum of Activities in Suppressing Estrogen Receptor Mediated Activities in Breast Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6321-6336. [PMID: 28657320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To search for new antiestrogens more effective in treating breast cancers, we explored alternatives to the acrylic acid side chain used in many antiestrogens. To facilitate our search, we used a simple adamantyl ligand core that by avoiding stereochemical issues enabled rapid synthesis of acrylate ketone, ester, and amide analogs. All compounds were high affinity estrogen receptor α (ERα) ligands but displayed a range of efficacies and potencies as antiproliferative and ERα-downregulating agents. There were large differences in activity between compounds having minor structural changes, but antiproliferative and ERα-downregulating efficacies generally paralleled one another. Some compounds with side chain polar groups had particularly high affinities. The secondary carboxamides had the best cellular activities, and the 3-hydroxypropylamide was as efficacious as fulvestrant in suppressing cell proliferation and gene expression. This study has produced structurally novel antiestrogens based on a simple adamantyl core structure with acrylate side chains optimized for cellular antagonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sathish Srinivasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | | | | | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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9
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O'Boyle NM, Barrett I, Greene LM, Carr M, Fayne D, Twamley B, Knox AJS, Keely NO, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. Lead Optimization of Benzoxepin-Type Selective Estrogen Receptor (ER) Modulators and Downregulators with Subtype-Specific ERα and ERβ Activity. J Med Chem 2017; 61:514-534. [PMID: 28426931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is an important target for the design of drugs such as tamoxifen (2a) and fulvestrant (5). Three series of ER-ligands based on the benzoxepin scaffold structure were synthesized: series I containing an acrylic acid, series II with an acrylamide, and series III with a saturated carboxylic acid substituent. These compounds were shown to be high affinity ligands for the ER with nanomolar IC50 binding values. Series I acrylic acid ligands were generally ERα selective. In particular, compound 13e featuring a phenylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid substituent was shown to be antiproliferative and downregulated ERα and ERβ expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Interestingly, from series III, the phenoxybutyric acid derivative compound 22 was not antiproliferative and selectively downregulated ERβ. A docking study of the benzoxepin ligands was undertaken. Compound 13e is a promising lead for development as a clinically relevant SERD, while compound 22 will be a useful experimental probe for helping to elucidate the role of ERβ in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M O'Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Irene Barrett
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Miriam Carr
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Darren Fayne
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Andrew J S Knox
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Niall O Keely
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Mary J Meegan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2 D02 R590, Ireland
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Burks HE, Abrams T, Kirby CA, Baird J, Fekete A, Hamann LG, Kim S, Lombardo F, Loo A, Lubicka D, Macchi K, McDonnell DP, Mishina Y, Norris JD, Nunez J, Saran C, Sun Y, Thomsen NM, Wang C, Wang J, Peukert S. Discovery of an Acrylic Acid Based Tetrahydroisoquinoline as an Orally Bioavailable Selective Estrogen Receptor Degrader for ERα+ Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2790-2818. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. Burks
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tinya Abrams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christina A. Kirby
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jason Baird
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander Fekete
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lawrence G. Hamann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sunkyu Kim
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Franco Lombardo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alice Loo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Danuta Lubicka
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kaitlin Macchi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Donald P. McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John D. Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Jill Nunez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chitra Saran
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yingchuan Sun
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Noel M. Thomsen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chunrong Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jianling Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stefan Peukert
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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11
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Liu J, Zheng S, Guo S, Zhang C, Zhong Q, Zhang Q, Ma P, Skripnikova EV, Bratton MR, Wiese TE, Wang G. Rational Design of a Boron-Modified Triphenylethylene (GLL398) as an Oral Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulator. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:102-106. [PMID: 28105283 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of orally bioavailable nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs) provides clinical opportunities for the long-term treatment and adjuvant therapy of breast cancer at all stages. We describe the design, synthesis, and identification of a boron-modified GW7604 derivative (GLL398, 9), a SERD candidate, in which a boronic acid functional group replaces the phenolic hydroxyl group of GW7604. Compound 9 strongly binds to ERα in a fluorescence resonance energy transfer binding assay (IC50 = 1.14 nM) and potently degrades ERα in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC50 = 0.21 μM). Most importantly, the introduction of the boronic acid group confers superior oral bioavailability of 9 (AUC = 36.9 μg·h/mL) in rats as compared to GW7604 (AUC = 3.35 μg·h/mL). The strikingly favorable pharmacokinetic property of 9 makes it a promising oral SERD suitable for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawang Liu
- RCMI
Cancer Research Center and ‡College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Shilong Zheng
- RCMI
Cancer Research Center and ‡College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Shanchun Guo
- RCMI
Cancer Research Center and ‡College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Changde Zhang
- RCMI
Cancer Research Center and ‡College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Qiu Zhong
- RCMI
Cancer Research Center and ‡College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- RCMI
Cancer Research Center and ‡College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Guangdi Wang
- RCMI
Cancer Research Center and ‡College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
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12
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Srinivasan S, Nwachukwu JC, Bruno NE, Dharmarajan V, Goswami D, Kastrati I, Novick S, Nowak J, Cavett V, Zhou HB, Boonmuen N, Zhao Y, Min J, Frasor J, Katzenellenbogen BS, Griffin PR, Katzenellenbogen JA, Nettles KW. Full antagonism of the estrogen receptor without a prototypical ligand side chain. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:111-118. [PMID: 27870835 PMCID: PMC5161551 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to endocrine therapies remains a major clinical problem for the treatment of estrogen receptor-α (ERα)-positive breast cancer. On-target side effects limit therapeutic compliance and use for chemoprevention, highlighting an unmet need for new therapies. Here we present a full-antagonist ligand series lacking the prototypical ligand side chain that has been universally used to engender antagonism of ERα through poorly understood structural mechanisms. A series of crystal structures and phenotypic assays reveal a structure-based design strategy with separate design elements for antagonism and degradation of the receptor, and access to a structurally distinct space for further improvements in ligand design. Understanding structural rules that guide ligands to produce diverse ERα-mediated phenotypes has broad implications for the treatment of breast cancer and other estrogen-sensitive aspects of human health including bone homeostasis, energy metabolism, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Srinivasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida, 33458 USA
| | - Jerome C. Nwachukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida, 33458 USA
| | - Nelson E. Bruno
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida, 33458 USA
| | | | - Devrishi Goswami
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458 USA
| | - Irida Kastrati
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Scott Novick
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458 USA
| | - Jason Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida, 33458 USA
| | - Valerie Cavett
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida, 33458 USA
| | - Hai-Bing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Nittaya Boonmuen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Yuechao Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Jian Min
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Jonna Frasor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Benita S. Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Patrick R. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458 USA
| | - John A. Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, 61801 USA
| | - Kendall W. Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida, 33458 USA
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13
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Joseph JD, Darimont B, Zhou W, Arrazate A, Young A, Ingalla E, Walter K, Blake RA, Nonomiya J, Guan Z, Kategaya L, Govek SP, Lai AG, Kahraman M, Brigham D, Sensintaffar J, Lu N, Shao G, Qian J, Grillot K, Moon M, Prudente R, Bischoff E, Lee KJ, Bonnefous C, Douglas KL, Julien JD, Nagasawa JY, Aparicio A, Kaufman J, Haley B, Giltnane JM, Wertz IE, Lackner MR, Nannini MA, Sampath D, Schwarz L, Manning HC, Tantawy MN, Arteaga CL, Heyman RA, Rix PJ, Friedman L, Smith ND, Metcalfe C, Hager JH. The selective estrogen receptor downregulator GDC-0810 is efficacious in diverse models of ER+ breast cancer. eLife 2016; 5:e15828. [PMID: 27410477 PMCID: PMC4961458 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ER-targeted therapeutics provide valuable treatment options for patients with ER+ breast cancer, however, current relapse and mortality rates emphasize the need for improved therapeutic strategies. The recent discovery of prevalent ESR1 mutations in relapsed tumors underscores a sustained reliance of advanced tumors on ERα signaling, and provides a strong rationale for continued targeting of ERα. Here we describe GDC-0810, a novel, non-steroidal, orally bioavailable selective ER downregulator (SERD), which was identified by prospectively optimizing ERα degradation, antagonism and pharmacokinetic properties. GDC-0810 induces a distinct ERα conformation, relative to that induced by currently approved therapeutics, suggesting a unique mechanism of action. GDC-0810 has robust in vitro and in vivo activity against a variety of human breast cancer cell lines and patient derived xenografts, including a tamoxifen-resistant model and those that harbor ERα mutations. GDC-0810 is currently being evaluated in Phase II clinical studies in women with ER+ breast cancer.
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14
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De Savi C, Bradbury RH, Rabow AA, Norman RA, de Almeida C, Andrews DM, Ballard P, Buttar D, Callis RJ, Currie GS, Curwen JO, Davies CD, Donald CS, Feron LJL, Gingell H, Glossop SC, Hayter BR, Hussain S, Karoutchi G, Lamont SG, MacFaul P, Moss TA, Pearson SE, Tonge M, Walker GE, Weir HM, Wilson Z. Optimization of a Novel Binding Motif to (E)-3-(3,5-Difluoro-4-((1R,3R)-2-(2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl)-3-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)phenyl)acrylic Acid (AZD9496), a Potent and Orally Bioavailable Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulator and Antagonist. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8128-40. [PMID: 26407012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of an orally bioavailable selective estrogen receptor downregulator (SERD) with equivalent potency and preclinical pharmacology to the intramuscular SERD fulvestrant is described. A directed screen identified the 1-aryl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole motif as a novel, druglike ER ligand. Aided by crystal structures of novel ligands bound to an ER construct, medicinal chemistry iterations led to (E)-3-(3,5-difluoro-4-((1R,3R)-2-(2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl)-3-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)phenyl)acrylic acid (30b, AZD9496), a clinical candidate with high oral bioavailability across preclinical species that is currently being evaluated in phase I clinical trials for the treatment of advanced estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris De Savi
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K.,Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Robert H Bradbury
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Alfred A Rabow
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Richard A Norman
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Camila de Almeida
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - David M Andrews
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Peter Ballard
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - David Buttar
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Rowena J Callis
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Gordon S Currie
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Jon O Curwen
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Chris D Davies
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Craig S Donald
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Lyman J L Feron
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Helen Gingell
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Steven C Glossop
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Barry R Hayter
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Syeed Hussain
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Galith Karoutchi
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Scott G Lamont
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Philip MacFaul
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Thomas A Moss
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Stuart E Pearson
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Michael Tonge
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Graeme E Walker
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Hazel M Weir
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Zena Wilson
- Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
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15
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Wardell SE, Nelson ER, Chao CA, Alley HM, McDonnell DP. Evaluation of the pharmacological activities of RAD1901, a selective estrogen receptor degrader. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:713-24. [PMID: 26162914 PMCID: PMC4545300 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine therapy, using tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor, remains a first-line treatment for estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) positive breast cancer. However, tumor resistance limits the duration of response. The clinical efficacy of fulvestrant, a selective ER degrader (SERD) that triggers receptor degradation, has confirmed that ESR1 often remains engaged in endocrine therapy resistant cancers. Recently developed, selective ER modulators (SERMs)/SERD hybrids (SSHs) that facilitate ESR1 degradation in breast cancer cells and reproductive tissues have been advanced as an alternative treatment for advanced breast cancer, particularly in the metastatic setting. RAD1901 is one SSH currently being evaluated clinically that is unique among ESR1 modulators in that it readily enters the brain, a common site of breast cancer metastasis. In this study, RAD1901 inhibited estrogen activation of ESR1 in vitro and in vivo, inhibited estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell proliferation and xenograft tumor growth, and mediated dose-dependent downregulation of ESR1 protein. However, doses of RAD1901 insufficient to induce ESR1 degradation were shown to result in the activation of ESR1 target genes and in the stimulation of xenograft tumor growth. RAD1901 is an SSH that exhibits complex pharmacology in breast cancer models, having dose-dependent agonist/antagonist activity displayed in a tissue-selective manner. It remains unclear how this unique pharmacology will impact the utility of RAD1901 for breast cancer treatment. However, being the only SERD currently known to access the brain, RAD1901 merits evaluation as a targeted therapy for the treatment of breast cancer brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3813, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3813, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Christina A Chao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3813, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Holly M Alley
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3813, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3813, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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16
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Degorce SL, Bailey A, Callis R, De Savi C, Ducray R, Lamont G, MacFaul P, Maudet M, Martin S, Morgentin R, Norman RA, Peru A, Pink JH, Plé PA, Roberts B, Scott JS. Investigation of (E)-3-[4-(2-Oxo-3-aryl-chromen-4-yl)oxyphenyl]acrylic Acids as Oral Selective Estrogen Receptor Down-Regulators. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3522-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien L. Degorce
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Andrew Bailey
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena Callis
- Discovery
Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Chris De Savi
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Ducray
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Gillian Lamont
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Philip MacFaul
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Mickael Maudet
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Scott Martin
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Rémy Morgentin
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Richard A. Norman
- Discovery
Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélien Peru
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Jennifer H. Pink
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick A. Plé
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I. la Pompelle, BP1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Bryan Roberts
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - James S. Scott
- Oncology
Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
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17
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Wardell SE, Nelson ER, McDonnell DP. From empirical to mechanism-based discovery of clinically useful Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs). Steroids 2014; 90:30-8. [PMID: 25084324 PMCID: PMC4192009 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of estrogen receptor (ER) ligands has evolved considerably in recent years. Much of this knowledge has come from a detailed dissection of the mechanism(s) of action of the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) tamoxifen and raloxifene, drugs whose estrogen receptor (ER) agonist/antagonist properties are influenced by the cell context in which they operate. These studies have revealed that notwithstanding differences in drug pharmacokinetics, the activity of an ER ligand is determined primarily by (a) the impact that a given ligand has on the receptor conformation and (b) the ability of structurally distinct ER-ligand complexes to interact with functionally distinct coregulators. Exploitation of the established relationships between ER structure and activity has led to the development of improved SERMs with more favorable therapeutic properties and of tissue-selective estrogen complexes, drugs in which a SERM and an ER agonist are combined to yield a blended activity that results in distinct clinical profiles. Remarkably, endogenous ligands that exhibit SERM activity have also been identified. One of these ligands, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), has been shown to manifest ER-dependent pathological activities in the cardiovascular system, bone and mammary gland. Whereas the physiological activity of 27HC remains to be determined, its discovery highlights how cells have adopted mechanisms to allow the same receptor ligand complex to manifest different activities in different cells, and also how these processes can be exploited for new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| | - Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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18
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Mirkin S, Pickar JH. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs): a review of clinical data. Maturitas 2014; 80:52-7. [PMID: 25466304 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SERMs represent a diverse group of molecules with varying levels of estrogenic agonist and antagonist activity in target tissues. SERMs have a long regulatory approval history and have been studied for a variety of therapeutic indications. The clinical effects of SERMs have been evaluated in a large number of phase 3 clinical trials. Many of the available SERMs have proved to be effective as chemo-preventive agents and treatments for breast cancer and a number are useful for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. The endometrial effect of SERMs has been a key differentiator in clinical practice and a major hurdle for regulatory approval. The effect of SERMs in the vagina also represents a major distinction among different SERMs. This review summarized key clinical finding of SERMs in different target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James H Pickar
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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19
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Komm BS, Mirkin S. An overview of current and emerging SERMs. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:207-22. [PMID: 24667357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are compounds that exhibit tissue-specific estrogen receptor (ER) agonist or antagonist activity, and are used for various indications, including treatment of breast cancer, osteoporosis, and menopausal symptoms. Endometrial safety has been a key differentiator between SERMs in clinical practice. For example, tamoxifen exhibits ER agonist activity in the uterus, resulting in an increased risk of endometrial hyperplasia and malignancy, whereas raloxifene and bazedoxifene have neutral effects on the uterus. Based on their efficacy and long-term safety, SERMs are increasingly being prescribed for women who cannot tolerate other treatment options and for younger women at an increased risk of fracture who may remain on therapy for long periods of time. Continuing advances in the understanding of SERM mechanisms of action and structural interactions with the ER may lead to the development of new agents and combinations of agents to provide optimal treatments to meet the varying needs of postmenopausal women. One such example is the tissue selective estrogen complex, which partners a SERM with 1 or more estrogens, with the aim of blending the desired estrogen-receptor agonist activities of estrogens on vasomotor symptoms, vulvar-vaginal atrophy, and loss of bone mass with the tissue selectivity of a SERM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Komm
- Pfizer Inc, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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20
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Wardell SE, Nelson ER, Chao CA, McDonnell DP. Bazedoxifene exhibits antiestrogenic activity in animal models of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: implications for treatment of advanced disease. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2420-31. [PMID: 23536434 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is compelling evidence to suggest that drugs that function as pure estrogen receptor (ER-α) antagonists, or that downregulate the expression of ER-α, would have clinical use in the treatment of advanced tamoxifen- and aromatase-resistant breast cancer. Although such compounds are currently in development, we reasoned, based on our understanding of ER-α pharmacology, that there may already exist among the most recently developed selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) compounds that would have usage as breast cancer therapeutics. Thus, our objective was to identify among available SERMs those with unique pharmacologic activities and to evaluate their potential clinical use with predictive models of advanced breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A validated molecular profiling technology was used to classify clinically relevant SERMs based on their impact on ER-α conformation. The functional consequences of these observed mechanistic differences on (i) gene expression, (ii) receptor stability, and (iii) activity in cellular and animal models of advanced endocrine-resistant breast cancer were assessed. RESULTS The high-affinity SERM bazedoxifene was shown to function as a pure ER-α antagonist in cellular models of breast cancer and effectively inhibited the growth of both tamoxifen-sensitive and -resistant breast tumor xenografts. Interestingly, bazedoxifene induced a unique conformational change in ER-α that resulted in its proteasomal degradation, although the latter activity was dispensable for its antagonist efficacy. CONCLUSION Bazedoxifene was recently approved for use in the European Union for the treatment of osteoporosis and thus may represent a near-term therapeutic option for patients with advanced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Liu X, Suzuki N, Santosh Laxmi YR, Okamoto Y, Shibutani S. Anti-breast cancer potential of daidzein in rodents. Life Sci 2012; 91:415-9. [PMID: 23227466 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study was carried out to explore anti-breast cancer potential of isoflavone daidzein or its related compounds using appropriate animal models and their anti-tumor mechanism. MAIN METHODS Daidzein or its major metabolite equol at a dose molar equivalent to tamoxifen [1.0 mg(2.7 μmol)/kg or 10 mg (27 μmol)/kg/day] was treated orally to rats bearing 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene(DMBA)-induced mammary tumors or ovariectomized athymic nude mice implanted with human MCF-7 breast cancer xenograft and an estrogen pellet. The growth of tumors was monitored for several weeks after the treatment. The cell-cycle and apoptotic stages in mammary tumors collected from rats were analyzed by flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry analysis was also used to determine the expression of caspase-3. KEY FINDINGS Oral treatment with daidzein or equol at a human equivalent dose suppressed the growth of both DMBA-induced mammary tumors and human MCF-7 breast cancer xenografts in rodents, the inhibitory activity being superior to that of genistein or tamoxifen. Strong apoptosis induced by daidzein or equol contributes to the anti-tumor potential. SIGNIFICANCE Daidzein and its metabolite equol showed the potential of inhibiting the growth of mammary tumors in rodents. Daidzein or equol could be used as a core structure to design new drugs for breast cancer therapy. Our results indicate that consumption of daidzein may protect against breast cancer.
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22
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Suzuki N, Liu X, Laxmi YRS, Okamoto K, Kim HJ, Zhang G, Chen JJ, Okamoto Y, Shibutani S. Anti-breast cancer potential of SS5020, a novel benzopyran antiestrogen. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:974-82. [PMID: 20824696 PMCID: PMC3011858 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with tamoxifen (TAM) increases the risk of developing endometrial cancer in women. The carcinogenic effect is thought to involve initiation and/or promotion resulting from DNA damage induced by TAM as well as its estrogenic action. To minimize this serious side-effect while increasing the anti-breast cancer potential, a new benzopyran antiestrogen, 2E-3-{4-[(7-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-phenyl-2H-chromen-4-yl)-methyl]-phenyl}-acrylic acid (SS5020), was synthesized. Unlike TAM, SS5020 exhibits no genotoxic activity to damage DNA. Furthermore, SS5020 does not present significant uterotrophic potential in rats; in contrast, the structurally related compounds, TAM, toremifene, raloxifene (RAL) and SP500263 all have uterotrophic activity. At the human equivalent molar dose of TAM (0.33 or 1.0 mg/kg), SS5020 had much stronger antitumor potential than those same antiestrogens against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma in rats. The growth of human MCF-7 breast cancer xenograft implanted into athymic nude mice was also effectively suppressed by SS5020. SS5020, lacking genotoxic and estrogenic actions, could be a safer and stronger antiestrogen alternative to TAM and RAL for breast cancer therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Y. R. Santosh Laxmi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Kanako Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Guangxiang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - John J. Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Yoshinori Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Shinya Shibutani
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
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23
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Cann RO, Waltermire RE, Chung J, Oberholzer M, Kasparec J, Ye YK, Wethman R. Process Development for a Large Scale Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)-(1-Bromobut-1-ene-1,2-diyl)dibenzene, a Key Intermediate of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op100112r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reginald O. Cann
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Pharmaceutical Development R & D, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, U.S.A
| | - Robert E. Waltermire
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Pharmaceutical Development R & D, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, U.S.A
| | - Jihchin Chung
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Pharmaceutical Development R & D, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, U.S.A
| | - Matthew Oberholzer
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Pharmaceutical Development R & D, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, U.S.A
| | - Jiri Kasparec
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Pharmaceutical Development R & D, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, U.S.A
| | - Yun K. Ye
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Pharmaceutical Development R & D, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, U.S.A
| | - Robert Wethman
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Pharmaceutical Development R & D, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, U.S.A
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24
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Kieser KJ, Kim DW, Carlson KE, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA. Characterization of the pharmacophore properties of novel selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs). J Med Chem 2010; 53:3320-9. [PMID: 20334372 DOI: 10.1021/jm100047k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor (ER) down-regulators (SERDs) reduce ERalpha protein levels as well as block ER activity and therefore are promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of hormone refractory breast cancer. Starting with the triarylethylene acrylic acid SERD 4, we have investigated how alterations in both the ligand core structure and the appended acrylic acid substituent affect SERD activity. The new ligands were based on high affinity, symmetrical cyclofenil or bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane core systems, and in these, the position of the carboxyl group was extended from the ligand core, either retaining the vinylic linkage of the substituent or replacing it with an ether linkage. Although most structural variants showed binding affinities for ERalpha and ERbeta higher than that of 4, only the compounds preserving the acrylic acid side chain retained SERD activity, although they could possess varying core structures. Hence, the acrylic acid moiety of the ligand is crucial for SERD-like blockade of ER activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Kieser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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25
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Gennari L, Merlotti D, Valleggi F, Nuti R. Ospemifene use in postmenopausal women. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:839-49. [DOI: 10.1517/13543780902953715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Nguyen A, Top S, Pigeon P, Vessières A, Hillard EA, Plamont MA, Huché M, Rigamonti C, Jaouen G. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of ferrocenyl tamoxifen derivatives with modified side chains. Chemistry 2009; 15:684-96. [PMID: 19053086 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis and cell-proliferation properties of derivatives of the breast cancer drug tamoxifen, in which the -O(CH(2))(2)N(CH(3))(2) side chain, responsible for the drug's antiestrogenic properties, has been modified by a ferrocenyl moiety. We recently reported the diphenol compound 5, in which this amino chain had been replaced with an acyl-ferrocenyl (-O(CH(2))(2)C(O)[(eta(5)-C(5)H(4))FeCp]) group, and which showed antiproliferative effects against both the hormone-dependent MCF-7 and -independent MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. We now report the results of a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study, in which the lateral chain length has been varied, the ketone group has been omitted, and the number of phenol groups has been varied. Compounds 1-4, with a side chain lacking the carbonyl function (-O(CH(2))(n)[(eta(5)-C(5)H(4))FeCp], n = 1-4) and which show a decreasing affinity for ERalpha (ER = estrogen receptor) with increasing chain length, act as estrogens on MCF-7 cells, and mild cytotoxics on PC-3 prostate cancer cells, with IC(50) values around 10 microM. The two monophenolic derivatives of 2, 2 a and 2 b, which show a reduced affinity for ERalpha compared to 2, are also estrogenic, but are only slightly cytotoxic. Finally, we have reexamined compound 5 and discovered that its antiproliferative effect against the MCF-7 cell line does not arise from antiestrogenicity as we had originally suspected, but by means of a cytotoxic pathway. This compound is also sensitive to the number of phenol groups as cell death is diminished when one of the hydroxyl groups is omitted (5 a and 5 b). Molecular modeling studies of the ligand-ERalpha binding stability are broadly consistent with the experimental binding affinity results for compounds 2, 2 a, 2 b, 5, 5 a, and 5 b. Electrochemical experiments show that 1-4, 2 a, and 2 b are stable to oxidation on the electrochemical timescale, unlike 5, 5 a, and 5 b, and that cytotoxicity is related to less positive phenol oxidation potentials. The SAR study shows that the presence of a ketone group and two phenol groups is necessary for strong receptor binding and cytotoxic effects, and that all compounds are estrogenic, despite the presence of a bulky side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Complexes Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 7576, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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27
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Ottow E, Weinmann H. Nuclear Receptors as Drug Targets: A Historical Perspective of Modern Drug Discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527623297.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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29
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30
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Wittmann BM, Sherk A, McDonnell DP. Definition of functionally important mechanistic differences among selective estrogen receptor down-regulators. Cancer Res 2007; 67:9549-60. [PMID: 17909066 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One subclass of antiestrogens, the selective estrogen receptor down-regulators (SERDs), have received considerable attention of late as they competitively inhibit estrogen binding and induce a rapid, proteasome-dependent degradation of the receptor. Contained within this class of molecules is the steroidal antiestrogen ICI182,780 (faslodex), recently approved for the treatment of metastatic cancer, and GW5638/DPC974, a SERD that is currently being evaluated in the clinic. Given that mechanistic differences between different selective estrogen receptor modulators have been translated into important clinical profiles, it was of interest to determine if the SERD subclass of ligands were likewise functionally or mechanistically distinguishable. In this study, we show that although the steroidal and nonsteroidal SERDs target ERalpha for degradation, the underlying mechanism(s) are different. Of note was the identification of a specific protein-protein interaction surface presented on ERalpha in the presence of the ICI182,780-activated receptor which is required for degradation. Interestingly, this surface is also presented on ERalpha in the presence of RU58,668, a SERD that is chemically distinct from ICI182,780. This surface is not required for GW5638-mediated degradation, and thus, this SERD seems to affect ERalpha down-regulation by a different mechanism. These data suggest that sequencing of therapies using drugs of this class is likely to be possible. Finally, because of the unmet need for orally active SERDS that function similarly to ICI182,780, we have used the insights from these mechanistic studies to develop and validate a high-throughput screen for compounds of this class with improved pharmaceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Wittmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
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31
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Diez-Perez A. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:720-34. [PMID: 17117297 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302006000400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hormone receptors and, specifically, estrogen receptors were described about four decades ago. For estrogens, there are two receptors, estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta). The two receptors are coded by different genes and their tissue expression varies across organs. ERalpha is predominantly expressed in reproductive tissues (uterus, breast, ovaries) liver and central nervous system, whereas ERbeta is expressed in other tissues such as bone, endothelium, lungs, urogenital tract, ovaries, central nervous system and prostate. More than seventy molecules that belong to the SERMS class have been described. There are 5 chemical groups: triphenylethylenes, benzotiophenes, tetrahydronaphtylenes, indoles and benzopyrans. All of these non-hormonal compounds are capable of activating the ER, reduce bone turnover rate and, as an antiresorptive, clearly improve bone density. Estrogens reduce bone turnover rate and, as an antiresorptive, clearly improve bone density. They are also beneficial for the relief of menopausal symptoms. An ongoing debate that extends over the decades, relates to to overall benefit/risk profile of estrogen or estrogen-progestin therapy since these therapies can increase the risk of serious health disorders, such as breast cancer. SERMs have increased our understanding of hormone-receptor regulatory mechanisms. Their development has permitted a targeted efficacy profile avoiding some of the side effects of the hormone therapy. Their clinical utility relies today mostly on the effects on breast cancer and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Diez-Perez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Hospital del Mar-URFOA-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.
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32
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Gennari L, Merlotti D, Valleggi F, Martini G, Nuti R. Selective estrogen receptor modulators for postmenopausal osteoporosis: current state of development. Drugs Aging 2007. [PMID: 17503894 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200724050.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are structurally different compounds that interact with intracellular estrogen receptors in target organs as estrogen receptor agonists and antagonists. These drugs have been intensively studied over the past decade and have proven to be a highly versatile group for the treatment of different conditions associated with aging, including hormone-responsive cancer and osteoporosis. Tamoxifen and toremifene are currently used to treat advanced breast cancer and also have beneficial effects on bone mineral density and serum lipids in postmenopausal women. Raloxifene is the only SERM approved worldwide for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and vertebral fractures. However, although these SERMs have many benefits, they may also be responsible for some potentially very serious adverse effects, such as thromboembolic disorders and, in the case of tamoxifen, uterine cancer. These adverse effects represent a major concern given that long-term therapy is required to prevent osteoporosis. Moreover, both preclinical and clinical reports suggest that tamoxifen, toremifene and raloxifene are considerably less potent than estrogen. The search for the 'ideal' SERM, which would have estrogenic effects on bone and serum lipids, neutral effects on the uterus, and antiestrogenic effects on breast tissue, but none of the adverse effects associated with current therapies, is currently under way. Ospemifene, lasofoxifene, bazedoxifene and arzoxifene, which are new SERM molecules with potential greater efficacy and potency than previous SERMs, are currently under investigation for use in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. These drugs have been shown to be comparably effective to conventional hormone replacement therapy in animal models of osteoporosis, with potential indications for an improved safety profile. Clinical efficacy data from ongoing phase III trials are awaited so that a true understanding of the therapeutic potential of these compounds can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy.
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33
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Gennari L, Merlotti D, Valleggi F, Martini G, Nuti R. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Drugs Aging 2007; 24:361-79. [PMID: 17503894 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200724050-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are structurally different compounds that interact with intracellular estrogen receptors in target organs as estrogen receptor agonists and antagonists. These drugs have been intensively studied over the past decade and have proven to be a highly versatile group for the treatment of different conditions associated with aging, including hormone-responsive cancer and osteoporosis. Tamoxifen and toremifene are currently used to treat advanced breast cancer and also have beneficial effects on bone mineral density and serum lipids in postmenopausal women. Raloxifene is the only SERM approved worldwide for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and vertebral fractures. However, although these SERMs have many benefits, they may also be responsible for some potentially very serious adverse effects, such as thromboembolic disorders and, in the case of tamoxifen, uterine cancer. These adverse effects represent a major concern given that long-term therapy is required to prevent osteoporosis. Moreover, both preclinical and clinical reports suggest that tamoxifen, toremifene and raloxifene are considerably less potent than estrogen. The search for the 'ideal' SERM, which would have estrogenic effects on bone and serum lipids, neutral effects on the uterus, and antiestrogenic effects on breast tissue, but none of the adverse effects associated with current therapies, is currently under way. Ospemifene, lasofoxifene, bazedoxifene and arzoxifene, which are new SERM molecules with potential greater efficacy and potency than previous SERMs, are currently under investigation for use in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. These drugs have been shown to be comparably effective to conventional hormone replacement therapy in animal models of osteoporosis, with potential indications for an improved safety profile. Clinical efficacy data from ongoing phase III trials are awaited so that a true understanding of the therapeutic potential of these compounds can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gennari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy.
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34
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Fan M, Rickert EL, Chen L, Aftab SA, Nephew KP, Weatherman RV. Characterization of molecular and structural determinants of selective estrogen receptor downregulators. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 103:37-44. [PMID: 17033922 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antiestrogens used for breast cancer therapy can be categorized into two classes that differ in their effect on estrogen receptor (ER) alpha stability. The selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) stabilize ER alpha and the selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs) cause a decrease in cellular ER alpha levels. A clinically relevant antiestrogen, GW7604, appears to work through a SERD-like mechanism, despite sharing the same molecular scaffold as 4-hydroxytamoxifen, a SERM. In order to investigate potential structural features of GW7604 responsible for SERD activity, GW7604 and two analogs were synthesized using a new, improved synthetic route and tested for their effects on ER alpha function and cell proliferation. The two analogs, which have an acrylamide or a methyl vinyl ketone replacing the acrylic acid group of GW7604, display lower binding affinity for ER alpha than GW7604, but show similar antagonism of estradiol-induced activation of ER alpha-mediated transcription as GW7604 and inhibit estradiol-induced proliferation of the MCF-7 cell line with a similar potency as GW7604. Unlike GW7604, neither analog has a significant effect on cellular ER alpha levels, suggesting that the carboxylate is a key determinant in GW7604 action and, for the first time, showing that this group is responsible for inducing ER alpha degradation in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyun Fan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Moore
- Department of High Throughput Biology, , GlaxoSmithKline Discovery Research, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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36
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Tong S, Chen Q, Shan SQ, Dewhirst MW, Yuan F. Quantitative comparison of the inhibitory effects of GW5638 and tamoxifen on angiogenesis in the cornea pocket assay. Angiogenesis 2006; 9:53-8. [PMID: 16622786 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-006-9029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
GW5638 is a novel tissue-selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator. Structurally, it is a derivative of tamoxifen that is known for its inhibitory effects on angiogenesis in an ER-independent manner. Therefore, it is possible that GW5638 has the same effects as tamoxifen on angiogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we used the rat cornea pocket assay and developed a new method that could precisely determine the total projected area of microvessels induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the cornea. Animals in the study were treated with corn oil (control group), tamoxifen, or GW5638. After treatment, we observed that both GW5638 and tamoxifen could inhibit angiogenesis in the cornea (P<0.05) and that the inhibitory effects were not mediated by blocking functions of estrogen. Meanwhile, GW5638 had minimal effects on the body weight of animals whereas tamoxifen significantly reduced the body weight. Based on these observations, we concluded that GW5638 was as effective as tamoxifen in antiangiogenic treatment but less toxic than tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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37
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Wu YL, Yang X, Ren Z, McDonnell DP, Norris JD, Willson TM, Greene GL. Structural basis for an unexpected mode of SERM-mediated ER antagonism. Mol Cell 2005; 18:413-24. [PMID: 15893725 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Revised: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is effective for the prevention and treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancers, but is associated with an increased incidence of endometrial tumors. We report the crystal structure of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) ligand binding domain (LBD) bound to the structurally similar compound GW5638, which has therapeutic potential and does not stimulate the uterus. Like tamoxifen, GW5638 relocates the carboxy-terminal helix (H12) to the known coactivator-docking site in the ERalpha LBD. However, GW5638 repositions residues in H12 through specific contacts with the N terminus of this helix. In contrast to tamoxifen, the resulting increase in exposed hydrophobic surface of ERalpha LBD correlates with a significant destabilization of ERalpha in MCF-7 cells. Thus, the GW5638-ERalpha LBD structure reveals an unexpected mode of SERM-mediated ER antagonism, in which the stability of ERalpha is decreased through an altered position of H12. This dual mechanism of antagonism may explain why GW5638 can inhibit tamoxifen-resistant breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Wu
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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38
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Cho CH, Nuttall ME. Therapeutic potential of oestrogen receptor ligands in development for osteoporosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2005; 6:137-54. [PMID: 15989501 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.6.1.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated bone loss secondary to loss of ovarian function at menopause is well recognised as a major risk factor for osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal bone loss can be prevented or arrested by oestrogen replacement therapy (ERT). It has also been reported that ERT protects against cardiovascular disease by improving the serum lipid profile, however there are mixed reports concerning these benefits. Unopposed ERT causes an unacceptable increase in the risk of endometrial cancer and proliferative effects in mammary tissue resulting in an increased risk of breast cancer. While this can be counteracted by combining ERT with a low-dose of a progestin, withdrawal bleeding and the continuing uncertainty about the effect of oestrogen on the risk of breast cancer contribute to poor compliance for long-term use. Because of the known and suspected risks of oestrogen therapy it has been estimated that in the US < 40% of women on ERT will continue treatment beyond one year. An ideal therapy would retain the desirable skeletal and cardiovascular effects of oestrogen, lack oestrogenic activity on the endometrium and reduce the incidence of breast cancer. The concept of selective oestrogen receptor modulation (SERM) has been demonstrated for a number of compounds including tamoxifen, raloxifene, droloxifene, GW-5638 and levormeloxifene. However, the clinical utility of these agents will depend on the profile of tissue-specific effects and the extent to which they are translated into in vivo efficacy. A SERM is defined as a compound that has oestrogen agonism on one or more of the desired target tissues, such as bone or liver, and has antagonism and/or minimal agonism (i.e., clinically insignificant) in reproductive tissue, such as the breast or uterus. Although tamoxifen acts as a SERM, it is also associated with an increased incidence (4% gynaecological symptoms greater than placebo control) of endometrial cancer. Indeed, there have been a number of mechanistic-based studies to explain the increased incidence of endometrial carcinomas in tamoxifen treated patients, which provide an in vitro insight into the adverse clinical observations in vivo. Attempts to improve on the pharmacological profile of tamoxifen have resulted in compounds that differ in their oestrogen agonist/antagonist characteristics, including the pure oestrogen antagonists. This suggests that it may be possible to develop a molecule with a desired profile of tissue-specific agonist/antagonist activities by establishing bone and cardiovascular protective effects but having no effects (or even behaving as an antagonist) in the reproductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Cho
- GlaxoSmithKline, Department of Bone and Cartilage Biology, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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39
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Hoekstra WJ, Patel HS, Liang X, Blanc JBE, Heyer DO, Willson TM, Iannone MA, Kadwell SH, Miller LA, Pearce KH, Simmons CA, Shearin J. Discovery of novel quinoline-based estrogen receptor ligands using peptide interaction profiling. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2243-7. [PMID: 15771467 DOI: 10.1021/jm040154f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditional approaches to discovery of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have relied on ER binding and cell-based estrogen response element-driven assays to identify compounds that are osteoprotective but nonproliferative in breast and uterine tissues. To discover new classes of potential SERMs, we have employed a cell-free microsphere-based binding assay to rapidly characterize ERalpha interactions with conformation-sensing cofactor or phage display peptides. Peptide profiles of constrained triarenes were compared to known proliferative and nonproliferative ER ligands to discover potent quinoline-based ligands with minimal Ishikawa cell stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Hoekstra
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, USA.
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40
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Johnston SRD. Endocrinology and hormone therapy in breast cancer: selective oestrogen receptor modulators and downregulators for breast cancer - have they lost their way? Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:119-30. [PMID: 15987442 PMCID: PMC1143577 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although tamoxifen has been an effective treatment for breast cancer, several novel anti-oestrogen compounds have been developed with a reduced agonist profile on breast and gynaecological tissues. These include selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs; both 'tamoxifen-like' and 'fixed-ring' SERMs) and selective oestrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs), although none has been proved superior in efficacy to tamoxifen in various advanced breast cancer trials. Thus, many have questioned whether a need for SERMs in breast cancer still exists, although chemoprevention remains a possible niche setting. In contrast, SERDs may have useful efficacy following aromatase inhibitors because of their unique mechanism of action, and clinical trials to determine their optimal use or sequence are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R D Johnston
- Department of Medicine - Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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McDonnell DP. The Molecular Pharmacology of Estrogen Receptor Modulators: Implications for the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.871s.11.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In addition to physiologic activities in the reproductive, skeletal, and central nervous systems, estrogens have been shown to play important roles in the aberrant cell proliferation observed in breast and reproductive tract cancers. Not surprisingly, pharmaceuticals that target different steps in the estrogen signal transduction pathway have found widespread use in the treatment of a wide variety of estrogen-linked disorders. The goal of this review is to outline what is known about the molecular pharmacology of the estrogen receptor and discuss how this information can be used to guide selection of drugs for a particular therapeutic application, and identify new targets where pharmaceutical exploitation could yield novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald P. McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Shao W, Keeton EK, McDonnell DP, Brown M. Coactivator AIB1 links estrogen receptor transcriptional activity and stability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11599-604. [PMID: 15289619 PMCID: PMC511007 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402997101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonist-mediated degradation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) has been associated with its transcriptional activity. However, the mechanism by which ERalpha is targeted for degradation and whether there is a direct functional link between ERalpha stability and ERalpha-mediated transactivation have not been elucidated. Here we provide evidence that the p160 coactivator, AIB1, uniquely mediates agonist-induced, but not antagonist-induced, ERalpha degradation. We show that AIB1 recruitment by ERalpha is not only necessary but also sufficient to promote degradation. Suppression of AIB1 levels leads to ERalpha stabilization in the presence of 17beta-estradiol and, despite increased ERalpha levels, reduced recruitment of ERalpha to endogenous target gene promoters. In addition, association of RNA polymerase II with ERalpha target promoters is lost when AIB1 is suppressed, leading to inhibition of target gene transcription. AIB1 thus plays a dual role in regulating ERalpha activity, one in recruiting transcription factors including other coactivators involved in gene activation and the other in regulating ERalpha protein degradation mediated by the ubiquitin-proteosome machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Shao
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Jessop HL, Suswillo RFL, Rawlinson SCF, Zaman G, Lee K, Das-Gupta V, Pitsillides AA, Lanyon LE. Osteoblast-like cells from estrogen receptor alpha knockout mice have deficient responses to mechanical strain. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:938-46. [PMID: 15190886 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2004.19.6.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In vivo, bones' osteogenic response to mechanical loading involves proliferation of surface osteoblasts. This response is replicated in vitro and involves ERK-mediated activation of the estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and upregulation of estrogen response element activity. This proliferative response can be blocked by selective estrogen receptor modulators and increased by transfection of additional ERalpha. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have now investigated the mechanisms of ER involvement in osteoblast-like cells' early responses to strain by comparing the responses of primary cultures of these cells derived from homozygous ERalpha knockout (ERKO) mice (ERalpha-/-) with those from their wildtype (ERalpha+/+) and heterozygous (ERalpha+/-) littermates and from ER/beta knockout (BERKO) mice (ERbeta+/+, ERbeta+/-, and ERbeta-/-). RESULTS Whereas ERalpha+/+, ERalpha+/-, ERbeta+/+, and ERbeta-/- cells proliferate in response to a single 10-minute period of cyclic strain, ERalpha-/- cells do not. Transfection of fully functional, but not mutant, ERalpha rescues the proliferative response to strain in these cells. The strain-related response of ERalpha-/- cells is also deficient in that they show no increased activity of an AP-I driven reporter vector and no strain-related increases in NO production. Their strain-related increase in prostacyclin production is retained. They proliferate in response to fibroblast growth factor-2 but not insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I or IGF-II, showing the importance of ERalpha in the IGF axis and the ability of ERalpha-/- cells to proliferate normally in response to a mitogenic stimulus that does not require functional ERalpha. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate ERalpha's obligatory involvement in a number of early responses to mechanical strain in osteoblast-like cells, including those that result in proliferation. They support the hypothesis that reduction in ERalpha expression or activity after estrogen withdrawal results in a less osteogenic response to loading. This could be important in the etiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Jessop
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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Jordan VC. Antiestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators as multifunctional medicines. 2. Clinical considerations and new agents. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1081-111. [PMID: 12646017 DOI: 10.1021/jm020450x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Craig Jordan
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, MS N505, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Webb P, Nguyen P, Kushner PJ. Differential SERM effects on corepressor binding dictate ERalpha activity in vivo. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:6912-20. [PMID: 12482846 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208501200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) show differential effects upon ERalpha activation function 1 (AF-1). Tamoxifen allows strong ERalpha AF-1 activity, whereas raloxifene allows less and ICI 182,780 (ICI) allows none. Here, we show that blockade of corepressor histone de-acetylase (HDAC) activity reverses the differential inhibitory effect of SERMs upon AF-1 activity in MCF-7 cells. This suggests that differential SERM repression of AF-1 involves HDAC-dependent corepressors. Consistent with this, ICI and raloxifene are more potent than tamoxifen in promoting ERalpha-dependent sequestration of progesterone receptor-associated corepressors. Moreover, ICI and raloxifene are more efficient than tamoxifen in promoting ERalpha binding to the corepressor N-CoR in vivo and in vitro. An ERalpha mutation (537X) that increases N-CoR binding in the presence of all SERMs blocks AF-1 activity. An ERalpha mutation (L379R) that decreases N-CoR binding increases AF-1 activity in the presence of ICI and raloxifene and reverses the effect of the 537X mutation. The 537X and L379R mutations also alter the ligand preference of ERalpha action at AP-1 sites and C3 complement, an action that also involves AF-1. Together, our results suggest that differential SERM effects on corepressor binding can explain differences in SERM effects on ERalpha activity. We propose a model for differential effects of SERMs on N-CoR binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Webb
- Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Duque G, El Abdaimi K, Macoritto M, Miller MM, Kremer R. Estrogens (E2) regulate expression and response of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in bone cells: changes with aging and hormone deprivation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 299:446-54. [PMID: 12445821 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02657-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the effect of estrogens (E(2)) on the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and its bioresponse in bone have demonstrated that E(2) modulate activity and increase the number of VDRs in vitro; however, no in vivo studies have been pursued to assess this interaction. Our study identifies the changes in the number of VDR-expressing cells in bone of C57BL/6J young and old oophorectomized mice (4 and 24 months) with and without 17beta estradiol (E(2)) replacement. A total of 36 mice were sacrificed; both tibiae and femora were isolated and VDR expression was quantified by Northern blot, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. Among the intact mice there was a significant difference in the number of VDR-expressing osteoblasts between young (68%) and old (56%) (p<0.04). In young oophorectomized mice the number of VDR-expressing osteoblasts decreased from 68% to 46% after oophorectomy and recovered to 72% after E(2) administration (p<0.02), while in the group of old mice, the number of VDR-expressing osteoblasts decreased from 56% to 48% after oophorectomy (p<0.01) and recovered to 85% after E(2) administration (p<0.001). Our results show that VDR expression in bone decreases with aging and estrogen deprivation but recovers after E(2) supplementation in both young and old mice with a more significant level of response in older bone. To evaluate the level of VDR bioresponse to E(2) we assessed the effect of E(2) supplementation to human osteoblasts (N-976) in vitro. Northern blot showed a significant up-regulation of VDR expression in E(2) treated cells as compared to non-treated cells (p<0.05). We also assessed the previously known anti-apoptotic effect of vitamin D in osteoblasts in vitro after serum deprivation by using either E(2), E(2)+1,25(OH)(2)D(3), or 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) alone. We found a lower number of apoptotic cells and longer cell survival after 48 h of treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)+E(2) as compared to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or E(2) alone (p<0.002). In summary, our results demonstrate that E(2) increases VDR expression in bone in vivo and potentiate the bioresponse of VDR in osteoblasts in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Duque
- Calcium Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Que., Montreal, Canada.
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Abstract
Estrogen has long been observed to endow cardiovascular protective effects, as evidenced by sex-specific differences in the incidence of hypertensive and coronary artery disease, the development of atherosclerosis, and myocardial remodeling after infarction. To exert its tissue-specific effects, the classic estrogen receptor (ER) functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor. However, there is growing evidence that in response to 17beta-estradiol and heterologous signals, the ER can also mediate signaling cascades at the membrane and in the cytoplasm via various second messengers, such as receptor-mediated protein kinases. This review summarizes the current understanding of nonnuclear ER signaling and discusses the relevance to eliciting the beneficial cardiovascular effects of estrogen. These include vasodilation, inhibition of response to vessel injury, limiting myocardial injury after infarction, and attenuating cardiac hypertrophy. Defining the full repertoire of ER function promises to expose novel, highly specific targets for pharmacological interventions and may ultimately lead to the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ho
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02139, USA
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Levenson AS, Kliakhandler IL, Svoboda KM, Pease KM, Kaiser SA, Ward JE, Jordan VC. Molecular classification of selective oestrogen receptor modulators on the basis of gene expression profiles of breast cancer cells expressing oestrogen receptor alpha. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:449-56. [PMID: 12177783 PMCID: PMC2376139 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2001] [Revised: 02/27/2002] [Accepted: 05/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to classify selective oestrogen receptor modulators based on gene expression profiles produced in breast cancer cells expressing either wtERalpha or mutant(351)ERalpha. In total, 54 microarray experiments were carried out by using a commercially available Atlas cDNA Expression Arrays (Clontech), containing 588 cancer-related genes. Nine sets of data were generated for each cell line following 24 h of treatment: expression data were obtained for cells treated with vehicle EtOH (Control); with 10(-9) or 10(-8) M oestradiol; with 10(-6) M 4-hydroxytamoxifen; with 10(-6) M raloxifene; with 10(-6) M idoxifene, with 10(-6) M EM 652, with 10(-6) M GW 7604; with 5 x 10(-5) M resveratrol and with 10(-6) M ICI 182,780. We developed a new algorithm 'Expression Signatures' to classify compounds on the basis of differential gene expression profiles. We created dendrograms for each cell line, in which branches represent relationships between compounds. Additionally, clustering analysis was performed using different subsets of genes to assess the robustness of the analysis. In general, only small differences between gene expression profiles treated with compounds were observed with correlation coefficients ranged from 0.83 to 0.98. This observation may be explained by the use of the same cell context for treatments with compounds that essentially belong to the same class of drugs with oestrogen receptors related mechanisms. The most surprising observation was that ICI 182,780 clustered together with oestrodiol and raloxifene for cells expressing wtERalpha and clustered together with EM 652 for cells expressing mutant(351)ERalpha. These data provide a rationale for a more precise and elaborate study in which custom made oligonucleotide arrays can be used with comprehensive sets of genes known to have consensus and putative oestrogen response elements in their promoter regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Levenson
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical School, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, IL 60611, USA
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Detsi A, Koufaki M, Calogeropoulou T. Synthesis of (Z)-4-hydroxytamoxifen and (Z)-2-[4-[1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenyl]-1butenyl]phenoxyacetic acid. J Org Chem 2002; 67:4608-11. [PMID: 12076167 DOI: 10.1021/jo0255328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of (Z)-4-hydroxytamoxifen and (Z)-2-[4-[1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenyl]-1-butenyl]phenoxyacetic acid was accomplished using a McMurry reaction as the key step. The perfluorotolyl derivatives of the McMurry products enabled the separation of the minor undesirable geometrical isomer. The methodology proceeds without E,Z isomerization, employs a very mild final debenzylation step compatible with a large array of functional groups, and can be applied to the generation of a variety of 4-hydroxytamoxifen analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Detsi
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
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Gutman M, Couillard S, Roy J, Labrie F, Candas B, Labrie C. Comparison of the effects of EM-652 (SCH57068), tamoxifen, toremifene, droloxifene, idoxifene, GW-5638 and raloxifene on the growth of human ZR-75-1 breast tumors in nude mice. Int J Cancer 2002; 99:273-8. [PMID: 11979444 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
EM-652 exerts pure antiestrogenic activity in the mammary gland and endometrium, while tamoxifen, the antiestrogen most widely used for the treatment of breast cancer, exerts mixed antiestrogenic-estrogenic activity in these tissues. Our objective was to compare the agonistic and antagonistic effects of EM-652 with tamoxifen and 5 other antiestrogens on the growth of ZR-75-1 human breast xenografts in ovariectomized nude mice. During the 23 weeks of treatment at a daily oral dose of 50 microg, EM-652 was the only compound that decreased tumor size relative to pretreatment values, whereas the 6 other antiestrogens only decreased to various extents the progression rate stimulated by estrone. Under estrone stimulation, all groups of animals had more than 60% of their tumors in the progression category except for the EM-652-treated group, where only 7% of the tumors progressed. In the absence of estrone stimulation, progression was seen in 60%, 33%, 21% and 12% of tumors in the tamoxifen-, idoxifene-, toremifene- and raloxifene-treated groups, respectively, while only 4% of tumors progressed in the EM-652-treated group. The agonistic and antagonistic actions of each antiestrogen were also measured on endometrial epithelial cell thickness. Our present findings indicate that EM-652, in addition to being the most potent antiestrogen on human breast tumor growth, has no agonistic effect in breast and endometrial tissues. Since previous data have shown benefits of EM-652 on bone density and lipid profile, this compound could be an ideal candidate for chemoprevention of breast and uterine cancers, while protecting against osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Gutman
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Medical Center and Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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