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Min CK, Nwachukwu JC, Hou Y, Russo RJ, Papa A, Min J, Peng R, Kim SH, Ziegler Y, Rangarajan ES, Izard T, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA, Nettles KW. Asymmetric Allostery in Estrogen Receptor-α Homodimers Drives Responses to the Ensemble of Estrogens in the Hormonal Milieu. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.10.588871. [PMID: 38645081 PMCID: PMC11030373 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.10.588871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor-α (ER) is thought to function only as a homodimer, but responds to a variety of environmental, metazoan, and therapeutic estrogens at sub-saturating doses, supporting binding mixtures of ligands as well as dimers that are only partially occupied. Here, we present a series of flexible ER ligands that bind to receptor dimers with individual ligand poses favoring distinct receptor conformations -receptor conformational heterodimers-mimicking the binding of two different ligands. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the pairs of different ligand poses changed the correlated motion across the dimer interface to generate asymmetric communication between the dimer interface, the ligands, and the surface binding sites for epigenetic regulatory proteins. By examining binding of the same ligand in crystal structures of ER in the agonist versus antagonist conformers, we also showed that these allosteric signals are bidirectional. The receptor conformer can drive different ligand binding modes to support agonist versus antagonist activity profiles, a revision of ligand binding theory that has focused on unidirectional signaling from ligand to the coregulator binding site. We also observed differences in the allosteric signals between ligand and coregulator binding sites in the monomeric versus dimeric receptor, and when bound by two different ligands, states that are physiologically relevant. Thus, ER conformational heterodimers integrate two different ligand-regulated activity profiles, representing new modes for ligand-dependent regulation of ER activity. Significance The estrogen receptor-α (ER) regulates transcription in response to a hormonal milieu that includes low levels of estradiol, a variety of environmental estrogens, as well as ER antagonists such as breast cancer anti-hormonal therapies. While ER has been studied as a homodimer, the variety of ligand and receptor concentrations in different tissues means that the receptor can be occupied with two different ligands, with only one ligand in the dimer, or as a monomer. Here, we use X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations to reveal a new mode for ligand regulation of ER activity whereby sequence-identical homodimers can act as functional or conformational heterodimers having unique signaling characteristics, with ligand-selective allostery operating across the dimer interface integrating two different signaling outcomes.
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Unger CA, Aladhami AK, Hope MC, Cotham WE, Nettles KW, Clegg DJ, Velázquez KT, Enos RT. Skeletal Muscle Endogenous Estrogen Production Ameliorates the Metabolic Consequences of a High-Fat Diet in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2023:bqad105. [PMID: 37421340 PMCID: PMC10368313 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The role of skeletal muscle estrogen and its ability to mitigate the negative impact of a high-fat diet (HFD) on obesity-associated metabolic impairments is unknown. To address this, we developed a novel mouse model to determine the role of endogenous estrogen (E2) production in males in skeletal muscle via inducible, skeletal-muscle-specific aromatase overexpression (SkM-Arom↑). METHODS Male SkM-Arom↑ mice and littermate controls were fed a HFD for 14 weeks prior to induction of SkM-Arom↑ for a period of 6.5 weeks. Glucose tolerance, insulin action, adipose tissue inflammation, and body composition were assessed. Indirect calorimetry and behavioral phenotyping experiments were performed using metabolic cages. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine circulating and tissue (skeletal muscle, hepatic, and adipose) E2 and testosterone concentrations. RESULTS SkM-Arom↑ significantly increased E2 in skeletal muscle, circulation, the liver, and adipose tissue. SkM-Arom↑ ameliorated high fat diet induced hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, adipose tissue inflammation, and reduced hepatic lipid accumulation without causing skeletal muscle hypertrophy. CONCLUSION Enhanced skeletal muscle aromatase activity in male mice induces weight loss, improves metabolic and inflammatory outcomes and mitigates the negative effects of a HFD. Additionally, our data demonstrate for the first time skeletal muscle E2 has anabolic effects on the musculoskeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Unger
- University of South Carolina-School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - Ahmed K Aladhami
- University of South Carolina-School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
- University of Baghdad, Nursing College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Marion C Hope
- University of South Carolina-School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - William E Cotham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Kandy T Velázquez
- University of South Carolina-School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - Reilly T Enos
- University of South Carolina-School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
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3
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Tinivella A, Nwachukwu JC, Angeli A, Foschi F, Benatti AL, Pinzi L, Izard T, Ferraroni M, Erumbi R, Christodoulou MS, Passarella D, Supuran CT, Nettles KW, Rastelli G. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and crystal structure determination of dual modulators of carbonic anhydrases and estrogen receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:115011. [PMID: 36516582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multi-target compounds have become increasingly important for the development of safer and more effective drug candidates. In this work, we devised a combined ligand-based and structure-based multi-target repurposing strategy and applied it to a series of hexahydrocyclopenta[c]quinoline compounds synthesized previously. The in silico analyses identified human Carbonic Anhydrases (hCA) and Estrogen Receptors (ER) as top scoring candidates for dual modulation. hCA isoforms IX and XII, and ER subtypes ER⍺ and/or ERβ are co-expressed in various cancer cell types, including breast and prostate cancer cells. ER⍺ is the primary target of anti-estrogen therapy in breast cancer, and the hCA IX isoform is a therapeutic target in triple-negative breast cancer. ER⍺-mediated transcriptional programs and hCA activity in cancer cells promote favorable microenvironments for cell proliferation. Interestingly, several lines of evidence indicate that the combined modulation of these two targets may provide significant therapeutic benefits. Moving from these first results, two additional hexahydrocyclopenta[c]quinoline derivatives bearing a sulfonamide zinc binding group (hCA) and a phenolic hydroxyl (ER) pharmacophoric group placed at the appropriate locations were designed and synthesized. Interestingly, these compounds were able to directly modulate the activities of both hCA and ER targets. In cell-based assays, they inhibited proliferation of breast and prostate cancer cells with micromolar potency and cell type-selective efficacy. The compounds inhibited hCA activity with nanomolar potency and isoform-selectivity. In transactivation assays, they reduced estrogen-driven ER activity with micro-molar potency. Finally, crystal structures of the synthesized ligands in complex with the two targets revealed that the compounds bind directly to the hCA active site, as well as to the ER ligand-binding domain, providing structural explanation to the observed activity and a rationale for optimization of their dual activity. To the best of our knowledge, this work describes the design, synthesis and biological characterization of the first dual modulators of hCA and ER, laying the ground for the structure-based optimization of their multi-target activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Tinivella
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy; Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, University of Florida Scripps Biomedical Research, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Andrea Angeli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Foschi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy; Department of Chemistry, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Benatti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Pinzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Tina Izard
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, University of Florida Scripps Biomedical Research, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Marta Ferraroni
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Rangarajan Erumbi
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, University of Florida Scripps Biomedical Research, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Michael S Christodoulou
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy; Department of Chemistry, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Passarella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, University of Florida Scripps Biomedical Research, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Giulio Rastelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy.
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4
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Solis O, Beccari AR, Iaconis D, Talarico C, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Nwachukwu JC, Cimini A, Castelli V, Bertini R, Montopoli M, Cocetta V, Borocci S, Prandi IG, Flavahan K, Bahr M, Napiorkowski A, Chillemi G, Ooka M, Yang X, Zhang S, Xia M, Zheng W, Bonaventura J, Pomper MG, Hooper JE, Morales M, Rosenberg AZ, Nettles KW, Jain SK, Allegretti M, Michaelides M. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds and modulates estrogen receptors. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eadd4150. [PMID: 36449624 PMCID: PMC9710872 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add4150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as its primary infection mechanism. Interactions between S and endogenous proteins occur after infection but are not well understood. We profiled binding of S against >9000 human proteins and found an interaction between S and human estrogen receptor α (ERα). Using bioinformatics, supercomputing, and experimental assays, we identified a highly conserved and functional nuclear receptor coregulator (NRC) LXD-like motif on the S2 subunit. In cultured cells, S DNA transfection increased ERα cytoplasmic accumulation, and S treatment induced ER-dependent biological effects. Non-invasive imaging in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters localized lung pathology with increased ERα lung levels. Postmortem lung experiments from infected hamsters and humans confirmed an increase in cytoplasmic ERα and its colocalization with S in alveolar macrophages. These findings describe the discovery of a S-ERα interaction, imply a role for S as an NRC, and advance knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 biology and coronavirus disease 2019 pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Solis
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | - Camilo A. Ruiz-Bedoya
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jerome C. Nwachukwu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- VIMM- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica Avanzata, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Cocetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Borocci
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ingrid G. Prandi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Kelly Flavahan
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Melissa Bahr
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Anna Napiorkowski
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Masato Ooka
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Shiliang Zhang
- Neuronal Networks Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jordi Bonaventura
- Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jody E. Hooper
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marisela Morales
- Neuronal Networks Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Avi Z. Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kendall W. Nettles
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Marcello Allegretti
- Dompé farmaceutici S.p.A, L’Aquila, Italy
- Corresponding author. (M.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.M.); (M.A.)
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5
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Yuan Z, Pavel MA, Wang H, Kwachukwu JC, Mediouni S, Jablonski JA, Nettles KW, Reddy CB, Valente ST, Hansen SB. Author Correction: Hydroxychloroquine blocks SARS-CoV-2 entry into the endocytic pathway in mammalian cell culture. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1164. [PMID: 36323858 PMCID: PMC9628440 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Yuan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Mahmud Arif Pavel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Jerome C Kwachukwu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Sonia Mediouni
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Joseph Anthony Jablonski
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Chakravarthy B Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Scott B Hansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
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6
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Solis O, Beccari AR, Iaconis D, Talarico C, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Nwachukwu JC, Cimini A, Castelli V, Bertini R, Montopoli M, Cocetta V, Borocci S, Prandi IG, Flavahan K, Bahr M, Napiorkowski A, Chillemi G, Ooka M, Yang X, Zhang S, Xia M, Zheng W, Bonaventura J, Pomper MG, Hooper JE, Morales M, Rosenberg AZ, Nettles KW, Jain SK, Allegretti M, Michaelides M. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds and modulates estrogen receptors. bioRxiv 2022:2022.05.21.492920. [PMID: 35665018 PMCID: PMC9164441 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.21.492920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) at the cell surface, which constitutes the primary mechanism driving SARS-CoV-2 infection. Molecular interactions between the transduced S and endogenous proteins likely occur post-infection, but such interactions are not well understood. We used an unbiased primary screen to profile the binding of full-length S against >9,000 human proteins and found significant S-host protein interactions, including one between S and human estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). After confirming this interaction in a secondary assay, we used bioinformatics, supercomputing, and experimental assays to identify a highly conserved and functional nuclear receptor coregulator (NRC) LXD-like motif on the S2 subunit and an S-ERα binding mode. In cultured cells, S DNA transfection increased ERα cytoplasmic accumulation, and S treatment induced ER-dependent biological effects and ACE2 expression. Noninvasive multimodal PET/CT imaging in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters using [ 18 F]fluoroestradiol (FES) localized lung pathology with increased ERα lung levels. Postmortem experiments in lung tissues from SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters and humans confirmed an increase in cytoplasmic ERα expression and its colocalization with S protein in alveolar macrophages. These findings describe the discovery and characterization of a novel S-ERα interaction, imply a role for S as an NRC, and are poised to advance knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 biology, COVID-19 pathology, and mechanisms of sex differences in the pathology of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Solis
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, 21224, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Camilo A. Ruiz-Bedoya
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jerome C. Nwachukwu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- VIMM- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica Avanzata, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Cocetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Borocci
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ingrid G. Prandi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Kelly Flavahan
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Melissa Bahr
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Napiorkowski
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Masato Ooka
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shiliang Zhang
- Neuronal Networks Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, 21224, MD, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jordi Bonaventura
- Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jody E. Hooper
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marisela Morales
- Neuronal Networks Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, 21224, MD, USA
| | - Avi Z. Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kendall W. Nettles
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II Room 109, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Michael Michaelides
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, 21224, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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Bruno NE, Nwachukwu JC, Hughes DC, Srinivasan S, Hawkins R, Sturgill D, Hager GL, Hurst S, Sheu SS, Bodine SC, Conkright MD, Nettles KW. Activation of Crtc2/Creb1 in skeletal muscle enhances weight loss during intermittent fasting. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21999. [PMID: 34748223 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100171r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Creb-Regulated Transcriptional Coactivator (Crtc) family of transcriptional coregulators drive Creb1-mediated transcription effects on metabolism in many tissues, but the in vivo effects of Crtc2/Creb1 transcription on skeletal muscle metabolism are not known. Skeletal muscle-specific overexpression of Crtc2 (Crtc2 mice) induced greater mitochondrial activity, metabolic flux capacity for both carbohydrates and fats, improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and increased oxidative capacity, supported by upregulation of key metabolic genes. Crtc2 overexpression led to greater weight loss during alternate day fasting (ADF), selective loss of fat rather than lean mass, maintenance of higher energy expenditure during the fast and reduced binge-eating during the feeding period. ADF downregulated most of the mitochondrial electron transport genes, and other regulators of mitochondrial function, that were substantially reversed by Crtc2-driven transcription. Glucocorticoids acted with AMPK to drive atrophy and mitophagy, which was reversed by Crtc2/Creb1 signaling. Crtc2/Creb1-mediated signaling coordinates metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle that explain how Crtc2/Creb1 regulates metabolism and weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson E Bruno
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - David C Hughes
- Section for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sathish Srinivasan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Richard Hawkins
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - David Sturgill
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Hurst
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shey-Shing Sheu
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sue C Bodine
- Section for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael D Conkright
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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8
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Nwachukwu J, Min J, Srinivasan SK, Rangarajan E, Guillen VS, Ziegler Y, Carlson K, Hou Y, Kim SH, Izard T, Houtman R, Katzenellenbogen BS, Nettles KW, Katzenellenbogen JA. OR12-07 Full Antagonism of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation Can Result from Many Ligand-Induced Conformational Distortions of the Estrogen Receptor Ligand Binding Domain. J Endocr Soc 2020. [PMCID: PMC7209757 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-positive breast cancers initially respond well to endocrine therapies using aromatase inhibitors (AIs) or antiestrogens, after varying time periods the cancer frequently recurs as metastatic disease. A significant fraction of these recurrences are driven by ERs that have acquired activating mutations in their ligand binding domains (LBDs), giving them constitutive activity and thus resistance to AIs. Because these mutations also reduce the affinity and potency of SERMs and SERDs, expanded efforts have been made to vary the structure of antiestrogens to make them more potent. Typical antiestrogens are comprised of a core element that binds securely in the ligand binding pocket and from which extends a single ring (ring E) having a side chain that sterically interferes with the position of helix-12 by direct antagonism, reorienting it so that it occludes the activation function 2 (AF2) hydrophobic groove for coactivator binding. Through structural studies, we found that bridged oxabicycloheptene-sulfonamide (OBHS-N) core ligands have two rings (E and F) that can be poised to engage in both “direct antagonism” and “indirect antagonism”, the latter of which disrupts the orientation of helix-12 by impinging on helix-11 and the helix-11–12 loop. In this study, we have placed typical antiestrogen side chains on either the E or the F ring of OBHS-N core ligands and characterized their activities in ERα-positive breast cancer cells. All compounds have full antiproliferative activity and reverse estrogen-regulated gene expression, with the antiproliferative potency of each type of side chain having a distinct preference for E- vs F-ring attachment. Conformational analysis using a multiplexed coregulator peptide interaction assay shows that compounds with an E-ring substitution have interaction profiles similar to 4-hydroxytamoxifen and fulvestrant, whereas the F-ring substitution gives a very different pattern, suggesting that the antagonist activity of the two classes rely on different sets of coregulator proteins. A large number of high resolution (better than 2 Å) X-ray crystal structures reveal that this set of novel ER antagonists disrupt the conformation of the ER LBD in a variety of ways, several of which are distinct from those seen with previous antiestrogens such as Tamoxifen and Fulvestrant. Our findings expand design concepts by which ERα ligands can block the activity of this receptor and illustrate how direct and indirect modes of ER antagonism can be combined to facilitate the development of more efficacious antiestrogens for breast cancer treatment and possibly for regulating ER-mediated activities in other estrogen target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yvonne Ziegler
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Yingwei Hou
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tina Izard
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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9
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Katzenellenbogen JA, Min J, Srinivasan S, Rangarajan ES, Nwachukwu JC, Guillen VS, Ziegler Y, Yan S, Carlson KE, Hou Y, Kim SH, Izard T, Houtman R, Nettles KW, Katzenellenbogen BS. Abstract P6-04-10: Combining direct and indirect modes of antiestrogen ligand antagonism of estrogen receptor activity in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs19-p6-04-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Resistance to endocrine therapies in breast cancer highlights the need to explore new modes for antagonizing the activity of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) that might lead to clinically more effective antiestrogens. Most clinically approved antiestrogens, however, have conceptually similar overall structures. Typically, this includes a lipophilic ligand core with a single side chain attached to an E-ring that uses direct steric contact to displace helix-12 of the ER ligand binding domain (LBD) from the agonist conformation. Unlike conventional antiestrogens, certain structurally bridged oxabicycloheptene-sulfonamide (OBHS-N) ER ligands have two rings (E and F) onto which side chains can be attached, thereby probing two distinct regions and modes of antagonism within the ER LBD. We attached characteristic ER antagonist side chains onto each of these two rings seeking to displace helix-12 sterically (“direct antagonism”) and/or to distort the ligand binding pocket and thereby alter the conformation of the helix-11/12 loop (a distinct mode, termed “indirect antagonism”). Several of these OBHS-N compounds have full antiproliferative activity on ERα-positive breast cancer cells and reverse estrogen-regulated gene expression, and the inhibitory potency of compounds with each type of side chain shows a distinct preference for E- or F-ring of attachment. Conformational analysis of these ER-ligand complexes using a multiplexed coregulator peptide interaction assay shows that sidechain substitution on the E-ring gives interaction profiles similar to that for hydroxytamoxifen and fulvestrant, whereas F-ring substitution gives a very different pattern. X-ray crystallographic structure analysis confirms that F-ring substituted OBHS-N compounds use a combination of direct and indirect modes of antagonism that both displaces and disorders helix-12 of the ER LBD. Our findings expand design concepts by which ERα ligands can block the activity of this receptor in breast cancers and structurally how direct and indirect modes of inhibition can be combined. This could facilitate the development of more efficacious antiestrogens for breast cancer treatment. Supported by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF 18-084 to JAK and BSK) and the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA220284 to JAK, BSK, TI, and KWN; T32 GM070421 Fellowship to VSG).
Citation Format: John A Katzenellenbogen, Jian Min, Sathish Srinivasan, Erumbi S. Rangarajan, Jerome C. Nwachukwu, Valeria Sanabria Guillen, Yvonne Ziegler, Shunchao Yan, Kathryn E. Carlson, Yingwei Hou, Sung Hoon Kim, Tina Izard, Rene Houtman, Kendall W. Nettles, Benita S. Katzenellenbogen. Combining direct and indirect modes of antiestrogen ligand antagonism of estrogen receptor activity in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-04-10.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tina Izard
- 3The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
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10
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Fanning SW, Jeselsohn R, Dharmarajan V, Mayne CG, Karimi M, Buchwalter G, Houtman R, Toy W, Fowler CE, Han R, Lainé M, Carlson KE, Martin TA, Nowak J, Nwachukwu JC, Hosfield DJ, Chandarlapaty S, Tajkhorshid E, Nettles KW, Griffin PR, Shen Y, Katzenellenbogen JA, Brown M, Greene GL. The SERM/SERD bazedoxifene disrupts ESR1 helix 12 to overcome acquired hormone resistance in breast cancer cells. eLife 2018; 7:37161. [PMID: 30489256 PMCID: PMC6335054 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired resistance to endocrine therapy remains a significant clinical burden for breast cancer patients. Somatic mutations in the ESR1 (estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)) gene ligand-binding domain (LBD) represent a recognized mechanism of acquired resistance. Antiestrogens with improved efficacy versus tamoxifen might overcome the resistant phenotype in ER +breast cancers. Bazedoxifene (BZA) is a potent antiestrogen that is clinically approved for use in hormone replacement therapies. We found that BZA possesses improved inhibitory potency against the Y537S and D538G ERα mutants compared to tamoxifen and has additional inhibitory activity in combination with the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib. In addition, comprehensive biophysical and structural biology studies show BZA’s selective estrogen receptor degrading (SERD) properties that override the stabilizing effects of the Y537S and D538G ERα mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Fanning
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Rinath Jeselsohn
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | | | - Christopher G Mayne
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Mostafa Karimi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas, United States
| | - Gilles Buchwalter
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - René Houtman
- PamGene International BV, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Weiyi Toy
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Colin E Fowler
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Ross Han
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Muriel Lainé
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Kathryn E Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Teresa A Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Jason Nowak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - David J Hosfield
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Sarat Chandarlapaty
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas, United States
| | | | - Myles Brown
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Geoffrey L Greene
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
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11
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Hudson WH, Vera IMSD, Nwachukwu JC, Weikum ER, Herbst AG, Yang Q, Bain DL, Nettles KW, Kojetin DJ, Ortlund EA. Cryptic glucocorticoid receptor-binding sites pervade genomic NF-κB response elements. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1337. [PMID: 29626214 PMCID: PMC5889392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are potent repressors of NF-κB activity, making them a preferred choice for treatment of inflammation-driven conditions. Despite the widespread use of GCs in the clinic, current models are inadequate to explain the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) within this critical signaling pathway. GR binding directly to NF-κB itself-tethering in a DNA binding-independent manner-represents the standing model of how GCs inhibit NF-κB-driven transcription. We demonstrate that direct binding of GR to genomic NF-κB response elements (κBREs) mediates GR-driven repression of inflammatory gene expression. We report five crystal structures and solution NMR data of GR DBD-κBRE complexes, which reveal that GR recognizes a cryptic response element between the binding footprints of NF-κB subunits within κBREs. These cryptic sequences exhibit high sequence and functional conservation, suggesting that GR binding to κBREs is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of controlling the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Hudson
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
- Discovery and Developmental Therapeutics, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Integrated Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Emily R Weikum
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
- Discovery and Developmental Therapeutics, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Austin G Herbst
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - David L Bain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Integrated Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA.
- Discovery and Developmental Therapeutics, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA.
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12
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Weikum ER, de Vera IMS, Nwachukwu JC, Hudson WH, Nettles KW, Kojetin DJ, Ortlund EA. Tethering not required: the glucocorticoid receptor binds directly to activator protein-1 recognition motifs to repress inflammatory genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:8596-8608. [PMID: 28591827 PMCID: PMC5737878 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor that controls the expression of extensive gene networks, driving both up- and down-regulation. GR utilizes multiple DNA-binding-dependent and -independent mechanisms to achieve context-specific transcriptional outcomes. The DNA-binding-independent mechanism involves tethering of GR to the pro-inflammatory transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) through protein-protein interactions. This mechanism has served as the predominant model of GR-mediated transrepression of inflammatory genes. However, ChIP-seq data have consistently shown GR to occupy AP-1 response elements (TREs), even in the absence of AP-1. Therefore, the current model is insufficient to explain GR action at these sites. Here, we show that GR regulates a subset of inflammatory genes in a DNA-binding-dependent manner. Using structural biology and biochemical approaches, we show that GR binds directly to TREs via sequence-specific contacts to a GR-binding sequence (GBS) half-site found embedded within the TRE motif. Furthermore, we show that GR-mediated transrepression observed at TRE sites to be DNA-binding-dependent. This represents a paradigm shift in the field, showing that GR uses multiple mechanisms to suppress inflammatory gene expression. This work further expands our understanding of this complex multifaceted transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Weikum
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - William H Hudson
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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13
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Zhao Y, Laws MJ, Guillen VS, Ziegler Y, Min J, Sharma A, Kim SH, Chu D, Park BH, Oesterreich S, Mao C, Shapiro DJ, Nettles KW, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS. Structurally Novel Antiestrogens Elicit Differential Responses from Constitutively Active Mutant Estrogen Receptors in Breast Cancer Cells and Tumors. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5602-5613. [PMID: 28904064 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancers develop resistance to endocrine therapy via mutation of ERs whose constitutive activation is associated with shorter patient survival. Because there is now a clinical need for new antiestrogens (AE) against these mutant ERs, we describe here our development and characterization of three chemically novel AEs that effectively suppress proliferation of breast cancer cells and tumors. Our AEs are effective against wild-type and Y537S and D538G ERs, the two most commonly occurring constitutively active ERs. The three new AEs suppressed proliferation and estrogen target gene expression in WT and mutant ER-containing cells and were more effective in D538G than in Y537S cells and tumors. Compared with WT ER, mutants exhibited approximately 10- to 20-fold lower binding affinity for AE and a reduced ability to be blocked in coactivator interaction, likely contributing to their relative resistance to inhibition by AE. Comparisons between mutant ER-containing MCF7 and T47D cells revealed that AE responses were compound, cell-type, and ERα-mutant dependent. These new ligands have favorable pharmacokinetic properties and effectively suppressed growth of WT and mutant ER-expressing tumor xenografts in NOD/SCID-γ mice after oral or subcutaneous administration; D538G tumors were more potently inhibited by AE than Y537S tumors. These studies highlight the differential responsiveness of the mutant ERs to different AEs and make clear the value of having a toolkit of AEs for treatment of endocrine therapy-resistant tumors driven by different constitutively active ERs. Cancer Res; 77(20); 5602-13. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechao Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Mary J Laws
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Valeria Sanabria Guillen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Yvonne Ziegler
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Jian Min
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - David Chu
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ben Ho Park
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Womens Cancer Research Center, Magee Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chengjian Mao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - David J Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | | | - Benita S Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.
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14
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Stender JD, Nwachukwu JC, Kastrati I, Kim Y, Strid T, Yakir M, Srinivasan S, Nowak J, Izard T, Rangarajan ES, Carlson KE, Katzenellenbogen JA, Yao XQ, Grant BJ, Leong HS, Lin CY, Frasor J, Nettles KW, Glass CK. Structural and Molecular Mechanisms of Cytokine-Mediated Endocrine Resistance in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Cell 2017; 65:1122-1135.e5. [PMID: 28306507 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human breast cancers that exhibit high proportions of immune cells and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines predict poor prognosis. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells with pro-inflammatory cytokines results in ERα-dependent activation of gene expression and proliferation, in the absence of ligand or presence of 4OH-tamoxifen (TOT). Cytokine activation of ERα and endocrine resistance is dependent on phosphorylation of ERα at S305 in the hinge domain. Phosphorylation of S305 by IKKβ establishes an ERα cistrome that substantially overlaps with the estradiol (E2)-dependent ERα cistrome. Structural analyses suggest that S305-P forms a charge-linked bridge with the C-terminal F domain of ERα that enables inter-domain communication and constitutive activity from the N-terminal coactivator-binding site, revealing the structural basis of endocrine resistance. ERα therefore functions as a transcriptional effector of cytokine-induced IKKβ signaling, suggesting a mechanism through which the tumor microenvironment controls tumor progression and endocrine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Stender
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Irida Kastrati
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yohan Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Tobias Strid
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maayan Yakir
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sathish Srinivasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jason Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Tina Izard
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Erumbi S Rangarajan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kathryn E Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John A Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xin-Qiu Yao
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Barry J Grant
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hon S Leong
- Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Chin-Yo Lin
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Jonna Frasor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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15
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Min J, Guillen VS, Sharma A, Zhao Y, Ziegler Y, Gong P, Mayne CG, Srinivasan S, Kim SH, Carlson KE, Nettles KW, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA. Adamantyl Antiestrogens with Novel Side Chains Reveal a Spectrum of Activities in Suppressing Estrogen Receptor Mediated Activities in Breast Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6321-6336. [PMID: 28657320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To search for new antiestrogens more effective in treating breast cancers, we explored alternatives to the acrylic acid side chain used in many antiestrogens. To facilitate our search, we used a simple adamantyl ligand core that by avoiding stereochemical issues enabled rapid synthesis of acrylate ketone, ester, and amide analogs. All compounds were high affinity estrogen receptor α (ERα) ligands but displayed a range of efficacies and potencies as antiproliferative and ERα-downregulating agents. There were large differences in activity between compounds having minor structural changes, but antiproliferative and ERα-downregulating efficacies generally paralleled one another. Some compounds with side chain polar groups had particularly high affinities. The secondary carboxamides had the best cellular activities, and the 3-hydroxypropylamide was as efficacious as fulvestrant in suppressing cell proliferation and gene expression. This study has produced structurally novel antiestrogens based on a simple adamantyl core structure with acrylate side chains optimized for cellular antagonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sathish Srinivasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | | | | | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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16
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Srinivasan S, Nwachukwu JC, Bruno NE, Dharmarajan V, Goswami D, Kastrati I, Novick S, Nowak J, Cavett V, Zhou HB, Boonmuen N, Zhao Y, Min J, Frasor J, Katzenellenbogen BS, Griffin PR, Katzenellenbogen JA, Nettles KW. Erratum: Full antagonism of the estrogen receptor without a prototypical ligand side chain. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:691. [PMID: 28514419 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio0617-691b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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17
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Sharma N, Carlson KE, Nwachukwu JC, Srinivasan S, Sharma A, Nettles KW, Katzenellenbogen JA. Exploring the Structural Compliancy versus Specificity of the Estrogen Receptor Using Isomeric Three-Dimensional Ligands. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:494-503. [PMID: 28032978 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen receptors (ERs) bind with high affinity to many structurally diverse ligands by significantly distorting the contours of their ligand-binding pockets. This raises a question: To what degree is ER able to distinguish between structurally related regioisomers and enantiomers? We have explored the structural compliance and specificity of ERα with a set of ligands having a 7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene sulfonate core and basic side chains typical of selective ER modulators (SERMs). These ligands have two regioisomers, each of which is a racemate of enantiomers. Using orthogonal protecting groups and chiral HPLC, we isolated all 4 isomers and assigned their absolute stereochemistry by X-ray analysis. The 1S,2R,4S isomer has a 80-170-fold higher affinity for ERα than the others, and it profiles as a partial agonist/antagonist in cellular reporter gene assays and in suppressing proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with subnanomolar potency, far exceeding that of the other isomers. It is the only isomer found bound to ERα by X-ray analysis after crystallization with four-isomer mixtures of closely related analogs. Thus, despite the general compliance of this receptor for binding a large variety of ligand structures, ER demonstrates marked structural specificity and stereospecificity by selecting a single component from a mixture of structurally related isomers to drive ER-regulated cellular activity. Our findings lay the necessary groundwork for seeking unique ER-mediated pharmacological profiles by rational structural perturbations of two different types of side chains in this unprecedented class of ER ligands, which may prove useful in developing more effective endocrine therapies for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jerome C. Nwachukwu
- Department
of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute,130 Scripps
Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Sathish Srinivasan
- Department
of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute,130 Scripps
Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kendall W. Nettles
- Department
of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute,130 Scripps
Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - John A. Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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18
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Josan JS, Pokludova K, Devi S, Srinivasan S, Katzenellenbogen JA, Nettles KW. Abstract P2-08-07: Anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory estrogen receptor agents for treatment of endocrine-resistant breast cancer. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-p2-08-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This abstract was not presented at the symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
- JS Josan
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - K Pokludova
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - S Devi
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - S Srinivasan
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - JA Katzenellenbogen
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - KW Nettles
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
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19
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Jin Z, Lin H, Srinivasan S, Nwachukwu JC, Bruno N, Griffin PR, Nettles KW, Kamenecka TM. Synthesis of novel steroidal agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists for the glucocorticoid receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:347-353. [PMID: 27919657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adverse effects of glucocorticoids could be limited by developing new compounds that selectively modulate anti-inflammatory activity of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We have synthesized a novel series of steroidal GR ligands, including potent agonists, partial agonists and antagonists with a wide range of effects on inhibiting secretion of interleukin-6. Some of these new ligands were designed to directly impact conformational stability of helix-12, in the GR ligand-binding domain (LBD). These compounds modulated GR activity and glucocorticoid-induced gene expression in a manner that was inversely correlated to the degree of inflammatory response. In contrast, compounds designed to directly modulate LBD epitopes outside helix-12, led to dissociated levels of GR-mediated gene expression and inflammatory response. Therefore, these new series of compounds and their derivatives will be useful to dissect the ligand-dependent features of GR signaling specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Jin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hua Lin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sathish Srinivasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Nelson Bruno
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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20
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Nwachukwu JC, Srinivasan S, Zheng Y, Wang S, Min J, Dong C, Liao Z, Nowak J, Wright NJ, Houtman R, Carlson KE, Josan JS, Elemento O, Katzenellenbogen JA, Zhou HB, Nettles KW. Predictive features of ligand-specific signaling through the estrogen receptor. Mol Syst Biol 2016; 12:864. [PMID: 27107013 PMCID: PMC4848761 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20156701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Some estrogen receptor‐α (ERα)‐targeted breast cancer therapies such as tamoxifen have tissue‐selective or cell‐specific activities, while others have similar activities in different cell types. To identify biophysical determinants of cell‐specific signaling and breast cancer cell proliferation, we synthesized 241 ERα ligands based on 19 chemical scaffolds, and compared ligand response using quantitative bioassays for canonical ERα activities and X‐ray crystallography. Ligands that regulate the dynamics and stability of the coactivator‐binding site in the C‐terminal ligand‐binding domain, called activation function‐2 (AF‐2), showed similar activity profiles in different cell types. Such ligands induced breast cancer cell proliferation in a manner that was predicted by the canonical recruitment of the coactivators NCOA1/2/3 and induction of the GREB1 proliferative gene. For some ligand series, a single inter‐atomic distance in the ligand‐binding domain predicted their proliferative effects. In contrast, the N‐terminal coactivator‐binding site, activation function‐1 (AF‐1), determined cell‐specific signaling induced by ligands that used alternate mechanisms to control cell proliferation. Thus, incorporating systems structural analyses with quantitative chemical biology reveals how ligands can achieve distinct allosteric signaling outcomes through ERα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Sathish Srinivasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Yangfan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Min
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chune Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongquan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jason Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas J Wright
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - René Houtman
- PamGene International, Den Bosch, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Hai-Bing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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21
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Zhao Y, Gong P, Chen Y, Nwachukwu JC, Srinivasan S, Ko C, Bagchi MK, Taylor RN, Korach KS, Nettles KW, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS. Dual suppression of estrogenic and inflammatory activities for targeting of endometriosis. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:271ra9. [PMID: 25609169 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Estrogenic and inflammatory components play key roles in a broad range of diseases including endometriosis, a common estrogen-dependent gynecological disorder in which endometrial tissue creates inflammatory lesions at extrauterine sites, causing pelvic pain and reduced fertility. Current medical therapies focus primarily on reducing systemic levels of estrogens, but these are of limited effectiveness and have considerable side effects. We developed estrogen receptor (ER) ligands, chloroindazole (CLI) and oxabicycloheptene sulfonate (OBHS), which showed strong ER-dependent anti-inflammatory activity in a preclinical model of endometriosis that recapitulates the estrogen dependence and inflammatory responses of the disease in immunocompetent mice and in primary human endometriotic stromal cells in culture. Estrogen-dependent phenomena, including cell proliferation, cyst formation, vascularization, and lesion growth, were all arrested by CLI or OBHS, which prevented lesion expansion and also elicited regression of established lesions, suppressed inflammation, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis in the lesions, and interrupted crosstalk between lesion cells and infiltrating macrophages. Studies in ERα or ERβ knockout mice indicated that ERα is the major mediator of OBHS effectiveness and ERβ is dominant in CLI actions, implying involvement of both ERs in endometriosis. Neither ligand altered estrous cycling or fertility at doses that were effective for suppression of endometriosis. Hence, CLI and OBHS are able to restrain endometriosis by dual suppression of the estrogen-inflammatory axis. Our findings suggest that these compounds have the desired characteristics of preventive and therapeutic agents for clinical endometriosis and possibly other estrogen-driven and inflammation-promoted disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechao Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yiru Chen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sathish Srinivasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Milan K Bagchi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Robert N Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | | - Benita S Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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22
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Kojetin DJ, Matta-Camacho E, Hughes TS, Srinivasan S, Nwachukwu JC, Cavett V, Nowak J, Chalmers MJ, Marciano DP, Kamenecka TM, Shulman AI, Rance M, Griffin PR, Bruning JB, Nettles KW. Structural mechanism for signal transduction in RXR nuclear receptor heterodimers. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8013. [PMID: 26289479 PMCID: PMC4547401 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of nuclear receptors (NRs) function as obligate heterodimers with retinoid X receptor (RXR), allowing integration of ligand-dependent signals across the dimer interface via an unknown structural mechanism. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, x-ray crystallography and hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry, here we show an allosteric mechanism through which RXR co-operates with a permissive dimer partner, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, while rendered generally unresponsive by a non-permissive dimer partner, thyroid hormone (TR) receptor. Amino acid residues that mediate this allosteric mechanism comprise an evolutionarily conserved network discovered by statistical coupling analysis (SCA). This SCA network acts as a signalling rheostat to integrate signals between dimer partners, ligands and coregulator-binding sites, thereby affecting signal transmission in RXR heterodimers. These findings define rules guiding how NRs integrate two ligand-dependent signalling pathways into RXR heterodimer-specific responses. Some nuclear receptors dimerize with retinoid X receptor to allow ligand-dependent signalling. Here, Kojetin et al. use structural and biophysical techniques to identify structural changes that guide these complex signalling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Edna Matta-Camacho
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Travis S Hughes
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Sathish Srinivasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Valerie Cavett
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Jason Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Michael J Chalmers
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - David P Marciano
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Andrew I Shulman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Mark Rance
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - John B Bruning
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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23
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Fanning SW, Mayne C, Toy W, Shen Y, Sharma A, Panchamukhi S, Nowak J, Nettles KW, Chandarlapaty S, Katzenellenbogen JA, Greene GL. Abstract P3-05-07: Determining the role of somatic ERα mutations in acquired hormone (or SERM) resistance. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs14-p3-05-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) family and is critical for the etiology and treatment of breast cancer. Approximately 70% of breast cancers express ERα and many of these are sensitive to anti-estrogen therapies. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as tamoxifen and raloxifene, are approved to treat or reduce the risk of ER-dependent breast cancers. SERMs act by competitively binding to the ERα ligand-binding domain (LBD). Unfortunately, metastatic breast tumors recur in approximately half of patients and become SERM resistant while remaining ER-positive in many cases. Recently, conserved somatic mutations in the ERα LBD were identified in patients who received SERM/aromatase inhibitor (AI)/selective estrogen receptor disruptor (SERD) therapy for an average of five years. Because these mutations were observed in approximately 25% of tumors and the most frequent mutations (Y537S or D538G) were located in or just prior to helix 12 (H12), the molecular switch that controls AF-2 activity, they represent a possible mechanism for acquired SERM insensitivity for a significant population of patients. Further studies revealed that these mutations conferred hormone-independent ERα activity and that the inhibitory efficacy of currently approved SERMs was reduced. Our goal is to understand the effects of these mutations on the structure and function of ERα in these tumors to guide the generation of novel compounds which bypass the effects of these somatic mutations. Here, we employ x-ray crystallography, molecular dynamics simulations, biochemical assays in addition to breast cancer cell proliferation assays to dissect the role of somatic mutation in acquired hormone/SERM resistance. X-ray crystal structures of the ERα LBD D538G mutant in the unliganded (apo), agonist and SERM-bound states, combined with molecular dynamics simulations, reveal a stabilized loop between H11 and H12 that allows the receptor to preferentially adopt an agonist conformation versus an antagonist conformation. The biochemical and breast cancer cell proliferation assays reveal structural insights that may explain mutant ERα function within the tumor. Further, we use these methods to explore the utility of next generation SERMs and SERDs to inhibit these mutant ERs as well as to guide the synthesis of additional novel compounds. Importantly, our work is expected to yield more potent and effective SERMs/SERDs that overcome the impact of acquired activating mutations and result in improved patient survival.
Citation Format: Sean W Fanning, Christopher Mayne, Weiyi Toy, Yang Shen, Abhishek Sharma, Srinivas Panchamukhi, Jason Nowak, Kendall W Nettles, Sarat Chandarlapaty, John A Katzenellenbogen, Geoffrey L Greene. Determining the role of somatic ERα mutations in acquired hormone (or SERM) resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-05-07.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Weiyi Toy
- 3Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
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24
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Bruno NE, Kelly KA, Hawkins R, Bramah-Lawani M, Amelio AL, Nwachukwu JC, Nettles KW, Conkright MD. Creb coactivators direct anabolic responses and enhance performance of skeletal muscle. EMBO J 2014; 33:1027-43. [PMID: 24674967 PMCID: PMC4193935 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201386145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the stress response to intense exercise, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) induces rapid catabolism of energy reserves through the release of catecholamines and subsequent activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Paradoxically, chronic administration of sympathomimetic drugs (β-agonists) leads to anabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle, suggesting that sympathetic outflow also regulates myofiber remodeling. Here, we show that β-agonists or catecholamines released during intense exercise induce Creb-mediated transcriptional programs through activation of its obligate coactivators Crtc2 and Crtc3. In contrast to the catabolic activity normally associated with SNS function, activation of the Crtc/Creb transcriptional complex by conditional overexpression of Crtc2 in the skeletal muscle of transgenic mice fostered an anabolic state of energy and protein balance. Crtc2-overexpressing mice have increased myofiber cross-sectional area, greater intramuscular triglycerides and glycogen content. Moreover, maximal exercise capacity was enhanced after induction of Crtc2 expression in transgenic mice. Collectively these findings demonstrate that the SNS-adrenergic signaling cascade coordinates a transient catabolic stress response during high-intensity exercise, which is followed by transcriptional reprogramming that directs anabolic changes for recovery and that augments subsequent exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson E Bruno
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kimberly A Kelly
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Richard Hawkins
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Mariam Bramah-Lawani
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Antonio L Amelio
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael D Conkright
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
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25
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Nwachukwu JC, Srinivasan S, Bruno NE, Parent AA, Hughes TS, Pollock JA, Gjyshi O, Cavett V, Nowak J, Garcia-Ordonez RD, Houtman R, Griffin PR, Kojetin DJ, Katzenellenbogen JA, Conkright MD, Nettles KW. Resveratrol modulates the inflammatory response via an estrogen receptor-signal integration network. eLife 2014; 3:e02057. [PMID: 24771768 PMCID: PMC4017646 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol has beneficial effects on aging, inflammation and metabolism, which are thought to result from activation of the lysine deacetylase, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), the cAMP pathway, or AMP-activated protein kinase. In this study, we report that resveratrol acts as a pathway-selective estrogen receptor-α (ERα) ligand to modulate the inflammatory response but not cell proliferation. A crystal structure of the ERα ligand-binding domain (LBD) as a complex with resveratrol revealed a unique perturbation of the coactivator-binding surface, consistent with an altered coregulator recruitment profile. Gene expression analyses revealed significant overlap of TNFα genes modulated by resveratrol and estradiol. Furthermore, the ability of resveratrol to suppress interleukin-6 transcription was shown to require ERα and several ERα coregulators, suggesting that ERα functions as a primary conduit for resveratrol activity.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02057.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Sathish Srinivasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Nelson E Bruno
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | | | - Travis S Hughes
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Julie A Pollock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States
| | - Olsi Gjyshi
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Valerie Cavett
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Jason Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Ruben D Garcia-Ordonez
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - René Houtman
- Nuclear Receptor Group, PamGene International, Den Bosch, Netherlands
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | | | - Michael D Conkright
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
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26
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Liao ZQ, Dong C, Carlson KE, Srinivasan S, Nwachukwu JC, Chesnut RW, Sharma A, Nettles KW, Katzenellenbogen JA, Zhou HB. Triaryl-substituted Schiff bases are high-affinity subtype-selective ligands for the estrogen receptor. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3532-45. [PMID: 24708493 PMCID: PMC4002130 DOI: 10.1021/jm500268j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We have explored the isoelectronic
replacement of the C=C
double bond found at the core of many nonsteroidal estrogen ligands
with a simple Schiff base (C=N). Di- and triaryl-substituted
imine derivatives were conveniently prepared by the condensation of
benzophenones with various anilines without the need for phenolic
hydroxy protection. Most of these imines demonstrated high affinity
for the estrogen receptors, which, in some cases exceeded that of
estradiol. In cell-based assays, these imines profiled as ERα
agonists but as ERβ antagonists, showing preferential reliance
on the N-terminal activation function (AF1), which is more active
in ERα. X-ray analysis revealed that the triaryl-imines distort
the ligand-binding pocket in a new way: by controlling the separation
of helices 3 and 11, which appears to alter the C-terminal AF2 surface
that binds transcriptional coactivators. This work suggests that C=N
for C=C substitution might be more widely considered as a general
strategy for preparing drug analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Quan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan 430071, China
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27
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Nwachukwu JC, Southern MR, Kiefer JR, Afonine PV, Adams PD, Terwilliger TC, Nettles KW. Improved crystallographic structures using extensive combinatorial refinement. Structure 2013; 21:1923-30. [PMID: 24076406 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Identifying errors and alternate conformers and modeling multiple main-chain conformers in poorly ordered regions are overarching problems in crystallographic structure determination that have limited automation efforts and structure quality. Here, we show that implementation of a full factorial designed set of standard refinement approaches, termed ExCoR (Extensive Combinatorial Refinement), significantly improves structural models compared to the traditional linear tree approach, in which individual algorithms are tested linearly and are only incorporated if the model improves. ExCoR markedly improved maps and models and reveals building errors and alternate conformations that were masked by traditional refinement approaches. Surprisingly, an individual algorithm that renders a model worse in isolation could still be necessary to produce the best overall model, suggesting that model distortion allows escape from local minima of optimization target function, here shown to be a hallmark limitation of the traditional approach. ExCoR thus provides a simple approach to improving structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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28
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Min J, Wang P, Srinivasan S, Nwachukwu JC, Guo P, Huang M, Carlson KE, Katzenellenbogen JA, Nettles KW, Zhou HB. Thiophene-core estrogen receptor ligands having superagonist activity. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3346-66. [PMID: 23586645 DOI: 10.1021/jm400157e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To probe the importance of the heterocyclic core of estrogen receptor (ER) ligands, we prepared a series of thiophene-core ligands by Suzuki cross-coupling of aryl boronic acids with bromo-thiophenes and we assessed their receptor binding and cell biological activities. The disposition of the phenol substituents on the thiophene core, at alternate or adjacent sites, and the nature of substituents on these phenols, all contribute to binding affinity and subtype selectivity. Most of the bis(hydroxyphenyl)-thiophenes were ERβ selective, whereas the tris(hydroxyphenyl)-thiophenes were ERα selective; analogous furan-core compounds generally have lower affinity and less selectivity. Some diarylthiophenes show distinct superagonist activity in reporter gene assays, giving maximal activities 2-3 times that of estradiol, and modeling suggests that these ligands have a different interaction with a hydrogen-bonding residue in helix-11. Ligand-core modification may be a new strategy for developing ER ligands whose selectivity is based on having transcriptional activity greater than that of estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Min
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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29
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Zhu M, Zhang C, Nwachukwu JC, Srinivasan S, Cavett V, Zheng Y, Carlson KE, Dong C, Katzenellenbogen JA, Nettles KW, Zhou HB. Bicyclic core estrogens as full antagonists: synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationships of estrogen receptor ligands based on bridged oxabicyclic core arylsulfonamides. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 10:8692-700. [PMID: 23033157 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26531a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Compounds that block estrogen action through the estrogen receptor (ER) or downregulate ER levels are useful for the treatment of breast cancer and endocrine disorders. In our search for structurally novel estrogens having three-dimensional core scaffolds, we found some compounds with a 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptene core that bound well to the ERs. The best of these compounds, a phenyl sulfonate ester (termed OBHS for oxabicycloheptene sulfonate), was a partial antagonist on both ERα and ERβ. Although OBHS bears no structural resemblance to other estrogen antagonists, it appears to achieve its partial antagonist character by stabilizing a novel conformation of the ER that involves a significant distortion of helix-11. To enhance the antagonist properties of these oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane core ligands, we expanded the functional diversity of OBHS by replacing the sulfonate with secondary or tertiary sulfonamides (-SO(2)NR-), isoelectronic and potentially isostructural molecular replacements. An array of 16 OBHS sulfonamide analogues were prepared through a Diels-Alder reaction of a 3,4-diarylfuran using various N-aryl vinyl sulfonamide dienophiles. While the more polar secondary sulphonamides were weak ligands, certain of the tertiary sulfonamides had very good ER binding affinity. In HepG2 cell reporter gene assays, the sulphonamides had moderate potency, but they showed lower intrinsic transcriptional activity on ERα than the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) hydroxytamoxifen or OBHS, and they were inverse agonists on ERβ. Thus, the behaviour of these OBH-sulfonamides more closely mirrors the activity of full antagonists like the drug fulvestrant (ICI 182 780), and their greater antagonist biocharacter appears to arise from an accentuated distortion of helix-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manghong Zhu
- Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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30
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Laughlin JD, Nwachukwu JC, Figuera-Losada M, Cherry L, Nettles KW, LoGrasso PV. Structural mechanisms of allostery and autoinhibition in JNK family kinases. Structure 2012; 20:2174-84. [PMID: 23142346 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal (JNK) family kinases have a common peptide-docking site used by upstream activating kinases, substrates, scaffold proteins, and phosphatases, where the ensemble of bound proteins determines signaling output. Although there are many JNK structures, little is known about mechanisms of allosteric regulation between the catalytic and peptide-binding sites, and the activation loop, whose phosphorylation is required for catalytic activity. Here, we compare three structures of unliganded JNK3 bound to different peptides. These were compared as a class to structures that differ in binding of peptide, small molecule ligand, or conformation of the kinase activation loop. Peptide binding induced an inhibitory interlobe conformer that was reversed by alterations in the activation loop. Structure class analysis revealed the subtle structural mechanisms for allosteric signaling between the peptide-binding site and activation loop. Biochemical data from isothermal calorimetry, fluorescence energy transfer, and enzyme inhibition demonstrated affinity differences among the three peptides that were consistent with structural observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Laughlin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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31
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Zheng Y, Zhu M, Srinivasan S, Nwachukwu JC, Cavett V, Min J, Carlson KE, Wang P, Dong C, Katzenellenbogen JA, Nettles KW, Zhou HB. Development of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)-like activity through an indirect mechanism of estrogen receptor antagonism: defining the binding mode of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene scaffold core ligands. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1094-100. [PMID: 22517684 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we discovered estrogen receptor (ER) ligands with a novel three-dimensional oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptene core scaffold and good ER binding affinity act as partial agonists via small alkyl ester substitutions on the bicyclic core that indirectly modulate the critical switch helix in the ER ligand binding domain, helix 12, by interactions with helix 11. This contrasts with the mechanism of action of tamoxifen, which directly pushes helix 12 out of the conformation required for gene activation. We now report that a much larger substitution can be tolerated at this position of the bicyclic core scaffold, namely a phenyl sulfonate group, which defines a novel binding epitope for the estrogen receptor. We prepared an array of 14 oxabicycloheptene sulfonates, varying the phenyl sulfonate group. As with the parent compound, 5,6-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-sulfonic acid phenyl ester (OBHS), these compounds showed preferential affinity for ERα, and the disposition and size of the phenyl substituents were important determinants of the binding affinity and selectivity of these compounds, with those having ortho substituents giving the highest, and para substituents the lowest affinities for ERα. A few analogues exhibit ERα binding affinities that are comparable to or, in the case of the ortho-chloro analogue, higher than that of OBHS itself. In cell-based studies, we found several compounds with activity profiles comparable to tamoxifen, but acting entirely as indirect antagonists, allosterically interfering with recruitment of coactivator proteins to the receptor. Thus, the OBHS binding epitope represents a novel approach to the development of estrogen receptor antagonists via an indirect mechanism of antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
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32
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Wang P, Min J, Nwachukwu JC, Cavett V, Carlson KE, Guo P, Zhu M, Zheng Y, Dong C, Katzenellenbogen JA, Nettles KW, Zhou HB. Identification and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of estrogen receptor ligands based on 7-thiabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-7-oxide. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2324-41. [PMID: 22283328 DOI: 10.1021/jm201556r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To develop estrogen receptor (ER) ligands having novel structures and activities, we have explored compounds in which the central hydrophobic core has a more three-dimensional topology than typically found in estrogen ligands and thus exploits the unfilled space in the ligand-binding pocket. Here, we build upon our previous investigations of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptene core ligands, by replacing the oxygen bridge with a sulfoxide. These new 7-thiabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-7-oxides were conveniently prepared by a Diels-Alder reaction of 3,4-diarylthiophenes with dienophiles in the presence of an oxidant and give cycloadducts with endo stereochemistry. Several new compounds demonstrated high binding affinities with excellent ERα selectivity, but unlike oxabicyclic compounds, which are transcriptional antagonists, most thiabicyclic compounds are potent, ERα-selective agonists. Modeling suggests that the gain in activity of the thiabicyclic compounds arises from their endo stereochemistry that stabilizes an active ER conformation. Further, the disposition of methyl substituents in the phenyl groups attached to the bicyclic core unit contributes to their binding affinity and subtype selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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33
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Kumar A, Park H, Fang P, Parkesh R, Guo M, Nettles KW, Disney MD. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 RNA crystal structures reveal heterogeneous 1 × 1 nucleotide UU internal loop conformations. Biochemistry 2011; 50:9928-35. [PMID: 21988728 DOI: 10.1021/bi2013068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RNA internal loops often display a variety of conformations in solution. Herein, we visualize conformational heterogeneity in the context of the 5'CUG/3'GUC repeat motif present in the RNA that causes myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). Specifically, two crystal structures of a model DM1 triplet repeating construct, 5'r[UUGGGC(CUG)(3)GUCC](2), refined to 2.20 and 1.52 Å resolution are disclosed. Here, differences in the orientation of the 5' dangling UU end between the two structures induce changes in the backbone groove width, which reveals that noncanonical 1 × 1 nucleotide UU internal loops can display an ensemble of pairing conformations. In the 2.20 Å structure, CUGa, the 5' UU forms a one hydrogen-bonded pair with a 5' UU of a neighboring helix in the unit cell to form a pseudoinfinite helix. The central 1 × 1 nucleotide UU internal loop has no hydrogen bonds, while the terminal 1 × 1 nucleotide UU internal loops each form a one-hydrogen bond pair. In the 1.52 Å structure, CUGb, the 5' UU dangling end is tucked into the major groove of the duplex. While the canonically paired bases show no change in base pairing, in CUGb the terminal 1 × 1 nucleotide UU internal loops now form two hydrogen-bonded pairs. Thus, the shift in the major groove induced by the 5' UU dangling end alters noncanonical base patterns. Collectively, these structures indicate that 1 × 1 nucleotide UU internal loops in DM1 may sample multiple conformations in vivo. This observation has implications for the recognition of this RNA, and other repeating transcripts, by protein and small molecule ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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34
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Kumar A, Fang P, Park H, Guo M, Nettles KW, Disney MD. A crystal structure of a model of the repeating r(CGG) transcript found in fragile X syndrome. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2140-2. [PMID: 21766409 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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35
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Nettles KW, Bruning JB, Gil G, Nowak J, Sharma SK, Hahm JB, Kulp K, Hochberg RB, Zhou H, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS, Kim Y, Joachimiak A, Greene GL. Erratum: Corrigendum: NFκB selectivity of estrogen receptor ligands revealed by comparative crystallographic analyses. Nat Chem Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio0608-379b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Nettles KW, Gil G, Nowak J, Métivier R, Sharma VB, Greene GL. CBP Is a dosage-dependent regulator of nuclear factor-kappaB suppression by the estrogen receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 22:263-72. [PMID: 17932106 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) protects against debilitating effects of the inflammatory response by inhibiting the proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB). Heretofore cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) has been suggested to mediate inhibitory cross talk by functioning either as a scaffold that links ER and NFkappaB or as a required cofactor that competitively binds to one or the other transcriptional factor. However, here we demonstrate that ER is recruited to the NFkappaB response element of the MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and IL-8 promoters and displaces CBP, but not p65, in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. In contrast, ER displaced p65 and associated coregulators from the IL-6 promoter, demonstrating a gene-specific role for CBP in integrating inflammatory and steroid signaling. Further, RNA interference and overexpression studies demonstrated that CBP dosage regulates estrogen-mediated suppression of MCP-1 and IL-8, but not IL-6, gene expression. This work further demonstrates that CBP dosage is a critical regulator of gene-specific signal integration between the ER- and NFkappaB-signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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37
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Zhou HB, Nettles KW, Bruning JB, Kim Y, Joachimiak A, Sharma S, Carlson KE, Stossi F, Katzenellenbogen BS, Greene GL, Katzenellenbogen JA. Elemental Isomerism: A Boron-Nitrogen Surrogate for a Carbon-Carbon Double Bond Increases the Chemical Diversity of Estrogen Receptor Ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:659-69. [PMID: 17584613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To increase the chemical diversity of bioactive molecules by incorporating unusual elements, we have examined the replacement of a C=C double bond with the isoelectronic, isostructural B-N bond in the context of nonsteroidal estrogen receptor (ER) ligands. While the B-N bond was hydrolytically labile in the unhindered cyclofenil system, the more hindered anilino dimesitylboranes, analogs of triarylethylene estrogens, were easily prepared, hydrolytically stable, and demonstrated substantial affinity for ERs. X-ray analysis of one ERalpha-ligand complex revealed steric clashes with the para methyl groups distorting the receptor; removal of these groups resulted in an increase in affinity, potency, and transcriptional efficacy. These studies define the structural determinants of stability and cellular bioactivity of a B-N for C=C substitution in nonsteroidal estrogens and provide a framework for further exploration of "elemental isomerism" for diversification of drug-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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38
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Nettles KW, Bruning JB, Gil G, O'Neill EE, Nowak J, Guo Y, Kim Y, DeSombre ER, Dilis R, Hanson RN, Joachimiak A, Greene GL. Structural plasticity in the oestrogen receptor ligand‐binding domain. EMBO Rep 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7401006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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39
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Nettles KW, Bruning JB, Gil G, O'Neill EE, Nowak J, Hughs A, Kim Y, DeSombre ER, Dilis R, Hanson RN, Joachimiak A, Greene GL. Structural plasticity in the oestrogen receptor ligand-binding domain. EMBO Rep 2007; 8:563-8. [PMID: 17468738 PMCID: PMC2002528 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormone receptors are characterized by binding to relatively rigid, inflexible endogenous steroid ligands. Other members of the nuclear receptor superfamily bind to conformationally flexible lipids and show a corresponding degree of elasticity in the ligand-binding pocket. Here, we report the X-ray crystal structure of the oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) bound to an oestradiol derivative with a prosthetic group, ortho- trifluoromethlyphenylvinyl, which binds in a novel extended pocket in the ligand-binding domain. Unlike ER antagonists with bulky side groups, this derivative is enclosed in the ligand-binding pocket, and acts as a potent agonist. This work shows that steroid hormone receptors can interact with a wider array of pharmacophores than previously thought through structural plasticity in the ligand-binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida
33458, USA
- Tel: +1 561 306 7566; Fax: +1 561 799 8805; E-mail:
| | - John B Bruning
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida
33458, USA
| | - German Gil
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida
33458, USA
| | - Erin E O'Neill
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois
60637, USA
| | - Jason Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida
33458, USA
| | - Alun Hughs
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois
60637, USA
| | - Younchang Kim
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700, S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois
60439, USA
| | - Eugene R DeSombre
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois
60637, USA
| | - Robert Dilis
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts
02115-5000, USA
| | - Robert N Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts
02115-5000, USA
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700, S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois
60439, USA
| | - Geoffrey L Greene
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois
60637, USA
- Tel: +1 773 702 6964; Fax: +1 773 834 9029; E-mail:
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40
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Zhou HB, Sheng S, Compton DR, Kim Y, Joachimiak A, Sharma S, Carlson KE, Katzenellenbogen BS, Nettles KW, Greene GL, Katzenellenbogen JA. Structure-Guided Optimization of Estrogen Receptor Binding Affinity and Antagonist Potency of Pyrazolopyrimidines with Basic Side Chains. J Med Chem 2006; 50:399-403. [PMID: 17228884 DOI: 10.1021/jm061035y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2,3-Diarylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines are estrogen receptor (ER) antagonists of modest potency that we have described previously. Guided by the crystal structure of an ER-ligand complex that we have obtained with one of these compounds, we prepared analogs that contain a basic side chain at the 2- or 3-aryl group and quickly found one that, according to the structure-based prediction, shows an increase in binding affinity and antagonist potency and a loss of residual agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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41
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors modulate transcription through ligand-mediated recruitment of transcriptional coregulator proteins. The structural connection between ligand and coregulator is mediated by a molecular switch, made up of the most carboxy-terminal helix in the ligand-binding domain, helix 12. The dynamics of this switch are thought to underlie ligand specificity of nuclear receptor signaling, but the details of this control mechanism have remained elusive. This review highlights recent structural work on how the ligand controls this molecular switch and the modulation of this signaling pathway by receptor subtype and dimer partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall W Nettles
- The University of Chicago, The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Many NRs have multiple subtypes that possess distinct expression patterns and that regulate distinct target genes. Antagonists generated through the addition of bulky side chains to agonist scaffolds are limited to being antagonistic on one or more subtypes of a particular NR. The passive antagonism mechanism, as revealed in our studies through direct comparison of the two THC-ER LBD complexes, suggests a new approach to achieving NR antagonism. Compounds could be designed to selectively stabilize the inactive conformations of certain NR subtypes and the active conformations of others. Such ligands are likely to exert novel biological and therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Greene
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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43
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Nettles KW, Sun J, Radek JT, Sheng S, Rodriguez AL, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS, Greene GL. Allosteric control of ligand selectivity between estrogen receptors alpha and beta: implications for other nuclear receptors. Mol Cell 2004; 13:317-27. [PMID: 14967140 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(04)00054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2003] [Revised: 01/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric communication between interacting molecules is fundamental to signal transduction and many other cellular processes. To better understand the relationship between nuclear receptor (NR) ligand positioning and the formation of the coactivator binding pocket, we investigated the determinants of ligand selectivity between the two estrogen receptor subtypes ERalpha and ERbeta. Chimeric receptors and structurally guided amino acid substitutions were used to demonstrate that distinct "hot spot" amino acids are required for ligand selectivity. Residues within the ligand binding pocket as well as distal secondary structural interactions contribute to subtype-specific positioning of the ligand and transcriptional output. Examination of other NRs suggests a mechanism of communication between the ligand and coactivator binding pockets, accounting for partial agonist and dimer-specific activity. These results demonstrate the importance of long-range interactions in the transmission of information through the ligand binding domain as well as in determining the ligand selectivity of closely related NR receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall W Nettles
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile acid sensor that regulates lipid homeostasis. New structural data suggest that, unlike other nuclear receptors, FXR contains a second coactivator binding site and binds bile acids with the steroid backbone flipped head to tail, both of which have important functional ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall W Nettles
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC6027, Illinois 60637, USA
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Shiau AK, Barstad D, Radek JT, Meyers MJ, Nettles KW, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA, Agard DA, Greene GL. Structural characterization of a subtype-selective ligand reveals a novel mode of estrogen receptor antagonism. Nat Struct Biol 2002; 9:359-64. [PMID: 11953755 DOI: 10.1038/nsb787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The R,R enantiomer of 5,11-cis-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol (THC) exerts opposite effects on the transcriptional activity of the two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ER alpha and ER beta. THC acts as an ER alpha agonist and as an ER beta antagonist. We have determined the crystal structures of the ER alpha ligand binding domain (LBD) bound to both THC and a fragment of the transcriptional coactivator GRIP1, and the ER beta LBD bound to THC. THC stabilizes a conformation of the ER alpha LBD that permits coactivator association and a conformation of the ER beta LBD that prevents coactivator association. A comparison of the two structures, taken together with functional data, reveals that THC does not act on ER beta through the same mechanisms used by other known ER antagonists. Instead, THC antagonizes ER beta through a novel mechanism we term 'passive antagonism'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Shiau
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Nettles KW, Pesold C, Goldman MB. Influence of the ventral hippocampal formation on plasma vasopressin, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and behavioral responses to novel acoustic stress. Brain Res 2000; 858:181-90. [PMID: 10700613 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ventral hippocampal formation (vHF) seems to constrain diverse responses to psychological stimuli, and disruption of this function may underlie severe neuropsychiatric diseases. In particular, the ventral subiculum inhibits hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activity following psychological, but not systemic, stressors. Despite the difficulty in interpreting such HPA responses, they have been relied upon to further characterize vHF function, because increased HPA axis activity is implicated in neuropsychiatric disturbances, and reliance on behavioral and cognitive data is even more problematic. Plasma arginine vasopressin (pAVP), which is inhibited by psychological stimuli and is also implicated in diverse neuropsychiatric diseases, provides a less ambiguous measure of CNS function. To test if its inhibition by psychological stress is also mediated by the vHF, we conducted two studies. In the first, pAVP and behavioral responses to novel acoustic stress were assessed in rats with bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the ventral subiculum and the ventral hippocampus. The subiculum lesions blocked the fall in pAVP and enhanced escape behaviors, whereas the hippocampal lesions produced responses intermediate to those in the subiculum-lesioned and control rats. In the second study, the pAVP response was similarly blocked by small lesions restricted to those vHF subfields which project to the neuroendocrine hypothalamus, compared to the response in animals with lesions in other vHF subfields. These results indicate that discrete projections from the vHF inhibit the pAVP response to psychological stimuli, and suggest that pAVP may provide a reliable probe of vHF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Nettles
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
The volume of certain brain structures, particularly those in the anterior medial temporal lobe, may be reduced to a greater extent in hyponatremic/hypo-osmolemic polydipsic schizophrenics than other schizophrenic patients. To explore if volume reduction is specific to this particular brain region, and if it is fundamentally associated with polydipsia, we imaged the anterior hippocampi/subicula and adjacent temporal lobes in normal males (n = 10) and polydipsic schizophrenic patients with (n = 7) and without (n = 6) hypo-osmolemia. Bilateral hippocampal/subicular (p < .01), but not temporal lobe (p < .30), volumes were diminished in the hypo-osmolemics relative to the other two groups, who resembled each other on these measures. No recognized or putative factor could explain these findings. Thus anterior medial temporal lobe structures appear to be preferentially diminished in hypo-osmolemic polydipsic schizophrenics. Additional studies are needed to more precisely define these anatomic differences and their relationship to these patients' impaired water excretion and severe mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Luchins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
The hippocampus/subiculum has been hypothesized to restrain hypothalamically mediated neuroendocrine responses to psychological stressors. While psychological stress has been observed to restrict plasma vasopressin (AVP) secretion, the role of these brain structures has not been examined. We subjected rats with bilateral aspiration of the hippocampus and controls with bilateral aspiration of the overlying neocortex to a 45 s swim stress. Plasma AVP and relevant AVP stimuli were measured at 30 min intervals for 90 min following the stressor. Immediately following the stressor, AVP levels were similar in the two groups, and then rose in hippocampal-lesioned animals to a greater extent than in the controls. None of the measured AVP stimuli could account for this difference. We conclude that rats with hippocampal lesions demonstrate increases in plasma AVP following psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Goldman
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, IL, USA.
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