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Understanding the Underlying Molecular Mechanisms of Meiotic Arrest during In Vitro Spermatogenesis in Rat Prepubertal Testicular Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115893. [PMID: 35682573 PMCID: PMC9180380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro spermatogenesis appears to be a promising approach to restore the fertility of childhood cancer survivors. The rat model has proven to be challenging, since germ cell maturation is arrested in organotypic cultures. Here, we report that, despite a meiotic entry, abnormal synaptonemal complexes were found in spermatocytes, and in vitro matured rat prepubertal testicular tissues displayed an immature phenotype. RNA-sequencing analyses highlighted up to 600 differentially expressed genes between in vitro and in vivo conditions, including genes involved in blood-testis barrier (BTB) formation and steroidogenesis. BTB integrity, the expression of two steroidogenic enzymes, and androgen receptors were indeed altered in vitro. Moreover, most of the top 10 predicted upstream regulators of deregulated genes were involved in inflammatory processes or immune cell recruitment. However, none of the three anti-inflammatory molecules tested in this study promoted meiotic progression. By analysing for the first time in vitro matured rat prepubertal testicular tissues at the molecular level, we uncovered the deregulation of several genes and revealed that defective BTB function, altered steroidogenic pathway, and probably inflammation, could be at the origin of meiotic arrest.
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Liu WH, Wang F, Yu XQ, Wu H, Gong ML, Chen R, Zhang WJ, Han RQ, Liu AJ, Chen YM, Han DS. Damaged male germ cells induce epididymitis in mice. Asian J Androl 2021; 22:472-480. [PMID: 31696835 PMCID: PMC7523604 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_116_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epididymitis can be caused by infectious and noninfectious etiological factors. While microbial infections are responsible for infectious epididymitis, the etiological factors contributing to noninfectious epididymitis remain to be defined. The present study demonstrated that damaged male germ cells (DMGCs) induce epididymitis in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of the alkylating agent busulfan damaged murine male germ cells. Epididymitis was observed in mice 4 weeks after the injection of busulfan and was characterized by massive macrophage infiltration. Epididymitis was coincident with an accumulation of DMGCs in the epididymis. In contrast, busulfan injection into mice lacking male germ cells did not induce epididymitis. DMGCs induced innate immune responses in epididymal epithelial cells (EECs), thereby upregulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), as well as the chemokines such as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), monocyte chemotactic protein-5 (MCP-5), and chemokine ligand-10 (CXCL10). These results suggest that male germ cell damage may induce noninfectious epididymitis through the induction of innate immune responses in EECs. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying noninfectious epididymitis, which might aid in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Yu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Han Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Mao-Lei Gong
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Rui-Qin Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ai-Jie Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yong-Mei Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Dai-Shu Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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Gong M, Wang F, Liu W, Chen R, Wu H, Zhang W, Yu X, Han R, Liu A, Chen Y, Han D. Pattern recognition receptor-mediated innate immune responses in seminal vesicle epithelial cell and their impacts on cellular function†. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:733-747. [PMID: 31350848 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The seminal vesicles can be infected by microorganisms, thereby resulting in vesiculitis and impairment in male fertility. Innate immune responses in seminal vesicles cells to microbial infections, which facilitate vesiculitis, have yet to be investigated. The present study aims to elucidate pattern recognition receptor-mediated innate immune responses in seminal vesicles epithelial cells. Various pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptor 3, Toll-like receptor 4, cytosolic ribonucleic acid, and deoxyribonucleic acid sensors, are abundantly expressed in seminal vesicles epithelial cells. These pattern recognition receptors can recognize their respective ligands, thus activating nuclear factor kappa B and interferon regulatory factor 3. The pattern recognition receptor signaling induces expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnfa) and interleukin 6 (Il6), chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (Mcp1) and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (Cxcl10), and type 1 interferons Ifna and Ifnb. Moreover, pattern recognition receptor-mediated innate immune responses up-regulated the expression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase and cyclooxygenase 2, but they down-regulated semenogelin-1 expression. These results provide novel insights into the mechanism underlying vesiculitis and its impact on the functions of the seminal vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolei Gong
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Han Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqin Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Aijie Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Daishu Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Wang F, Liu W, Jiang Q, Gong M, Chen R, Wu H, Han R, Chen Y, Han D. Lipopolysaccharide-induced testicular dysfunction and epididymitis in mice: a critical role of tumor necrosis factor alpha†. Biol Reprod 2018; 100:849-861. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Maolei Gong
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Han Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Institute of Epigenetics & Epigenomics, College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqin Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Daishu Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Jiang Q, Wang F, Shi L, Zhao X, Gong M, Liu W, Song C, Li Q, Chen Y, Wu H, Han D. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 produced by mouse Sertoli cells in response to mumps virus infection induces male germ cell apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3146. [PMID: 29072682 PMCID: PMC5680925 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) infection usually results in germ cell degeneration in the testis, which is an etiological factor for male infertility. However, the mechanisms by which MuV infection damages male germ cells remain unclear. The present study showed that C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) is produced by mouse Sertoli cells in response to MuV infection, which induces germ cell apoptosis through the activation of caspase-3. CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), a functional receptor of CXCL10, is constitutively expressed in male germ cells. Neutralizing antibodies against CXCR3 and an inhibitor of caspase-3 activation significantly inhibited CXCL10-induced male germ cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) upregulated CXCL10 production in Sertoli cells after MuV infection. The knockout of either CXCL10 or TNF-α reduced germ cell apoptosis in the co-cultures of germ cells and Sertoli cells in response to MuV infection. Local injection of MuV into the testes of mice confirmed the involvement of CXCL10 in germ cell apoptosis in vivo. These results provide novel insights into MuV-induced germ cell apoptosis in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Maolei Gong
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyi Song
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yongmei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Han Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety, Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daishu Han
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Hilborn E, Sivik T, Fornander T, Stål O, Nordenskjöld B, Jansson A. C-X-C ligand 10 and C-X-C receptor 3 status can predict tamoxifen treatment response in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 145:73-82. [PMID: 24715380 PMCID: PMC3984417 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the expression levels of CXCL10 and CXCR3 in tumors from breast cancer patients randomized to adjuvant tamoxifen treatment or no endocrine treatment, in order to further study the connection to prognosis and prediction of tamoxifen treatment outcome. Immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays from 912 breast cancer patients randomized to tamoxifen or no endocrine treatment. CXCR3 status was found to be a prognostic tool in predicting distant recurrence, as well as reduced breast cancer-specific survival. In patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors, tumors with strong CXCL10 levels had improved effect of tamoxifen treatment in terms of local recurrence-free survival [risk ratio (RR) 0.46 (95 % CI 0.25–0.85, P = 0.01)] compared with patients with tumors expressing weak CXCL10 expression. Further, patients with ER-positive tumors with strong CXCR3 expression had an improved effect of tamoxifen in terms of breast cancer-specific survival [RR 0.34 (95 % CI 0.19–0.62, P < 0.001)] compared with the group with weak CXCR3 levels [RR 1.33 (95 % CI 0.38–4.79, P = 0.65)]. We show here for the first time that CXCL10 and CXCR3 expression are both predictors of favorable outcome in patients treated with tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hilborn
- Division of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden,
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patil G, Kumar VG, Ramachandra SG, Rao AJ, Nandi S. Two dimensional SDS PAGE analysis of epididymal tissue proteins of normal and castrated bulls (Bos taurus) and identification of an androgen dependant protein. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2305-0500(13)60078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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9
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Li N, Wang T, Han D. Structural, cellular and molecular aspects of immune privilege in the testis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:152. [PMID: 22701457 PMCID: PMC3371599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The testis presents a special immunological environment, considering its property of immune privilege that tolerates allo- and auto-antigens. Testicular immune privilege was once believed to be mainly based on the sequestration of antigens from the immune system by the blood–testis barrier in the seminiferous epithelium. Substantial evidence supports the view that the combination of physical structure, testicular cells, and cytokines controls immune responses in the testis to preserve the structural and functional integrity of testicular immune privilege. Both systemic immune tolerance and local immunosuppression help maintain the immune privilege status. Constitutive expression of anti-inflammatory factors in testicular cells is critical for local immunosuppression. However, the testis locally generates an efficient innate immune system against pathogens. Disruption of these mechanisms may lead to orchitis and impair fertility. This review article highlights the current understanding of structural, cellular, and molecular mechanisms underlying the unique immune environment of the testis, particularly its immune privilege status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Abstract
A large body of evidence points to the existence of a close, dynamic relationship between the immune system and the male reproductive tract, which has important implications for our understanding of both systems. The testis and the male reproductive tract provide an environment that protects the otherwise highly immunogenic spermatogenic cells and sperm from immunological attack. At the same time, secretions of the testis, including androgens, influence the development and mature functions of the immune system. Activation of the immune system has negative effects on both androgen and sperm production, so that systemic or local infection and inflammation compromise male fertility. The mechanisms underlying these interactions have begun to receive the attention from reproductive biologists and immunologists that they deserve, but many crucial details remain to be uncovered. A complete picture of male reproductive tract function and its response to toxic agents is contingent upon continued exploration of these interactions and the mechanisms involved.
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Key Words
- cytokines
- immunity
- immunoregulation
- inflammation
- leydig cell
- lymphocytes
- macrophages
- nitric oxide
- prostanoids
- seminal plasma
- sertoli cell
- sperm
- spermatogenesis
- steroidogenesis
- toll-like receptors
- 16:0a-lpc, 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- 18:1a-lpc, 1-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- 18:2a-lpc, 1-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- 20:4a-lpc, 1-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- aid, acquired immune deviation
- aire, autoimmune regulator
- ap1, activated protein 1
- apc, antigen-presenting cell
- bambi, bmp and activin membrane-bound inhibitor
- bmp, bone morphogenetic protein
- cox, cyclooxygenase
- crry, complement receptor-related protein
- ctl, cytotoxic t lymphocyte
- eao, experimental autoimmune orchitis
- eds, ethane dimethane sulfonate
- enos, endothelial nos
- fadd, fas-associated death domain protein
- fasl, fas ligand
- fsh, follicle-stimulating hormone
- gc, glucocorticoid
- hcg, human chorionic gonadotropin
- hla, human leukocyte antigen
- hmgb1, high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1
- ice, il1 converting enzyme
- ifn, interferon
- ifnar, ifnα receptor
- il, interleukin
- il1r, interleukin 1 receptor
- il1ra, il1 receptor antagonist
- inos, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- irf, interferon regulatory factor
- jak/stat, janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription
- jnk, jun n-terminal kinase
- lh, luteinizing hormone
- lpc, lysoglycerophosphatidylcholine
- lps, lipopolysaccharide
- map, mitogen-activated protein
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- mif, macrophage migration inhibitory factor
- myd88, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88
- nfκb, nuclear factor kappa b
- nk, cell natural killer cell
- nkt cell, natural killer t cell
- nlr, nod-like receptor
- nnos, neuronal nos
- nod, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain
- p450c17, 17α-hydroxylase/c17-c20 lyase
- p450scc, cholesterol side-chain cleavage complex
- paf, platelet-activating factor
- pamp, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- pc, phosphocholine
- pg, prostaglandin
- pges, pge synthase
- pgi, prostacyclin
- pla2, phospholipase a2
- pmn, polymorphonuclear phagocyte
- pparγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
- rig, retinoic acid-inducible gene
- rlh, rig-like helicase
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- star, steroidogenic acute regulatory
- tcr, t cell receptor
- tgf, transforming growth factor
- th cell, helper t cell
- tir, toll/il1r
- tlr, toll-like receptor
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- tnfr, tnf receptor
- tr1, t regulatory 1
- tradd, tnfr-associated death domain protein
- traf, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor
- treg, regulatory t cell
- trif, tir domain-containing adaptor protein inducing interferon β
- tx, thromboxane
- txas, thromboxane a synthase
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Guazzone VA, Jacobo P, Theas MS, Lustig L. Cytokines and chemokines in testicular inflammation: A brief review. Microsc Res Tech 2009; 72:620-8. [PMID: 19263422 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A wide spectrum of data in the literature shows the relevance of cytokines as paracrine regulators of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in the normal testis. In this brief review, we highlight the relevance of cytokines in the testis during inflammation. This phenomenon involves complex and multiple interactions among immune and germ cells generally resulting in the alteration of spermatogenesis. The complexity of these cell interactions is multiplied because Sertoli and Leydig cells are also producers of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Also, cytokines are pleiotropic and they exert opposite and/or redundant effects in different conditions. However, in spite of this bidirectional immunoregulatory function of cytokines, the mass of the data, reported from experiments of acute testicular inflammation, shows upregulation of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-1alpha, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), which induce adverse effects on germ cells. In autoimmune orchitis, a chronic testicular inflammation, chemokines such as CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4 induce attraction and extravasation of immune cells within the testicular interstitium. These cells alter the normal immunosuppressor microenvironment principally through the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, interferon-gamma initially, and IL-6 and TNF-alpha thereafter. Germ cells expressing TNFR1, IL-6R, and Fas increase in number and undergo apoptosis, through the TNF-alpha/TNFR1, IL-6/IL-6R, and Fas/Fas L systems. The knowledge of immune-germ and somatic testicular cell interactions will contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms by which chronic inflammatory conditions of the testis can disrupt the process of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Anabella Guazzone
- Institute for Research in Reproduction, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 P10, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lue Y, Wang C, Cui Y, Wang X, Sha J, Zhou Z, Xu J, Wang C, Hikim APS, Swerdloff RS. Levonorgestrel enhances spermatogenesis suppression by testosterone with greater alteration in testicular gene expression in men. Biol Reprod 2009; 80:484-92. [PMID: 19074003 PMCID: PMC6354713 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.070839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have demonstrated that combined treatment of testosterone with a progestin induces a more rapid and greater suppression of spermatogenesis than testosterone treatment alone. We hypothesized that the suppressive effects of the combination of testosterone undecanoate (TU) injections plus oral levonorgestrel (LNG) on spermatogenesis may be mediated through a greater perturbation of testicular gene expression than TU alone. To test this hypothesis, we performed open testicular biopsy on 12 different adult healthy subjects: 1) four healthy men as controls; 2) four men 2 wk after TU treatment; and 3) four men 2 wk after TU + LNG administration. RNA isolated from biopsies was used for DNA microarray using the Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 oligonucleotide microarrays. Gene expression with >or=2-fold changes (P < 0.05) compared with control was analyzed using the National Institutes of Health Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery 2008 resource. The TU treatment altered the gene expression in 109 transcripts, whereas TU + LNG altered the gene expression in 207 transcripts compared with control. Both TU and TU + LNG administration suppressed gene expression of insulin-like 3; cytochrome P450, family 17, subfamily A1 in Leydig cells; and inhibin alpha in Sertoli cells; they increased proapoptotic transcripts BCL2-like 14, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3; and they decreased X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein. In comparison with TU treatment alone, TU + LNG treatment upregulated insulin-like 6 and relaxin 1, and downregulated RNA-binding protein transcripts. We conclude that TU + LNG administration induces more changes in testicular gene expression than TU alone. This exploratory study provided a novel and valuable database to study the mechanisms of action of hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis in men and identified testicular-specific molecules that may serve as potential targets for male contraceptive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanHe Lue
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90502, USA
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Johnston RA, Mizgerd JP, Flynt L, Quinton LJ, Williams ES, Shore SA. Type I interleukin-1 receptor is required for pulmonary responses to subacute ozone exposure in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:477-84. [PMID: 17575079 PMCID: PMC2176124 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0315oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1, a proinflammatory cytokine, is expressed in the lung after ozone (O(3)) exposure. IL-1 mediates its effects through the type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI), the only signaling receptor for both IL-1alpha and IL-1beta. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of IL-1RI in pulmonary responses to O(3.) To that end, wild-type, C57BL/6 (IL-1RI(+/+)) mice and IL-1RI-deficient (IL-1RI(-/-)) mice were exposed to O(3) either subacutely (0.3 ppm for 72 h) or acutely (2 ppm for 3 h). Subacute O(3) exposure increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein, interferon-gamma-inducible protein (IP)-10, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNFR1), and neutrophils in IL-1RI(+/+) and IL-1RI(-/-) mice. With the exception of IP-10, all outcome indicators were reduced in IL-1RI(-/-) mice. Furthermore, subacute O(3) exposure increased IL-6 mRNA expression in IL-1RI(+/+), but not IL-1RI(-/-) mice. Acute (2 ppm) O(3) exposure increased BALF protein, IL-6, eotaxin, KC, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, IP-10, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, sTNFR1, neutrophils, and epithelial cells in IL-1RI(+/+) and IL-1RI(-/-) mice. For IL-6, eotaxin, MIP-2, and sTNFR1, there were small but significant reductions of these outcome indicators in IL-1RI(-/-) versus IL-1RI(+/+) mice at 6 hours after exposure, but not at other time points, whereas other outcome indicators were unaffected by IL-1RI deficiency. These results suggest that IL-1RI is required for O(3)-induced pulmonary inflammation during subacute O(3) exposure, but plays a more minor role during acute O(3) exposure. In addition, these results suggest that the induction of IL-6 via IL-1RI may be important in mediating the effects of O(3) during subacute exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Johnston
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Nagpal ML, Davis J, Lin T. Overexpression of CXCL10 in human prostate LNCaP cells activates its receptor (CXCR3) expression and inhibits cell proliferation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:811-8. [PMID: 16934957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic or recurrent inflammation plays a role in the development of many types of cancer including prostate cancer. CXCL10 (interferon-gamma inducible protein-10, IP-10) is a small secretory protein of 8.7 kDa. Recently, it has been shown that normal prostate epithelial (PZ-HPV-7) cells produce lower amounts of angiogenic CXC chemokines (GRO-alpha, IL-8) and higher amounts of angiostatic chemokines (CXCL10, CXCL11) as compared to prostate cancer cells (CA-HPV-10 and PC-3). Accordingly, we studied the effects of overexpression of CXCL10 in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. LNCaP cells were transiently transfected with CXCL10 cDNA in pIRES2-EGFP vector. CXCL10, CXCR3, PSA and G3PDH mRNA levels were determined by semi-quantitative conventional and quantitative real-time RT-PCR and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The expression of CXCL10 was markedly enhanced in the transfected cells at mRNA and protein levels in the cells. Overexpression of CXCL10 inhibited cell proliferation of the transfected cells by 30%-40% in serum-limited medium (1% FCS in RPMI1640 medium) and decreased PSA production. CXCR3 expression was significantly induced by the overexpression of CXCL10 as determined by RT-PCR and FACS. These results indicated that CXCL10 inhibited LNCaP cell proliferation and decreased PSA production by up-regulation of CXCR3 receptor. CXCL10 may be potentially useful in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan L Nagpal
- Research Service, WJB Dorn Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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15
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Townson DH, Liptak AR. Chemokines in the corpus luteum: implications of leukocyte chemotaxis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2003; 1:94. [PMID: 14613530 PMCID: PMC293429 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-1-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small molecular weight peptides responsible for adhesion, activation, and recruitment of leukocytes into tissues. Leukocytes are thought to influence follicular atresia, ovulation, and luteal function. Many studies in recent years have focused attention on the characterization of leukocyte populations within the ovary, the importance of leukocyte-ovarian cell interactions, and more recently, the mechanisms of ovarian leukocyte recruitment. Information about the role of chemokines and leukocyte trafficking (chemotaxis) during ovarian function is important to understanding paracrine-autocrine relationships shared between reproductive and immune systems. Recent advances regarding chemokine expression and leukocyte accumulation within the ovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum are the subject of this mini-review.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Townson
- Department of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, University of New Hampshire-Durham, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Amy R Liptak
- Department of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, University of New Hampshire-Durham, Durham, NH 03824, USA
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16
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Lundberg P, Cantin E. A potential role for CXCR3 chemokines in the response to ocular HSV infection. Curr Eye Res 2003; 26:137-50. [PMID: 12815542 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.26.3.137.14898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Corneal infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) leads to the recruitment of immune cells to the eye itself, the trigeminal ganglion and the brainstem. In addition, some resident cells in these target tissues are infected by HSV, activated during the inflammatory response or both. Chemokine signaling is an important component of the regulatory circuit governing the host immune response to virus infection. This review discusses chemokine responses in relation to HSV infection of the cornea emphasizing the role of CXCR3 chemokine signaling by the IFN-gamma inducible ligands MIG, IP10 and I-TAC and includes discussion of their potential role in immunopathology in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric Lundberg
- Department of Virology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA.
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Le Goffic R, Mouchel T, Aubry F, Patard JJ, Ruffault A, Jégou B, Samson M. Production of the chemokines monocyte chemotactic protein-1, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted protein, growth-related oncogene, and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 is induced by the Sendai virus in human and rat testicular cells. Endocrinology 2002; 143:1434-40. [PMID: 11897701 DOI: 10.1210/endo.143.4.8735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several viruses infect the testis, inducing inflammation, which may lead to infertility. In this study we investigated the production in rat and human testicular cells exposed to the Sendai virus of several chemokines that play a major role in inflammatory processes. Exposure of rat testicular macrophages and Sertoli, Leydig, and peritubular cells to the Sendai virus led to the production of mRNA and protein for monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted protein, growth-related oncogene-alpha, and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10. In rat peritubular cells exposed to the Sendai virus, MCP-1 production was time and dose dependent. In contrast, rat germ cells did not produce these chemokines. Chemokine synthesis was detected in human Leydig cells exposed to the Sendai virus, but not in human total germ cells, suggesting that rats and humans display similar responses in terms of chemokine production. MCP-1, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted protein, growth-related oncogene-alpha, and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 have been reported to be chemoattractants for a large variety of leukocytes. The ability of the Sendai virus to induce chemokine production in somatic cells (mostly peritubular and Leydig cells) may therefore increase the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Le Goffic
- GERM-INSERM, U-435, Université de Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, Bretagne, France
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