1
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Banks CM, Trott JF, Hovey RC. The prolactin receptor: A cross-species comparison of gene structure, transcriptional regulation, tissue-specificity, and genetic variation. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13385. [PMID: 38586906 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The conserved and multifaceted functions of prolactin (PRL) are coordinated through varied distribution and expression of its cell-surface receptor (PRLR) across a range of tissues and physiological states. The resultant heterogeneous expression of PRLR mRNA and protein across different organs and cell types supports a wide range of PRL-regulated processes including reproduction, lactation, development, and homeostasis. Genetic variation within the PRLR gene also accounts for several phenotypes impacting agricultural production and human pathology. The goal of this review is to highlight the many elements that control differential expression of the PRLR across tissues, and the various phenotypes that exist across species due to variation in the PRLR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Banks
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Josephine F Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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2
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Langan EA. Prolactin: A Mammalian Stress Hormone and Its Role in Cutaneous Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7100. [PMID: 39000207 PMCID: PMC11241005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The hormone prolactin (PRL) is best recognised for its indispensable role in mammalian biology, specifically the regulation of lactation. Bearing in mind that the mammary gland is a modified sweat gland, it is perhaps unsurprising to discover that PRL also plays a significant role in cutaneous biology and is implicated in the pathogenesis of a range of skin diseases, often those reportedly triggered and/or exacerbated by psychological stress. Given that PRL has been implicated in over 300 biological processes, spanning reproduction and hair growth and thermo- to immunoregulation, a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between PRL and the skin remains frustratingly elusive. In an historical curiosity, the first hint that PRL could affect skin biology came from the observation of seborrhoea in patients with post-encephalitic Parkinsonism as a result of another global pandemic, encephalitis lethargica, at the beginning of the last century. As PRL is now being postulated as a potential immunomodulator for COVID-19 infection, it is perhaps timeous to re-examine this pluripotent hormone with cytokine-like properties in the cutaneous context, drawing together our understanding of the role of PRL in skin disease to illustrate how targeting PRL-mediated signalling may represent a novel strategy to treat a range of skin diseases and hair disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan A. Langan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Luebeck, Germany;
- Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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3
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Feng Y. Exploring clues pointing toward the existence of a brain-gut microbiota-hair follicle axis. Curr Res Transl Med 2024; 72:103408. [PMID: 38246020 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2023.103408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Proposing the concept of a brain-gut-skin axis has led some researchers to recognize the relationship among brain activity, gut microbiota, and the skin. Hair follicles are skin accessory organs, a previously unnoticed target tissue for classical neurohormones, neurotrophins, and neuropeptides. Some studies have shown a relationship between the central nervous system and hair follicles that an imbalance in the gut bacteria can affect hair follicle density. This review summarizes existing evidence from literature and explores clues supporting a connection linking the brain, gut microbiota, and hair follicles. It amalgamates previously proposed partial concepts into a new, unified concept-the "brain-gut microbiota-hair follicle" axis, -which suggests that modulation of the microbiome via probiotics can have positive effects on hair follicles. This review also explores how preclinical research on hair follicles can propel novel and clinically untapped applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
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4
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Lee JH, Choi S. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of stem cell dynamics in hair follicle regeneration. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:110-117. [PMID: 38182654 PMCID: PMC10834421 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hair follicles, which are connected to sebaceous glands in the skin, undergo cyclic periods of regeneration, degeneration, and rest throughout adult life in mammals. The crucial function of hair follicle stem cells is to maintain these hair growth cycles. Another vital aspect is the activity of melanocyte stem cells, which differentiate into melanin-producing melanocytes, contributing to skin and hair pigmentation. Sebaceous gland stem cells also have a pivotal role in maintaining the skin barrier by regenerating mature sebocytes. These stem cells are maintained in a specialized microenvironment or niche and are regulated by internal and external signals, determining their dynamic behaviors in homeostasis and hair follicle regeneration. The activity of these stem cells is tightly controlled by various factors secreted by the niche components around the hair follicles, as well as immune-mediated damage signals, aging, metabolic status, and stress. In this study, we review these diverse stem cell regulatory and related molecular mechanisms of hair regeneration and disease conditions. Molecular insights would provide new perspectives on the disease mechanisms as well as hair and skin disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sekyu Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Medical Science and Engineering, School of Convergence Science and Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I_CREATE), Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Li J, Tian G, Wang X, Tang H, Liu Y, Guo H, Wang C, Chen Y, Yang Y. Effects of short photoperiod on cashmere growth, hormone concentrations and hair follicle development-related gene expression in cashmere goats. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2153853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junda Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangjie Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingtao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongran Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxin Wang
- Jilin Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Gongzhuling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Wu Y, Zhang Y, Qin Y, Cai W, Zhang X, Xu Y, Dou X, Wang Z, Han D, Wang J, Lin G, Wang L, Hao J, Fu S, Chen R, Sun Y, Bai Z, Gu M, Wang Z. Association analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism in prolactin and its receptor with productive and body conformation traits in Liaoning cashmere goats. Arch Anim Breed 2022; 65:145-155. [PMID: 35505666 PMCID: PMC9051658 DOI: 10.5194/aab-65-145-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of this study showed that the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites of the PRL and PRLR genes have
a certain association with the milk production performance, body size and
cashmere performance of Liaoning cashmere goats (LCGs). Through our designed
experiment, the potential SNPs of LCG were
detected by sequence alignment, and two SNPs were found on two genes. The CC
genotype of the PRL gene is the dominant genotype among the three genotypes.
The GG genotype of the PRLR gene is the dominant genotype among the two
genotypes. At the same time, the two genotypes also have good performance in
cashmere production and body size. Through the screening of haplotype
combination, the milk fat rate > 7.6 %, the milk protein
rate > 5.6 %, the milk somatic cell number < 1500 × 103 mL-1, the cashmere fineness < 15.75 µm, the
chest girth > 105 cm, the chest depth > 33 cm, and the waist
height > 67.5 cm are considered as screening indexes for
comprehensive production performance of Liaoning cashmere goats. It is
concluded that the GCGC type is the dominant haplotype combination.
According to our research data, we found that the biological indicators of
Liaoning cashmere goat milk are higher than the national standards, so we
think it is very significant to study the milk production performance of our
experiment. Further research can be done on goat milk production and body
conformation traits around PRL gene and PRLR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Wu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuting Qin
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Weidong Cai
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xinjiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xingtang Dou
- Liaoning Province Modern Agricultural Production Base Construction
Engineering Center, Liaoyang 110000, China
| | - Zhanhong Wang
- Liaoning Province Modern Agricultural Production Base Construction
Engineering Center, Liaoyang 110000, China
| | - Di Han
- Liaoning Province Modern Agricultural Production Base Construction
Engineering Center, Liaoyang 110000, China
| | - Jiaming Wang
- Liaoning Province Modern Agricultural Production Base Construction
Engineering Center, Liaoyang 110000, China
| | - Guangyu Lin
- Liaoning Province Modern Agricultural Production Base Construction
Engineering Center, Liaoyang 110000, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Province Modern Agricultural Production Base Construction
Engineering Center, Liaoyang 110000, China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- Administration Bureau of Zhungeer Banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia
010399, China
| | - Shuqing Fu
- Lantian Sub-district Office, Zhungeer Banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia
010399, China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yinggang Sun
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhixian Bai
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ming Gu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zeying Wang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
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7
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Liu J, Verma PJ. Generating a Heat-Tolerance Mouse Model. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2495:259-272. [PMID: 35696038 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2301-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Creating mouse models of human genetic disease (Gurumurthy and Lloyd, Dis Models Mech 12(1):dmm029462, 2019) and livestock trait (Schering et al. Arch Physiol Biochem 121(5):194-205, 2015; Habiela et al. J Gen Virol 95 (Pt 11):2329-2345, 2014) have been proven to be a useful tool for understanding the mechanism behind the phenotypes and fundamental and applied research in livestock. A single base pair deletion of prolactin receptor (PRLR) has an impact on hair morphology phenotypes beyond its classical roles in lactation in cattle, the so-called slick cattle (Littlejohn et al. Nat Commun 5:5861, 2014). Here, we generate a knock-in mouse model by targeting the specific locus of PRLR gene using Cas9-mediated genome editing via homology-directed repair (HDR) in mouse zygotes. The mouse model carrying the identical PRLR mutation in slick cattle may provide a useful animal model to study the pathway of thermoregulation and the mechanism of heat-tolerance in the livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Stem Cells and Genome Editing, Genomics and Cellular Sciences, Agriculture Victoria Research, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
| | - Paul J Verma
- Aquatics & Livestock Sciences, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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8
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Weber EL, Lai YC, Lei M, Jiang TX, Chuong CM. Human Fetal Scalp Dermal Papilla Enriched Genes and the Role of R-Spondin-1 in the Restoration of Hair Neogenesis in Adult Mouse Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583434. [PMID: 33324639 PMCID: PMC7726222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Much remains unknown about the regulatory networks which govern the dermal papilla’s (DP) ability to induce hair follicle neogenesis, a capacity which decreases greatly with age. To further define the core genes which characterize the DP cell and to identify pathways prominent in DP cells with greater hair inductive capacity, comparative transcriptome analyses of human fetal and adult dermal follicular cells were performed. 121 genes were significantly upregulated in fetal DP cells in comparison to both fetal dermal sheath cup (DSC) cells and interfollicular dermal (IFD) populations. Comparison of the set of enriched human fetal DP genes with human adult DP, newborn mouse DP, and embryonic mouse dermal condensation (DC) cells revealed differences in the expression of Wnt/β-catenin, Shh, FGF, BMP, and Notch signaling pathways. We chose R-spondin-1, a Wnt agonist, for functional verification and show that exogenous administration restores hair follicle neogenesis from adult mouse cells in skin reconstitution assays. To explore upstream regulators of fetal DP gene expression, we identified twenty-nine transcription factors which are upregulated in human fetal DP cells compared to adult DP cells. Of these, seven transcription factor binding motifs were significantly enriched in the candidate promoter regions of genes differentially expressed between fetal and adult DP cells, suggesting a potential role in the regulatory network which confers the fetal DP phenotype and a possible relationship to the induction of follicle neogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Weber
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Yung-Chih Lai
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mingxing Lei
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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9
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Abstract
The hair cycle and hair follicle structure are highly affected by various hormones. Androgens—such as testosterone (T); dihydrotestosterone (DHT); and their prohormones, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and androstendione (A)—are the key factors in terminal hair growth. They act on sex-specific areas of the body, converting small, straight, fair vellus hairs into larger darker terminal hairs. They bind to intracellular androgen receptors in the dermal papilla cells of the hair follicle. The majority of hair follicles also require the intracellular enzyme 5-alpha reductase to convert testosterone into DHT. Apart from androgens, the role of other hormones is also currently being researched—e.g., estradiol can significantly alter the hair follicle growth and cycle by binding to estrogen receptors and influencing aromatase activity, which is responsible for converting androgen into estrogen (E2). Progesterone, at the level of the hair follicle, decreases the conversion of testosterone into DHT. The influence of prolactin (PRL) on hair growth has also been intensively investigated, and PRL and PRL receptors were detected in human scalp skin. Our review includes results from many analyses and provides a comprehensive up-to-date understanding of the subject of the effects of hormonal changes on the hair follicle.
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10
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Heilmann-Heimbach S, Hochfeld LM, Henne SK, Nöthen MM. Hormonal regulation in male androgenetic alopecia-Sex hormones and beyond: Evidence from recent genetic studies. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:814-827. [PMID: 32946134 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Male-pattern hair loss, also termed androgenetic alopecia (AGA), is a highly prevalent age-related condition that is characterized by a distinct pattern of hair loss from the frontotemporal and vertex regions of the scalp. The phenotype is highly heritable and hormone dependent, with androgens being the recognized critical hormonal factor. Numerous molecular genetic studies have focused on genetic variation in and around the gene that encodes the androgen receptor. More recently, however, the availability of high-throughput molecular genetic methods, novel methods of data analysis and sufficiently large sample sizes have rendered possible the systematic investigation of the contribution of other components of the androgen receptor pathway or hormonal pathways beyond the androgen receptor signalling pathways. Over the past decade, genome-wide association studies of increasingly large cohorts have enabled the genome-wide identification of genetic risk factors for AGA, and yielded unprecedented insights into the underlying pathobiology. The present review discusses some of the most intriguing genetic findings on the relevance of (sex)hormonal signalling in AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lara M Hochfeld
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabrina K Henne
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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11
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Sarlo Davila KM, Howell A, Nunez A, Orelien A, Roe V, Rodriguez E, Dikmen S, Mateescu RG. Genome-wide association study identifies variants associated with hair length in Brangus cattle. Anim Genet 2020; 51:811-814. [PMID: 32548856 DOI: 10.1111/age.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thermal stress limits beef cattle production and a shorter hair coat is a key thermoregulative adaptation that allows cattle to lose heat more efficiently. The objective of this study was to identify genetic variants associated with the length of the undercoat and topcoat of cattle utilizing 1456 Brangus heifers genotyped with the Bovine GGP F250 array. Seven SNPs in the PCCA gene were significantly associated with undercoat length. PCCA belongs to the biotin transport and metabolism pathway. Biotin deficiency has been reported to cause hair loss. Four SNPs in an 110 kb including a missense mutation in the PRLR gene were significantly associated with topcoat length. Whereas the association of this polymorphism with hair length is novel, the SLICK mutation in PRLR has previously been demonstrated to significantly impact hair length in cattle. These newly detected genetic variants may contribute to a shorter hair coat and more thermotolerant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Sarlo Davila
- Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - A Howell
- Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - A Nunez
- Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - A Orelien
- Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - V Roe
- Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - E Rodriguez
- Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - S Dikmen
- Faculty of Animal Science, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - R G Mateescu
- Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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12
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Clayton RW, Langan EA, Ansell DM, de Vos IJHM, Göbel K, Schneider MR, Picardo M, Lim X, van Steensel MAM, Paus R. Neuroendocrinology and neurobiology of sebaceous glands. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:592-624. [PMID: 31970855 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system communicates with peripheral tissues through nerve fibres and the systemic release of hypothalamic and pituitary neurohormones. Communication between the nervous system and the largest human organ, skin, has traditionally received little attention. In particular, the neuro-regulation of sebaceous glands (SGs), a major skin appendage, is rarely considered. Yet, it is clear that the SG is under stringent pituitary control, and forms a fascinating, clinically relevant peripheral target organ in which to study the neuroendocrine and neural regulation of epithelia. Sebum, the major secretory product of the SG, is composed of a complex mixture of lipids resulting from the holocrine secretion of specialised epithelial cells (sebocytes). It is indicative of a role of the neuroendocrine system in SG function that excess circulating levels of growth hormone, thyroxine or prolactin result in increased sebum production (seborrhoea). Conversely, growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency result in reduced sebum production and dry skin. Furthermore, the androgen sensitivity of SGs appears to be under neuroendocrine control, as hypophysectomy (removal of the pituitary) renders SGs largely insensitive to stimulation by testosterone, which is crucial for maintaining SG homeostasis. However, several neurohormones, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, can stimulate sebum production independently of either the testes or the adrenal glands, further underscoring the importance of neuroendocrine control in SG biology. Moreover, sebocytes synthesise several neurohormones and express their receptors, suggestive of the presence of neuro-autocrine mechanisms of sebocyte modulation. Aside from the neuroendocrine system, it is conceivable that secretion of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters from cutaneous nerve endings may also act on sebocytes or their progenitors, given that the skin is richly innervated. However, to date, the neural controls of SG development and function remain poorly investigated and incompletely understood. Botulinum toxin-mediated or facial paresis-associated reduction of human sebum secretion suggests that cutaneous nerve-derived substances modulate lipid and inflammatory cytokine synthesis by sebocytes, possibly implicating the nervous system in acne pathogenesis. Additionally, evidence suggests that cutaneous denervation in mice alters the expression of key regulators of SG homeostasis. In this review, we examine the current evidence regarding neuroendocrine and neurobiological regulation of human SG function in physiology and pathology. We further call attention to this line of research as an instructive model for probing and therapeutically manipulating the mechanistic links between the nervous system and mammalian skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Clayton
- Centre for Dermatology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01 Clinical Sciences Building, 308232, Singapore
| | - Ewan A Langan
- Centre for Dermatology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Department of Dermatology, Allergology und Venereology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, 23538, Germany
| | - David M Ansell
- Centre for Dermatology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Ivo J H M de Vos
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01 Clinical Sciences Building, 308232, Singapore
| | - Klaus Göbel
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01 Clinical Sciences Building, 308232, Singapore.,Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), and Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne, The University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, 10589, Germany
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - Xinhong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Maurice A M van Steensel
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01 Clinical Sciences Building, 308232, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Dr. Phllip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB 2023A, Miami, FL, 33136, U.S.A.,Monasterium Laboratory, Mendelstraße 17, Münster, 48149, Germany
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13
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Abstract
The principal role of prolactin in mammals is the regulation of lactation. Prolactin is a hormone that is mainly synthesized and secreted by lactotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Prolactin signalling occurs via a unique transmembrane prolactin receptor (PRL-R). The structure of the PRL-R has now been elucidated and is similar to that of many biologically fundamental receptors of the class 1 haematopoietic cytokine receptor family such as the growth hormone receptor. The PRL-R is expressed in a wide array of tissues, and a growing number of biological processes continue to be attributed to prolactin. In this Review, we focus on the newly discovered roles of prolactin in human health and disease, particularly its involvement in metabolic homeostasis including body weight control, adipose tissue, skin and hair follicles, pancreas, bone, the adrenal response to stress, the control of lactotroph cell homeostasis and maternal behaviour. New data concerning the pathological states of hypoprolactinaemia and hyperprolactinaemia will also be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bernard
- Inserm U1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Young
- Inserm U1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Binart
- Inserm U1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
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14
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Fonseca V, Souza C, Azevedo N, Oliveira L, Monteiro G, Cavalcanti L, Molina L. Parâmetros reprodutivos de touros Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) criados a pasto, em de diferentes faixas etárias. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Este estudo teve o objetivo de demonstrar o efeito da idade sobre as características de circunferência escrotal, cor de pelagem e qualidade seminal, desde a puberdade até após a maturidade sexual. Foram utilizados dados de 6607 exames andrológicos de touros da raça Nelore criados a pasto. Os animais eram de diferentes faixas etárias, variando de 12 até 80 meses. O exame andrológico consistiu em exame clínico reprodutivo, perímetro escrotal (PE), avaliação do sêmen e nota para cor do pelame (COR; 1-4). Estabeleceram-se quatro faixas etárias, que foram comparadas pelo teste de Bonferroni. Os parâmetros seminais PE e COR variaram (P<0,05) conforme a faixa etária dos animais: A) 12-18m: COR=1,45±0,64a, PE=31,63±3,51cma, motilidade total (Mot)=67,73±17,99%a, total de defeitos espermáticos (TDE)=16,22±16,95%a; B) 18-24m: COR=1,50±0,57b, PE=32,00±3,47cma, Mot=69,60±29,13%a, TDE=14,49±15,00%b; C) 24-36m: COR=1,51±0,66b, PE=33,56±3,91cmb, Mot=69,46±15,52%a, TDE=12,29±12,92%c; D) 36-48m: COR=1,60±0,57c, PE=36,66±3,50cmc, Mot=71,04±16,19%b, TDE=10,87±12,97%d; E) >48m: COR=1,64±0,72c, PE=38,00±3,22d, Mot=71,54±15,30b, TDE=9,70±16,95d. Concluiu-se que a faixa etária influencia o tamanho testicular, a cor da pelagem e os parâmetros de qualidade seminal. Com o avançar da idade, ocorre escurecimento do pelo, aumento do perímetro escrotal, da motilidade e do vigor, e redução dos defeitos espermáticos de touros Nelores criados a pasto, avaliados a partir de 12 meses de idade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N.A. Azevedo
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - L.R. Molina
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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15
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Endo Y, Obayashi Y, Ono T, Serizawa T, Murakoshi M, Ohyama M. Reversal of the hair loss phenotype by modulating the estradiol-ANGPT2 axis in the mouse model of female pattern hair loss. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 91:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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So WK, Cheung TH. Molecular Regulation of Cellular Quiescence: A Perspective from Adult Stem Cells and Its Niches. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1686:1-25. [PMID: 29030809 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7371-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellular quiescence is a reversible growth arrest state. In response to extracellular environment, quiescent cells are capable of resuming proliferation for tissue homeostasis and tissue regeneration. Subpopulations of adult stem cells remain quiescent and reside in their specialized stem cell niches. Within the niche, they interact with a repertoire of niche components. Niche integrates signals to maintain quiescence or gear stem cells toward regeneration. Recent studies provide insights into the regulatory components of stem cell niche and their influence on residing stem cells. Aberrant niche activities perturb stem cell quiescence and activation, compromise stem cell functions, and contribute to tissue aging and disease pathogenesis. This review covers current knowledge regarding cellular quiescence with a focus on original and emerging concepts of how niches influence stem cell quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Kin So
- Division of Life Science, Center for Stem Cell Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tom H Cheung
- Division of Life Science, Center for Stem Cell Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Fang G, Jia X, Li H, Tan S, Nie Q, Yu H, Yang Y. Characterization of microRNA and mRNA expression profiles in skin tissue between early-feathering and late-feathering chickens. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:399. [PMID: 29801437 PMCID: PMC5970437 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early feathering and late feathering in chickens are sex-linked phenotypes, which have commercial application in the poultry industry for sexing chicks at hatch and have important impacts on performance traits. However, the genetic mechanism controlling feather development and feathering patterns is unclear. Here, miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in chicken wing skin tissues were analysed through high-throughput transcriptomic sequencing, aiming to understand the biological process of follicle development and the formation of different feathering phenotypes. Results Compared to the N1 group with no primary feathers extending out, 2893 genes and 31 miRNAs displayed significantly different expression in the F1 group with primary feathers longer than primary-covert feathers, and 1802 genes and 11 miRNAs in the L2 group displayed primary feathers shorter than primary-covert feathers. Only 201 altered genes and 3 altered miRNAs were identified between the N1 and L2 groups (fold change > 2, q value < 0.01). Both sequencing and qPCR tests revealed that PRLR was significantly decreased in the F1 and L2 groups compared to the N1 group, whereas SPEF2 was significantly decreased in the F1 group compared to the N1 or L2 group. Functional analysis revealed that the altered genes or targets of altered miRNAs were involved in multiple biological processes and pathways related to feather growth and development, such as the Wnt signalling pathway, the TGF-beta signalling pathway, the MAPK signalling pathway, epithelial cell differentiation, and limb development. Integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA showed that 14 pairs of miRNA-mRNA negatively interacted in the process of feather formation. Conclusions Transcriptomic sequencing of wing skin tissues revealed large changes in F1 vs. N1 and L2 vs. N1, but few changes in F1 vs. L2 for both miRNA and mRNA expression. PRLR might only contribute to follicle development, while SPEF2 was highly related to the growth rate of primary feathers or primary-covert feathers and could be responsible for early and late feather formation. Interactions between miR-1574-5p/NR2F, miR-365-5p/JAK3 and miR-365-5p/CDK6 played important roles in hair or feather formation. In all, our results provide novel evidence to understand the molecular regulation of follicle development and feathering phenotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4773-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijun Fang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China.,College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinzheng Jia
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China.,College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Tinoo's Foods Limited Company, Qingyuan, 511827, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shuwen Tan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Tinoo's Foods Limited Company, Qingyuan, 511827, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Yu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Tinoo's Foods Limited Company, Qingyuan, 511827, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
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18
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Derks MFL, Herrero-Medrano JM, Crooijmans RPMA, Vereijken A, Long JA, Megens HJ, Groenen MAM. Early and late feathering in turkey and chicken: same gene but different mutations. Genet Sel Evol 2018; 50:7. [PMID: 29566646 PMCID: PMC5863816 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-018-0380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-linked slow (SF) and fast (FF) feathering rates at hatch have been widely used in poultry breeding for autosexing at hatch. In chicken, the sex-linked K (SF) and k+ (FF) alleles are responsible for the feathering rate phenotype. Allele K is dominant and a partial duplication of the prolactin receptor gene has been identified as the causal mutation. Interestingly, some domesticated turkey lines exhibit similar slow- and fast-feathering phenotypes, but the underlying genetic components and causal mutation have never been investigated. In this study, our aim was to investigate the molecular basis of feathering rate at hatch in domestic turkey. RESULTS We performed a sequence-based case-control association study and detected a genomic region on chromosome Z, which is statistically associated with rate of feathering at hatch in turkey. We identified a 5-bp frameshift deletion in the prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene that is responsible for slow feathering at hatch. All female cases (SF turkeys) were hemizygous for this deletion, while 188 controls (FF turkeys) were hemizygous or homozygous for the reference allele. This frameshift mutation introduces a premature stop codon and six novel amino acids (AA), which results in a truncated PRLR protein that lacks 98 C-terminal AA. CONCLUSIONS We present the causal mutation for feathering rate in turkey that causes a partial C-terminal loss of the prolactin receptor, and this truncated PRLR protein is strikingly similar to the protein encoded by the slow feathering K allele in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn F L Derks
- Wageningen University and Research Animal Breeding and Genomics, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Juan M Herrero-Medrano
- Wageningen University and Research Animal Breeding and Genomics, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard P M A Crooijmans
- Wageningen University and Research Animal Breeding and Genomics, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Addie Vereijken
- Hendrix Genetics Turkeys, Technolgy and Service B.V., P.O. Box 114, 5830 AC, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Julie A Long
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Hendrik-Jan Megens
- Wageningen University and Research Animal Breeding and Genomics, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien A M Groenen
- Wageningen University and Research Animal Breeding and Genomics, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Understanding the Inguinal Sinus in Sheep (Ovis aries)-Morphology, Secretion, and Expression of Progesterone, Estrogens, and Prolactin Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071516. [PMID: 28703772 PMCID: PMC5536006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-parturient behavior of mammalian females is essential for early parent–offspring contact. After delivery, lambs need to ingest colostrum for obtaining the related immunological protection, and early interactions between the mother and the lamb are crucial. Despite visual and auditory cues, olfactory cues are decisive in lamb orientation to the mammary gland. In sheep, the inguinal sinus is located bilaterally near the mammary gland as a skin pouch (IGS) that presents a gland that secretes a strong-smelling wax. Sheep IGS gland functions have many aspects under evaluation. The objective of the present study was to evaluate sheep IGS gland functional aspects and mRNA transcription and the protein expression of several hormone receptors, such as progesterone receptor (PGR), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), and 2 (ESR2) and prolactin receptor (PRLR) present. In addition, another aim was to achieve information about IGS ultrastructure and chemical compounds produced in this gland. All hormone receptors evaluated show expression in IGS during the estrous cycle (follicular/luteal phases), pregnancy, and the post-partum period. IGS secretion is rich in triterpenoids that totally differ from the surrounding skin. They might be essential substances for the development of an olfactory preference of newborns to their mothers.
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20
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Ferreira MS, Alves PC, Callahan CM, Marques JP, Mills LS, Good JM, Melo‐Ferreira J. The transcriptional landscape of seasonal coat colour moult in the snowshoe hare. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:4173-4185. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda S. Ferreira
- CIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos InBIO Laboratório Associado Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Paulo C. Alves
- CIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos InBIO Laboratório Associado Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- Wildlife Biology Program University of Montana Missoula MT USA
| | - Colin M. Callahan
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT USA
| | - João P. Marques
- CIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos InBIO Laboratório Associado Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - L. Scott Mills
- Wildlife Biology Program University of Montana Missoula MT USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology Program North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Good
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT USA
| | - José Melo‐Ferreira
- CIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos InBIO Laboratório Associado Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
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21
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Dinopoulou V, Drakakis P, Kefala S, Kiapekou E, Bletsa R, Anagnostou E, Kallianidis K, Loutradis D. Effect of recombinant-LH and hCG in the absence of FSH on in vitro maturation (IVM) fertilization and early embryonic development of mouse germinal vesicle (GV)-stage oocytes. Reprod Biol 2016; 16:138-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Zhao J, Yao J, Li F, Yang Z, Sun Z, Qu L, Wang K, Su Y, Zhang A, Montgomery SA, Geng T, Cui H. Identification of candidate genes for chicken early- and late-feathering. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1498-1503. [PMID: 27081197 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that prolactin receptor (Prlr) is a potential causative gene for chicken early- (EF) and late-feathering (LF) phenotypes. In this study, we evaluated candidate genes for this trait and determined the expression of 3 genes, including Prlr, sperm flagellar protein 2 (Spef2), and their fusion gene, in the skins of one-day-old EF and LF chicks using RT-qPCR. Data indicated that Prlr expression in the skin did not show significant difference between EF and LF chicks, suggesting Prlr may not be a suitable candidate gene. In contrast, Spef2 expression in the skin displayed a significant difference between EF and LF chicks (P < 0.01), suggesting that Spef2 may be a good candidate gene for chicken feathering. Moreover, dPrlr/dSpef2, the fusion gene, was also a good candidate gene as it was expressed only in LF chicks. However, the expression of the fusion gene was much lower than that of Prlr Additionally, using strand-specific primers, we found that the fusion gene was transcribed in 2 directions (one from dPrlr promoter, another from dSpef2 promoter), which could result in the formation of a double strand RNA. In conclusion, both Spef2 and the fusion gene are good candidate genes for chicken feathering, but Prlr is not. The research on the function and regulation of the candidate genes will help elucidate the molecular basis of the chicken feathering trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - J Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - F Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Z Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Z Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - L Qu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China
| | - K Wang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China
| | - Y Su
- Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China
| | - A Zhang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China
| | - S A Montgomery
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - T Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - H Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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23
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Wang L, Siegenthaler JA, Dowell RD, Yi R. Foxc1 reinforces quiescence in self-renewing hair follicle stem cells. Science 2016; 351:613-7. [PMID: 26912704 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad5440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell quiescence preserves the cell reservoir by minimizing cell division over extended periods of time. Self-renewal of quiescent stem cells (SCs) requires the reentry into the cell cycle. In this study, we show that murine hair follicle SCs induce the Foxc1 transcription factor when activated. Deleting Foxc1 in activated, but not quiescent, SCs causes failure of the cells to reestablish quiescence and allows premature activation. Deleting Foxc1 in the SC niche of gene-targeted mice leads to loss of the old hair without impairing quiescence. In self-renewing SCs, Foxc1 activates Nfatc1 and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, two key mechanisms that govern quiescence. These findings reveal a dynamic, cell-intrinsic mechanism used by hair follicle SCs to reinforce quiescence upon self-renewal and suggest a unique ability of SCs to maintain cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Julie A Siegenthaler
- Department of Pediatrics, Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Robin D Dowell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Rui Yi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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24
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Otto C, Särnefält A, Ljungars A, Wolf S, Rohde-Schulz B, Fuchs I, Schkoldow J, Mattsson M, Vonk R, Harrenga A, Freiberg C. A Neutralizing Prolactin Receptor Antibody Whose In Vivo Application Mimics the Phenotype of Female Prolactin Receptor-Deficient Mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4365-73. [PMID: 26284426 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prolactin receptor (PRLR) has been implicated in a variety of physiological processes (lactation, reproduction) and diseases (breast cancer, autoimmune diseases). Prolactin synthesis in the pituitary and extrapituitary sites is regulated by different promoters. Dopamine receptor agonists such as bromocriptine can only interfere with pituitary prolactin synthesis and thus do not induce a complete blockade of PRLR signaling. Here we describe the identification of a human monoclonal antibody 005-C04 that blocks PRLR-mediated signaling at nanomolar concentrations in vitro. In contrast to a negative control antibody, the neutralizing PRLR antibody 005-C04 inhibits signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 phosphorylation in T47D cells and proliferation of BaF3 cells stably expressing murine or human PRLRs in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo application of this new function-blocking PRLR antibody reflects the phenotype of PRLR-deficient mice. After antibody administration female mice become infertile in a reversible manner. In lactating dams, the antibody induces mammary gland involution and negatively interferes with lactation capacity as evidenced by reduced milk protein expression in mammary glands and impaired litter weight gain. Antibody-mediated blockade of the PRLR in vivo stimulates hair regrowth in female mice. Compared with peptide-derived PRLR antagonists, the PRLR antibody 005-C04 exhibits several advantages such as higher potency, noncompetitive inhibition of PRLR signaling, and a longer half-life, which allows its use as a tool compound also in long-term in vivo studies. Therefore, we suggest that this antibody will help to further our understanding of the role of auto- and paracrine PRLR signaling in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Otto
- TRG Oncology and Gynaecological Therapy (C.O., S.W., B.R.-S., I.F., J.S.), and Department of Research and Clinical Sciences Statistics (R.V.), Bayer Pharma AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany; Department of Protein Engineering (A.S., A.L., M.M.), BioInvent International AB, Soelvegatan 41, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; and Department of Global Biologics (A.H., C.F.), Bayer Pharma AG, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Anna Särnefält
- TRG Oncology and Gynaecological Therapy (C.O., S.W., B.R.-S., I.F., J.S.), and Department of Research and Clinical Sciences Statistics (R.V.), Bayer Pharma AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany; Department of Protein Engineering (A.S., A.L., M.M.), BioInvent International AB, Soelvegatan 41, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; and Department of Global Biologics (A.H., C.F.), Bayer Pharma AG, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Anne Ljungars
- TRG Oncology and Gynaecological Therapy (C.O., S.W., B.R.-S., I.F., J.S.), and Department of Research and Clinical Sciences Statistics (R.V.), Bayer Pharma AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany; Department of Protein Engineering (A.S., A.L., M.M.), BioInvent International AB, Soelvegatan 41, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; and Department of Global Biologics (A.H., C.F.), Bayer Pharma AG, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Siegmund Wolf
- TRG Oncology and Gynaecological Therapy (C.O., S.W., B.R.-S., I.F., J.S.), and Department of Research and Clinical Sciences Statistics (R.V.), Bayer Pharma AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany; Department of Protein Engineering (A.S., A.L., M.M.), BioInvent International AB, Soelvegatan 41, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; and Department of Global Biologics (A.H., C.F.), Bayer Pharma AG, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Beate Rohde-Schulz
- TRG Oncology and Gynaecological Therapy (C.O., S.W., B.R.-S., I.F., J.S.), and Department of Research and Clinical Sciences Statistics (R.V.), Bayer Pharma AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany; Department of Protein Engineering (A.S., A.L., M.M.), BioInvent International AB, Soelvegatan 41, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; and Department of Global Biologics (A.H., C.F.), Bayer Pharma AG, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Iris Fuchs
- TRG Oncology and Gynaecological Therapy (C.O., S.W., B.R.-S., I.F., J.S.), and Department of Research and Clinical Sciences Statistics (R.V.), Bayer Pharma AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany; Department of Protein Engineering (A.S., A.L., M.M.), BioInvent International AB, Soelvegatan 41, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; and Department of Global Biologics (A.H., C.F.), Bayer Pharma AG, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jenny Schkoldow
- TRG Oncology and Gynaecological Therapy (C.O., S.W., B.R.-S., I.F., J.S.), and Department of Research and Clinical Sciences Statistics (R.V.), Bayer Pharma AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany; Department of Protein Engineering (A.S., A.L., M.M.), BioInvent International AB, Soelvegatan 41, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; and Department of Global Biologics (A.H., C.F.), Bayer Pharma AG, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Mikael Mattsson
- TRG Oncology and Gynaecological Therapy (C.O., S.W., B.R.-S., I.F., J.S.), and Department of Research and Clinical Sciences Statistics (R.V.), Bayer Pharma AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany; Department of Protein Engineering (A.S., A.L., M.M.), BioInvent International AB, Soelvegatan 41, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; and Department of Global Biologics (A.H., C.F.), Bayer Pharma AG, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Richardus Vonk
- TRG Oncology and Gynaecological Therapy (C.O., S.W., B.R.-S., I.F., J.S.), and Department of Research and Clinical Sciences Statistics (R.V.), Bayer Pharma AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany; Department of Protein Engineering (A.S., A.L., M.M.), BioInvent International AB, Soelvegatan 41, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; and Department of Global Biologics (A.H., C.F.), Bayer Pharma AG, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Axel Harrenga
- TRG Oncology and Gynaecological Therapy (C.O., S.W., B.R.-S., I.F., J.S.), and Department of Research and Clinical Sciences Statistics (R.V.), Bayer Pharma AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany; Department of Protein Engineering (A.S., A.L., M.M.), BioInvent International AB, Soelvegatan 41, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; and Department of Global Biologics (A.H., C.F.), Bayer Pharma AG, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christoph Freiberg
- TRG Oncology and Gynaecological Therapy (C.O., S.W., B.R.-S., I.F., J.S.), and Department of Research and Clinical Sciences Statistics (R.V.), Bayer Pharma AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany; Department of Protein Engineering (A.S., A.L., M.M.), BioInvent International AB, Soelvegatan 41, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; and Department of Global Biologics (A.H., C.F.), Bayer Pharma AG, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
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Geyfman M, Plikus MV, Treffeisen E, Andersen B, Paus R. Resting no more: re-defining telogen, the maintenance stage of the hair growth cycle. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 90:1179-96. [PMID: 25410793 PMCID: PMC4437968 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle (HF) represents a prototypic ectodermal-mesodermal interaction system in which central questions of modern biology can be studied. A unique feature of these stem-cell-rich mini-organs is that they undergo life-long, cyclic transformations between stages of active regeneration (anagen), apoptotic involution (catagen), and relative proliferative quiescence (telogen). Due to the low proliferation rate and small size of the HF during telogen, this stage was conventionally thought of as a stage of dormancy. However, multiple lines of newly emerging evidence show that HFs during telogen are anything but dormant. Here, we emphasize that telogen is a highly energy-efficient default state of the mammalian coat, whose function centres around maintenance of the hair fibre and prompt responses to its loss. While actively retaining hair fibres with minimal energy expenditure, telogen HFs can launch a new regeneration cycle in response to a variety of stimuli originating in their autonomous micro-environment (including its stem cell niche) as well as in their external tissue macro-environment. Regenerative responses of telogen HFs change as a function of time and can be divided into two sub-stages: early 'refractory' and late 'competent' telogen. These changing activities are reflected in hundreds of dynamically regulated genes in telogen skin, possibly aimed at establishing a fast response-signalling environment to trauma and other disturbances of skin homeostasis. Furthermore, telogen is an interpreter of circadian output in the timing of anagen initiation and the key stage during which the subsequent organ regeneration (anagen) is actively prepared by suppressing molecular brakes on hair growth while activating pro-regenerative signals. Thus, telogen may serve as an excellent model system for dissecting signalling and cellular interactions that precede the active 'regenerative mode' of tissue remodeling. This revised understanding of telogen biology also points to intriguing new therapeutic avenues in the management of common human hair growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Geyfman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Maksim V. Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elsa Treffeisen
- Department of Dermatology, Kligman Labouratories, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, and Dermatology Centre, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Li A, Lai YC, Figueroa S, Yang T, Widelitz RB, Kobielak K, Nie Q, Chuong CM. Deciphering principles of morphogenesis from temporal and spatial patterns on the integument. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:905-20. [PMID: 25858668 PMCID: PMC4520785 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How tissue patterns form in development and regeneration is a fundamental issue remaining to be fully understood. The integument often forms repetitive units in space (periodic patterning) and time (cyclic renewal), such as feathers and hairs. Integument patterns are visible and experimentally manipulatable, helping us reveal pattern formative processes. Variability is seen in regional phenotypic specificities and temporal cycling at different physiological stages. RESULTS Here we show some cellular/molecular bases revealed by analyzing integument patterns. (1) Localized cellular activity (proliferation, rearrangement, apoptosis, differentiation) transforms prototypic organ primordia into specific shapes. Combinatorial positioning of different localized activity zones generates diverse and complex organ forms. (2) Competitive equilibrium between activators and inhibitors regulates stem cells through cyclic quiescence and activation. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic interactions between stem cells and their adjacent niche regulate regenerative behavior, modulated by multi-layers of macro-environmental factors (dermis, body hormone status, and external environment). Genomics studies may reveal how positional information of localized cellular activity is stored. In vivo skin imaging and lineage tracing unveils new insights into stem cell plasticity. Principles of self-assembly obtained from the integumentary organ model can be applied to help restore damaged patterns during regenerative wound healing and for tissue engineering to rebuild tissues. Developmental Dynamics 244:905-920, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yung-Chih Lai
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Seth Figueroa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Randall B Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Krzysztof Kobielak
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Cheng Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Schmid M, Smith J, Burt DW, Aken BL, Antin PB, Archibald AL, Ashwell C, Blackshear PJ, Boschiero C, Brown CT, Burgess SC, Cheng HH, Chow W, Coble DJ, Cooksey A, Crooijmans RPMA, Damas J, Davis RVN, de Koning DJ, Delany ME, Derrien T, Desta TT, Dunn IC, Dunn M, Ellegren H, Eöry L, Erb I, Farré M, Fasold M, Fleming D, Flicek P, Fowler KE, Frésard L, Froman DP, Garceau V, Gardner PP, Gheyas AA, Griffin DK, Groenen MAM, Haaf T, Hanotte O, Hart A, Häsler J, Hedges SB, Hertel J, Howe K, Hubbard A, Hume DA, Kaiser P, Kedra D, Kemp SJ, Klopp C, Kniel KE, Kuo R, Lagarrigue S, Lamont SJ, Larkin DM, Lawal RA, Markland SM, McCarthy F, McCormack HA, McPherson MC, Motegi A, Muljo SA, Münsterberg A, Nag R, Nanda I, Neuberger M, Nitsche A, Notredame C, Noyes H, O'Connor R, O'Hare EA, Oler AJ, Ommeh SC, Pais H, Persia M, Pitel F, Preeyanon L, Prieto Barja P, Pritchett EM, Rhoads DD, Robinson CM, Romanov MN, Rothschild M, Roux PF, Schmidt CJ, Schneider AS, Schwartz MG, Searle SM, Skinner MA, Smith CA, Stadler PF, Steeves TE, Steinlein C, Sun L, Takata M, Ulitsky I, Wang Q, Wang Y, Warren WC, Wood JMD, Wragg D, Zhou H. Third Report on Chicken Genes and Chromosomes 2015. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 145:78-179. [PMID: 26282327 PMCID: PMC5120589 DOI: 10.1159/000430927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schmid
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Sackmann-Sala L, Guidotti JE, Goffin V. Minireview: prolactin regulation of adult stem cells. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:667-81. [PMID: 25793405 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem/progenitor cells are found in many tissues, where their primary role is to maintain homeostasis. Recent studies have evaluated the regulation of adult stem/progenitor cells by prolactin in various target tissues or cell types, including the mammary gland, the prostate, the brain, the bone marrow, the hair follicle, and colon cancer cells. Depending on the tissue, prolactin can either maintain stem cell quiescence or, in contrast, promote stem/progenitor cell expansion and push their progeny towards differentiation. In many instances, whether these effects are direct or involve paracrine regulators remains debated. This minireview aims to overview the current knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Sackmann-Sala
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Inserm Unité1151, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8253, Team Prolactin/Growth Hormone Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
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Functionally reciprocal mutations of the prolactin signalling pathway define hairy and slick cattle. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5861. [PMID: 25519203 PMCID: PMC4284646 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactation, hair development and homeothermy are characteristic evolutionary features that define mammals from other vertebrate species. Here we describe the discovery of two autosomal dominant mutations with antagonistic, pleiotropic effects on all three of these biological processes, mediated through the prolactin signalling pathway. Most conspicuously, mutations in prolactin (PRL) and its receptor (PRLR) have an impact on thermoregulation and hair morphology phenotypes, giving prominence to this pathway outside of its classical roles in lactation. The hormone prolactin is a known modulator of mammalian lactation and hair growth. Here, the authors describe two dominant mutations in bovine prolactin and its receptor, demonstrating antagonistic effects on these traits and highlighting a role for this pathway in sweat gland function and thermoregulation.
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Montandon SA, Tzika AC, Martins AF, Chopard B, Milinkovitch MC. Two waves of anisotropic growth generate enlarged follicles in the spiny mouse. EvoDevo 2014; 5:33. [PMID: 25705371 PMCID: PMC4335386 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammals exhibit a remarkable variety of phenotypes and comparative studies using novel model species are needed to uncover the evolutionary developmental mechanisms generating this diversity. Here, we undertake a developmental biology and numerical modeling approach to investigate the development of skin appendages in the spiny mouse, Acomys dimidiatus. RESULTS We demonstrate that Acomys spines, possibly involved in display and protection, are enlarged awl hairs with a concave morphology. The Acomys spines originate from enlarged placodes that are characterized by a rapid downwards growth which results in voluminous follicles. The dermal condensation (dermal papilla) at the core of the follicle is very large and exhibits a curved geometry. Given its off-centered position, the dermal papilla generates two waves of anisotropic proliferation, first of the posterior matrix, then of the anterior inner root sheath (IRS). Higher in the follicle, the posterior and anterior cortex cross-section areas substantially decrease due to cortex cell elongation and accumulation of keratin intermediate filaments. Milder keratinization in the medulla gives rise to a foamy material that eventually collapses under the combined compression of the anterior IRS and elongation of the cortex cells. Simulations, using linear elasticity theory and the finite-element method, indicate that these processes are sufficient to replicate the time evolution of the Acomys spine layers and the final shape of the emerging spine shaft. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses reveal how hair follicle morphogenesis has been altered during the evolution of the Acomys lineage, resulting in a shift from ancestral awl follicles to enlarged asymmetrical spines. This study contributes to a better understanding of the evolutionary developmental mechanisms that generated the great diversity of skin appendage phenotypes observed in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Montandon
- Department of Genetics & Evolution, Laboratory of Artificial & Natural Evolution (LANE), University of Geneva, Sciences III, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Athanasia C Tzika
- Department of Genetics & Evolution, Laboratory of Artificial & Natural Evolution (LANE), University of Geneva, Sciences III, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - António F Martins
- Department of Genetics & Evolution, Laboratory of Artificial & Natural Evolution (LANE), University of Geneva, Sciences III, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Chopard
- Department of Computer Science, Scientific and Parallel Computing Group, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel C Milinkovitch
- Department of Genetics & Evolution, Laboratory of Artificial & Natural Evolution (LANE), University of Geneva, Sciences III, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
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Goldstein J, Fletcher S, Roth E, Wu C, Chun A, Horsley V. Calcineurin/Nfatc1 signaling links skin stem cell quiescence to hormonal signaling during pregnancy and lactation. Genes Dev 2014; 28:983-94. [PMID: 24732379 PMCID: PMC4018496 DOI: 10.1101/gad.236554.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In most tissues, the prevailing view is that stem cell (SC) niches are generated by signals from within the nearby tissue environment. Here, we define genetic changes altered in hair follicle (HF) SCs in mice treated with a potent SC activator, cyclosporine A (CSA), which inhibits the phosphatase calcineurin (CN) and the activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (Nfatc1). We show that CN/Nfatc1 regulates expression of prolactin receptor (Prlr) and that canonical activation of Prlr and its downstream signaling via Jak/Stat5 drives quiescence of HF SCs during pregnancy and lactation, when serum prolactin (Prl) levels are highly elevated. Using Prl injections and genetic/pharmacological loss-of-function experiments in mice, we show that Prl signaling stalls follicular SC activation through its activity in the skin epithelium. Our findings define a unique CN-Nfatc1-Prlr-Stat5 molecular circuitry that promotes persistent SC quiescence in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Goldstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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32
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Sangeeta Devi Y, Halperin J. Reproductive actions of prolactin mediated through short and long receptor isoforms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:400-410. [PMID: 24060636 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a polypeptide hormone with a wide range of physiological functions, and is critical for female reproduction. PRL exerts its action by binding to membrane bound receptor isoforms broadly classified as the long form and the short form receptors. Both receptor isoforms are highly expressed in the ovary as well as in the uterus. Although signaling through the long form is believed to be more predominant, it remains unclear whether activation of this isoform alone is sufficient to support reproductive functions or whether both types of receptor are required. The generation of transgenic mice selectively expressing either the short or the long form of PRL receptor has provided insight into the differential signaling mechanisms and physiological functions of these receptors. This review describes the essential finding that both long and short receptor isoforms are crucial for ovarian functions and female fertility, and highlights novel mechanisms of action for these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sangeeta Devi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI-49503, USA.
| | - Julia Halperin
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775 6to piso, C1405BCK Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Disrupted hair follicle activity in cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue in the summer insulates core body temperatures1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kiapekou E, Zapanti E, Voukelatou D, Mavreli T, Stefanidis K, Drakakis P, Mastorakos G, Loutradis D. Corticotropin-releasing hormone inhibits in vitro oocyte maturation in mice. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:1497-9.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Mind the (Gender) Gap: Does Prolactin Exert Gender and/or Site-Specific Effects on the Human Hair Follicle? J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:886-91. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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36
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Ramot Y, Bíró T, Tiede S, Tóth BI, Langan EA, Sugawara K, Foitzik K, Ingber A, Goffin V, Langbein L, Paus R. Prolactin--a novel neuroendocrine regulator of human keratin expression in situ. FASEB J 2010; 24:1768-79. [PMID: 20103718 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-146415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The controls of human keratin expression in situ remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we have investigated the effects of the neurohormone prolactin (PRL) on keratin expression in a physiologically and clinically relevant test system: organ-cultured normal human hair follicles (HFs). Not only do HFs express a wide range of keratins, but they are also a source and target of PRL. Microarray analysis revealed that PRL differentially regulated a defined subset of keratins and keratin-associated proteins. Quantitative immunohistomorphometry and quantitative PCR confirmed that PRL up-regulated expression of keratins K5 and K14 and the epithelial stem cell-associated keratins K15 and K19 in organ-cultured HFs and/or isolated HF keratinocytes. PRL also up-regulated K15 promoter activity and K15 protein expression in situ, whereas it inhibited K6 and K31 expression. These regulatory effects were reversed by a pure competitive PRL receptor antagonist. Antagonist alone also modulated keratin expression, suggesting that "tonic stimulation" by endogenous PRL is required for normal expression levels of selected keratins. Therefore, our study identifies PRL as a major, clinically relevant, novel neuroendocrine regulator of both human keratin expression and human epithelial stem cell biology in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ramot
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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37
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Prolactin and the Skin: A Dermatological Perspective on an Ancient Pleiotropic Peptide Hormone. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:1071-87. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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38
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Skinner DC, Lang AL, Pahl L, Wang Q. Substance P-immunoreactive cells in the ovine pars tuberalis. Neuroendocrinology 2009; 89:3-8. [PMID: 18974628 PMCID: PMC3141346 DOI: 10.1159/000167797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pars tuberalis (PT) is a distinct subdivision of the anterior pituitary gland that plays a central role in regulating seasonal prolactin release. In sheep, there is compelling evidence that seasonal changes in light, transformed into a melatonin signal, are interpreted by the PT to modulate the release of a factor which affects prolactin release. The identity of this factor(s) is unknown but has been preemptively called 'tuberalin'. In the present study, we report on an initial immunocytochemical investigation where we have identified that many ovine PT cells are immunoreactive for the tachykinin substance P (SP). Few cells in the pars distalis immunoreact for SP. The SP-immunoreactive cells did not colocalize with beta-luteinizing hormone. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of preprotachykinin A mRNA in the PT. We hypothesize that SP, and possibly other preprotachykinin A-derived tachykinins, may play a role in the seasonal regulation of prolactin secretion in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal C Skinner
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, and Neurobiology Program, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo. 82071, USA.
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Elferink MG, Vallée AAA, Jungerius AP, Crooijmans RPMA, Groenen MAM. Partial duplication of the PRLR and SPEF2 genes at the late feathering locus in chicken. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:391. [PMID: 18713476 PMCID: PMC2542384 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the loci responsible for feather development in chickens is K. The K allele is partially dominant to the k+ allele and causes a retard in the emergence of flight feathers at hatch. The K locus is sex linked and located on the Z chromosome. Therefore, the locus can be utilized to produce phenotypes that identify the sexes of chicks at hatch. Previous studies on the organization of the K allele concluded the integration of endogenous retrovirus 21 (ev21) into one of two large homologous segments located on the Z chromosome of late feathering chickens. In this study, a detailed molecular analysis of the K locus and a DNA test to distinguish between homozygous and heterozygous late feathering males are presented. Results The K locus was investigated with quantitative PCR by examining copy number variations in a total of fourteen markers surrounding the ev21 integration site. The results showed a duplication at the K allele and sequence analysis of the breakpoint junction indicated a tandem duplication of 176,324 basepairs. The tandem duplication of this region results in the partial duplication of two genes; the prolactin receptor and the gene encoding sperm flagellar protein 2. Sequence analysis revealed that the duplication is similar in Broiler and White Leghorn. In addition, twelve late feathering animals, including Broiler, White Leghorn, and Brown Layer lines, contained a 78 bp breakpoint junction fragment, indicating that the duplication is similar in all breeds. The breakpoint junction was used to develop a TaqMan-based quantitative PCR test to allow distinction between homozygous and heterozygous late feathering males. In total, 85.3% of the animals tested were correctly assigned, 14.7% were unassigned and no animals were incorrectly assigned. Conclusion The detailed molecular analysis presented in this study revealed the presence of a tandem duplication in the K allele. The duplication resulted in the partial duplication of two genes; the prolactin receptor and the gene encoding sperm flagellar protein 2. Furthermore, a DNA test was developed to distinguish between homozygous and heterozygous late feathering males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Elferink
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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40
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Complex hair cycle domain patterns and regenerative hair waves in living rodents. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1071-80. [PMID: 18094733 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Single hair follicles go through regeneration and involution cycles. In a population, hair follicles may affect each other during anagen re-entry, thus forming propagating regenerative hair waves. We review these regenerative hair waves and complex hair cycle domains, which were recently reported in transgenic mice. Two non-invasive methods to track the propagating hair wave in large populations of hair follicles in vivo are described. We also reviewed early accounts of "hair growth patterns" from classical literature. We decipher the "behavior rules" that dictate how dynamic hair waves lead to complex hair cycle domains. In general, a single domain expands when a regenerative hair wave reaches a responsive region and boundaries form when the wave reaches a non-responsive region. As mice age, multiple hair cycle domains form, each with its own regeneration rhythm. Domain patterns can be reset by physiological events such as pregnancy and lactation. Longitudinal sections across domains show arrays of follicles in a continuum of hair cycle stages. Hair cycle domains are different from regional specificity domains. Regenerative hair waves are different from the developmental wave of newly forming hair follicles. The study provides insights into the dynamic states of adult skin and physiological regulation of organ regeneration.
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Choi YS, Cheng J, Segre J, Sinha S. Generation and analysis of Elf5-LacZ mouse: unique and dynamic expression of Elf5 (ESE-2) in the inner root sheath of cycling hair follicles. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 129:85-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-007-0347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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42
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Katz KA, Cotsarelis G, Gupta R, Seykora JT. Telogen effluvium associated with the dopamine agonist pramipexole in a 55-year-old woman with Parkinson's disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 55:S103-4. [PMID: 17052518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Foitzik K, Krause K, Conrad F, Nakamura M, Funk W, Paus R. Human scalp hair follicles are both a target and a source of prolactin, which serves as an autocrine and/or paracrine promoter of apoptosis-driven hair follicle regression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:748-56. [PMID: 16507890 PMCID: PMC1606541 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The prototypic pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) exerts a wide variety of bioregulatory effects in mammals and is also found in extrapituitary sites, including murine skin. Here, we show by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistology that, contrary to a previous report, human skin and normal human scalp hair follicles (HFs), in particular, express both PRL and PRL receptors (PRL-R) at the mRNA and protein level. PRL and PRL-R immunoreactivity can be detected in the epithelium of human anagen VI HFs, while the HF mesenchyme is negative. During the HF transformation from growth (anagen) to apoptosis-driven regression (catagen), PRL and PRL-R immunoreactivity appear up-regulated. Treatment of organ-cultured human scalp HFs with high-dose PRL (400 ng/ml) results in a significant inhibition of hair shaft elongation and premature catagen development, along with reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of hair bulb keratinocytes (Ki-67/terminal dUTP nick-end labeling immunohistomorphometry). This shows that PRL receptors, expressed in HFs, are functional and that human skin and human scalp HFs are both direct targets and sources of PRL. Our data suggest that PRL acts as an autocrine hair growth modulator with catagen-promoting functions and that the hair growth-inhibitory effects of PRL demonstrated here may underlie the as yet ill-understood hair loss in patients with hyper-prolactinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Foitzik
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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Abstract
The hair follicle, a unique characteristic of mammals, represents a stem cell-rich, prototypic neuroectodermal-mesodermal interaction system. This factory for pigmented epithelial fibers is unique in that it is the only organ in the mammalian body which, for its entire lifetime, undergoes cyclic transformations from stages of rapid growth (anagen) to apoptosis-driven regression (catagen) and back to anagen, via an interspersed period of relative quiescence (telogen). While it is undisputed that the biological "clock" that drives hair follicle cycling resides in the hair follicle itself, the molecular nature of the underlying oscillator system remains to be clarified. To meet this challenge is of profound general interest, since numerous key problems of modern biology can be studied exemplarily in this versatile model system. It is also clinically important, since the vast majority of patients with hair growth disorders suffers from an undesired alteration of hair follicle cycling. Here, we sketch basic background information and key concepts that one needs to keep in mind when exploring the enigmatic "hair cycle clock"(HCC), and summarize competing models of the HCC. We invite the reader on a very subjective guided tour, which focuses on our own trials, errors, and findings toward the distant goal of unravelling one of the most fascinating mysteries of biology: Why does the hair follicle cycle at all? How does it do it? What are the key players in the underlying molecular controls? Attempting to offer at least some meaningful answers, we share our prejudices and perspectives, and define crucial open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, D-20426 Hamburg, Germany.
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45
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Mayer JA, Chuong CM, Widelitz R. Rooster feathering, androgenic alopecia, and hormone-dependent tumor growth: what is in common? Differentiation 2004; 72:474-88. [PMID: 15617560 PMCID: PMC4380229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2004.07209003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Different epithelial organs form as a result of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and share a common theme modulated by variations (Chuong ed. In Molecular Basis of Epithelial Appendage Morphogenesis, 1998). One of the major modulators is the sex hormone pathway that acts on the prototype signaling pathway to alter organ phenotypes. Here, we focus on how the sex hormone pathway may interface with epithelia morphogenesis-related signaling pathways. We first survey these sex hormone-regulated morphogenetic processes in various epithelial organs. Sexual dimorphism of hairs and feathers has implications in sexual selection. Diseases of these pathways result in androgenic alopecia, hirsutism, henny feathering, etc. The growth and development of mammary glands, prostate glands, and external genitalia essential for reproductive function are also dependent on sex hormones. Diseases affecting these organs include congenital anomalies and hormone-dependent breast and prostate cancers. To study the role of sex hormones in new growth in the context of system biology/pathology, an in vivo model in which organ formation starts from stem cells is essential. With recent developments (Yu et al. (2002) The morphogenesis of feathers. Nature 420:308-312), the growth of tail feathers in roosters and hens has become a testable model in which experimental manipulations are possible. We show exemplary data of differences in their growth rate, proliferative cell population, and signaling molecule expression. Working hypotheses are proposed on how the sex hormone pathways may interact with growth pathways. It is now possible to test these hypotheses using the chicken model to learn fundamental mechanisms on how sex hormones affect organogenesis, epithelial organ cycling, and growth-related tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ann Mayer
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Randall Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
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Corbacho AM, Valacchi G, Kubala L, Olano-Martín E, Schock BC, Kenny TP, Cross CE. Tissue-specific gene expression of prolactin receptor in the acute-phase response induced by lipopolysaccharides. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 287:E750-7. [PMID: 15186999 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00522.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute inflammation can elicit a defense reaction known as the acute-phase response (APR) that is crucial for reestablishing homeostasis in the host. The role for prolactin (PRL) as an immunomodulatory factor maintaining homeostasis under conditions of stress has been proposed; however, its function during the APR remains unclear. Previously, it was shown that proinflammatory cytokines characteristic of the APR (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IFNgamma) induced the expression of the PRL receptor (PRLR) by pulmonary fibroblasts in vitro. Here, we investigated the in vivo expression of PRLR during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced APR in various tissues of the mouse. We show that PRLR mRNA and protein levels were downregulated in hepatic tissues after intraperitoneal LPS injection. Downregulation of PRLR in the liver was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. A suppressive effect on mRNA expression was also observed in prostate, seminal vesicle, kidney, heart, and lung tissues. However, PRLR mRNA levels were increased in the thymus, and no changes were observed in the spleen. The proportion of transcripts for the different receptor isoforms (long, S1, S2, and S3) in liver and thymus was not altered by LPS injection. These findings suggest a complex tissue-specific regulation of PRLR expression in the context of the APR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Corbacho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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47
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Schock BC, Van der Vliet A, Corbacho AM, Leonard SW, Finkelstein E, Valacchi G, Obermueller-Jevic U, Cross CE, Traber MG. Enhanced inflammatory responses in alpha-tocopherol transfer protein null mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 423:162-9. [PMID: 14871478 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2003.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2003] [Revised: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The liver preferentially secretes alpha-tocopherol into plasma under the control of the hepatic alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP). alpha-TTP-null mice (Ttpa(-/-) mice) are vitamin E deficient, therefore were used for investigations of in vivo responses to sub-normal tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations during inflammation. Increased basal oxidative stress in Ttpa(-/-) mice was documented by increased plasma lipid peroxidation, and superoxide production by bone marrow-derived neutrophils stimulated in vitro with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injected intraperitoneally induced increases in lung and liver HO-1 and iNOS, as well as plasma NO(x) in Ttpa(+/+) mice. LPS induced more modest increases in these markers in Ttpa(-/-) mice, while more marked increases in plasma IL-10 and lung lavage TNF alpha were observed. Taken together, these results demonstrate that alpha-tocopherol is important for proper modulation of inflammatory responses and that sub-optimal alpha-tocopherol concentrations may derange inflammatory-immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina C Schock
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Diaz SF, Torres SMF, Dunstan RW, Lekcharoensuk C. An analysis of canine hair re-growth after clipping for a surgical procedure. Vet Dermatol 2004; 15:25-30. [PMID: 14989702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2004.00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hair growth and replacement have been studied extensively in humans, sheep and laboratory rodents, but in dogs and other mammalian species few studies have been published. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the time required for the hair to re-grow in dogs after clipping for a surgical procedure; (2) to define whether the season of the year influenced the period of time required for re-growth and; (3) to determine if season might influence the telogen: anagen ratio. Eleven Labrador retrievers were recruited during spring, 10 during summer, six during autumn and 10 during winter. Hairs re-grew to their preclipped length in 14.6 weeks, 14.5 weeks, 13.6 weeks and 15.4 weeks when shaved in the spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The differences in these values were not significant suggesting that season has no effect on the rate of hair re-growth in Labrador retrievers housed indoors (P = 0.12). The mean values for the telogen: anagen ratio in each season were: 5.2 (spring), 6.1 (summer), 9.5 (autumn), and 5.3 (winter). The differences in these values also were not significant (P = 0.89). The percentage of hairs in telogen was over 80% in all four seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra F Diaz
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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49
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Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is one of a family of related hormones including growth hormone (GH) and placental lactogen (PL) that are hypothesized to have arisen from a common ancestral gene about 500 million years ago. Over 300 different functions of PRL have been reported, highlighting the importance of this pituitary hormone. PRL is also synthesized by a number of extra-pituitary tissues including the mammary gland and the uterus. Most of PRL's actions are mediated by the unmodified 23 kDa peptide, however, PRL may be modified post-translation, thereby altering its biological effects. PRL exerts these effects by binding to its receptor, a member of the class I cytokine receptor super-family. This activates a number of signaling pathways resulting in the transcription of genes necessary for the tissue specific changes induced by PRL. Mouse knockout models of the major forms of the PRL receptor have confirmed the importance of PRLs role in reproduction. Further knockout models have provided insight into the importance of PRL signaling intermediates and the advent of transcript profiling has allowed the elucidation of a number of PRL target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Harris
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
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50
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Lincoln GA, Andersson H, Clarke IJ. Prolactin cycles in sheep under constant photoperiod: evidence that photorefractoriness develops within the pituitary gland independently of the prolactin output signal. Biol Reprod 2003; 69:1416-23. [PMID: 12826582 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.017673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated photorefractoriness in the prolactin (PRL) axis in hypothalamopituitary-disconnected (HPD) sheep exposed to prolonged long days. In experiment 1, HPD Soay rams transferred from short (8L:16D) to long (16L:8D) days for 48 wk to induce a cycle of activation, decline (photorefractoriness), and reactivation in PRL secretion were treated chronically with bromocriptine (dopamine-receptor agonist) or vehicle from the onset of photorefractoriness. Bromocriptine (0.01-0.04 mg kg-1 day-1; 12-24 wk of long days) blocked PRL release and caused a rebound response after the treatment, but it had no effect on the long-term PRL cycle (posttreatment PRL minimum, mean +/- SEM, 35.3 +/- 0.6 and 37.0 +/- 0.4 wk for bromocriptine and control groups, respectively; not significant). In experiment 2, HPD rams were treated with sulpiride (dopamine-receptor antagonist) during photorefractoriness. Sulpiride (0.6 mg/kg twice daily; 22-30 wk of long days) induced a marginal increase in blood PRL concentrations, but again, it had no effect on the long-term PRL cycle (PRL minimum, 37.9 +/- 0.4 and 37.6 +/- 0.9 wk for sulpiride and control groups, respectively; not significant). The 24-h blood melatonin profile consistently reflected the long-day photoperiod throughout, and blood FSH concentrations were minimal, confirming the effectiveness of the HPD surgery. The results support the conclusion that photorefractoriness is regulated at the level of the pituitary gland independently of the PRL output signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Lincoln
- Medical Research Council, Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom.
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