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Kajikawa Y, Yokomi H, Narasaki S, Kamiya S, Miyoshi H, Kato T, Tsutsumi YM. Serotonin-Mediated Anti-Allodynic Effect of Yokukansan on Diabetes-Induced Neuropathic Pain. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4276. [PMID: 39064315 PMCID: PMC11277645 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic neuropathic pain is a known complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and results from the complex interaction of various factors affecting the nervous system. Yokuansan (YKS) is a versatile traditional Japanese herbal medicine with a wide range of applications, especially in pain management and neurological manifestations. YKS has analgesic properties for nerve damage and is a potential treatment for DM-induced neuropathic pain, especially in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Thus, we examined the anti-allodynic effect of YKS on DM-induced neuropathic pain. Methods: All experiments were performed on 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. DM and diabetic neuropathy were induced in rats with streptozotocin. Mechanical allodynia was assessed using dynamic plantar esthesiometry. Additionally, we conducted an immunological assessment of microglia cell changes in the spinal cord and an experiment to clarify the involvement of serotonin. Results: Diabetes significantly reduced withdrawal thresholds in rats during the initial two weeks of the experiment, which stabilized thereafter. However, this effect was not investigated in the control group. We assessed, using the dynamic plantar test, the anti-allodynic effects of orally administered YKS (1 g/kg). Daily YKS administration significantly increased the withdrawal threshold in DM animals. Additionally, oral YKS reduced the expression of Ibal-1-positive microglia. To elucidate the mechanism of action of YKS, we explored the involvement of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) receptors in mediating its effects. Intrathecal administration of 5-HT receptor antagonists (WAY-100635, ketanserin, and ondansetron) inhibited the protective effects of YKS. Conclusions: YKS exhibited an anti-allodynic effect, suggesting that YKS may activate 5-HT receptors in the spinal cord, thereby alleviating diabetic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Takahiro Kato
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yasuo M. Tsutsumi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Bektas H, Dasdag S, Altindag F, Akdag MZ, Yegin K, Algul S. Effects of 3.5-GHz radiofrequency radiation on energy-regulatory hormone levels in the blood and adipose tissue. Bioelectromagnetics 2024; 45:209-217. [PMID: 38369591 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
In recent years exposure of living beings to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted from wireless equipment has increased. In this study, we investigated the effects of 3.5-GHz RFR on hormones that regulate energy metabolism in the body. Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups: healthy sham (n = 7), healthy RFR (n = 7), diabetic sham (n = 7), and diabetic RFR (n = 7). Over a month, each group spent 2 h/day in a Plexiglas carousel. The rats in the experimental group were exposed to RFR, but the sham groups were not. At the end of the experiment, blood and adipose tissues were collected from euthanized rats. Total antioxidant, total oxidant, hydrogen peroxide, ghrelin, nesfatin-1, and irisin were determined. Insulin expression in pancreatic tissues was examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Whole body specific absorption rate was 37 mW/kg. For the parameters analyzed in blood and fat, the estimated effect size varied within the ranges of 0.215-0.929 and 0.503-0.839, respectively. The blood and adipose nesfatin-1 (p = 0.002), blood and pancreatic insulin are decreased, (p = 0.001), gherelin (p = 0.020), irisin (p = 0.020), and blood glucose (p = 0.040) are increased in healthy and diabetic rats exposed to RFR. While nesfatin-1 are negatively correlated with oxidative stress, hyperglycemia and insulin, ghrelin and irisin are positively correlated with oxidative stress and hyperglycemia. Thus, RFR may have deleterious effects on energy metabolism, particularly in the presence of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hava Bektas
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Dasdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikret Altindag
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Z Akdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Korkut Yegin
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Sermin Algul
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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Das R, Karri R, Chalana A, Rai RK, Roy G. Uncovering the Role of Methylmercury on DNA Lesions at Cytotoxic Concentrations in Glutathione-Depleted Cells: Insights from Experimental and Computational Studies. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:10455-10465. [PMID: 38743433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Organomercurials (RHg+), especially methylmercury (MeHg+) and ethylmercury (EtHg+), are considered to be more neurotoxic than the inorganic counterpart (Hg2+). They cause massive DNA damage in cells, especially in neurons, where cellular glutathione (GSH) levels are significantly low. However, the mechanism by which RHg+ exerts massive DNA damage at cytotoxic concentrations in brain cells remains obscure. In this study, we investigated the effect of RHg+ on the structural and electronic properties of nucleosides and its effects on DNA damage. The direct interaction of RHg+ with the nucleoside significantly weakens N-glycosidic bonds, decreases the C-H bond energy of sugar moieties, and increases the electrophilicity of the C8-center of purine bases. As a consequence, RHg+-conjugated DNA molecules are extremely labile and highly sensitive to any nucleophiles/radicals present in GSH-depleted cells and, thus, undergo enhanced oxidative and unusual alkylative DNA damage. We also report a functional model of organomercurial lyase, which showed excellent cytoprotective effect against RHg+-induced cytotoxicity; this reverses the activity of glutathione reductase inhibited by MeHgCl and ceases oxidative and alkylating DNA damage. This intriguing finding provides new mechanistic insight into the mode of action of organomercurials in GSH-depleted cells and their adverse effects on individuals with neurodegenerative disorders associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Dadri, UP 201314, India
| | - Ramesh Karri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Dadri, UP 201314, India
- Ruhvenile Biomedical OPC Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 110070, Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Chalana
- Centre for Development of Biomaterials, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP 201306, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, AP 517619, India
| | - Gouriprasanna Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, AP 517619, India
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Guo B, Xu X, Chi X, Wang M. Relationship of lncRNA FTX and miR-186-5p levels with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes and its bioinformatics analysis. Ir J Med Sci 2024:10.1007/s11845-024-03720-7. [PMID: 38837012 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-024-03720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) frequently occurs as a secondary condition in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship of lncRNA FTX and miR-186-5p levels with DPN in T2DM. METHODS The study enrolled 50 patients with T2DM and 45 patients with DPN. Expression levels of FTX and miR-186-5p were measured by RT-qPCR. The levels of MDA, GSH, and SOD in the serum were measured to assess the patients' oxidative stress levels. In addition, the target genes of miR-186-5p were analyzed by bioinformatics. RESULTS Serum FTX levels were increased and miR-186-5p levels were decreased in patients with T2DM and DPN. Both of them had high diagnostic value for T2DM and DPN. In addition, FTX and miR-186-5p were risk factors for the onset of DPN in people with T2DM and were significantly correlated with oxidative stress indicators in patients. CONCLUSION FTX and miR-186-5p are closely related to the disease progression of DPN in people with T2DM and may become therapeutic targets for DPN in people with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqiang Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, 252600, China.
| | - Xiuli Xu
- Department of Function (Electroencephalogram Room), The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, 252600, China.
| | - Xuexiu Chi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, 252600, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Function (Electroencephalogram Room), The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, 252600, China
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Abomosallam M, Hendam BM, Abdallah AA, Refaat R, El-Hak HNG. Neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera leaves extract nanoemulsion against penconazole-induced neurotoxicity in albino rats via modulating TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:1903-1928. [PMID: 38630361 PMCID: PMC11136823 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Penconazole (PEN) is a systemic triazole fungicide used to control various fungal diseases on grapes, stone fruits, cucurbits, and strawberries. Still, it leaves residues on treated crops after collection with many hazardous effects on population including neurotoxicity. Withania somnifera leaves extract (WSLE) is known for its memory and brain function enhancing ability. To evoke such action efficiently, WSLE bioactive metabolites are needed to cross the blood-brain barrier, that could limit the availability of such compounds to be localized within the brain. Therefore, in the present study, the association between PEN exposure and neurotoxicity was evaluated, and formulated WSLE nanoemulsion was investigated for improving the permeability of the plant extract across the blood-brain barrier. The rats were divided into five groups (n = 6). The control group was administered distilled water, group II was treated with W. somnifera leaves extract nanoemulsion (WSLE NE), group III received PEN, group IV received PEN and WSLE, and group V received PEN and WSLE NE. All rats were gavaged daily for 6 weeks. Characterization of compounds in WSLE using LC-MS/MS analysis was estimated. Neurobehavioral disorders were evaluated in all groups. Oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzyme activities, and inflammatory cytokines were measured in brain tissue. Furthermore, the gene expression patterns of GFAP, APP, vimentin, TGF-β1, Smad2 and Bax were measured. Histopathological changes and immunohistochemical expression in the peripheral sciatic nerve and cerebral cortex were evaluated. A total of 91 compounds of different chemo-types were detected and identified in WSLE in both ionization modes. Our data showed behavioral impairment in the PEN-treated group, with significant elevation of oxidative stress biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines, neuronal damage, and apoptosis. In contrast, the PEN-treated group with WSLE NE showed marked improvement in behavioral performance and histopathological alteration with a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity and anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to the group administered WSLE alone. The PEN-treated group with WSLE NE in turn significantly downregulated the expression levels of GFAP, APP, vimentin, TGF-β1, Smad2 and Bax in brain tissue. In conclusion, WSLE NE markedly enhanced the permeability of plant extract constituents through the blood brain barrier to boost its neuroprotective effect against PEN-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abomosallam
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Basma M Hendam
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amr A Abdallah
- Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rasha Refaat
- Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Nageh Gad El-Hak
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 10, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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Erdemli Z, Gul M, Kayhan E, Gokturk N, Bag HG, Erdemli ME. High-fat and carbohydrate diet caused chronic kidney damage by disrupting kidney function, caspase-3, oxidative stress and inflammation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 172:106822. [PMID: 38395139 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to compare the effects of a diet rich in fat, carbohydrates and protein on rat kidneys. The study was conducted on 40 Wistar albino rats bred at İnönü University Faculty of Medicine after the approval of the ethics committee. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: Control group, and the groups where the animals were fed with high carbohydrate, fat and protein rich feed. After the applications, the rat kidney tissues were removed by laparoscopy under anesthesia and blood samples were collected. 13 weeks long fat-rich and carbohydrate feed application had negative effects on oxidant-antioxidant balance, oxidative stress index, inflammation markers, kidney functions tests, histopathology and immunohistochemistry caspase-3 findings in rat kidney tissues, especially in the carbohydrate group when compared to the controls. Protein-rich feed, there were no significant difference in biochemical and histopathology compared to the control group. Fat and carbohydrate rich feed led to an increase in oxidative stress in rat kidney tissues. Oxidative stress led to nephrotoxicity, which in turn led to chronic kidney tissue damages. A more balanced and protein-rich diet instead of excessive sugar and fatty food intake could be suggested to prevent chronic kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Erdemli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gul
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Elif Kayhan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Turgut Ozal University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Gokturk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Harika Gozukara Bag
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Erman Erdemli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
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Yasir M, Park J, Chun W. Discovery of Novel Aldose Reductase Inhibitors via the Integration of Ligand-Based and Structure-Based Virtual Screening with Experimental Validation. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20338-20349. [PMID: 38737046 PMCID: PMC11079907 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Aldose reductase plays a central role in diabetes mellitus (DM) associated complications by converting glucose to sorbitol, resulting in a harmful increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various tissues, such as the heart, vasculature, neurons, eyes, and kidneys. We employed a comprehensive approach, integrating both ligand- and structure-based virtual screening followed by experimental validation. Initially, candidate compounds were extracted from extensive drug and chemical libraries using the DeepChem's GraphConvMol algorithm, leveraging its capacity for robust molecular feature representation. Subsequent refinement employed molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which are crucial for understanding compound-receptor interactions and dynamic behavior in a simulated physiological environment. Finally, the candidate compounds were subjected to experimental validation of their biological activity using an aldose reductase inhibitor screening kit. The comprehensive approach led to the identification of a promising compound, demonstrating significant potential as an aldose reductase inhibitor. This comprehensive approach not only yields a potential therapeutic intervention for DM-related complications but also establishes an integrated protocol for drug development, setting a new benchmark in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir
- Department of Pharmacology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanjoo Chun
- Department of Pharmacology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Sajedi F, Abdi A, Mehrpooya M, Faramarzi V, Mohammadi Y, Sheida F. Comparison of therapeutic effects of N-Acetylcysteine with pregabalin in improving the clinical symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 10:15. [PMID: 38641841 PMCID: PMC11031970 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-024-00172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is highly prevalent and annoyingly in patients with diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of oral N-acetylcysteine (NAC) compared to pregabalin in PDN. METHODS One hundred two eligible patients with type 2 diabetes and PDN were randomly recievied pregabalin (150 mg/day) or N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) (600 mg/ twice a day) for 8 weeks. Mean pain score, Sleep interference score (SIS), Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC), Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC), and also, serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total thiol groups (TTG), catalase activity (CAT), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study. RESULTS NAC was well tolerated in all patients. The decrease in mean pain scores and increase in SIS was similar between two groups. More improvement in PGIC and CGIC from the baseline was reported in NAC group. NAC, significantly, decreased serum levels of MDA, and NO, but increased TAC, TTG, and CAT. Pregabalin, significantly, decreased serum levels of MDA, and NO and increased TAC. DISCUSSION NAC is efficacious in alleviate symptoms of PDN which is probably related to its antioxidant effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION The research protocol received approval from the Ethics Committee of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (IR.UMSHA.REC.1397.137). The trial registry URL and number in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT): https://www.irct.ir/trial/33313 , IRCT20180814040795N2 (Registration date: 2019-01-21, Retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Firozeh Sajedi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Arman Abdi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mehrpooya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Vida Faramarzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Younes Mohammadi
- Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fateme Sheida
- Cancer Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Chen J, Zhang Q, Guo J, Gu D, Liu J, Luo P, Bai Y, Chen J, Zhang X, Nie S, Chen C, Feng Y, Wang J. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the ameliorative effect of rosmarinic acid on diabetic nephropathy-induced kidney injury by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1661-1676. [PMID: 38572101 PMCID: PMC10985035 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe complication of diabetes, characterized by changes in kidney structure and function. The natural product rosmarinic acid (RA) has demonstrated therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative-stress, in renal damage or dysfunction. In this study, we characterized the heterogeneity of the cellular response in kidneys to DN-induced injury and RA treatment at single cell levels. Our results demonstrated that RA significantly alleviated renal tubular epithelial injury, particularly in the proximal tubular S1 segment and on glomerular epithelial cells known as podocytes, while attenuating the inflammatory response of macrophages, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which RA alleviates kidney damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation, offering valuable guidance for the clinical application of RA in the treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Chen
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jinan Guo
- Department of Urology, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Di Gu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Piao Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yunmeng Bai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jiayun Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xinzhou Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Sheng Nie
- Department of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chunbo Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Yulin Feng
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Esurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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10
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Li GA, Bai HL, Huang J, Wu QY, Fan L. Evaluation of subclinical left ventricular myocardial systolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without diabetes peripheral neuropathy by global myocardial work. Acta Diabetol 2024; 61:309-319. [PMID: 37857870 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-023-02197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Speckle-tracking echocardiography can non-invasively estimate myocardial work (MW) to evaluate left ventricular (LV) myocardial systolic function. The present study evaluated whether MW may detect subclinical LV myocardial systolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with and without diabetes peripheral neuropathy (DPN). METHODS A total of 127 T2DM patients were included in the present study, including 67 T2DM patients with DPN. In addition, 73 sex- and age- matched healthy individuals served as normal controls. The global myocardial work index (GWI), global constructive work (GCW), global waste work (GWW), global positive work (GPW), global negative work (GNW), global work efficiency (GWE) and GCW/GWW were measured and analysed. Furthermore, the differences in MW parameters among normal controls, T2DM patients, and T2DM patients with DPN were analysed. Multiple regression models were built to explore for the independent influencing factors of GWI and GPW values in T2DM patients with DPN. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of MW in evaluating subclinical LV myocardial systolic dysfunction in T2DM patients with DPN. RESULTS The GWI, GCW and GPW of T2DM patients with DPN were significantly decreased compared with those of T2DM patients and normal controls (P < 0.001) and showed a significant decreasing trend overall (P trend < 0.001). GWE and GCW/GWW were significantly decreased in T2DM patients with DPN compared with normal controls (P < 0.05). Although GWW was not significantly different among the three groups, it showed an increasing trend (Ptrend = 0.033). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were independent influencing factor for decreased GWI (β = 0.21, P = 0.031) and GPW (β = 0.19, P = 0.043) values in T2DM patients with DPN. The combination of the GWI, GCW, GWE, GPW and GCW /GWW had good sensitivity (62.69%) and specificity (89.04%) when evaluating subclinical LV myocardial systolic dysfunction in T2DM patients with DPN. CONCLUSIONS Non-invasive evaluation of LV myocardial work can detect subclinical LV myocardial systolic dysfunction in T2DM patients with and without DPN. DPN has additive deleterious effects on LV myocardial systolic function in T2DM patients. The reduction of HDL-C levels may indicate the occurrence of subclinical LV myocardial systolic dysfunction in T2DM patients with DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-An Li
- Department of Echocardiography, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Hui-Ling Bai
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Echocardiography, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213003, China.
| | - Qi-Yong Wu
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Echocardiography, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213003, China
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11
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Ummadisetty O, Akhilesh, Gadepalli A, Chouhan D, Tiwari V. Development and validation of clinically Mimicable model of frostbite injury-induced chronic pain. Cell Signal 2024; 115:111028. [PMID: 38176530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.111028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Frostbite, a debilitating condition, significantly affects the well-being of military veterans and high-altitude residents, causing severe clinical complications such as chronic pain that markedly impacts overall quality of life. There has been a notable increase in the development of pre-clinical models for studying frostbite injury, but their suitability for pain evaluation remains limited. The major hurdle in the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of frostbite-induced chronic pain is the unavailability of well-established preclinical models. In this study, we employed deep-frozen magnets to induce frostbite injury and conducted validation for chronic pain through assessments of face, predictive, and mechanistic validity. Behavioral assays demonstrated that frostbite injury exhibited significant mechanical, thermal & cold hypersensitivity in rats. Further, molecular analysis indicated that frostbite injury triggered the activation of TRP channels (TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPM8), microgliosis, and neuroinflammation in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord of rats. Notably, NR2B protein expressions were significantly upregulated in the DRG of injured rats, while no changes were observed in spinal NR2B expressions. Furthermore, the administration of ibuprofen (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) resulted in a significant improvement in behavioral, biochemical, and molecular alterations in frostbite-injured rats. Overall, results suggested that established frostbite model effectively recapitulates face, pharmacological, and mechanistic validity, highlighting its potential for screening future treatment modalities and exploring the intricate mechanisms associated with frostbite-induced chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obulapathi Ummadisetty
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhilesh
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anagha Gadepalli
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Chouhan
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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12
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Llorián-Salvador M, Cabeza-Fernández S, Gomez-Sanchez JA, de la Fuente AG. Glial cell alterations in diabetes-induced neurodegeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:47. [PMID: 38236305 PMCID: PMC10796438 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a global epidemic that due to its increasing prevalence worldwide will likely become the most common debilitating health condition. Even if diabetes is primarily a metabolic disorder, it is now well established that key aspects of the pathogenesis of diabetes are associated with nervous system alterations, including deleterious chronic inflammation of neural tissues, referred here as neuroinflammation, along with different detrimental glial cell responses to stress conditions and neurodegenerative features. Moreover, diabetes resembles accelerated aging, further increasing the risk of developing age-linked neurodegenerative disorders. As such, the most common and disabling diabetic comorbidities, namely diabetic retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and cognitive decline, are intimately associated with neurodegeneration. As described in aging and other neurological disorders, glial cell alterations such as microglial, astrocyte, and Müller cell increased reactivity and dysfunctionality, myelin loss and Schwann cell alterations have been broadly described in diabetes in both human and animal models, where they are key contributors to chronic noxious inflammation of neural tissues within the PNS and CNS. In this review, we aim to describe in-depth the common and unique aspects underlying glial cell changes observed across the three main diabetic complications, with the goal of uncovering shared glial cells alterations and common pathological mechanisms that will enable the discovery of potential targets to limit neuroinflammation and prevent neurodegeneration in all three diabetic complications. Diabetes and its complications are already a public health concern due to its rapidly increasing incidence, and thus its health and economic impact. Hence, understanding the key role that glial cells play in the pathogenesis underlying peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, and cognitive decline in diabetes will provide us with novel therapeutic approaches to tackle diabetic-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Llorián-Salvador
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, UK.
| | - Sonia Cabeza-Fernández
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Jose A Gomez-Sanchez
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Alerie G de la Fuente
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain.
- Institute of Neuroscience CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.
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13
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Aziz N, Dash B, Wal P, Kumari P, Joshi P, Wal A. New Horizons in Diabetic Neuropathies: An Updated Review on their Pathology, Diagnosis, Mechanism, Screening Techniques, Pharmacological, and Future Approaches. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e201023222416. [PMID: 37867268 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998242299231011181615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the largest problems for global public health is diabetes mellitus (DM) and its micro and macrovascular consequences. Although prevention, diagnosis, and treatment have generally improved, its incidence is predicted to keep rising over the coming years. Due to the intricacy of the molecular mechanisms, which include inflammation, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis, among others, discovering treatments to stop or slow the course of diabetic complications is still a current unmet need. METHODS The pathogenesis and development of diabetic neuropathies may be explained by a wide variety of molecular pathways, hexosamine pathways, such as MAPK pathway, PARP pathway, oxidative stress pathway polyol (sorbitol) pathway, cyclooxygenase pathway, and lipoxygenase pathway. Although diabetic neuropathies can be treated symptomatically, there are limited options for treating the underlying cause. RESULT Various pathways and screening models involved in diabetic neuropathies are discussed, along with their possible outcomes. Moreover, both medicinal and non-medical approaches to therapy are also explored. CONCLUSION This study highlights the probable involvement of several processes and pathways in the establishment of diabetic neuropathies and presents in-depth knowledge of new therapeutic approaches intended to stop, delay, or reverse different types of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namra Aziz
- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhauti, Kanpur 209305, UP, India
| | - Biswajit Dash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Medical Sciences, ADAMAS University, Kolkata 700 126, West Bengal, India
| | - Pranay Wal
- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhauti, Kanpur 209305, UP, India
| | - Prachi Kumari
- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhauti, Kanpur 209305, UP, India
| | - Poonam Joshi
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ankita Wal
- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhauti, Kanpur 209305, UP, India
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14
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Yousuf MS, Moreno MM, Li J, He L, Royer D, Zhang J, Woodall BJ, Grace PM, Price TJ. Diroximel fumarate acts through Nrf2 to attenuate methylglyoxal-induced nociception in mice and decreases ISR activation in DRG neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.22.572877. [PMID: 38187575 PMCID: PMC10769417 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.22.572877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathic pain is associated with elevated plasma levels of methylglyoxal (MGO). MGO is a metabolite of glycolysis that causes mechanical hypersensitivity in mice by inducing the integrated stress response (ISR), which is characterized by phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α). Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of antioxidant proteins that neutralize MGO. We hypothesized that activating Nrf2 using diroximel fumarate (DRF) would alleviate MGO-induced pain hypersensitivity. We pretreated male and female C57BL/6 mice daily with oral DRF prior to intraplantar injection of MGO (20 ng). DRF (100 mg/kg) treated animals were protected from developing MGO-induced mechanical and cold hypersensitivity. Using Nrf2 knockout mice we demonstrate that Nrf2 is necessary for the anti-nociceptive effects of DRF. In cultured mouse and human dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons, we found that MGO induced elevated levels of p-eIF2α. Co-treatment of MGO (1 μM) with monomethyl fumarate (MMF, 10, 20, 50 μM), the active metabolite of DRF, reduced p-eIF2α levels and prevented aberrant neurite outgrowth in human DRG neurons. Our data show that targeting the Nrf2 antioxidant system with DRF is a strategy to potentially alleviate pain associated with elevated MGO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies and Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Marisol Mancilla Moreno
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies and Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Jiahe Li
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Lucy He
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies and Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Danielle Royer
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies and Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Jennifer Zhang
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies and Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Brodie J Woodall
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies and Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Peter M Grace
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Theodore J Price
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies and Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
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Hu M, Jiang W, Ye C, Hu T, Yu Q, Meng M, Sun L, Liang J, Chen Y. Honokiol attenuates high glucose-induced peripheral neuropathy via inhibiting ferroptosis and activating AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway in Schwann cells. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5787-5802. [PMID: 37580045 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells injury induced by high glucose (HG) contributes to the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Honokiol has been reported to regulate glucose metabolism, however, its effect on DPN and the precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α axis in the protective effects of honokiol on DPN. The biochemical assay and JC-1 staining results demonstrated that honokiol reduced HG-induced oxidative stress and ferroptosis as well as mitochondrial dysfunction in Schwann cells. RT-qPCR and western blotting were utilized to investigate the mechanism of action of honokiol, and the results showed that HG-induced inhibition of AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α axis and changes of downstream gene expression profile were restored by honokiol. Moreover, silencing of Sirt1 by siRNA delivery markedly diminished the changes of gene expression profile induced by honokiol in HG-induced Schwann cells. More importantly, we found that administration of honokiol remarkably attenuated DPN via improving sciatic nerve conduction velocity and increasing thermal and mechanical sensitivity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Collectively, these results demonstrate that honokiol can attenuate HG-induced Schwann cells injury and peripheral nerve dysfunction, suggesting a novel potential strategy for treatment of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Hu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Ye
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Hu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingqing Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Moran Meng
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jichao Liang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Estiri H, Bhattacharya S, Buitrago JAR, Castagna R, Legzdiņa L, Casucci G, Ricci A, Parisini E, Gautieri A. Tailoring FPOX enzymes for enhanced stability and expanded substrate recognition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18610. [PMID: 37903872 PMCID: PMC10616090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructosyl peptide oxidases (FPOX) are deglycating enzymes that find application as key enzymatic components in diabetes monitoring devices. Indeed, their use with blood samples can provide a measurement of the concentration of glycated hemoglobin and glycated albumin, two well-known diabetes markers. However, the FPOX currently employed in enzymatic assays cannot directly detect whole glycated proteins, making it necessary to perform a preliminary proteolytic treatment of the target protein to generate small glycated peptides that can act as viable substrates for the enzyme. This is a costly and time consuming step. In this work, we used an in silico protein engineering approach to enhance the overall thermal stability of the enzyme and to improve its catalytic activity toward large substrates. The final design shows a marked improvement in thermal stability relative to the wild type enzyme, a distinct widening of its access tunnel and significant enzymatic activity towards a range of glycated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Estiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Shapla Bhattacharya
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena 3, Riga, 1048, Latvia
| | | | - Rossella Castagna
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Linda Legzdiņa
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Giorgia Casucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Andrea Ricci
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia.
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Gautieri
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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17
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Hsiao FC, Chan YH, Tung YC, Lin CP, Lee TH, Wang YC, Chu PH. Visit to Visit Hemoglobin A1c Variation and Long-term Risk of Major Adverse Limb Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2500-2509. [PMID: 37022983 PMCID: PMC10505528 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glycemic variation had been demonstrated to be associated with several complications of diabetes. OBJECTIVE Investigation of the association between visit to visit hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) variation and the long-term risk of major adverse limb events (MALEs). METHODS Retrospective database study. Average real variability was used to represent glycemic variations with all the HbA1c measurements during the 4 following years after the initial diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Participants were followed from the beginning of the fifth year until death or the end of the follow-up. The association between HbA1c variations and MALEs was evaluated after adjusting for mean HbA1c and baseline characteristics. Included were 56 872 patients at the referral center with a first diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, no lower extremity arterial disease, and at least 1 HbA1c measurement in each of the 4 following years were identified from a multicenter database. The main outcome measure was incidence of a MALE, which was defined as the composite of revascularization, foot ulcers, and lower limb amputations. RESULTS The average number of HbA1c measurements was 12.6. The mean follow-up time was 6.1 years. The cumulative incidence of MALEs was 9.25 per 1000 person-years. Visit to visit HbA1c variations were significantly associated with MALEs and lower limb amputation after multivariate adjustment. People in the highest quartile of variations had increased risks for MALEs (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.10-1.41) and lower limb amputation (HR 3.05, 95% CI 1.97-4.74). CONCLUSION HbA1c variation was independently associated with a long-term risk of MALEs and lower limb amputations in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chih Hsiao
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Chan
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Microscopy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chang Tung
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Pin Lin
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hein Lee
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pao-Hsien Chu
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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18
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Impellizzeri D, Siracusa R, D'Amico R, Fusco R, Cordaro M, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R. Açaí berry ameliorates cognitive impairment by inhibiting NLRP3/ASC/CASP axis in STZ-induced diabetic neuropathy in mice. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:671-683. [PMID: 37584088 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00239.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes complications such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) are linked to morbidity and mortality. Peripheral nerve damages in DPN are accompanied by discomfort, weakness, and sensory loss. Some drugs may demonstrate their therapeutic promise by reducing neuroinflammation, but they have side effects. Based on these considerations, the objective of this study was to examine the beneficial properties of açaí berry in a mouse model of DPN generated by injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Açaí berry was given orally to diabetic and control mice every day beginning 2 wk after STZ injection. The animals were euthanized after 16 wk, and tissues from the spinal cord and sciatic nerve and urine were taken. Our findings showed that daily treatment of açaí berry at a dose of 500 mg/kg was able to prevent behavioral changes as well as mast cell activation and nerve deterioration via NOD-like receptor family pyrin-domain-containing-3 (NLRP3)/apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a card (ASC)/caspase (CASP) regulation after diabetes induction.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our research shows that açaí berry reduces mast cells degranulation and histological damage in diabetic neuropathy, improves physiological defense against reactive oxygen species, modulates the NLRP3/ASC/CASP axis, and ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress. Diet could help treatment for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D'Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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19
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UZUN E, BALABANLI DDB, CEVHER ŞC. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Supplementation Enhance Skin Antioxidant Capacity in Hyperglycemic Rats. GAZI UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.35378/gujs.1082697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental reasons for delayed wound healing in diabetic animals include inadequate production of growth factors or their increased devastation. Vascular Growth Factor (VEGF) has a biological role in the healing process of mucosal and skin wounds, especially in the process of new vessel formation. We planned to examine the oxidant-antioxidant events that occur during healing with topical VEGF application in diabetic rats. Experiments were performed 36 adults female Wistar albino rat diabetes induced by streptozotocin. The incisional wounds were made on the dorsal region in the rats. Rats were separated to 3 groups: the untreated (negative control) group (n=12), the chitosan group (n=12), the chitosan + VEGF group (n=12). The treatments were continued for 3 and 7 days, excluding the control and negative control groups. Then, the animals were sacrificed on the 3rd and 7th days of wound healing. Antioxidant and oxidant parameters in skin tissue were measured using biochemical methods. Topical VEGF application was decreased the NOx levels on the 3rd day compared to other groups. Moreover, it increased wound tissue GSH and AA levels, subsequently contributing to the enhance tissue antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, VEGF application increases the antioxidant capacity of the tissue and simultaneously reduces the oxidative stress and thus gives a positive acceleration to the wound healing process.
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20
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Totaganti M, Kant R, Yadav RK, Khapre M. Static and Dynamic Foot Pressure Changes Among Diabetic Patients With and Without Neuropathy: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e45338. [PMID: 37849575 PMCID: PMC10577608 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Foot ulceration is a frequent diabetic complication with potentially fatal consequences. The pathophysiology of neuropathic ulcers in the diabetic foot is thought to be influenced by abnormal plantar pressures. AIM This study aimed to compare the maximum peak pressures among diabetic patients with and without neuropathy. The secondary aim was to evaluate the effect of glycemic control on pressure changes in both feet. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study used 62 diabetic individuals as participants. BMI was calculated, as well as illness duration, hemoglobin A1c, and the existence of neuropathy. Plantar pressure was measured in static (standing) and dynamic (walking/taking a step on the mat) settings for all patients using the BTS P-Walk system. The plantar pressures (kPa) at the five metatarsal regions, the midfoot region, and the medial and lateral heel regions were measured. RESULTS We found that the dynamic maximum pressures were significantly higher in patients with diabetic neuropathy (DN) compared to diabetics without neuropathy at the first metatarsal and mid-foot area in both feet (p<0.05). We also found significantly elevated plantar pressure in patients with poor glycemic control under the second metatarsal head in the right foot (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Persons with DN have higher maximum plantar pressures compared to diabetics without neuropathy. Patients with poor glycemic control also have a higher maximum pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravi Kant
- General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, IND
- Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Raj Kumar Yadav
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Meenakshi Khapre
- Social Preventive Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, IND
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21
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Patel S, Pangarkar A, Mahajan S, Majumdar A. Therapeutic potential of endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitors in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1841-1856. [PMID: 37289403 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic stress response, the unfolded protein response (UPR), is a homeostatic signaling pathway comprising transmembrane sensors that get activated upon alterations in ER luminal environment. Studies suggest a relation between activated UPR pathways and several disease states such as Parkinson, Alzheimer, inflammatory bowel disease, tumor growth, and metabolic syndrome. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), a common microvascular complication of diabetes-related chronic hyperglycemia, causes chronic pain, loss of sensation, foot ulcers, amputations, allodynia, hyperalgesia, paresthesia, and spontaneous pain. Factors like disrupted calcium signaling, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, inflammation, insulin signaling, and oxidative stress disturb the UPR sensor levels manifesting as DPN. We discuss new effective therapeutic alternatives for DPN that can be developed by targeting UPR pathways like synthetic ER stress inhibitors like 4-PhenylButyric acid (4-PBA), Sephin 1, Salubrinal and natural ER stress inhibitors like Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), Cordycepin, Proanthocyanidins, Crocin, Purple Rice extract and cyanidin and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, 400098, India
| | - Arnika Pangarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, 400098, India
| | - Sakshi Mahajan
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, 400098, India
| | - Anuradha Majumdar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, 400098, India.
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22
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Akbar M, Wandy A, Soraya GV, Goysal Y, Lotisna M, Basri MI. Sudomotor dysfunction in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and its testing modalities: A literature review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18184. [PMID: 37539131 PMCID: PMC10393629 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Long term consequences of diabetes mellitus (DM) may include multi-organ complications such as retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, neuronal, and kidney damage. One of the most prevalent complication is diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), occurring in half of all diabetics, and is the main cause of disability globally with profound impact on a patient's quality of life. Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) can develop in the pre-diabetes stage preceding large fiber damage in DPN. Asymptomatic SFN is difficult to diagnose in early stages, with sudomotor dysfunction considered one of the earliest manifestations of autonomic neuropathy. Early detection is crucial as it can prevent potential cardiovascular events. Although punch skin biopsy is the gold-standard method for SFN diagnosis, implementation as routine screening is hindered due to its invasive, impractical, and time-consuming nature. Other sudomotor testing modalities, most of which evaluate the postganglionic cholinergic sympathetic nervous system, have been developed with varying sensitivity and specificity for SFN diagnosis. Here, we provide an overview on the general mechanism of DPN, the importance of sudomotor assessment for early detection of autonomic dysfunction in DPN, the benefits and disadvantages of current testing modalities, factors that may affect testing, and the importance of future discoveries on sudomotor testing for successful DPN diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akbar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Alvian Wandy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Gita Vita Soraya
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Yudy Goysal
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Mimi Lotisna
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Basri
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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23
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Naseem N, Ahmad MF, Malik S, Khan RH, Siddiqui WA. The potential of esculin in ameliorating Type-2 diabetes mellitus induced neuropathy in Wistar rats and probing its inhibitory mechanism of insulin aggregation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124760. [PMID: 37156314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy encompasses multiple pathological disturbances, many of which coincide with the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, various biophysical techniques like Rayleigh light scattering assay, Thioflavin T assay, far-UV Circular Dichroism spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy have unveiled the anti-fibrillatory effect of esculin upon human insulin fibrillation. MTT cytotoxicity assay demonstrated the biocompatibility of esculin and in-vivo studies such as behavioral tests like hot plate test, tail immersion test, acetone drop test, plantar test were performed for validating diabetic neuropathy. Assessment of levels of serum biochemical parameters, oxidative stress parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as neuron specific markers was done in the current study. Rat brains were subjected to histopathology and their sciatic nerves were subjected to transmission electron microscopy to analyze myelin structure alterations. All these results reveal that esculin ameliorates diabetic neuropathy in experimental diabetic rats. Conclusively, our study demonstrates the anti-amyloidogenic potential of esculin in the form of inhibition of human insulin fibrillation, making it a promising candidate in combating neurodegenerative disorders in the near future and the results of various behavioral, biochemical, and molecular studies reveal that esculin possesses anti-lipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties which help in ameliorating diabetic neuropathy in streptozotocin induced diabetic Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Naseem
- Research Lab-1, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Md Fahim Ahmad
- Research Lab-1, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Sadia Malik
- Research Lab-3, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Research Lab-3, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India.
| | - Waseem A Siddiqui
- Research Lab-1, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India.
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24
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Karami F, Jamaati H, Coleman-Fuller N, Zeini MS, Hayes AW, Gholami M, Salehirad M, Darabi M, Motaghinejad M. Is metformin neuroprotective against diabetes mellitus-induced neurodegeneration? An updated graphical review of molecular basis. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:511-543. [PMID: 37093496 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that activates several molecular pathways involved in neurodegenerative disorders. Metformin, an anti-hyperglycemic drug used for treating DM, has the potential to exert a significant neuroprotective role against the detrimental effects of DM. This review discusses recent clinical and laboratory studies investigating the neuroprotective properties of metformin against DM-induced neurodegeneration and the roles of various molecular pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and its related cascades. A literature search was conducted from January 2000 to December 2022 using multiple databases including Web of Science, Wiley, Springer, PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Google Scholar, the Core Collection, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library to collect and evaluate peer-reviewed literature regarding the neuroprotective role of metformin against DM-induced neurodegenerative events. The literature search supports the conclusion that metformin is neuroprotective against DM-induced neuronal cell degeneration in both peripheral and central nervous systems, and this effect is likely mediated via modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karami
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Jamaati
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Natalie Coleman-Fuller
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Maryam Shokrian Zeini
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida College of Public Health and Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Mina Gholami
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Salehirad
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Darabi
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
CONTEXT The prevalence of diabetic neuropathy is drastically increasing in the world. To halt the progression of diabetic neuropathy, there is an unmet need to have potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and new drug discovery. OBJECTIVE To study various biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. METHODS The literature was searched with the help of various scientific databases and resources like PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google scholar from the year 1976 to 2020. RESULTS Biomarkers of diabetic neuropathy are categorised as inflammatory biomarkers such as MCP-1, VEGF, TRPV1, NF-κB; oxidative biomarkers such as adiponectin, NFE2L2; enzyme biomarkers like NADPH, ceruloplasmin, HO-1, DPP-4, PARP α; miscellaneous biomarkers such as SIRT1, caveolin 1, MALAT1, and microRNA. All biomarkers have a significant role in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. CONCLUSION These biomarkers have a potential role in the progression of diabetic neuropathy and can be considered as potential targets for new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveri M Adki
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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26
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Buckman PJ, Scatton C, Cappola JJ. Peripheral Neuropathy Secondary to Ertapenem Administration for Treatment of Infectious Endocarditis. Cureus 2023; 15:e37253. [PMID: 37162774 PMCID: PMC10164356 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ertapenem is a widely used broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotic active against most species of gram-negative and gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes with specific targeting of the Amp C extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. It is advantageous for its once-daily dosing via IM or IV administration and minimal side effect profile for the treatment of community-acquired infections. We report an 80-year-old man presenting with reversible peripheral neuropathy following the administration and subsequent discontinuation of ertapenem for the treatment of acute infectious endocarditis. It is especially notable that our patient had less severe (i.e., stage 3) chronic kidney disease as opposed to current literature which only presents similar findings with more advanced kidney disease (stage 4-5). Upon cessation of ertapenem administration, our patient recovered to his baseline motor and sensory status over a period of four days. We believe there to be value in reporting this case, as well as value in reevaluating the current recommendations for ertapenem dosing in those with kidney compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Buckman
- Internal Medicine, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, USA
| | | | - James J Cappola
- Internal Medicine, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, USA
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27
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Fareed SA, Yousef EM, Abd El-Moneam SM. Assessment of Effects of Rosemary Essential Oil on the Kidney Pathology of Diabetic Adult Male Albino Rats. Cureus 2023; 15:e35736. [PMID: 37016650 PMCID: PMC10067024 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy is a severe condition that causes persistent kidney problems and chronic renal failure. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L) is widely recognized for its antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, hepatoprotective, and anticancer activities. The current study evaluated rosemary essential oil (REO) effects on biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical kidney alterations in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and compared these effects with those of insulin and both combined. Methods We randomly distributed 36 adult albino rats into 6 groups: normal control (non-diabetic), diabetic (streptozotocin, 55 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), diabetic insulin-treated (Lantus insulin 2 units/day, SC), diabetic REO-treated (REO, 10 ml, nasogastric gavage), and diabetic insulin & REO-treated groups. Biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted. Results The diabetic group revealed a substantial increase in blood glucose, urea, creatinine, and uric acid, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) concentrations in kidney homogenates, high score of tubular injury, and increased glomerulosclerosis, along with marked reduction of total glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) when compared to control. Evident improvement was detected in rats treated with REO as it demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, pro-proliferative, and mild anti-hyperglycemic effects on diabetic rats, reducing the kidney damage caused by diabetes. Combined insulin and REO restored normal blood glucose, renal excretory function tests, antioxidant markers, and renal cortex histology. Conclusion The data presented in the current study's in vivo animal model suggests that REO supplementation has beneficial nephroprotective effects on the structural and, to a lesser extent, functional levels of diabetic rats. Furthermore, the detected nephroprotective effects of insulin and REO combined are superior to those of either administered alone. However, further studies are needed to evaluate these conclusions in humans further.
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28
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Ozay Y, Ozkorkmaz EG, Kumas-Kulualp M, Kara SG, Yildirim Z, Uzun C, Celik A, Camlica Y, Bozgeyik I, Guler G, Erdal N, Yumrutas O, Tasdelen B, Kahraman A. Wound healing activity of Salvia huberi ethanolic extract in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. J Wound Care 2023; 32:i-xiii. [PMID: 36930190 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2023.32.3.i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the in vivo wound healing potential of Salvia huberi Hedge (endemic to Turkey) on excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats. Method: Male Wistar albino rats, 3-4 months old and weighing 180-240g were used. The animals were randomly divided into five groups including Control, Vehicle and Fito reference, and two different concentrations (0.5% and 1% weight/weight (w/w)) of ethanol extract of Salvia huberi were investigated in both wound models on streptozocin-induced diabetic rats using macroscopic, biomechanical, biochemical, histopathological, genotoxic and gene expression methods over both seven and 14 days. Fito cream (Tripharma Drug Industry and Trade Inc., Turkey) was used as the reference drug. Results: A total of 60 rats were used in this study. Salvia huberi ointments at 0.5% and 1% (w/w) concentrations and Fito cream showed 99.3%, 99.4% and 99.1% contraction for excision wounds, and 99.9%, 97.0% and 99% contraction for incision wounds, respectively. In Salvia huberi ointments and Fito cream groups, re-epithelialisation increased dramatically by both day 7 and day 14 (p<0.05). By day 14, low hydroxyproline and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and high glutathione (GSH) levels were observed in the Salvia huberi ointment groups. After two application periods, damaged cell percent and genetic damage index values and micronucleus frequency of Salvia huberi ointment treatment groups were lower than Control and Vehicle groups (p<0.001). A growth factor expression reached a high level by day 7 in the Control group; in Salvia huberi-treated groups it was decreased. Conclusion: The study showed that application of Salvia huberi ointments ameliorated the healing process in diabetic rats with excisional and incisional wounds and may serve as a potent healing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ozay
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Ebru Gokalp Ozkorkmaz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Meltem Kumas-Kulualp
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevda Guzel Kara
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Yildirim
- Etimesgut Public Health Laboratory, Etimesgut, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cosar Uzun
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ayla Celik
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Camlica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Bozgeyik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Gizem Guler
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Nurten Erdal
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Onder Yumrutas
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Bahar Tasdelen
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kahraman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
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29
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Ozay Y, Ozkorkmaz EG, Kumas-Kulualp M, Kara SG, Yildirim Z, Uzun C, Celik A, Camlica Y, Bozgeyik I, Guler G, Erdal N, Yumrutas O, Tasdelen B, Kahraman A. Wound healing activity of Salvia huberi ethanolic extract in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. J Wound Care 2023; 32:i-xiii. [PMID: 36930535 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2023.32.sup3a.i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the in vivo wound healing potential of Salvia huberi Hedge (endemic to Turkey) on excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats. Method: Male Wistar albino rats, 3-4 months old and weighing 180-240g were used. The animals were randomly divided into five groups including Control, Vehicle and Fito reference, and two different concentrations (0.5% and 1% weight/weight (w/w)) of ethanol extract of Salvia huberi were investigated in both wound models on streptozocin-induced diabetic rats using macroscopic, biomechanical, biochemical, histopathological, genotoxic and gene expression methods over both seven and 14 days. Fito cream (Tripharma Drug Industry and Trade Inc., Turkey) was used as the reference drug. Results: A total of 60 rats were used in this study. Salvia huberi ointments at 0.5% and 1% (w/w) concentrations and Fito cream showed 99.3%, 99.4% and 99.1% contraction for excision wounds, and 99.9%, 97.0% and 99% contraction for incision wounds, respectively. In Salvia huberi ointments and Fito cream groups, re-epithelialisation increased dramatically by both day 7 and day 14 (p<0.05). By day 14, low hydroxyproline and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and high glutathione (GSH) levels were observed in the Salvia huberi ointment groups. After two application periods, damaged cell percent and genetic damage index values and micronucleus frequency of Salvia huberi ointment treatment groups were lower than Control and Vehicle groups (p<0.001). A growth factor expression reached a high level by day 7 in the Control group; in Salvia huberi-treated groups it was decreased. Conclusion: The study showed that application of Salvia huberi ointments ameliorated the healing process in diabetic rats with excisional and incisional wounds and may serve as a potent healing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ozay
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Ebru Gokalp Ozkorkmaz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Meltem Kumas-Kulualp
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevda Guzel Kara
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Yildirim
- Etimesgut Public Health Laboratory, Etimesgut, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cosar Uzun
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ayla Celik
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Camlica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Bozgeyik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Gizem Guler
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Nurten Erdal
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Onder Yumrutas
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Bahar Tasdelen
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kahraman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
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30
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Galiero R, Caturano A, Vetrano E, Beccia D, Brin C, Alfano M, Di Salvo J, Epifani R, Piacevole A, Tagliaferri G, Rocco M, Iadicicco I, Docimo G, Rinaldi L, Sardu C, Salvatore T, Marfella R, Sasso FC. Peripheral Neuropathy in Diabetes Mellitus: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Diagnostic Options. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043554. [PMID: 36834971 PMCID: PMC9967934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the main microvascular complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sometimes, this could already be present at the time of diagnosis for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), while it appears in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) almost 10 years after the onset of the disease. The impairment can involve both somatic fibers of the peripheral nervous system, with sensory-motor manifestations, as well as the autonomic system, with neurovegetative multiorgan manifestations through an impairment of sympathetic/parasympathetic conduction. It seems that, both indirectly and directly, the hyperglycemic state and oxygen delivery reduction through the vasa nervorum can determine inflammatory damage, which in turn is responsible for the alteration of the activity of the nerves. The symptoms and signs are therefore various, although symmetrical painful somatic neuropathy at the level of the lower limbs seems the most frequent manifestation. The pathophysiological aspects underlying the onset and progression of DN are not entirely clear. The purpose of this review is to shed light on the most recent discoveries in the pathophysiological and diagnostic fields concerning this complex and frequent complication of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Galiero
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Caturano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Erica Vetrano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Beccia
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Brin
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Alfano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Jessica Di Salvo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Epifani
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Piacevole
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Tagliaferri
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rocco
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Iadicicco
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Docimo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Celestino Sardu
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Salvatore
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Marfella
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Carlo Sasso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-08-1566-5010
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31
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Sanaye MM, Kavishwar SA. Diabetic Neuropathy: Review on Molecular Mechanisms. Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:97-110. [PMID: 34397329 DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666210816093111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic mellitus is a worldwide endocrine and metabolic disorder with insulin insensitivity or deficiency or both whose prevalence could rise up to 592 million by 2035. Consistent hyperglycemia leads to one of the most common comorbidities like Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN). DPN is underlined with unpleasant sensory experience, such as tingling and burning sensation, hyperalgesia, numbness, etc. Globally, 50-60% of the diabetic population is suffering from such symptoms as microvascular complications. Consistent hyperglycemia during DM causes activation/inhibition of various pathways playing important role in the homeostasis of neurons and other cells. Disruption of these pathways results into apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunctions, causing neuropathy. Among these, pathways like Polyol and PARP are some of the most intensively studied ones whereas those like Wnt pathway, Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), mTOR pathway are comparatively newly discovered. Understanding of these pathways and their role in pathophysiology of DN underlines a few molecules of immense therapeutic value. The inhibitors or activators of these molecules can be of therapeutic importance in the management of DPN. This review, hence, focuses on these underlying molecular mechanisms intending to provide therapeutically effective molecular targets for the treatment of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal M Sanaye
- Department of Pharmacology, Prin. K.M. Kundnani College of Pharmacy, Mumbai-400005, India
| | - Samruddhi A Kavishwar
- Department of Pharmacology, Prin. K.M. Kundnani College of Pharmacy, Mumbai-400005, India
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32
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Agarawal K, Anant Kulkarni Y, Wairkar S. Nanoformulations of flavonoids for diabetes and microvascular diabetic complications. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:18-36. [PMID: 35637334 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by an excess of glucose in the blood. If the constant sugar level is not managed correctly in diabetic patients, it may lead to microvascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. There are several synthetic drugs for the management of diabetes; however, these drugs produce immense adverse effects in long-term use. Flavonoids are naturally occurring substances categorized in various classes. They are known for their diverse pharmacological actions, and one of them is prominent antihyperglycemic action and their activities in diabetic complications. In the last few decades, many research studies emphasized the potential of flavonoids in diabetes management. Nevertheless, most flavonoids are insoluble in water and cannot produce desired therapeutic action when administered in conventional dosage forms. To overcome this issue, flavonoids were formulated into different nanoformulations to enhance solubility, absorption, and therapeutic efficacy. This review article focuses on flavonoid nanoformulations and in vitro and in vivo studies reported to overcome diabetes mellitus and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kopal Agarawal
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Yogesh Anant Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Sarika Wairkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India.
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Maiorana A, Tagliaferri F, Dionisi-Vici C. Current understanding on pathogenesis and effective treatment of glycogen storage disease type Ib with empagliflozin: new insights coming from diabetes for its potential implications in other metabolic disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1145111. [PMID: 37152929 PMCID: PMC10160627 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1145111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage type Ib (GSDIb) is a rare inborn error of metabolism caused by glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT, SLC37A4) deficiency. G6PT defect results in excessive accumulation of glycogen and fat in the liver, kidney, and intestinal mucosa and into both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis impairment. Clinical features include hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, lactic acidemia, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia, and growth retardation. Long-term complications are liver adenoma, hepatocarcinoma, nephropathy and osteoporosis. The hallmark of GSDIb is neutropenia, with impaired neutrophil function, recurrent infections and inflammatory bowel disease. Alongside classical nutritional therapy with carbohydrates supplementation and immunological therapy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, the emerging role of 1,5-anhydroglucitol in the pathogenesis of neutrophil dysfunction led to repurpose empagliflozin, an inhibitor of the renal glucose transporter SGLT2: the current literature of its off-label use in GSDIb patients reports beneficial effects on neutrophil dysfunction and its clinical consequences. Surprisingly, this glucose-lowering drug ameliorated the glycemic and metabolic control in GSDIb patients. Furthermore, numerous studies from big cohorts of type 2 diabetes patients showed the efficacy of empagliflozin in reducing the cardiovascular risk, the progression of kidney disease, the NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome. Beneficial effects have also been described on peripheral neuropathy in a prediabetic rat model. Increasing evidences highlight the role of empagliflozin in regulating the cellular energy sensors SIRT1/AMPK and Akt/mTOR, which leads to improvement of mitochondrial structure and function, stimulation of autophagy, decrease of oxidative stress and suppression of inflammation. Modulation of these pathways shift the oxidative metabolism from carbohydrates to lipids oxidation and results crucial in reducing insulin levels, insulin resistance, glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity. For its pleiotropic effects, empagliflozin appears to be a good candidate for drug repurposing also in other metabolic diseases presenting with hypoglycemia, organ damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and defective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Maiorana
- Division of Metabolism, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Arianna Maiorana,
| | - Francesco Tagliaferri
- SCDU of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Carlo Dionisi-Vici
- Division of Metabolism, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Bazyar H, Moradi L, Zaman F, Zare Javid A. The effects of rutin flavonoid supplement on glycemic status, lipid profile, atherogenic index of plasma, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), some serum inflammatory, and oxidative stress factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res 2023; 37:271-284. [PMID: 36101997 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of rutin flavonoid in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. In this trial (double-blind, placebo-controlled), 50 T2DM patients (supplement, n = 25 and placebo, n = 25) were randomized and supplemented with 500 mg rutin or placebo per day for 3-months. At the beginning and at the end of the study, metabolic parameters including fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMO-IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (CHOL), high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c and LDL-c), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), inflammatory and oxidative stress markers such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assessed. The results showed a significant decrease in FBG, insulin, HbA1c, HOMO-IR, LDL-c, TG, VLDL, CHOL, LDL-c.HDL-c ratio, AIP, IL-6, and MDA and a significant increase in HDL-c, QUICKI index, BDNF, and TAC compared with the initial value (p for all <.05). In the adjusted model, the mean changes of FBG, insulin, HbA1c, HOMO-IR, LDL-c, CHOL, LDL.HDL ratio, AIP, MDA, and IL-6 were significantly lower and mean changes of QUICKI index, HDL-c, and TAC were significantly higher in the rutin group compared with the placebo group (adjusted p for all <.05). It seems that rutin may have beneficial effects on improving metabolic parameters, BDNF, and inflammatory and oxidative stress factors in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Bazyar
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Moradi
- Health Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ferdows Zaman
- Health Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Zare Javid
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Jadhav VB, Vaghela JS. Sphaeranthus indicus Linn ameliorates streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetic neuropathy by targeting oxidative stress-mediated alterations. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Diabetes-induced neuropathic pain is manifested as a lowering of nerve transmission rate, increased discomfort, sensual loss, and axonal degradation, and is the most prevalent secondary consequence of diabetes. Diabetes is a devitalizing disease affecting people from diverse groups in both developing and industrialized countries. The inflammation pathway and oxidative stress both contribute considerably to diabetic peripheral neuropathy via the activation of inflammatory cytokines. Hyperglycemia-mediated neural oxidative stress and damage activates a number of metabolic pathways, causing diabetic neuropathy. The current study investigated the neuroprotective potential of methanolic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn (MESI) in ameliorating diabetic neuropathic pain induced by administration of streptozotocin in rats.
Results
Four weeks after intraperitoneal treatment of streptozotocin (STZ), there was a significant decrease in mechano-tactile allodynia and mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. Furthermore, STZ-induced oxidative stress increases the extent of neural lipid peroxidation (LPO), as evidenced by increased MDA levels, decreases the activities of endogenous antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), and alters sciatic neural histoarchitecture. Chronic administration of methanolic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn (MESI) for 4 weeks significantly and dose-dependently attenuated the decrease in levels of nociceptive thresholds, endogenous antioxidants (SOD and GSH), and increase in LPO. Furthermore, MESI significantly restored sciatic neural histoarchitecture.
Conclusion
The amelioration of streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy by methanolic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn (MESI) could be attributed to its antinociceptive, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties.
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Drug repurposing – A search for novel therapy for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113846. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Mandel N, Agarwal N. Role of SUMOylation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:3395. [PMID: 36359791 PMCID: PMC9654019 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are irreversible, progressive diseases with no effective treatment. The hallmark of NDDs is the aggregation of misfolded, modified proteins, which impair neuronal vulnerability and cause brain damage. The loss of synaptic connection and the progressive loss of neurons result in cognitive defects. Several dysregulated proteins and overlapping molecular mechanisms contribute to the pathophysiology of NDDs. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential regulators of protein function, trafficking, and maintaining neuronal hemostasis. The conjugation of a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a reversible, dynamic PTM required for synaptic and cognitive function. The onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases are associated with aberrant SUMOylation. In this review, we have summarized the role of SUMOylation in regulating critical proteins involved in the onset and progression of several NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Magadmi R, Borouk K, Youssef DTA, Shaala LA, Alrafiah AR, Shaik RA, Alharthi SE. Neuroprotective Effect of Red Sea Marine Sponge Xestospongia testudinaria Extract Using In Vitro and In Vivo Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Models. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1309. [PMID: 36355482 PMCID: PMC9693000 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of DPN. Red Sea marine sponge Xestospongia testudinaria extract has a promising neuroprotective effect, presumably owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of the sponge X. testudinaria extract on in vitro and in vivo models of DPN. Mice dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were cultured with high glucose (HG) media and used as an in vitro model of DPN. Some of the DRGs were pre-treated with 2 mg/mL of X. testudinaria. The X. testudinaria extract significantly improved the HG-induced decreased neuronal viability and the neurite length. It improved the oxidative stress biomarkers in DRG cultures. The DPN model was induced in vivo by an injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 150 mg/kg in mice. After 35 days, 0.75 mg/kg of the X. testudinaria extract improved the hot hyperalgesia and the DRG histology. Although the sponge extract did not reduce hyperglycemia, it ameliorated the oxidative stress markers and pro-inflammatory markers in the DRG. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates the neuroprotective effect of Red Sea sponge X. testudinaria extract against experimentally induced DPN through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Magadmi
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kariman Borouk
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diaa T. A. Youssef
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Natural Products Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamiaa A. Shaala
- Natural Products Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Suez Canal University Hospital, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Aziza R. Alrafiah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasheed A. Shaik
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer E. Alharthi
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
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Dastgheib M, Shetab-Boushehri SV, Baeeri M, Gholami M, Karimi MY, Hosseini A. Rolipram and pentoxifylline combination ameliorates experimental diabetic neuropathy through inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways in the dorsal root ganglion neurons. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2615-2627. [PMID: 35922732 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is the most challenging microvascular complication of diabetes and there is no suitable treatment for it, so the development of new agents to relieve DN is urgently needed. Since oxidative stress and inflammation play an essential role in the development of DN, clearance of these factors are good strategies for the treatment of this disease. According to key role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, it seems that phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEIs) can be as novel drug targets for improving DN through enhancement of cAMP level. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rolipram, a selective PDE4 inhibitor, and pentoxifylline, a general PDE inhibitor on experimental model of DN and also to determine the possible mechanisms involved in the effectiveness of these agents. We investigated the effects of rolipram (1 mg/kg) and pentoxifylline (100 mg/kg) and also combination of rolipram (0.5 mg/kg) and pentoxifylline (50 mg/kg), orally for five weeks in rats that became diabetic by STZ (55 mg/kg, i.p.). After treatments, motor function was evaluated by open-field test, then rats were anesthetized and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated. Next, oxidative stress biomarkers and inflammatory factors were assessed by biochemical and ELISA methods, and RT-PCR analysis in DRG neurons. Rolipram and/or pentoxifylline treatment significantly attenuated DN - induced motor function deficiency by modulating distance moved and velocity. Rolipram and/or pentoxifylline treatment dramatically increased the cAMP level, as well as suppressed DN - induced oxidative stress which was associated with decrease in LPO and ROS and increase in TAC, total thiol, CAT and SOD in DRG neurons. On the other hand, the level of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, NF-kB and COX2) significantly decreased following rolipram and/or pentoxifylline administration. The maximum effectiveness was with rolipram and/or pentoxifylline combination on mentioned factors. These findings provide novel experimental evidence for further clinical investigations on rolipram and pentoxifylline combination for the treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dastgheib
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Baeeri
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Gholami
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Asieh Hosseini
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Čater M, Hölter SM. A Pathophysiological Intersection of Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911562. [PMID: 36232867 PMCID: PMC9569835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is among the most prevalent diseases of the modern world and is strongly linked to an increased risk of numerous neurodegenerative disorders, although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms are not clear yet. Insulin resistance is a serious pathological condition, connecting type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. Recently, insulin resistance has been proven to be connected also to cognitive decline and dementias, including the most prevalent form, Alzheimer's disease. The relationship between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease regarding pathophysiology is so significant that it has been proposed that some presentations of the condition could be termed type 3 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Čater
- Chair of Genetics, Animal Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Sabine M. Hölter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Hosni A, Abdel-Moneim A, Hussien M, Zanaty MI, Eldin ZE, El-Shahawy AAG. Therapeutic significance of thymoquinone-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats: In vitro and in vivo functional analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:1415-1427. [PMID: 36096255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the low bioavailability of lipophilic free thymoquinone (TQ), this study aims to evaluate a novel oral formula of TQ-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (TQ-CsNPs) for the effective treatment of diabetes. The XRD, FTIR, FESEM, HRTEM, and dynamic light scattering were all conducted on the prepared formula. The release pattern of TQ, cytotoxicity against MRC-5 cell line (human lung fibroblast cells), and antidiabetic activity on streptozotocin/nicotinamide (STZ/NA) rat model of diabetes were investigated. The results confirmed the formation of TQ-CsNPs with an entrapment efficiency of 75.7 ± 6.52 %, a mean Zetasizer distribution of 84.25 nm, and an average particle size of about 50 nm. After 24 h, the percentage of free TQ-cumulative release was approximately 35.8 %, whereas TQ-CsNPs showed a sustained release pattern of 78.5 %. The investigated formula was not toxic to normal lung cells, and more efficient in ameliorating the altered glycemia, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress induced by STZ/NA than free TQ, blank CsNPs, and metformin-HCl (as a reference drug). Additionally, TQ-CsNPs restored the normal pancreatic islets' configuration and morphometry, suggesting a potent insulinotropic action. In conclusion, the antidiabetic efficacy of TQ was improved by engaging TQ with CsNPs as an excellent nanoplatform to enhance the oral bioavailability of TQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hosni
- Molecular Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Adel Abdel-Moneim
- Molecular Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed Hussien
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I Zanaty
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Zienab E Eldin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A G El-Shahawy
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Rumora AE, Kim B, Feldman EL. A Role for Fatty Acids in Peripheral Neuropathy Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:560-577. [PMID: 35152728 PMCID: PMC9499450 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: As the global prevalence of diabetes rises, diabetic complications are also increasing at an alarming rate. Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is the most prevalent complication of diabetes and prediabetes, and is characterized by progressive sensory loss resulting from nerve damage. While hyperglycemia is the major risk factor for PN in type 1 diabetes (T1D), the metabolic syndrome (MetS) underlies the onset and progression of PN in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes. Recent Advances: Recent reports show that dyslipidemia, a MetS component, is strongly associated with PN in T2D and prediabetes. Dyslipidemia is characterized by an abnormal plasma lipid profile with uncontrolled lipid levels, and both clinical and preclinical studies implicate a role for dietary fatty acids (FAs) in PN pathogenesis. Molecular studies further show that saturated and unsaturated FAs differentially regulate the nerve lipid profile and nerve function. Critical Issues: We first review the properties of FAs and the neuroanatomy of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Second, we discuss clinical and preclinical studies that implicate the involvement of FAs in PN. Third, we summarize the potential effects of FAs on nerve function and lipid metabolism within the peripheral nerves, sensory neurons, and Schwann cells. Future Directions: Future directions will focus on identifying molecular pathways in T2D and prediabetes that are modulated by FAs in PN. Determining pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the injurious effects of saturated FAs and beneficial properties of unsaturated FAs will provide mechanistic targets for developing new targeted therapies to treat PN associated with T2D and prediabetes. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 560-577.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Rumora
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bhumsoo Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and Critical Neural Microdamage-Derived Neuroinflammation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091207. [PMID: 36139045 PMCID: PMC9496513 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Piezo2 transmembrane excitatory mechanosensitive ion channels were identified as the principal mechanotransduction channels for proprioception. Recently, it was postulated that Piezo2 channels could be acutely microdamaged on an autologous basis at proprioceptive Type Ia terminals in a cognitive demand-induced acute stress response time window when unaccustomed or strenuous eccentric contractions are executed. One consequence of this proposed transient Piezo2 microinjury could be a VGLUT1/Ia synaptic disconnection on motoneurons, as we can learn from platinum-analogue chemotherapy. A secondary, harsher injury phase with the involvement of polymodal Aδ and nociceptive C-fibers could follow the primary impairment of proprioception of delayed onset muscle soreness. Repetitive reinjury of these channels in the form of repeated bout effects is proposed to be the tertiary injury phase. Notably, the use of proprioception is associated with motor learning and memory. The impairment of the monosynaptic static phase firing sensory encoding of the affected stretch reflex could be the immediate consequence of the proposed Piezo2 microdamage leading to impaired proprioception, exaggerated contractions and reduced range of motion. These transient Piezo2 channelopathies in the primary afferent terminals could constitute the critical gateway to the pathophysiology of delayed onset muscle soreness. Correspondingly, fatiguing eccentric contraction-based pathological hyperexcitation of the Type Ia afferents induces reactive oxygen species production-associated neuroinflammation and neuronal activation in the spinal cord of delayed onset muscle soreness.
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Čater M, Bombek LK. Protective Role of Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins against Age-Related Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081473. [PMID: 36009191 PMCID: PMC9404801 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of oxidative damage to DNA and other biomolecules plays an important role in the etiology of aging and age-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is especially sensitive to oxidative stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from the accumulation of mtDNA damage impairs normal cellular function and leads to a bioenergetic crisis that accelerates aging and associated diseases. Age-related mitochondrial dysfunction decreases ATP production, which directly affects insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells and triggers the gradual development of the chronic metabolic dysfunction that characterizes T2D. At the same time, decreased glucose oxidation in skeletal muscle due to mitochondrial damage leads to prolonged postprandial blood glucose rise, which further worsens glucose homeostasis. ROS are not only highly reactive by-products of mitochondrial respiration capable of oxidizing DNA, proteins, and lipids but can also function as signaling and effector molecules in cell membranes mediating signal transduction and inflammation. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of various tissues can be activated by ROS to protect cells from mitochondrial damage. Mitochondrial UCPs facilitate the reflux of protons from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the matrix, thereby dissipating the proton gradient required for oxidative phosphorylation. There are five known isoforms (UCP1-UCP5) of mitochondrial UCPs. UCP1 can indirectly reduce ROS formation by increasing glutathione levels, thermogenesis, and energy expenditure. In contrast, UCP2 and UCP3 regulate fatty acid metabolism and insulin secretion by beta cells and modulate insulin sensitivity. Understanding the functions of UCPs may play a critical role in developing pharmacological strategies to combat T2D. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the protective role of various UCP homologs against age-related oxidative stress in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Čater
- Correspondence: (M.Č.); (L.K.B.); Tel.: +386-2-2345-847 (L.K.B.)
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45
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Empagliflozin mitigates type 2 diabetes-associated peripheral neuropathy: a glucose-independent effect through AMPK signaling. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:475-493. [PMID: 35767208 PMCID: PMC9325846 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) represents a severe microvascular condition that dramatically affects diabetic patients despite adequate glycemic control, resulting in high morbidity. Thus, recently, anti-diabetic drugs that possess glucose-independent mechanisms attracted attention. This work aims to explore the potentiality of the selective sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, empagliflozin (EMPA), to ameliorate streptozotocin-induced DPN in rats with insight into its precise signaling mechanism. Rats were allocated into four groups, where control animals received vehicle daily for 2 weeks. In the remaining groups, DPN was elicited by single intraperitoneal injections of freshly prepared streptozotocin and nicotinamide (52.5 and 50 mg/kg, respectively). Then EMPA (3 mg/kg/p.o.) was given to two groups either alone or accompanied with the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin (0.2 mg/kg/i.p.). Despite the non-significant anti-hyperglycemic effect, EMPA improved sciatic nerve histopathological alterations, scoring, myelination, nerve fibers’ count, and nerve conduction velocity. Moreover, EMPA alleviated responses to different nociceptive stimuli along with improved motor coordination. EMPA modulated ATP/AMP ratio, upregulated p-AMPK while reducing p-p38 MAPK expression, p-ERK1/2 and consequently p-NF-κB p65 as well as its downstream mediators (TNF-α and IL-1β), besides enhancing SOD activity and lowering MDA content. Moreover, EMPA downregulated mTOR and stimulated ULK1 as well as beclin-1. Likewise, EMPA reduced miR-21 that enhanced RECK, reducing MMP-2 and -9 contents. EMPA’s beneficial effects were almost abolished by dorsomorphin administration. In conclusion, EMPA displayed a protective effect against DPN independently from its anti-hyperglycemic effect, probably via modulating the AMPK pathway to modulate oxidative and inflammatory burden, extracellular matrix remodeling, and autophagy.
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Abdelkader NF, Elbaset MA, Moustafa PE, Ibrahim SM. Empagliflozin mitigates type 2 diabetes-associated peripheral neuropathy: a glucose-independent effect through AMPK signaling. Arch Pharm Res 2022. [PMID: 35767208 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01391-5/figures/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) represents a severe microvascular condition that dramatically affects diabetic patients despite adequate glycemic control, resulting in high morbidity. Thus, recently, anti-diabetic drugs that possess glucose-independent mechanisms attracted attention. This work aims to explore the potentiality of the selective sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, empagliflozin (EMPA), to ameliorate streptozotocin-induced DPN in rats with insight into its precise signaling mechanism. Rats were allocated into four groups, where control animals received vehicle daily for 2 weeks. In the remaining groups, DPN was elicited by single intraperitoneal injections of freshly prepared streptozotocin and nicotinamide (52.5 and 50 mg/kg, respectively). Then EMPA (3 mg/kg/p.o.) was given to two groups either alone or accompanied with the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin (0.2 mg/kg/i.p.). Despite the non-significant anti-hyperglycemic effect, EMPA improved sciatic nerve histopathological alterations, scoring, myelination, nerve fibers' count, and nerve conduction velocity. Moreover, EMPA alleviated responses to different nociceptive stimuli along with improved motor coordination. EMPA modulated ATP/AMP ratio, upregulated p-AMPK while reducing p-p38 MAPK expression, p-ERK1/2 and consequently p-NF-κB p65 as well as its downstream mediators (TNF-α and IL-1β), besides enhancing SOD activity and lowering MDA content. Moreover, EMPA downregulated mTOR and stimulated ULK1 as well as beclin-1. Likewise, EMPA reduced miR-21 that enhanced RECK, reducing MMP-2 and -9 contents. EMPA's beneficial effects were almost abolished by dorsomorphin administration. In conclusion, EMPA displayed a protective effect against DPN independently from its anti-hyperglycemic effect, probably via modulating the AMPK pathway to modulate oxidative and inflammatory burden, extracellular matrix remodeling, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha F Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Marawan A Elbaset
- Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Passant E Moustafa
- Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherehan M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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47
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Tan B, Wu X, Yu J, Chen Z. The Role of Saponins in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123956. [PMID: 35745079 PMCID: PMC9227328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain caused by tissue injury or disease involving the somatosensory nervous system, which seriously affects the patient's body function and quality of life. At present, most clinical medications for the treatment of neuropathic pain, including antidepressants, antiepileptic drugs, or analgesics, often have limited efficacy and non-negligible side effects. As a bioactive and therapeutic component extracted from Chinese herbal medicine, the role of the effective compounds in the prevention and treatment of neuropathic pain have gradually become a research focus to explore new analgesics. Notably, saponins have shown analgesic effects in a large number of animal models. In this review, we summarized the most updated information of saponins, related to their analgesic effects in neuropathic pain, and the recent progress on the research of therapeutic targets and the potential mechanisms. Furthermore, we put up with some perspectives on future investigation to reveal the precise role of saponins in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (B.T.); (X.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xueqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (B.T.); (X.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (B.T.); (X.W.); (J.Y.)
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (B.T.); (X.W.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-88208228
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Foroumadi R, Baeeri M, Asgarian S, Emamgholipour Z, Goli F, Firoozpour L, Keykhaei M, Gholami M, Dehpour AR, Abdollahi M, Foroumadi A. Antidiabetic and neuroprotective effects of a novel repaglinide analog. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23125. [PMID: 35702883 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Repaglinide (RPG) is an oral insulin secretagogue used in the treatment of diabetes. In this study, a new RPG analog was synthesized. Its antidiabetic and neuroprotective effects on dorsal root ganglions (DRG) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were examined compared to RPG. To assess the effects of 2-methoxy-4-(2-((3-methyl-1-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)butyl)amino)-2-oxoethoxy)benzoic acid (OXR), the impact of OXR on oxidative stress biomarkers, motor function, and the expression of the glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1), SLC2A2/glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and glucokinase (GCK) genes in STZ-induced diabetic rats were assessed. DRGs were examined histologically using hemotoxylin and eosin staining. Molecular docking was used to investigate the interactions between OXR and the binding site of RPG, the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel. Following 5 weeks of treatment, OXR significantly increased the level of total antioxidant power, decreased reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation in the DRGs of diabetic rats. OXR restored STZ-induced pathophysiological damages in DRG tissues. Administration of OXR improved motor function of rats with diabetic neuropathy. Administration of 0.5 mg/kg OXR reduced blood glucose while promoting insulin, mainly through upregulation of messenger RNA expression of GLUD1, GLUT2, and GCK in the pancreas. Molecular docking revealed a favorable binding mode of OXR to the KATP channel. In conclusion, OXR has neuroprotective effects in diabetic rats by lowering oxidative stress, lowering blood glucose, and stimulating insulin secretion. We report that 0.5 mg/kg OXR administration was the most effective concentration of the compound in this study. OXR may be a promising target for further research on neuroprotective antidiabetic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roham Foroumadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Baeeri
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Asgarian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Emamgholipour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Goli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Loghman Firoozpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Keykhaei
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Gholami
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad R Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Kumar Pandey V, Mathur A, Fareed Khan M, Kakkar P. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces degradation of glucose transporter proteins during hyperglycemic hepatotoxicity: Role of PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 axis. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 926:175012. [PMID: 35568065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia induced reactive oxygen species oxidize macromolecules including cellular proteins leading to their accumulation in Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) lumen which in turn activates unfolded protein response (UPR) sensors including, PERK (Protein Kinase RNA-Like ER Kinase). Activated PERK induces ER associated degradation of misfolded proteins to lower the ER stress. In the present study, we hypothesized that ER stress leads to the degradation of glucose transporter proteins resulting in complex glucose metabolism. In vivo studies were carried out in the experimental model of hyperglycemia using streptozotocin/nicotinamide induced diabetic male Wistar rats. High glucose (30mM) treated HepG2 cells were used to perform the mechanistic study at different time points. PERK gene knockdown (siRNA transfection) and inhibition by ISRIB (Integrated Stress Response Inhibitor, a potent inhibitor of PERK signaling) confirmed the involvement of PERK axis in regulating the expression and translocation of hepatic glucose transporters. Co-immunoprecipitation and dual immunostaining studies further demonstrated increased degradation of GLUT proteins under high glucose conditions. Moreover, Morin (3,5,7,2',4' pentahydroxyflavone) treatment prevented PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 mediated degradation of glucose transporters and enhanced glucose uptake in both, HepG2 cells and diabetic rats. Targeting aberrant regulation of the expression and translocation of facilitative glucose transporter proteins (GLUT proteins) may provide novel therapeutic strategies for the better management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Pandey
- Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, USA.
| | - Alpana Mathur
- Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Mohammad Fareed Khan
- Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Poonam Kakkar
- Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
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50
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Rizg WY, Hosny KM, Eshmawi BA, Alamoudi AJ, Safhi AY, Murshid SSA, Sabei FY, Al Fatease A. Tailoring of Geranium Oil-Based Nanoemulsion Loaded with Pravastatin as a Nanoplatform for Wound Healing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091912. [PMID: 35567079 PMCID: PMC9105023 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The healing of a burn wound is a complex process that includes the re-formation of injured tissues and the control of infection to minimize discomfort, scarring, and inconvenience. The current investigation’s objective was to develop and optimize a geranium oil–based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system loaded with pravastatin (Gr-PV-NE). The geranium oil and pravastatin were both used due to their valuable anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. The Box–Behnken design was chosen for the development and optimization of the Gr-PV-NE. The fabricated formulations were assessed for their droplet size and their effects on the burn wound diameter in experimental animals. Further, the optimal formulation was examined for its wound healing properties, antimicrobial activities, and ex-vivo permeation characteristics. The produced nanoemulsion had a droplet size of 61 to 138 nm. The experimental design affirmed the important synergistic influence of the geranium oil and pravastatin for the healing of burn wounds; it showed enhanced wound closure and improved anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions. The optimal formulation led to a 4-fold decrease in the mean burn wound diameter, a 3.81-fold lowering of the interleukin-6 serum level compared to negative control, a 4-fold increase in the inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus compared to NE with Gr oil, and a 7.6-fold increase in the skin permeation of pravastatin compared to PV dispersion. Therefore, the devised nanoemulsions containing the combination of geranium oil and pravastatin could be considered a fruitful paradigm for the treatment of severe burn wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Y. Rizg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (W.Y.R.); (B.A.E.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M. Hosny
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (W.Y.R.); (B.A.E.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-561-682-377
| | - Bayan A. Eshmawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (W.Y.R.); (B.A.E.)
| | - Abdulmohsin J. Alamoudi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Awaji Y. Safhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 82817, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.S.); (F.Y.S.)
| | - Samar S. A. Murshid
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fahad Y. Sabei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 82817, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.S.); (F.Y.S.)
| | - Adel Al Fatease
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
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