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Wu M, Wang J, Zhou W, Wang M, Hu C, Zhou M, Jiao K, Li Z. Vitamin D inhibits tamoxifen-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through a nonclassical estrogen receptor/liver X receptor pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 389:110865. [PMID: 38191086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is one of the common side effects of tamoxifen treatment for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, and is representative of disorders of energy metabolism. Fatty liver is induced after tamoxifen (TAM) inhibition of estrogen receptor activity, but the exact mechanism is not clear. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of TAM-induced steatosis in the liver. The effects and mechanisms of TAM on hepatocyte lipid metabolism were assessed using C57BL/6 female mice and human hepatoma cells. TAM promoted fat accumulation in the liver by upregulation of Srebp-1c expression. Regarding the molecular mechanism, TAM promoted the recruitment of the auxiliary transcriptional activator, p300, and dissociated the auxiliary transcriptional repressor, nuclear receptor corepressor (NCOR), of the complexes, which led to enhancement of Srebp-1c transcription and an increase of triglyceride (TG) synthesis. Vitamin D (VD), a common fat-soluble vitamin, can decrease TAM-induced NAFLD by promoting p300 dissociation and NCOR recruitment. Tamoxifen promoted the recruitment and dissociation of co-transcription factors on the LXR/ER/RXR receptor complex, leading to a disorder of liver lipid metabolism. VD interfered with TAM-induced liver lipid metabolism disorders by reversing this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxuan Wu
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, 226000, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wanqing Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Mengting Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Kailin Jiao
- Department of Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Zhong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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2
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Alnaaim SA, Al-Kuraishy HM, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GES. Role of Brain Liver X Receptor in Parkinson's Disease: Hidden Treasure and Emerging Opportunities. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:341-357. [PMID: 37606719 PMCID: PMC10791998 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease due to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DNs) in the substantia nigra (SN). The liver X receptor (LXR) is involved in different neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present review was to clarify the possible role of LXR in PD neuropathology. LXRs are the most common nuclear receptors of transcription factors that regulate cholesterol metabolism and have pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory effects and reducing intracellular cholesterol accumulation. LXRs are highly expressed in the adult brain and act as endogenous sensors for intracellular cholesterol. LXRs have neuroprotective effects against the development of neuroinflammation in different neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LXRs play an essential role in mitigating PD neuropathology by reducing the expression of inflammatory signaling pathways, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhancement of BDNF signaling.In conclusion, LXRs, through regulating brain cholesterol homeostasis, may be effectual in PD. Also, inhibition of node-like receptor pyrin 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) by LXRs could effectively prevent neuroinflammation in PD. Taken together, LXRs play a crucial role in PD neuropathology by inhibiting neuroinflammation and associated degeneration of DNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud A Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, 1030, Wien, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh, 51744, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, 22511, Egypt
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3
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Makki BE, Rahman S. Alzheimer's Disease in Diabetic Patients: A Lipidomic Prospect. Neuroscience 2023; 530:79-94. [PMID: 37652288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been two of the most common chronic diseases affecting people worldwide. Type 2 DM (T2DM) is a metabolic disease depicted by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and chronic hyperglycemia while AD is a neurodegenerative disease marked by Amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation, neurofibrillary tangles aggregation, and tau phosphorylation. Various clinical, epidemiological, and lipidomics studies have linked those diseases claiming shared pathological pathways raising the assumption that diabetic patients are at an increased risk of developing AD later in their lives. Insulin resistance is the tipping point beyond where advanced glycation end (AGE) products and free radicals are produced leading to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Additionally, different types of lipids are playing a crucial role in the development and the relationship between those diseases. Lipidomics, an analysis of lipid structure, formation, and interactions, evidently exhibits these lipid changes and their direct and indirect effect on Aβ synthesis, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In this review, we have discussed the pathophysiology of T2DM and AD, the interconnecting pathological pathways they share, and the lipidomics where different lipids such as cholesterol, phospholipids, sphingolipids, and sulfolipids contribute to the underlying features of both diseases. Understanding their role can be beneficial for diagnostic purposes or introducing new drugs to counter AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Rahman
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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4
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Swain A, Soni ND, Wilson N, Juul H, Benyard B, Haris M, Kumar D, Nanga RPR, Detre J, Lee VM, Reddy R. Early-stage mapping of macromolecular content in APP NL-F mouse model of Alzheimer's disease using nuclear Overhauser effect MRI. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1266859. [PMID: 37876875 PMCID: PMC10590923 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1266859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive methods of detecting early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) can provide valuable insight into disease pathology, improving the diagnosis and treatment of AD. Nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) MRI is a technique that provides image contrast sensitive to lipid and protein content in the brain. These macromolecules have been shown to be altered in Alzheimer's pathology, with early disruptions in cell membrane integrity and signaling pathways leading to the buildup of amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. We used template-based analyzes of NOE MRI data and the characteristic Z-spectrum, with parameters optimized for increase specificity to NOE, to detect changes in lipids and proteins in an AD mouse model that recapitulates features of human AD. We find changes in NOE contrast in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, entorhinal cortex, and fimbria, with these changes likely attributed to disruptions in the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes in both gray and white matter regions. This study suggests that NOE MRI may be a useful tool for monitoring early-stage changes in lipid-mediated metabolism in AD and other disorders with high spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Swain
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Narayan D. Soni
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Neil Wilson
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Halvor Juul
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Blake Benyard
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dushyant Kumar
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ravi Prakash Reddy Nanga
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John Detre
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Virginia M. Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ravinder Reddy
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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5
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Yin F. Lipid metabolism and Alzheimer's disease: clinical evidence, mechanistic link and therapeutic promise. FEBS J 2023; 290:1420-1453. [PMID: 34997690 PMCID: PMC9259766 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder with multifactorial etiology, intersecting genetic and environmental risk factors, and a lack of disease-modifying therapeutics. While the abnormal accumulation of lipids was described in the very first report of AD neuropathology, it was not until recent decades that lipid dyshomeostasis became a focus of AD research. Clinically, lipidomic and metabolomic studies have consistently shown alterations in the levels of various lipid classes emerging in early stages of AD brains. Mechanistically, decades of discovery research have revealed multifaceted interactions between lipid metabolism and key AD pathogenic mechanisms including amyloidogenesis, bioenergetic deficit, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and myelin degeneration. In the present review, converging evidence defining lipid dyshomeostasis in AD is summarized, followed by discussions on mechanisms by which lipid metabolism contributes to pathogenesis and modifies disease risk. Furthermore, lipid-targeting therapeutic strategies, and the modification of their efficacy by disease stage, ApoE status, and metabolic and vascular profiles, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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6
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Hunt NJ, Wahl D, Westwood LJ, Lockwood GP, Le Couteur DG, Cogger VC. Targeting the liver in dementia and cognitive impairment: Dietary macronutrients and diabetic therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 190:114537. [PMID: 36115494 PMCID: PMC10125004 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many people living with dementia and cognitive impairment have dysfunctional mitochondrial and insulin-glucose metabolism resembling type 2 diabetes mellitus and old age. Evidence from human trials shows that nutritional interventions and anti-diabetic medicines that target nutrient-sensing pathways overcome these deficits in glucose and energy metabolism and can improve cognition and/or reduce symptoms of dementia. The liver is the main organ that mediates the systemic effects of diets and many diabetic medicines; therefore, it is an intermediate target for such dementia interventions. A challenge is the efficacy of these treatments in older age. Solutions include the targeted hepatic delivery of diabetic medicines using nanotechnologies and titration of macronutrients to optimize hepatic energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hunt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute & Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Devin Wahl
- Department of Health and Exercise Science & Centre for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University, CO 80523, United States
| | - Lara J Westwood
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute & Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Glen P Lockwood
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute & Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute & Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute & Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia.
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7
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Park J, Barahona‐Torres N, Jang S, Mok KY, Kim HJ, Han S, Cho K, Zhou X, Fu AKY, Ip NY, Seo J, Choi M, Jeong H, Hwang D, Lee DY, Byun MS, Yi D, Han JW, Mook‐Jung I, Hardy J. Multi-Omics-Based Autophagy-Related Untypical Subtypes in Patients with Cerebral Amyloid Pathology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201212. [PMID: 35694866 PMCID: PMC9376815 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent multi-omics analyses paved the way for a comprehensive understanding of pathological processes. However, only few studies have explored Alzheimer's disease (AD) despite the possibility of biological subtypes within these patients. For this study, unsupervised classification of four datasets (genetics, miRNA transcriptomics, proteomics, and blood-based biomarkers) using Multi-Omics Factor Analysis+ (MOFA+), along with systems-biological approaches following various downstream analyses are performed. New subgroups within 170 patients with cerebral amyloid pathology (Aβ+) are revealed and the features of them are identified based on the top-rated targets constructing multi-omics factors of both whole (M-TPAD) and immune-focused models (M-IPAD). The authors explored the characteristics of subtypes and possible key-drivers for AD pathogenesis. Further in-depth studies showed that these subtypes are associated with longitudinal brain changes and autophagy pathways are main contributors. The significance of autophagy or clustering tendency is validated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs; n = 120 including 30 Aβ- and 90 Aβ+), induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human brain organoids/microglia (n = 12 including 5 Aβ-, 5 Aβ+, and CRISPR-Cas9 apolipoprotein isogenic lines), and human brain transcriptome (n = 78). Collectively, this study provides a strategy for precision medicine therapy and drug development for AD using integrative multi-omics analysis and network modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong‐Chan Park
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonWC1N 3BGUK
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research InstituteMedical Research CenterCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Republic of Korea
- SNU Korea Dementia Research CenterCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Republic of Korea
| | - Natalia Barahona‐Torres
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonWC1N 3BGUK
| | - So‐Yeong Jang
- Department of Bio and Brain EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Kin Y. Mok
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonWC1N 3BGUK
| | - Haeng Jun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Republic of Korea
- SNU Korea Dementia Research CenterCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Republic of Korea
| | - Sun‐Ho Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research InstituteMedical Research CenterCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Republic of Korea
- SNU Korea Dementia Research CenterCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang‐Hyun Cho
- Department of Bio and Brain EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaopu Zhou
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular NeuroscienceMolecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong Kong999077China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesHong Kong Science ParkHong Kong999077China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceDisease and Drug DevelopmentHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen‐Hong Kong Institute of Brain ScienceShenzhenGuangdong518057China
| | - Amy K. Y. Fu
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular NeuroscienceMolecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong Kong999077China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesHong Kong Science ParkHong Kong999077China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceDisease and Drug DevelopmentHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen‐Hong Kong Institute of Brain ScienceShenzhenGuangdong518057China
| | - Nancy Y. Ip
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular NeuroscienceMolecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong Kong999077China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesHong Kong Science ParkHong Kong999077China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceDisease and Drug DevelopmentHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen‐Hong Kong Institute of Brain ScienceShenzhenGuangdong518057China
| | - Jieun Seo
- Department of Laboratory MedicineSeverance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Republic of Korea
| | - Hyobin Jeong
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryGenome Biology UnitHeidelberg69117Germany
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Department of Biological SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Institute of Human Behavioral MedicineMedical Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Republic of Korea
- Department of PsychiatryCollege of medicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Republic of Korea
- Department of NeuropsychiatrySeoul National University HospitalSeoul03080Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Department of PsychiatryPusan National University Yangsan HospitalYangsan50612Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- Biomedical Research InstituteSeoul National University HospitalSeoul03082Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Mook‐Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research InstituteMedical Research CenterCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Republic of Korea
- SNU Korea Dementia Research CenterCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Republic of Korea
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonWC1N 3BGUK
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Hu Y, Zhou J, Cao Y, Zhang J, Zou L. Anti-aging effects of polysaccharides from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in improving memory and cognitive function. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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9
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Xu YJ, Au NPB, Ma CHE. Functional and Phenotypic Diversity of Microglia: Implication for Microglia-Based Therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:896852. [PMID: 35693341 PMCID: PMC9178186 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.896852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and is closely associated with the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Apart from Aβ and NFT pathologies, AD patients also exhibit a widespread microglial activation in various brain regions with elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, a phenomenon known as neuroinflammation. In healthy central nervous system, microglia adopt ramified, “surveying” phenotype with compact cell bodies and elongated processes. In AD, the presence of pathogenic proteins such as extracellular Aβ plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau, induce the transformation of ramified microglia into amoeboid microglia. Ameboid microglia are highly phagocytic immune cells and actively secrete a cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. However, the phagocytic ability of microglia gradually declines with age, and thus the clearance of pathogenic proteins becomes highly ineffective, leading to the accumulation of Aβ plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau in the aging brain. The accumulation of pathogenic proteins further augments the neuroinflammatory responses and sustains the activation of microglia. The excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines induces a massive loss of functional synapses and neurons, further worsening the disease condition of AD. More recently, the identification of a subset of microglia by transcriptomic studies, namely disease-associated microglia (DAM), the progressive transition from homeostatic microglia to DAM is TREM2-dependent and the homeostatic microglia gradually acquire the state of DAM during the disease progression of AD. Recent in-depth transcriptomic analysis identifies ApoE and Trem2 from microglia as the major risk factors for AD pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize current understandings of the functional roles of age-dependent microglial activation and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of AD. To this end, the exponential growth in transcriptomic data provides a solid foundation for in silico drug screening and gains further insight into the development of microglia-based therapeutic interventions for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ngan Pan Bennett Au
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Him Eddie Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Chi Him Eddie Ma,
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10
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Oxy210, a Semi-Synthetic Oxysterol, Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Macrophages via Inhibition of Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2 Signaling and Modulation of Macrophage Polarization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105478. [PMID: 35628290 PMCID: PMC9141227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory responses by the innate and adaptive immune systems protect against infections and are essential to health and survival. Many diseases including atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and obesity involve persistent chronic inflammation. Currently available anti-inflammatory agents, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, and biologics, are often unsafe for chronic use due to adverse effects. The development of effective non-toxic anti-inflammatory agents for chronic use remains an important research arena. We previously reported that oral administration of Oxy210, a semi-synthetic oxysterol, ameliorates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced by a high-fat diet in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP humanized mouse model of NASH and inhibits expression of hepatic and circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we show that Oxy210 also inhibits diet-induced white adipose tissue inflammation in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, evidenced by the inhibition of adipose tissue expression of IL-6, MCP-1, and CD68 macrophage marker. Oxy210 and related analogs exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide in vitro, mediated through inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TLR2, and AP-1 signaling, independent of cyclooxygenase enzymes or steroid receptors. The anti-inflammatory effects of Oxy210 are correlated with the inhibition of macrophage polarization. We propose that Oxy210 and its structural analogs may be attractive candidates for future therapeutic development for targeting inflammatory diseases.
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11
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Kim GA, Oh CH, Kim JW, Jeong SJ, Oh IH, Lee JS, Park KC, Shim JJ. Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the risk of dementia: A nationwide cohort study. Liver Int 2022; 42:1027-1036. [PMID: 35289469 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Little is known about the association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and dementia. Given that hepatic steatosis is linked to abnormal fat metabolism, and fat dysregulation in the brain is related to dementia, we aimed to investigate whether NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of dementia. METHODS We conducted a nationwide cohort study involving 4 031 948 subjects aged 40-69 years who underwent ≥2 health check-ups provided by the National Health Insurance Service in Korea between January 2004 and December 2007. Based on the hepatic steatosis index (HSI), subjects were categorized into non-NAFLD (HSI <30 at all check-ups) and NAFLD (HSI >36 at one or more check-ups). Dementia defined by ICD-10 codes with prescription data was followed up until December 2017. Cox proportional hazards regression models analysed the dementia risk. RESULTS At baseline, 31.3% had NAFLD. During the median follow-up of 9.5 years, 138 424 in NAFLD group and 69 982 in non-NAFLD group developed dementia. NAFLD group was associated with a higher risk of dementia than non-NAFLD group on multivariable-adjusted analysis (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; p < .001), competing risk analysis (HR, 1.08; p < .001) and propensity-score matched analysis (HR, 1.09; p < .001). The association between NAFLD and dementia risk was more prominent among females (HR, 1.16; p < .001). The association was stronger among non-obese NAFLD subjects (BMI <25 kg/m2 , HR, 1.09; p < .001) than obese NAFLD subjects. CONCLUSIONS This nationwide study found that NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of dementia. The association was prominent among females and non-obese NAFLD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Ae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chi Hyuk Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Jeong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Hwan Oh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin San Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Key-Chung Park
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Caradonna A, Patel T, Toleska M, Alabed S, Chang SL. Meta-Analysis of APP Expression Modulated by SARS-CoV-2 Infection via the ACE2 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031182. [PMID: 35163117 PMCID: PMC8835589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques from improper amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) cleavage. Following studies of inflammation caused by coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) infection, this study investigated the impact of COVID-19 on APP expression. A meta-analysis was conducted utilizing QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to examine the link between severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the modulation of APP expression upon virus binding the Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor. A Core Analysis was run on the infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus node, which included molecules affected by SARS-CoV-2, revealing its upstream regulators. Intermediary molecules were found between the upstream regulators and ACE2 and between ACE2 and APP. Activation of the upstream regulators downregulated the expression of ACE2 with a Z-score of -1.719 (p-value = 0.086) and upregulated APP with a Z-score of 1.898 (p-value = 0.058), showing a less than 10% chance of the results occurring by chance and pointing to an inverse relationship between ACE2 and APP expression. The neuroinflammation signaling pathway was the fifth top canonical pathway involved in APP upregulation. The study results suggest that ACE2 could be downregulated by SARS-CoV-2, resulting in APP upregulation, and potentially exacerbating the onset and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Caradonna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Tanvi Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.); (M.T.)
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Matea Toleska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Sedra Alabed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.); (M.T.)
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (S.L.C.)
| | - Sulie L. Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.); (M.T.)
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (S.L.C.)
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13
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Bhat A, Dalvi H, Jain H, Rangaraj N, Singh SB, Srivastava S. Perspective insights of repurposing the pleiotropic efficacy of statins in neurodegenerative disorders: An expository appraisal. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100012. [PMID: 34909647 PMCID: PMC8663947 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders which affects a larger population pose a great clinical challenge. These disorders impact the quality of life of an individual by damaging the neurons, which are the unit cells of the brain. Clinicians are faced with the grave challenge of inhibiting the progression of these diseases as available treatment options fail to meet the clinical demand. Thus, treating the disease/disorder symptomatically is the Hobson's choice. The goal of the researchers is to introduce newer therapies in this segment and introducing a new molecule will take long years of development. Hence, drug repurposing/repositioning can be a better substitute in comparison to time consuming and expensive drug discovery and development cycle. Presently, a paradigm shift towards the re-purposing of drugs can be witnessed. Statins which have been previously approved as anti-hyperlipidemic agents are in the limelight of research for re-purposed drugs. Owing to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nature, statins act as neuroprotective in several brain disorders. Further they attenuate the amyloid plaques and protein aggregation which are the triggering factors in the Alzheimer's and Parkinson's respectively. In case of Huntington disease and Multiple sclerosis they help in improving the psychomotor symptoms and stimulate remyelination thus acting as neuroprotective. This article reviews the potential of statins in treating neurodegenerative disorders along with a brief discussion on the safety concerns associated with use of statins and human clinical trial data linked with re-tasking statins for neurodegenerative disorders along with the regulatory perspectives involved with the drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Harshita Dalvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Harsha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Nagarjun Rangaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
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14
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Katsuki H. Nuclear receptors of NR1 and NR4 subfamilies in the regulation of microglial functions and pathology. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00766. [PMID: 34676987 PMCID: PMC8532137 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of researches on the NR1 and NR4 nuclear receptors involved in the regulation of microglial functions. Nuclear receptors are attractive candidates for drug targets in the therapies of the central nervous system disorders, because the activation of these receptors is expected to regulate the functions and the phenotypes of microglia, by controlling the expression of specific gene subsets and also by regulating the cellular signaling mechanisms in a nongenomic manner. Several members of NR1 nuclear receptor subfamily have been examined for their ability to regulate microglial functions. For example, stimulation of vitamin D receptor inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory factors and increases the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Similar regulatory actions of nuclear receptor ligands on inflammation-related genes have also been reported for other NR1 members such as retinoic acid receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and liver X receptors (LXRs). In addition, stimulation of PPARγ and LXRs may also result in increased phagocytic activities of microglia. Consistent with these actions, the agonists at nuclear receptors of NR1 subfamily are shown to produce therapeutic effects on animal models of various neurological disorders such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke. On the other hand, increasing lines of evidence suggest that the stimulation of NR4 subfamily members of nuclear receptors such as Nur77 and Nurr1 also regulates microglial functions and alleviates neuropathological events in several disease models. Further advancement of these research fields may prove novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico‐Pharmacological SciencesGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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15
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APOE2, E3, and E4 differentially modulate cellular homeostasis, cholesterol metabolism, and inflammatory response in isogenic iPSC-derived astrocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 17:110-126. [PMID: 34919811 PMCID: PMC8758949 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) variant is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD), while the APOE2 allele is protective. A major question is how different APOE genotypes affect the physiology of astrocytes, the main APOE-producing brain cells. Here, we differentiated human APOE-isogenic induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (APOE4, E3, E2, and APOE knockout [APOE-KO]) to functional “iAstrocytes”. Mass-spectrometry-based proteomic analysis showed genotype-dependent reductions of cholesterol and lipid metabolic and biosynthetic pathways (reduction: APOE4 > E3 > E2). Cholesterol efflux and biosynthesis were reduced in APOE4 iAstrocytes, while subcellular localization of cholesterol in lysosomes was elevated. An increase in immunoregulatory proteomic pathways (APOE4 > E3 > E2) was accompanied by elevated cytokine release in APOE4 cells (APOE4 > E3 > E2 > KO). Activation of iAstrocytes exacerbated proteomic changes and cytokine secretion mostly in APOE4 iAstrocytes, while APOE2 and APOE-KO iAstrocytes were least affected. Taken together, APOE4 iAstrocytes reveal a disease-relevant phenotype, causing dysregulated cholesterol/lipid homeostasis, increased inflammatory signaling, and reduced β-amyloid uptake, while APOE2 iAstrocytes show opposing effects. Human astrocytes show strong proteomic differences depending on their APOE genotype Aβ uptake is highest in APOE-KO and lowest in APOE4 astrocytes (KO > E2 > E3 > E4) APOE4 astrocytes show exacerbated pro-inflammatory reactions (APOE4 > E3 > E2 > KO) Cholesterol synthesis and efflux are reduced in APOE4 astrocytes
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16
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Activation of the Hippocampal LXRβ Improves Sleep-Deprived Cognitive Impairment by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5272-5288. [PMID: 34278533 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) leads to cognitive impairment due to neuroinflammation associated with impaired hippocampal neuronal plasticity and memory processes. Liver X receptors (LXRs), including LXRα and LXRβ isoforms, are crucial for synaptic plasticity and neuroinflammation. However, the potential roles of LXRs in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment induced by SD remain unclear. We revealed that SD resulted in LXRβ reduction in the hippocampus, which was associated with upregulated expression of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB p65, and knockdown of hippocampal LXRβ by shRNA (shLXRβ) led to cognitive impairment. GW3965, a dual agonist for both LXRα and LXRβ, ameliorated SD-induced cognitive impairment by inhibiting microglia activation, suppressing HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB p65 pathway, and ultimately affecting the hippocampal expression of inflammatory cytokines in SD mice. LXRβ knockdown by shLXRβ abrogated the GW3965-mediated inhibition of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB p65 pathway, therefore, abolishing the cognitive improvement. Moreover, inhibition of HMGB1 by glycyrrhizin (GLY) synergistic promoted GW3965-mediated anti-inflammation in activated microglia after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/ATP stimulation and facilitated the cognitive improvement after GW administration by activating LXRβ. All the data suggested that GW3965 ameliorated impaired cognition in SD mice by suppressing the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB p65 pathway followed LXRβ activation. This study correlates a deficit of LXRβ in cognitive dysfunction in SD associated with HMGB1 inflammatory pathway in hippocampus, and LXRs may serve as a potential therapeutic target for cognitive impairment with anti-inflammation.
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17
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Zhu X, Duren Z, Wong WH. Modeling regulatory network topology improves genome-wide analyses of complex human traits. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2851. [PMID: 33990562 PMCID: PMC8121952 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have cataloged many significant associations between genetic variants and complex traits. However, most of these findings have unclear biological significance, because they often have small effects and occur in non-coding regions. Integration of GWAS with gene regulatory networks addresses both issues by aggregating weak genetic signals within regulatory programs. Here we develop a Bayesian framework that integrates GWAS summary statistics with regulatory networks to infer genetic enrichments and associations simultaneously. Our method improves upon existing approaches by explicitly modeling network topology to assess enrichments, and by automatically leveraging enrichments to identify associations. Applying this method to 18 human traits and 38 regulatory networks shows that genetic signals of complex traits are often enriched in interconnections specific to trait-relevant cell types or tissues. Prioritizing variants within enriched networks identifies known and previously undescribed trait-associated genes revealing biological and therapeutic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Zhana Duren
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Center for Human Genetics, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA
| | - Wing Hung Wong
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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18
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Nanjundaiah S, Chidambaram H, Chandrashekar M, Chinnathambi S. Role of Microglia in Regulating Cholesterol and Tau Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:651-668. [PMID: 32468440 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol, a principal constituent of the cell membrane, plays a crucial role in the brain by regulating the synaptic transmission, neuronal signaling, as well as neurodegenerative diseases. Defects in the cholesterol trafficking are associated with enhanced generation of hyperphosphorylated Tau and Amyloid-β protein. Tau, a major microtubule-associated protein in the brain, is the key regulator of the mature neuron. Abnormally hyperphosphorylated Tau hampers the major functions related to microtubule assembly by promoting neurofibrillary tangles of paired helical filaments, twisted ribbons, and straight filaments. The observed pathological changes due to impaired cholesterol and Tau protein accumulation cause Alzheimer's disease. Thus, in order to regulate the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, regulation of cholesterol metabolism, as well as Tau phosphorylation, is essential. The current review provides an overview of (1) cholesterol synthesis in the brain, neurons, astrocytes, and microglia; (2) the mechanism involved in modulating cholesterol concentration between the astrocytes and brain; (3) major mechanisms involved in the hyperphosphorylation of Tau and amyloid-β protein; and (4) microglial involvement in its regulation. Thus, the answering key questions will provide an in-depth information on microglia involvement in managing the pathogenesis of cholesterol-modulated hyperphosphorylated Tau protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetha Nanjundaiah
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Hariharakrishnan Chidambaram
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Madhura Chandrashekar
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, MIT University, Loni Kalbhor, Pune, 412201, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India.
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19
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Xu X, Xiao X, Yan Y, Zhang T. Activation of liver X receptors prevents emotional and cognitive dysfunction by suppressing microglial M1-polarization and restoring synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:111-124. [PMID: 33662504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a long-lasting and persistent mood disorder in which the regulatory mechanisms of neuroinflammation are thought to play a contributing role to the physiopathology of the condition. Previous studies have shown that liver X receptors (LXRs) can regulate the activation of microglia and neuroinflammation. However, the role of LXRs in depression remains to be fully understood. In this study, we hypothesized that stress impairs the function of LXRs and that the LXRs agonist GW3965 plays a potential anti-depressive role by inhibiting neuroinflammation. The anti-depressive effects of GW3965 were evaluated in both chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) models. The LXRs antagonist GSK2033 was also employed to block LXRs. Behavioural tests were performed to measure depression-like phenotypes and learning abilities. Electrophysiological recordings and Golgi staining were used to measure the plasticity of the dentate gyrus synapse. The expression of synapse and neuroinflammation related proteins were evaluated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. The activation of LXRs by GW3965 prevented emotional and cognitive deficits induced by either CUMS or LPS. GW3965 prevented the decreased level of LXR-β induced by CUMS. The activation of LXRs significantly improved the impairment of synaptic plasticity, prevented the up-regulation of inflammatory factors and inhibited NF-κB phosphorylation and microglial M1-polarization in both models. The antidepressive-like effects of GW3965 were blocked by GSK2033 in the CUMS and LPS models. Our data suggest that inhibition of the LXRs signalling pathway may be a key driver in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation during depression and that LXRs agonists have a high potential in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xi Xiao
- College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yuxing Yan
- College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, PR China.
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20
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Wang JT, Yu ZY, Tao YH, Liu YC, Wang YM, Guo QL, Xue JZ, Wen XH, Zhang Q, Xu XD, He CF, Xue WJ, Guo JC, Zhou HG. A novel palmitic acid hydroxy stearic acid (5-PAHSA) plays a neuroprotective role by inhibiting phosphorylation of the m-TOR-ULK1 pathway and regulating autophagy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:484-496. [PMID: 33459523 PMCID: PMC7941174 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can lead to brain dysfunction and a series of neurological complications. Previous research demonstrated that a novel palmitic acid (5‐PAHSA) exerts effect on glucose tolerance and chronic inflammation. Autophagy was important in diabetic‐related neurodegeneration. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether 5‐PAHSA has specific therapeutic effects on neurological dysfunction in diabetics, particularly with regard to autophagy. Methods 5‐PAHSA was successfully synthesized according to a previously described protocol. We then carried out a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments using PC12 cells under diabetic conditions, and DB/DB mice, respectively. PC12 cells were treated with 5‐PAHSA for 24 h, while mice were administered with 5‐PAHSA for 30 days. At the end of each experiment, we analyzed glucolipid metabolism, autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative stress, cognition, and a range of inflammatory factors. Results Although there was no significant improvement in glucose metabolism in mice administered with 5‐PAHSA, ox‐LDL decreased significantly following the administration of 5‐PAHSA in serum of DB/DB mice (p < 0.0001). We also found that the phosphorylation of m‐TOR and ULK‐1 was suppressed in both PC12 cells and DB/DB mice following the administration of 5‐PAHSA (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), although increased levels of autophagy were only observed in vitro (p < 0.05). Following the administration of 5‐PAHSA, the concentration of ROS decreased in PC12 cells and the levels of CRP increased in high‐dose group of 5‐PAHSA (p < 0.01). There were no significant changes in terms of apoptosis, other inflammatory factors, or cognition in DB/DB mice following the administration of 5‐PAHSA. Conclusion We found that 5‐PAHSA can enhance autophagy in PC12 cells under diabetic conditions. Our data demonstrated that 5‐PAHSA inhibits phosphorylation of the m‐TOR‐ULK1 pathway and suppressed oxidative stress in PC12 cells, and exerted influence on lipid metabolism in DB/DB mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Tao Wang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Yu Yu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Hong Tao
- Department of Medical Examination Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Chao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Mei Wang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Lin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Xue
- Department of Neurology, Fifth Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Changshu Second People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Changshu, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Die Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Feng He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Chun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hou-Guang Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Runtsch MC, Ferrara G, Angiari S. Metabolic determinants of leukocyte pathogenicity in neurological diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 158:36-58. [PMID: 32880969 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the recruitment of circulating blood-borne innate and adaptive immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS). These leukocytes sustain the detrimental response in the CNS by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators that induce activation of local glial cells, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and neural cell death. However, infiltrating peripheral immune cells could also dampen CNS inflammation and support tissue repair. Recent advances in the field of immunometabolism demonstrate the importance of metabolic reprogramming for the activation and functionality of such innate and adaptive immune cell populations. In particular, an increasing body of evidence suggests that the activity of metabolites and metabolic enzymes could influence the pathogenic potential of immune cells during neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of intracellular metabolic cues in regulating leukocyte-mediated CNS damage in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke, highlighting the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting metabolic pathways for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marah C Runtsch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Stefano Angiari
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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22
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Giudetti AM, Guerra F, Longo S, Beli R, Romano R, Manganelli F, Nolano M, Mangini V, Santoro L, Bucci C. An altered lipid metabolism characterizes Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2B peripheral neuropathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158805. [PMID: 32829064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie Tooth type 2B (CMT2B) is a rare inherited peripheral neuropathy caused by five missense mutations in the RAB7A gene, which encodes a small GTPase of the RAB family. Currently, no cure is available for this disease. In this study, we approached the disease by comparing the lipid metabolism of CMT2B-derived fibroblasts to that of healthy controls. We found that CMT2B cells showed increased monounsaturated fatty acid level and increased expression of key enzymes of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis. Moreover, in CMT2B cells a higher expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), key enzymes of de novo fatty acid synthesis, with a concomitantly increased [1-14C]acetate incorporation into fatty acids, was observed. The expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triacylglycerol synthesis, as well as triacylglycerol levels were increased in CMT2B compared to control cells. In addition, as RAB7A controls lipid droplet breakdown and lipid droplet dynamics have been linked to diseases, we analyzed these organelles and showed that in CMT2B cells there is a strong accumulation of lipid droplets compared to control cells, thus reinforcing our data on abnormal lipid metabolism in CMT2B. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ACC and FAS expression levels changed upon RAB7 silencing or overexpression in HeLa cells, thus suggesting that metabolic modifications observed in CMT2B-derived fibroblasts can be, at least in part, related to RAB7 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni n. 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Flora Guerra
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni n. 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Serena Longo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni n. 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Raffaella Beli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni n. 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Roberta Romano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni n. 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Nolano
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy; Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Department of Neurology of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Benevento, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mangini
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 73010 Arnesano (LE), Italy
| | - Lucio Santoro
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni n. 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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23
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Chew H, Solomon VA, Fonteh AN. Involvement of Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Potential Therapies. Front Physiol 2020; 11:598. [PMID: 32581851 PMCID: PMC7296164 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids constitute the bulk of the dry mass of the brain and have been associated with healthy function as well as the most common pathological conditions of the brain. Demographic factors, genetics, and lifestyles are the major factors that influence lipid metabolism and are also the key components of lipid disruption in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, the most common genetic risk factor of AD, APOE ϵ4 genotype, is involved in lipid transport and metabolism. We propose that lipids are at the center of Alzheimer's disease pathology based on their involvement in the blood-brain barrier function, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, myelination, membrane remodeling, receptor signaling, inflammation, oxidation, and energy balance. Under healthy conditions, lipid homeostasis bestows a balanced cellular environment that enables the proper functioning of brain cells. However, under pathological conditions, dyshomeostasis of brain lipid composition can result in disturbed BBB, abnormal processing of APP, dysfunction in endocytosis/exocytosis/autophagocytosis, altered myelination, disturbed signaling, unbalanced energy metabolism, and enhanced inflammation. These lipid disturbances may contribute to abnormalities in brain function that are the hallmark of AD. The wide variance of lipid disturbances associated with brain function suggest that AD pathology may present as a complex interaction between several metabolic pathways that are augmented by risk factors such as age, genetics, and lifestyles. Herewith, we examine factors that influence brain lipid composition, review the association of lipids with all known facets of AD pathology, and offer pointers for potential therapies that target lipid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Chew
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
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24
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Gutierrez E, Lütjohann D, Kerksiek A, Fabiano M, Oikawa N, Kuerschner L, Thiele C, Walter J. Importance of γ-secretase in the regulation of liver X receptor and cellular lipid metabolism. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/6/e201900521. [PMID: 32354700 PMCID: PMC7195048 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the Alzheimer associated γ-secretase impairs the regulation of cellular lipid droplet homeostasis. Presenilins (PS) are the catalytic components of γ-secretase complexes that mediate intramembrane proteolysis. Mutations in the PS genes are a major cause of familial early-onset Alzheimer disease and affect the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein, thereby altering the production of the amyloid β-peptide. However, multiple additional protein substrates have been identified, suggesting pleiotropic functions of γ-secretase. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of γ-secretase causes dysregulation of cellular lipid homeostasis, including up-regulation of liver X receptors, and complex changes in the cellular lipid composition. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of γsecretase leads to strong accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets, associated with increased levels of acylglycerols, but lowered cholesteryl esters. Furthermore, accumulation of lipid droplets was augmented by increasing levels of amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragments, indicating a critical involvement of this γ-secretase substrate. Together, these data provide a mechanism that functionally connects γ-secretase activity to cellular lipid metabolism. These effects were also observed in human astrocytic cells, indicating an important function of γ-secretase in cells critical for lipid homeostasis in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marietta Fabiano
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Naoto Oikawa
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Kuerschner
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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25
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Desale SE, Chinnathambi S. Role of dietary fatty acids in microglial polarization in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:93. [PMID: 32209097 PMCID: PMC7093977 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial polarization is an utmost important phenomenon in Alzheimer’s disease that influences the brain environment. Polarization depends upon the types of responses that cells undergo, and it is characterized by receptors present on the cell surface and the secreted cytokines to the most. The expression of receptors on the surface is majorly influenced by internal and external factors such as dietary lipids. Types of fatty acids consumed through diet influence the brain environment and glial cell phenotype and types of receptors on microglia. Reports suggest that dietary habits influence microglial polarization and the switching of microglial phenotype is very important in neurodegenerative diseases. Omega-3 fatty acids have more influence on the brain, and they are found to regulate the inflammatory stage of microglia by fine-tuning the number of receptors expressed on microglia cells. In Alzheimer’s disease, one of the pathological proteins involved is Tau protein, and microtubule-associated protein upon abnormal phosphorylation detaches from the microtubule and forms insoluble aggregates. Aggregated proteins have a tendency to propagate within the neurons and also become one of the causes of neuroinflammation. We hypothesize that tuning microglia towards anti-inflammatory phenotype would reduce the propagation of Tau in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Eknath Desale
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India.
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26
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Zeng B, Zhao G, Liu HL. The Differential Effect of Treadmill Exercise Intensity on Hippocampal Soluble Aβ and Lipid Metabolism in APP/PS1 Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 430:73-81. [PMID: 31954827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized clinically by progressive impairments in learning and memory. Accumulating evidence suggests that regular exercise plays a neuroprotective role in aging-associated memory loss. Our previous study has confirmed that long-term treadmill exercise initiated either before or during the onset of β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology, was beneficial for reducing the levels of soluble Aβ and further improved cognition. In this study, in APP/PS1 mice, we assessed changes in soluble Aβ, and various blood biochemistry and molecular biological indices to assess whether exercise modulated lipid metabolism and thereby decelerated AD progression. Our results show that long-term treadmill exercise reduced the total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and increased the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Exercise also decreased the levels of soluble Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, down-regulated retinoid X receptor expression, and up-regulated liver X receptor, Apolipoprotein E, Low density lipoprotein receptor, Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 expression. This indicates that long-term treadmill exercise alters the lipoprotein content, increases lipid metabolism and cholesterol transportation, reduces the soluble Aβ, and therein plays an important neuroprotective role and delays AD progression. We further show that medium exercise intensity (60%-70% of maximal oxygen uptake) was more efficacious in increasing lipid metabolism and reducing blood lipid levels and soluble Aβ levels, than low-intensity exercise (45-55% of maximal oxygen uptake). This research has broad prospects and implications, and offers a theoretical basis for the prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zeng
- Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - G Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - H L Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
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27
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Shang Y, Mishra A, Wang T, Wang Y, Desai M, Chen S, Mao Z, Do L, Bernstein AS, Trouard TP, Brinton RD. Evidence in support of chromosomal sex influencing plasma based metabolome vs APOE genotype influencing brain metabolome profile in humanized APOE male and female mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225392. [PMID: 31917799 PMCID: PMC6952084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with four well-established risk factors: age, APOE4 genotype, female chromosomal sex, and maternal history of AD. Each risk factor impacts multiple systems, making LOAD a complex systems biology challenge. To investigate interactions between LOAD risk factors, we performed multiple scale analyses, including metabolomics, transcriptomics, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and beta-amyloid assessment, in 16 months old male and female mice with humanized human APOE3 (hAPOE3) or APOE4 (hAPOE4) genes. Metabolomic analyses indicated a sex difference in plasma profile whereas APOE genotype determined brain metabolic profile. Consistent with the brain metabolome, gene and pathway-based RNA-Seq analyses of the hippocampus indicated increased expression of fatty acid/lipid metabolism related genes and pathways in both hAPOE4 males and females. Further, female transcription of fatty acid and amino acids pathways were significantly different from males. MRI based imaging analyses indicated that in multiple white matter tracts, hAPOE4 males and females exhibited lower fractional anisotropy than their hAPOE3 counterparts, suggesting a lower level of white matter integrity in hAPOE4 mice. Consistent with the brain metabolomic and transcriptomic profile of hAPOE4 carriers, beta-amyloid generation was detectable in 16-month-old male and female brains. These data provide therapeutic targets based on chromosomal sex and APOE genotype. Collectively, these data provide a framework for developing precision medicine interventions during the prodromal phase of LOAD, when the potential to reverse, prevent and delay LOAD progression is greatest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shang
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Aarti Mishra
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tian Wang
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Maunil Desai
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shuhua Chen
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Zisu Mao
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Loi Do
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Adam S. Bernstein
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Theodore P. Trouard
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Roberta D. Brinton
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Yin P, Wang X, Wang S, Wei Y, Feng J, Zhu M. Maresin 1 Improves Cognitive Decline and Ameliorates Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:466. [PMID: 31680874 PMCID: PMC6803487 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disease. Accumulating evidences suggest an active role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of AD. Inflammation resolution is an active process that terminates inflammation and facilitates the restoration of inflamed tissue to homeostasis. Resolution of inflammation has been shown to be conducted by a group of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) including lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins (MaRs). Recent studies have demonstrated that failure of inflammation resolution can lead to chronic inflammation and, hence, contribute to AD progression. We have previously shown that MaR1 can improve neuronal survival and increase microglial phagocytosis of Aβ. However, the effects of MaR1 on animal models of AD have not been reported. In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of MaR1 on behavioral deficits and pathological changes in a mouse model of AD. Mice received bilateral injections of Aβ42 protein into the hippocampus, followed by administration of MaR1 by intra-cerebroventricular injection. The behavioral changes in the mice were analyzed using Morris water maze. Immunohistochemistry, Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining, cytometric beads array (CBA), and western blot analysis were used to demonstrate molecular changes in the mice hippocampus and cortex. Our results showed that MaR1 treatment significantly improved the cognitive decline, attenuated microglia and astrocyte activation. In addition, we found that MaR1 decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 production induced by Aβ42 and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-10 secretion with or without Aβ42 stimulation. Moreover, western blot results showed that MaR1 up-regulated the levels of proteins related to survival pathway including PI3K/AKT, ERK and down-regulated the levels of proteins associated with inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis pathways such as p38, mTOR and caspase 3. To conclude, MaR1 improved the cognitive decline, ameliorated pro-inflammatory glia cells activation via improving survival, enhancing autophagy, inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis pathways. In conclusion, this study shows that inflammation resolution may be a potential therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yafen Wei
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingqin Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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29
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Fanaee-Danesh E, Gali CC, Tadic J, Zandl-Lang M, Carmen Kober A, Agujetas VR, de Dios C, Tam-Amersdorfer C, Stracke A, Albrecher NM, Manavalan APC, Reiter M, Sun Y, Colell A, Madeo F, Malle E, Panzenboeck U. Astaxanthin exerts protective effects similar to bexarotene in Alzheimer's disease by modulating amyloid-beta and cholesterol homeostasis in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2224-2245. [PMID: 31055081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by overproduction, impaired clearance, and deposition of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) and connected to cholesterol homeostasis. Since the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is involved in these processes, we investigated effects of the retinoid X receptor agonist, bexarotene (Bex), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist and antioxidant, astaxanthin (Asx), on pathways of cellular cholesterol metabolism, amyloid precursor protein processing/Aβ production and transfer at the BBB in vitro using primary porcine brain capillary endothelial cells (pBCEC), and in 3xTg AD mice. Asx/Bex downregulated transcription/activity of amyloidogenic BACE1 and reduced Aβ oligomers and ~80 kDa intracellular 6E10-reactive APP/Aβ species, while upregulating non-amyloidogenic ADAM10 and soluble (s)APPα production in pBCEC. Asx/Bex enhanced Aβ clearance to the apical/plasma compartment of the in vitro BBB model. Asx/Bex increased expression levels of ABCA1, LRP1, and/or APOA-I. Asx/Bex promoted cholesterol efflux, partly via PPARα/RXR activation, while cholesterol biosynthesis/esterification was suppressed. Silencing of LRP-1 or inhibition of ABCA1 by probucol reversed Asx/Bex-mediated effects on levels of APP/Aβ species in pBCEC. Murine (m)BCEC isolated from 3xTg AD mice treated with Bex revealed elevated expression of APOE and ABCA1. Asx/Bex reduced BACE1 and increased LRP-1 expression in mBCEC from 3xTg AD mice when compared to vehicle-treated or non-Tg treated mice. In parallel, Asx/Bex reduced levels of Aβ oligomers in mBCEC and Aβ species in brain soluble and insoluble fractions of 3xTg AD mice. Our results suggest that both agonists exert beneficial effects at the BBB by balancing cholesterol homeostasis and enhancing clearance of Aβ from cerebrovascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Fanaee-Danesh
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Chaitanya Chakravarthi Gali
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jelena Tadic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Zandl-Lang
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandra Carmen Kober
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vicente Roca Agujetas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina de Dios
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biomedicine, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Tam-Amersdorfer
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anika Stracke
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicole Maria Albrecher
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Marielies Reiter
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Yidan Sun
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ute Panzenboeck
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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30
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Mouzat K, Chudinova A, Polge A, Kantar J, Camu W, Raoul C, Lumbroso S. Regulation of Brain Cholesterol: What Role Do Liver X Receptors Play in Neurodegenerative Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3858. [PMID: 31398791 PMCID: PMC6720493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X Receptors (LXR) alpha and beta are two members of nuclear receptor superfamily documented as endogenous cholesterol sensors. Following conversion of cholesterol in oxysterol, both LXR isoforms detect intracellular concentrations and act as transcription factors to promote expression of target genes. Among their numerous physiological roles, they act as central cholesterol-lowering factors. In the central nervous system (CNS), cholesterol has been shown to be an essential determinant of brain function, particularly as a major constituent of myelin and membranes. In the brain, LXRs act as cholesterol central regulators, and, beyond this metabolic function, LXRs have additional roles such as providing neuroprotective effects and lowering neuroinflammation. In many neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), dysregulations of cholesterol and oxysterol have been reported. In this paper, we propose to focus on recent advances in the knowledge of the LXRs roles on brain cholesterol and oxysterol homeostasis, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and their putative involvement in neurodegenerative disorders. We will discuss their potential use as candidates for both molecular diagnosis and as promising pharmacological targets in the treatment of ALS, AD, or MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mouzat
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France.
| | - Aleksandra Chudinova
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - Anne Polge
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - Jovana Kantar
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - William Camu
- ALS Reference Center, Montpellier University Hospital and University of Montpellier, Inserm UMR1051, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Raoul
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, Inserm UMR1051, University of Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Lumbroso
- Motoneuron Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapy, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nîmes, France
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31
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Moosecker S, Gomes P, Dioli C, Yu S, Sotiropoulos I, Almeida OFX. Activated PPARγ Abrogates Misprocessing of Amyloid Precursor Protein, Tau Missorting and Synaptotoxicity. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:239. [PMID: 31263400 PMCID: PMC6584807 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes increases the risk for dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Pioglitazone (Pio), a pharmacological agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), improves insulin sensitivity and has been suggested to have potential in the management of AD symptoms, albeit through mostly unknown mechanisms. We here investigated the potential of Pio to counter synaptic malfunction and loss, a characteristic of AD pathology and its accompanying cognitive deficits. Results from experiments on primary mouse neuronal cultures and a human neural cell line (SH-SY5Y) show that Pio treatment attenuates amyloid β (Aβ)-triggered the pathological (mis-) processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and inhibits Aβ-induced accumulation and hyperphosphorylation of Tau. These events are accompanied by increased glutamatergic receptor 2B subunit (GluN2B) levels that are causally linked with neuronal death. Further, Pio treatment blocks Aβ-triggered missorting of hyperphosphorylated Tau to synapses and the subsequent loss of PSD95-positive synapses. These latter effects of Pio are PPARγ-mediated since they are blocked in the presence of GW9662, a selective PPARγ inhibitor. Collectively, these data show that activated PPARγ buffer neurons against APP misprocessing, Tau hyperphosphorylation and its missorting to synapses and subsequently, synaptic loss. These first insights into the mechanisms through which PPARγ influences synaptic loss make a case for further exploration of the potential usefulness of PPARγ agonists in the prevention and treatment of synaptic pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Moosecker
- Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrícia Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Chrysoula Dioli
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Ioannis Sotiropoulos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Osborne F X Almeida
- Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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Jansen IE, Savage JE, Watanabe K, Bryois J, Williams DM, Steinberg S, Sealock J, Karlsson IK, Hägg S, Athanasiu L, Voyle N, Proitsi P, Witoelar A, Stringer S, Aarsland D, Almdahl IS, Andersen F, Bergh S, Bettella F, Bjornsson S, Brækhus A, Bråthen G, de Leeuw C, Desikan RS, Djurovic S, Dumitrescu L, Fladby T, Hohman TJ, Jonsson PV, Kiddle SJ, Rongve A, Saltvedt I, Sando SB, Selbæk G, Shoai M, Skene NG, Snaedal J, Stordal E, Ulstein ID, Wang Y, White LR, Hardy J, Hjerling-Leffler J, Sullivan PF, van der Flier WM, Dobson R, Davis LK, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Pedersen NL, Ripke S, Andreassen OA, Posthuma D. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new loci and functional pathways influencing Alzheimer's disease risk. Nat Genet 2019; 51:404-413. [PMID: 30617256 PMCID: PMC6836675 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1267] [Impact Index Per Article: 253.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is highly heritable and recent studies have identified over 20 disease-associated genomic loci. Yet these only explain a small proportion of the genetic variance, indicating that undiscovered loci remain. Here, we performed a large genome-wide association study of clinically diagnosed AD and AD-by-proxy (71,880 cases, 383,378 controls). AD-by-proxy, based on parental diagnoses, showed strong genetic correlation with AD (rg = 0.81). Meta-analysis identified 29 risk loci, implicating 215 potential causative genes. Associated genes are strongly expressed in immune-related tissues and cell types (spleen, liver, and microglia). Gene-set analyses indicate biological mechanisms involved in lipid-related processes and degradation of amyloid precursor proteins. We show strong genetic correlations with multiple health-related outcomes, and Mendelian randomization results suggest a protective effect of cognitive ability on AD risk. These results are a step forward in identifying the genetic factors that contribute to AD risk and add novel insights into the neurobiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris E Jansen
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanne E Savage
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kyoko Watanabe
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julien Bryois
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dylan M Williams
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Julia Sealock
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ida K Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Gerontology and Aging Research Network-Jönköping (ARN-J), School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Sara Hägg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicola Voyle
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Petroula Proitsi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aree Witoelar
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sven Stringer
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Center for Age-Related Diseases, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ina S Almdahl
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- AHUS Campus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry of Old Age, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fred Andersen
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sverre Bergh
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Centre for Old Age Psychiatry Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway
| | - Francesco Bettella
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigurbjorn Bjornsson
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Anne Brækhus
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Geriatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Bråthen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christiaan de Leeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rahul S Desikan
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Logan Dumitrescu
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- AHUS Campus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Palmi V Jonsson
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Steven J Kiddle
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arvid Rongve
- Department of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna, Haugesund, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingvild Saltvedt
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Geriatrics, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sigrid B Sando
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir Selbæk
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maryam Shoai
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Nathan G Skene
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jon Snaedal
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eystein Stordal
- Department of Psychiatry, Namsos Hospital, Namsos, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingun D Ulstein
- Memory Clinic, Geriatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda R White
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jens Hjerling-Leffler
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Dobson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lea K Davis
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Pan Y, Omori K, Ali I, Tachikawa M, Terasaki T, Brouwer KLR, Nicolazzo JA. Altered Expression of Small Intestinal Drug Transporters and Hepatic Metabolic Enzymes in a Mouse Model of Familial Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4073-4083. [PMID: 30074800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug transporter expression and function at the blood-brain barrier is altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the impact of AD on the expression of transporters and metabolizing enzymes in peripheral tissues has received little attention. The current study evaluated the expression of drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes in the small intestine and liver from 8- to 9-month-old female wild-type (WT) and APPswe/PSEN 1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice, a widely used AD model, using a quantitative targeted absolute proteomics (QTAP) approach. Furthermore, the general morphological appearance of the liver was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and lipid content was visualized using Oil Red O staining. The small intestines of APP/PS1 mice exhibited a significant 2.3-fold increase in multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2), a 1.9-fold decrease in monocarboxylate transporter 1 (Mct1), and a 3.6-fold increase in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (Ugt) 2b5 relative to those from WT mice based on QTAP analysis. While the liver from APP/PS1 mice exhibited no changes in drug transporter expression, there was a 1.3-fold elevation in cytochrome P450 (Cyp) 51a1 and a 1.2-fold reduction in Cyp2c29 protein expression, and this was associated with morphological alterations including accumulation of hepatocyte lipids. These studies are the first to demonstrate that the protein expression of transporters and metabolizing enzymes important in oral drug absorption are modified in a mouse model of familial AD, which may lead to altered disposition of some orally administered drugs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Pan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , 399 Royal Parade , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Kotaro Omori
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , 6-3 Aoba , Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Izna Ali
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 301 Pharmacy Lane , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , 6-3 Aoba , Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , 6-3 Aoba , Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 301 Pharmacy Lane , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , 399 Royal Parade , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
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Zhu M, Wang X, Sun L, Schultzberg M, Hjorth E. Can inflammation be resolved in Alzheimer's disease? Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418791107. [PMID: 30116300 PMCID: PMC6088473 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418791107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss and dementia. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Epidemiological studies suggest that use of anti-inflammatory drugs is associated with a lower incidence of AD. However, clinical trials with anti-inflammatory drugs have not been successful. Recent studies have shown that inflammation is resolved by a process that is mediated by a group of lipid mediators, so called specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs). Unlike anti-inflammatory strategies, which usually involve inhibition of the synthesis of inflammatory mediators, stimulating the resolution of inflammation is aimed at ending inflammation in a similar fashion as under normal physiological conditions. We have previously shown that pathways of resolution are impaired in AD. Moreover, we found that SPMs can improve neuronal survival and increase microglial phagocytosis of amyloid beta (Aβ) in in vitro studies, indicating that stimulating resolution of inflammation may be a potential therapeutic target in AD. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding resolution of inflammation in AD. We also discuss possible strategies to stimulate the resolution of inflammation in AD, specifically focusing on signaling pathways, including SPMs, their receptors and enzymes involved in their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqin Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street No 71, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Xiuzhe Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Marianne Schultzberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Section of Neurodegeneration, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Sweden
| | - Erik Hjorth
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Section of Neurodegeneration, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Sweden
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Rangaraju S, Dammer EB, Raza SA, Gao T, Xiao H, Betarbet R, Duong DM, Webster JA, Hales CM, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Seyfried NT. Quantitative proteomics of acutely-isolated mouse microglia identifies novel immune Alzheimer's disease-related proteins. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:34. [PMID: 29954413 PMCID: PMC6025801 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are innate immune cells of the brain that perform phagocytic and inflammatory functions in disease conditions. Transcriptomic studies of acutely-isolated microglia have provided novel insights into their molecular and functional diversity in homeostatic and neurodegenerative disease states. State-of-the-art mass spectrometry methods can comprehensively characterize proteomic alterations in microglia in neurodegenerative disorders, potentially providing novel functionally relevant molecular insights that are not provided by transcriptomics. However, comprehensive proteomic profiling of adult primary microglia in neurodegenerative disease conditions has not been performed. METHODS We performed quantitative mass spectrometry based proteomic analyses of purified CD11b+ acutely-isolated microglia from adult (6 mo) mice in normal, acute neuroinflammatory (LPS-treatment) and chronic neurodegenerative states (5xFAD model of Alzheimer's disease [AD]). Differential expression analyses were performed to characterize specific microglial proteomic changes in 5xFAD mice and identify overlap with LPS-induced pro-inflammatory changes. Our results were also contrasted with existing proteomic data from wild-type mouse microglia and from existing microglial transcriptomic data from wild-type and 5xFAD mice. Neuropathological validation studies of select proteins were performed in human AD and 5xFAD brains. RESULTS Of 4133 proteins identified, 187 microglial proteins were differentially expressed in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD pathology, including proteins with previously known (Apoe, Clu and Htra1) as well as previously unreported relevance to AD biology (Cotl1 and Hexb). Proteins upregulated in 5xFAD microglia shared significant overlap with pro-inflammatory changes observed in LPS-treated mice. Several proteins increased in human AD brain were also upregulated by 5xFAD microglia (Aβ peptide, Apoe, Htra1, Cotl1 and Clu). Cotl1 was identified as a novel microglia-specific marker with increased expression and strong association with AD neuropathology. Apoe protein was also detected within plaque-associated microglia in which Apoe and Aβ were highly co-localized, suggesting a role for Apoe in phagocytic clearance of Aβ. CONCLUSIONS We report a comprehensive proteomic study of adult mouse microglia derived from acute neuroinflammation and AD models, representing a valuable resource to the neuroscience research community. We highlight shared and unique microglial proteomic changes in acute neuroinflammation aging and AD mouse models and identify novel roles for microglial proteins in human neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Syed Ali Raza
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tianwen Gao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hailian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ranjita Betarbet
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - James A Webster
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chadwick M Hales
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Xie F, Peng F. Radiopharmaceuticals for Assessment of Altered Metabolism and Biometal Fluxes in Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease with Positron Emission Tomography. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:527-536. [PMID: 28671127 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are changes of brain metabolism and biometal fluxes due to brain aging, which may play a role in pathogenesis of AD. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a versatile tool for tracking alteration of metabolism and biometal fluxes due to brain aging and AD. Age-dependent changes in cerebral glucose metabolism can be tracked with PET using 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG), a radiolabeled glucose analogue, as a radiotracer. Based on different patterns of altered cerebral glucose metabolism, 18F-FDG PET was clinically used for differential diagnosis of AD and Frontotemporal dementia (FTD). There are continued efforts to develop additional radiopharmaceuticals or radiotracers for assessment of age-dependent changes of various metabolic pathways and biometal fluxes due to brain aging and AD with PET. Elucidation of age-dependent changes of brain metabolism and altered biometal fluxes is not only significant for a better mechanistic understanding of brain aging and the pathophysiology of AD, but also significant for identification of new targets for the prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- Department of Radiology, and Advanced ImagingResearch Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Fangyu Peng
- Department of Radiology, and Advanced ImagingResearch Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Li HH, Lin CL, Huang CN. Neuroprotective effects of statins against amyloid β-induced neurotoxicity. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:198-206. [PMID: 29557360 PMCID: PMC5879882 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.226379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that disruption of the homeostasis of lipid metabolism affects the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis in the brain has been reported to considerably increase the risk of developing AD. Thus, dysregulation of lipid homeostasis may increase the amyloid β (Aβ) levels by affecting amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, which is the most important risk factor involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Previous research demonstrated that Aβ can trigger neuronal insulin resistance, which plays an important role in response to Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in AD. Epidemiological studies also suggested that statin use is associated with a decreased incidence of AD. Therefore, statins are believed to be a good candidate for conferring neuroprotective effects against AD. Statins may play a beneficial role in reducing Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Their effect involves a putative mechanism beyond its cholesterol-lowering effects in preventing Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the protective effect of statins have not been clearly determined in Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Given that statins may provide benefits beyond the inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, these drugs may also improve the brain. Thus, statins may have beneficial effects on impaired insulin signaling by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in neuronal cells. They play a potential therapeutic role in targeting Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hua Li
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, China
| | - Chih-Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, China
| | - Chien-Ning Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University; Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, China
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Kornelius E, Li HH, Peng CH, Hsiao HW, Yang YS, Huang CN, Lin CL. Mevastatin promotes neuronal survival against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity through AMPK activation. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1999-2007. [PMID: 28840430 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Statins or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors have been shown to be effective at lowering cholesterol levels, and the application of these molecules has gradually emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Epidemiological studies suggest that statin use is associated with a decreased incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, statins may play a beneficial role in reducing amyloid β (Aβ) toxicity, the most relevant pathological feature and pathogenesis of AD. However, the precise mechanisms involved in statin-inhibited Aβ toxicity remain unclear. In the present study, we report that mevastatin significantly protects against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in SK-N-MC neuronal cells by restoring impaired insulin signaling. This protection appears to be associated with the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which has long been known to increase insulin sensitivity. Our results also indicate that high levels of cholesterol likely underlie Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and that activation of AMPK by mevastatin alleviates insulin resistance. Signaling through the insulin receptor substrate-1/Akt pathway appears to lead to cell survival. These findings demonstrate that mevastatin plays a potential therapeutic role in targeting Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity. The molecule presents a novel therapeutic strategy for further studies in AD prevention and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edy Kornelius
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Li
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Huei Peng
- Division of Basic Medical Science, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Hsiao
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sun Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ning Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Gagliano SA, Pouget JG, Hardy J, Knight J, Barnes MR, Ryten M, Weale ME. Genomics implicates adaptive and innate immunity in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:924-933. [PMID: 28097204 PMCID: PMC5224821 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the current genetic evidence for the involvement of various cell types and tissue types in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases, especially in relation to the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS We obtained large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We used multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, as a positive control. We applied stratified LD score regression to determine if functional marks for cell type and tissue activity, and gene-set lists were enriched for genetic heritability. We compared our results to those from two gene-set enrichment methods (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and enrichr). RESULTS There were no significant heritability enrichments for annotations marking genes active within brain regions, but there were significant heritability enrichments for annotations marking genes active within cell types that form part of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. We found this for MS (as expected) and also for AD and PD. The strongest signals were from the adaptive immune system (e.g., T cells) for PD, and from both the adaptive (e.g., T cells) and innate (e.g., CD14: a marker for monocytes, and CD15: a marker for neutrophils) immune systems for AD. Annotations from the liver were also significant for AD. Pathway analysis provided complementary results. INTERPRETATION For AD and PD, we found significant enrichment of heritability in annotations marking gene activity in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Gagliano
- Department of Medical & Molecular GeneticsGuy's HospitalKing's College London8th FloorTower WingLondonSE1 9RTUnited Kingdom
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research InstituteCentre for Addiction and Mental Health250 College StreetTorontoOntarioM5T 1R8Canada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of Toronto1 King's College CircleRoom 2374TorontoOntarioM5S 1A8Canada
| | - Jennie G. Pouget
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research InstituteCentre for Addiction and Mental Health250 College StreetTorontoOntarioM5T 1R8Canada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of Toronto1 King's College CircleRoom 2374TorontoOntarioM5S 1A8Canada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Toronto250 College Street8th FloorTorontoOntarioM5T 1R8Canada
| | - John Hardy
- Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonQueen SquareLondonWC1N 3BGUnited Kingdom
| | - Jo Knight
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research InstituteCentre for Addiction and Mental Health250 College StreetTorontoOntarioM5T 1R8Canada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of Toronto1 King's College CircleRoom 2374TorontoOntarioM5S 1A8Canada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Toronto250 College Street8th FloorTorontoOntarioM5T 1R8Canada
- Data Science Institute and Faculty of Health and MedicineFurness CollegeLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Barnes
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonCharterhouse SquareLondonEC1M 6BQUnited Kingdom
| | - Mina Ryten
- Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonQueen SquareLondonWC1N 3BGUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael E. Weale
- Department of Medical & Molecular GeneticsGuy's HospitalKing's College London8th FloorTower WingLondonSE1 9RTUnited Kingdom
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Mouzat K, Raoul C, Polge A, Kantar J, Camu W, Lumbroso S. Liver X receptors: from cholesterol regulation to neuroprotection-a new barrier against neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3801-8. [PMID: 27510420 PMCID: PMC11108529 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol plays a central role in numerous nervous system functions. Cholesterol is the major constituent of myelin sheaths, is essential for synapse and dendrite formation, axon guidance as well as neurotransmission. Among regulators of cholesterol homeostasis, liver X receptors (LXRs), two members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, play a determinant role. LXRs act as cholesterol sensors and respond to high intracellular cholesterol concentration by decreasing plasmatic and intracellular cholesterol content. Beyond their cholesterol-lowering role, LXRs have been proposed as regulators of immunity and anti-inflammatory factors. Dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism combined to neuroinflammatory context have been described in neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS is characterized by the progressive loss of motoneurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to severe paralytic condition and death of patients in a median time of 3 years. Motoneuron degeneration is accompanied by chronic neuroinflammatory response, involving microglial and astrocytic activation, infiltration of blood-derived immune cells and release of pro-inflammatory factors. We propose to discuss here the role of LXRs as a molecular link between the central nervous system cholesterol metabolism, neuroinflammation, motoneuron survival and their potential as promising therapeutic candidates for ALS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mouzat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France.
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- INSERM UMR1051, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France.
| | - Cédric Raoul
- INSERM UMR1051, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Polge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Jovana Kantar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
- INSERM UMR1051, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - William Camu
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM UMR1051, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
- Neurology Department, ALS Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Lumbroso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM UMR1051, The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
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Du SQ, Wang XR, Xiao LY, Tu JF, Zhu W, He T, Liu CZ. Molecular Mechanisms of Vascular Dementia: What Can Be Learned from Animal Models of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion? Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3670-3682. [PMID: 27206432 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VD) is defined as a progressive neurodegenerative disease of cognitive decline, attributable to cerebrovascular factors. Numerous studies have demonstrated that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is associated with the initiation and progression of VD and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Suitable animal models were established to replicate such pathological condition in experimental research, which contributes largely to comprehending causal relationships between CCH and cognitive impairment. The most widely used experimental model of VD and CCH is permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in rats. In CCH models, changes of learning and memory, cerebral blood flow (CBF), energy metabolism, and neuropathology initiated by ischemia were revealed. However, in order to achieve potential therapeutic targets, particular mechanisms in cognitive and neuropathological changes from CCH to dementia should be investigated. Recent studies have shown that hypoperfusion resulted in a chain of disruption of homeostatic interactions, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter system dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, disturbance of lipid metabolism, and alterations of growth factors. Evidence from experimental studies that elucidate the damaging effects of such imbalances suggests their critical roles in the pathogenesis of VD. The present review provides a summary of the achievements in mechanisms made with the CCH models, permits an understanding of the causative role played by CCH in VD, and highlights preventative and therapeutic prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qi Du
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Xue-Rui Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Ling-Yong Xiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jian-Feng Tu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wen Zhu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Tian He
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Cun-Zhi Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China.
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22(R)-hydroxycholesterol induces HuR-dependent MAP kinase phosphatase-1 expression via mGluR5-mediated Ca(2+)/PKCα signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1056-70. [PMID: 27206966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP)-1 plays a pivotal role in controlling MAP kinase (MAPK)-dependent (patho) physiological processes. Although MKP-1 gene expression is tightly regulated at multiple levels, the underlying mechanistic details remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that MKP-1 expression is regulated at the post-transcriptional level by 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol [22(R)-HC] through a novel mechanism. 22(R)-HC induces Hu antigen R (HuR) phosphorylation, cytoplasmic translocation and binding to MKP-1 mRNA, resulting in stabilization of MKP-1 mRNA. The resulting increase in MKP-1 leads to suppression of JNK-mediated inflammatory responses in brain astrocytes. We further demonstrate that 22(R)-HC-induced phosphorylation of nuclear HuR is mediated by PKCα, which is activated in the cytosol by increases in intracellular Ca(2+) levels mediated by the phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (PLC/IP3R) pathway and translocates from cytoplasm to nucleus. In addition, pharmacological interventions reveal that metabotropic glutamate receptor5 (mGluR5) is responsible for the increases in intracellular Ca(2+) that underlie these actions of 22(R)-HC. Collectively, our findings identify a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of 22(R)-HC, which acts through PKCα-mediated cytoplasmic shuttling of HuR to post-transcriptionally regulate MKP-1 expression. These findings provide an experimental basis for the development of a RNA-targeted therapeutic agent to control MAPK-dependent inflammatory responses.
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Puthiyedth N, Riveros C, Berretta R, Moscato P. Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes through Integrated Study of Alzheimer's Disease Affected Brain Regions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152342. [PMID: 27050411 PMCID: PMC4822961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in older adults that damages the brain and results in impaired memory, thinking and behaviour. The identification of differentially expressed genes and related pathways among affected brain regions can provide more information on the mechanisms of AD. In the past decade, several studies have reported many genes that are associated with AD. This wealth of information has become difficult to follow and interpret as most of the results are conflicting. In that case, it is worth doing an integrated study of multiple datasets that helps to increase the total number of samples and the statistical power in detecting biomarkers. In this study, we present an integrated analysis of five different brain region datasets and introduce new genes that warrant further investigation. Methods The aim of our study is to apply a novel combinatorial optimisation based meta-analysis approach to identify differentially expressed genes that are associated to AD across brain regions. In this study, microarray gene expression data from 161 samples (74 non-demented controls, 87 AD) from the Entorhinal Cortex (EC), Hippocampus (HIP), Middle temporal gyrus (MTG), Posterior cingulate cortex (PC), Superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and visual cortex (VCX) brain regions were integrated and analysed using our method. The results are then compared to two popular meta-analysis methods, RankProd and GeneMeta, and to what can be obtained by analysing the individual datasets. Results We find genes related with AD that are consistent with existing studies, and new candidate genes not previously related with AD. Our study confirms the up-regualtion of INFAR2 and PTMA along with the down regulation of GPHN, RAB2A, PSMD14 and FGF. Novel genes PSMB2, WNK1, RPL15, SEMA4C, RWDD2A and LARGE are found to be differentially expressed across all brain regions. Further investigation on these genes may provide new insights into the development of AD. In addition, we identified the presence of 23 non-coding features, including four miRNA precursors (miR-7, miR570, miR-1229 and miR-6821), dysregulated across the brain regions. Furthermore, we compared our results with two popular meta-analysis methods RankProd and GeneMeta to validate our findings and performed a sensitivity analysis by removing one dataset at a time to assess the robustness of our results. These new findings may provide new insights into the disease mechanisms and thus make a significant contribution in the near future towards understanding, prevention and cure of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Puthiyedth
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - Carlos Riveros
- Clinical Research Design, Information Technology and Statistics Suport Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
| | - Regina Berretta
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Sandoval-Hernández AG, Buitrago L, Moreno H, Cardona-Gómez GP, Arboleda G. Role of Liver X Receptor in AD Pathophysiology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145467. [PMID: 26720273 PMCID: PMC4697813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia worldwide. The pharmacological activation of nuclear receptors (Liver X receptors: LXRs or Retinoid X receptors: RXR) has been shown to induce overexpression of the ATP-Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1) and Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), changes that are associated with improvement in cognition and reduction of amyloid beta pathology in amyloidogenic AD mouse models (i.e. APP, PS1: 2tg-AD). Here we investigated whether treatment with a specific LXR agonist has a measurable impact on the cognitive impairment in an amyloid and Tau AD mouse model (3xTg-AD: 12-months-old; three months treatment). The data suggests that the LXR agonist GW3965 is associated with increased expression of ApoE and ABCA1 in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex without a detectable reduction of the amyloid load. We also report that most cells overexpressing ApoE (86±12%) are neurons localized in the granular cell layer of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. In the GW3965 treated 3xTg-AD mice we also observed reduction in astrogliosis and increased number of stem and proliferating cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Additionally, we show that GW3965 rescued hippocampus long term synaptic plasticity, which had been disrupted by oligomeric amyloid beta peptides. The effect of GW3965 on synaptic function was protein synthesis dependent. Our findings identify alternative functional/molecular mechanisms by which LXR agonists may exert their potential benefits as a therapeutic strategy against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luna Buitrago
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Herman Moreno
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52–21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Arboleda
- Grupo de Muerte Celular, Instituto de Genética Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Malgrange B, Varela-Nieto I, de Medina P, Paillasse MR. Targeting cholesterol homeostasis to fight hearing loss: a new perspective. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:3. [PMID: 25688206 PMCID: PMC4310297 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a major pathology of the inner ear that affects nearly 600 million people worldwide. Despite intensive researches, this major health problem remains without satisfactory solutions. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in SNHL include oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, inflammation, and ischemia, resulting in synaptic loss, axonal degeneration, and apoptosis of spiral ganglion neurons. The mechanisms associated with SNHL are shared with other neurodegenerative disorders. Cholesterol homeostasis is central to numerous pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases and cholesterol regulates major processes involved in neurons survival and function. The role of cholesterol homeostasis in the physiopathology of inner ear is largely unexplored. In this review, we discuss the findings concerning cholesterol homeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases and whether it should be translated into potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of SNHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Malgrange
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Developmental Neurobiology Unit, University of Liege , Liege , Belgium
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM. IdiPAZ, CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Arturo Duperier 4 , Madrid , Spain
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Abstract
The small, calcium-sensor protein, calmodulin, is ubiquitously expressed and central to cell function in all cell types. Here the literature linking calmodulin to Alzheimer's disease is reviewed. Several experimentally-verified calmodulin-binding proteins are involved in the formation of amyloid-β plaques including amyloid-β protein precursor, β-secretase, presenilin-1, and ADAM10. Many others possess potential calmodulin-binding domains that remain to be verified. Three calmodulin binding proteins are associated with the formation of neurofibrillary tangles: two kinases (CaMKII, CDK5) and one protein phosphatase (PP2B or calcineurin). Many of the genes recently identified by genome wide association studies and other studies encode proteins that contain putative calmodulin-binding domains but only a couple (e.g., APOE, BIN1) have been experimentally confirmed as calmodulin binding proteins. At least two receptors involved in calcium metabolism and linked to Alzheimer's disease (mAchR; NMDAR) have also been identified as calmodulin-binding proteins. In addition to this, many proteins that are involved in other cellular events intimately associated with Alzheimer's disease including calcium channel function, cholesterol metabolism, neuroinflammation, endocytosis, cell cycle events, and apoptosis have been tentatively or experimentally verified as calmodulin binding proteins. The use of calmodulin as a potential biomarker and as a therapeutic target is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danton H. O’Day
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristeen Eshak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A. Myre
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Richard B. Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Wang H, Lian K, Han B, Wang Y, Kuo SH, Geng Y, Qiang J, Sun M, Wang M. Age-related alterations in the metabolic profile in the hippocampus of the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8: a spontaneous Alzheimer's disease mouse model. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 39:841-8. [PMID: 24284365 DOI: 10.3233/jad-131463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder, produces a progressive decline in cognitive function. The metabolic mechanism of AD has emerged in recent years. In this study, we used multivariate analyses of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurements to determine that learning and retention-related metabolic profiles are altered during aging in the hippocampus of the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8). Alterations in 17 metabolites were detected in mature and aged mice compared to young mice (13 decreased and 4 increased metabolites), including metabolites related to dysfunctional lipid metabolism (significantly increased cholesterol, oleic acid, and phosphoglyceride levels), decreased amino acid (alanine, serine, glycine, aspartic acid, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid), and energy-related metabolite levels (malic acid, butanedioic acid, fumaric acid, and citric acid), and other altered metabolites (increased N-acetyl-aspartic acid and decreased pyroglutamic acid, urea, and lactic acid) in the hippocampus. All of these alterations indicated that the metabolic mechanisms of age-related cognitive impairment in SAMP8 mice were related to multiple pathways and networks. Lipid metabolism, especially cholesterol metabolism, appears to play a distinct role in the hippocampus in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Kaoqi Lian
- The School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yanyong Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuan Geng
- Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Jing Qiang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Meiyu Sun
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
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Zolezzi JM, Inestrosa NC. Brain metabolite clearance: impact on Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:553-61. [PMID: 24664180 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder often associated with aging and characterized by several critical molecular changes that take place in the brain. Among the molecular hallmarks of AD, increased levels of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and the subsequent Aβ-derived damage are the most well-studied factors; however, despite the large amounts of effort and resources devoted to the study of AD and AD pathophysiology, the scientific community still awaits therapeutic alternatives capable of ensuring a better outcome for AD patients. In 2012, Cramer et al. (Science 335:1503-1506 2012) astonished the scientific community by rescuing behavioral and cognitive impairments in AD mouse models via oral administration of bexarotene, a drug used to treat some types of skin cancer. Moreover, these authors demonstrated that bexarotene, a retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist, exerts major effects on Aβ levels, mainly through increased apolipoprotein E (ApoE) expression. Apart from the valid questions addressed in Cramer's work, only a few attempts have been made to explain the effects of bexarotene. Most of these explanations have been solely based on the ability of bexarotene to reduce Aβ levels and not on the mechanisms that lead to such a reduction. Although it is well known that an imbalance in the Aβ production/excretion rate is the basis of increased Aβ levels in AD, no further explanations have been proposed to address the potential involvement of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a critical Aβ-clearance structure, in the bexarotene-mediated effects. Moreover, no attempt has been made to explain how the different effects observed after bexarotene administration are connected to each other. Based on current information and on our own experience with nuclear receptors (NR), we offer new perspectives on the mechanisms of bexarotene action, which should help to improve our knowledge of NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Zolezzi
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, Gral. Velásquez, 1775, Arica, Chile
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Sodhi RK, Singh N. Liver X receptor agonist T0901317 reduces neuropathological changes and improves memory in mouse models of experimental dementia. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 732:50-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Huang C. Natural modulators of liver X receptors. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2014; 12:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(14)60013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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