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Tian A, Meng F, Li S, Wu Y, Zhang C, Luo X. Inadequate linear catch-up growth in children born small for gestational age: Influencing factors and underlying mechanisms. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:805-816. [PMID: 38763958 PMCID: PMC11294269 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-024-09885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
A minority of children born small for gestational age (SGA) may experience catch-up growth failure and remain short in adulthood. However, the underlying causes and mechanisms of this phenomenon are not yet fully comprehended. We reviewed the present state of research concerning the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis and growth plate in SGA children who fail to achieve catch-up growth. Additionally, we explored the factors influencing catch-up growth in SGA children and potential molecular mechanisms involved. Furthermore, we considered the potential benefits of supplementary nutrition, specific dietary patterns, probiotics and drug therapy in facilitating catch-up growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fucheng Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yichi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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2
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Ho H'ng C, Amarasinghe SL, Zhang B, Chang H, Qu X, Powell DR, Rosello-Diez A. Compensatory growth and recovery of cartilage cytoarchitecture after transient cell death in fetal mouse limbs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2940. [PMID: 38580631 PMCID: PMC10997652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
A major question in developmental and regenerative biology is how organ size and architecture are controlled by progenitor cells. While limb bones exhibit catch-up growth (recovery of a normal growth trajectory after transient developmental perturbation), it is unclear how this emerges from the behaviour of chondroprogenitors, the cells sustaining the cartilage anlagen that are progressively replaced by bone. Here we show that transient sparse cell death in the mouse fetal cartilage is repaired postnatally, via a two-step process. During injury, progression of chondroprogenitors towards more differentiated states is delayed, leading to altered cartilage cytoarchitecture and impaired bone growth. Then, once cell death is over, chondroprogenitor differentiation is accelerated and cartilage structure recovered, including partial rescue of bone growth. At the molecular level, ectopic activation of mTORC1 correlates with, and is necessary for, part of the recovery, revealing a specific candidate to be explored during normal growth and in future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Ho H'ng
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - Shanika L Amarasinghe
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
- Bioinformatics Node - Monash Genomics and Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - Boya Zhang
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - Hojin Chang
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences. The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Xinli Qu
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - David R Powell
- Bioinformatics Node - Monash Genomics and Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - Alberto Rosello-Diez
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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3
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Greer SE, Haller SJ, Lee D, Dudley AT. N-cadherin and β1 integrin coordinately regulate growth plate cartilage architecture. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar49. [PMID: 38294852 PMCID: PMC11064670 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-03-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial and temporal regulation of chondrocyte maturation in the growth plate drives growth of many bones. One essential event to generate the ordered cell array characterizing growth plate cartilage is the formation of chondrocyte columns in the proliferative zone via 90-degree rotation of daughter cells to align with the long axis of the bone. Previous studies have suggested crucial roles for cadherins and integrin β1 in column formation. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative contributions of cadherin- and integrin-mediated cell adhesion in column formation. Here we present new mechanistic insights generated by application of live time-lapse confocal microscopy of cranial base explant cultures, robust genetic mouse models, and new quantitative methods to analyze cell behavior. We show that conditional deletion of either the cell-cell adhesion molecule Cdh2 or the cell-matrix adhesion molecule Itgb1 disrupts column formation. Compound mutants were used to determine a potential reciprocal regulatory interaction between the two adhesion surfaces and identified that defective chondrocyte rotation in a N-cadherin mutant was restored by a heterozygous loss of integrin β1. Our results support a model for which integrin β1, and not N-cadherin, drives chondrocyte rotation and for which N-cadherin is a potential negative regulator of integrin β1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E. Greer
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Stephen J. Haller
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Donghee Lee
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Andrew T. Dudley
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
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4
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Nasr El-Din WA, Potu BK, Fadel RA, Salem AH, Sequeira RP, Almarabheh A, El-Fark MMO. Impact of maternal topiramate ingestion on ossification of skull and appendicular bones in rat fetuses. Morphologie 2024; 108:100702. [PMID: 37890283 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2023.100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The skull and appendicular bones are derived from different embryological sources during their development. The impact of prenatal exposure of topiramate on ossification of these bones is not adequately studied. The goal of this study was to assess the ossification patterns of the craniofacial bones and bones of the forelimbs and hindlimbs in 20-day-old rat fetuses after maternal exposure to topiramate at doses equivalent to human therapeutic doses. Three groups of Sprague-Dawley pregnant rats were used: control, topiramate 50mg/kg/day (T50) and topiramate 100mg/kg/day (T100). Topiramate was given by oral gavage from day 6 to day19 of gestation. Ossification was evaluated in the bones of 20 days fetuses after staining with Alizarin red. Results showed a significant reduction in complete ossified centers of the metacarpal, metatarsal and craniofacial bones in topiramate-exposed fetuses at both doses when compared to the control group. Also, a significant decrease in the length of ossified part of the long bones of the forelimbs and hindlimbs in topiramate-exposed fetuses at both doses was noted when compared to the control group. Crown-rump length and fetal weight were significantly decreased in topiramate treated groups compared to the control group. In all examined groups, there was a positive correlation between the crown-rump length and the lengths of humerus and femur. No abnormalities in the ossified bones and no significant changes in their ossification pattern were observed between the treated groups. In conclusion, prenatal administration of topiramate in doses equivalent to human therapeutic doses delayed ossification and development of craniofacial and appendicular bones in rat fetuses and their effects are not dose dependent at doses investigated. The implications of these findings in women who require topiramate therapy in pregnancy merit further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Nasr El-Din
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - B K Potu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
| | - R A Fadel
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - A H Salem
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - R P Sequeira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - A Almarabheh
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - M M O El-Fark
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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5
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Woelfle J, Schnabel D, Binder G. The Treatment of Growth Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 121:96-106. [PMID: 38051162 PMCID: PMC11002441 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3% of all children are unusually short, and 3% are unusually tall. New approaches have broadened the range of therapeutic options in treating growth disorders. METHODS This review is based on publications retrieved by a selective review of the literature and on the authors' clinical experience. RESULTS Pituitary growth hormone deficiency is treated with recombinant growth hormone. Long-acting preparations of this type became available recently, but their long-term safety and efficacy are still unknown. Vosoritide, a CNP analogue, has also been approved for the treatment of achondroplasia, and severe primary deficiency of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) can be treated with recombinant IGF-1. In the treatment of excessively tall stature, new information on the safety of growth-attenuating treatment and an altered perception of above-average height in society have led to a change in management. CONCLUSION There are new options for the treatment of rare causes of short stature, while new information on the safety of treatment strategies for excessive tallness have led to a reconsideration of surgical intervention. There is insufficient evidence on the benefits and risks of supraphysiological GH therapy and of newer treatment options for which there are as yet no robust data on adult height. Therefore, before any treatment is provided, physicians should give patients and their families detailed information and discuss their expectations from treatment and the goals that treatment can be expected to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Woelfle
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen; Centre for Chronic Sick Children, Paediatric Endocrinology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin; Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Universiy of Tuebingen, Tuebingen
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6
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Cormier SA, Kappen C. Identification of a Chondrocyte-Specific Enhancer in the Hoxc8 Gene. J Dev Biol 2024; 12:5. [PMID: 38390956 PMCID: PMC10885077 DOI: 10.3390/jdb12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hox genes encode transcription factors whose roles in patterning animal body plans during embryonic development are well-documented. Multiple studies demonstrate that Hox genes continue to act in adult cells, in normal differentiation, in regenerative processes, and, with abnormal expression, in diverse types of cancers. However, surprisingly little is known about the regulatory mechanisms that govern Hox gene expression in specific cell types, as they differentiate during late embryonic development, and in the adult organism. The murine Hoxc8 gene determines the identity of multiple skeletal elements in the lower thoracic and lumbar region and continues to play a role in the proliferation and differentiation of cells in cartilage as the skeleton matures. This study was undertaken to identify regulatory elements in the Hoxc8 gene that control transcriptional activity, specifically in cartilage-producing chondrocytes. We report that an enhancer comprising two 416 and 224 bps long interacting DNA elements produces reporter gene activity when assayed on a heterologous transcriptional promoter in transgenic mice. This enhancer is distinct in spatial, temporal, and molecular regulation from previously identified regulatory sequences in the Hoxc8 gene that control its expression in early development. The identification of a tissue-specific Hox gene regulatory element now allows mechanistic investigations into Hox transcription factor expression and function in differentiating cell types and adult tissues and to specifically target these cells during repair processes and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephania A. Cormier
- Department of Respiratory Immunology and Toxicology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA;
| | - Claudia Kappen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Grall E, Feregrino C, Fischer S, De Courten A, Sacher F, Hiscock TW, Tschopp P. Self-organized BMP signaling dynamics underlie the development and evolution of digit segmentation patterns in birds and mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2304470121. [PMID: 38175868 PMCID: PMC10786279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304470121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Repeating patterns of synovial joints are a highly conserved feature of articulated digits, with variations in joint number and location resulting in diverse digit morphologies and limb functions across the tetrapod clade. During the development of the amniote limb, joints form iteratively within the growing digit ray, as a population of distal progenitors alternately specifies joint and phalanx cell fates to segment the digit into distinct elements. While numerous molecular pathways have been implicated in this fate choice, it remains unclear how they give rise to a repeating pattern. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial gene expression profiling, we investigate the transcriptional dynamics of interphalangeal joint specification in vivo. Combined with mathematical modeling, we predict that interactions within the BMP signaling pathway-between the ligand GDF5, the inhibitor NOGGIN, and the intracellular effector pSMAD-result in a self-organizing Turing system that forms periodic joint patterns. Our model is able to recapitulate the spatiotemporal gene expression dynamics observed in vivo, as well as phenocopy digit malformations caused by BMP pathway perturbations. By contrasting in silico simulations with in vivo morphometrics of two morphologically distinct digits, we show how changes in signaling parameters and growth dynamics can result in variations in the size and number of phalanges. Together, our results reveal a self-organizing mechanism that underpins amniote digit segmentation and its evolvability and, more broadly, illustrate how Turing systems based on a single molecular pathway may generate complex repetitive patterns in a wide variety of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Grall
- Zoology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel4051, Switzerland
| | - Christian Feregrino
- Zoology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel4051, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Fischer
- Zoology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel4051, Switzerland
| | - Aline De Courten
- Zoology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel4051, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Sacher
- Zoology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel4051, Switzerland
| | - Tom W. Hiscock
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AberdeenAB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Tschopp
- Zoology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel4051, Switzerland
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8
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Nawaz S, Kulyar MFEA, Mo Q, Yao W, Iqbal M, Li J. Homeostatic Regulation of Pro-Angiogenic and Anti-Angiogenic Proteins via Hedgehog, Notch Grid, and Ephrin Signaling in Tibial Dyschondroplasia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3750. [PMID: 38136788 PMCID: PMC10740744 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise coupling of two fundamental mechanisms, chondrogenesis and osteogenesis via angiogenesis, plays a crucial role during rapid proliferation of growth plates, and alteration in their balance might lead to pathogenic conditions. Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is characterized by an avascular, non-mineralized, jade-white "cartilaginous wedge" with impaired endochondral ossification and chondrocyte proliferation at the proximal end of a tibial bone in rapidly growing poultry birds. Developing vascular structures are dynamic with cartilage growth and are regulated through homeostatic balance among pro and anti-angiogenic proteins and cytokines. Pro-angiogenic factors involves a wide spectrum of multifactorial mitogens, such as vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), placental growth factors, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and TNF-α. Considering their regulatory role via the sonic hedgehog, notch-gridlock, and ephrin-B2/EphB4 pathways and inhibition through anti-angiogenic proteins like angiostatin, endostatin, decoy receptors, vasoinhibin, thrombospondin, PEX, and troponin, their possible role in persisting inflammatory conditions like TD was studied in the current literature review. Balanced apoptosis and angiogenesis are vital for physiological bone growth. Any homeostatic imbalance among apoptotic, angiogenetic, pro-angiogenic, or anti-angiogenic proteins ultimately leads to pathological bone conditions like TD and osteoarthritis. The current review might substantiate solid grounds for developing innovative therapeutics for diseases governed by the disproportion of angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Nawaz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.N.); (M.F.-e.-A.K.); (W.Y.); (M.I.)
| | - Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.N.); (M.F.-e.-A.K.); (W.Y.); (M.I.)
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Quan Mo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.N.); (M.F.-e.-A.K.); (W.Y.); (M.I.)
| | - Wangyuan Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.N.); (M.F.-e.-A.K.); (W.Y.); (M.I.)
| | - Mudassar Iqbal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.N.); (M.F.-e.-A.K.); (W.Y.); (M.I.)
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.N.); (M.F.-e.-A.K.); (W.Y.); (M.I.)
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9
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Wang J, Liu C, Yang L, Chen H, Zheng M, Wan Y, Hong X, Li S, Han J, Luo R, Wan X, Zhang JV, Xu R. Probing the communication patterns of different chondrocyte subtypes in osteoarthritis at the single cell level using pattern recognition and manifold learning. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14467. [PMID: 37660146 PMCID: PMC10475121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The patterns of communication among different chondrocyte subtypes in human cartilage degeneration and regeneration help us understand the microenvironment of osteoarthritis and optimize cell-targeted therapies. Here, a single-cell transcriptome dataset of chondrocytes is used to explore the synergistic and communicative patterns of different chondrocyte subtypes. We collected 1600 chondrocytes from 10 patients with osteoarthritis and analyzed the active communication patterns for the first time based on network analysis and pattern recognition at the single-cell level. Manifold learning and quantitative contrasts were performed to analyze conserved and specific communication pathways. We found that ProCs (Proliferative chondrocytes), ECs (Effector chondrocytes), preHTCs (Prehypertrophic chondrocytes), HTCs (Hypertrophic chondrocytes), and FCs (Fibrocartilage chondrocytes) are more active in incoming and outgoing signaling patterns, which is consistent with studies on their close functional cooperation. Among them, preHTCs play multiple roles in chondrocyte communication, and ProCs and preHTCs have many overlapping pathways. These two subtypes are the most active among all chondrocyte subtypes. Interestingly, ECs and FCs are a pair of "mutually exclusive" subtypes, of which ECs are predominant in incoming patterns and FCs in outgoing patterns. The active signaling pathways of ECs and FCs largely do not overlap. COLLAGEN and LAMININ are the main pivotal pathways, which means they are very important in the repair and expansion of joint homeostasis. Notably, only preHTCs assume multiple roles (including sender, receiver, mediator, and influencer) and are involved in multiple communication pathways. We have examined their communication patterns from the perspective of cellular interactions, revealed the relationships among different chondrocyte subtypes, and, in particular, identified a number of active subtypes and pathways that are important for targeted therapy in the osteoarthritic microenvironment. Our findings provide a new research paradigm and new insights into understanding chondrocyte activity patterns in the osteoarthritic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajian Wang
- Clinical Laboratory Department of The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Caihong Liu
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Litao Yang
- Clinical Laboratory Department of The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Huixiong Chen
- Clinical Laboratory Department of The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Mingqi Zheng
- Clinical Laboratory Department of The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Yanbin Wan
- Clinical Laboratory Department of The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xiongxin Hong
- Clinical Laboratory Department of The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Sidi Li
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jing Han
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Ruibin Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518116, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Wan
- Clinical Laboratory Department of The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Jian V Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Ruihuan Xu
- Clinical Laboratory Department of The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China.
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10
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Mahmoud M, Kokozidou M, Gögele C, Werner C, Auffarth A, Kohl B, Mrosewski I, Schulze-Tanzil GG. Does Vitamin K2 Influence the Interplay between Diabetes Mellitus and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in a Rat Model? Nutrients 2023; 15:2872. [PMID: 37447201 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common cause of low back pain in diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) patients. Its pathogenesis and the vitamin (vit.) K2 influence on this disease remain unclear. Lumbar motion segments of male Zucker Diabetes Fatty (ZDF) rats (non-diabetic [control] and diabetic; fed without or with vit. K2) were used. Femur lengths and vertebral epiphyseal cross-section areas were measured. IVDs were histopathologically examined. Protein synthesis and gene expression of isolated IVD fibrochondrocytes were analyzed. T2DM rats showed histopathological IVD degeneration. Femur lengths and epiphyseal areas were smaller in T2DM rats regardless of vit. K2 feeding. Fibrochondrocytes synthesized interleukin (IL)-24 and IL-10 with no major differences between groups. Alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) was strongly expressed, especially in cells of vit. K2-treated animals. Gene expression of aggrecan was low, and that of collagen type 2 was high in IVD cells of diabetic animals, whether treated with vit. K2 or not. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (Socs)3 and heme oxygenase (Hmox)1 gene expression was highest in the cells of diabetic animals treated with vit. K2. Vit. K2 influenced the expression of some stress-associated markers in IVD cells of diabetic rats, but not that of IL-10 and IL-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahmoud
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Maria Kokozidou
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Gögele
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Christian Werner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Auffarth
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner-Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Benjamin Kohl
- Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Mrosewski
- MVZ MDI Limbach Berlin, Aroser Alle 84, 13407 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gundula Gesine Schulze-Tanzil
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
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11
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Sokolova N, Zilova L, Wittbrodt J. Unravelling the link between embryogenesis and adult stem cell potential in the ciliary marginal zone: A comparative study between mammals and teleost fish. Cells Dev 2023; 174:203848. [PMID: 37172718 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and study of adult stem cells have revolutionized regenerative medicine by offering new opportunities for treating various medical conditions. Anamniote stem cells, which retain their full proliferative capacity and full differentiation range throughout their lifetime, harbour a greater potential compared to mammalian adult stem cells, which only exhibit limited stem cell potential. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying these differences is of significant interest. In this review, we examine the similarities and differences of adult retinal stem cells in anamniotes and mammals, from their embryonic stages in the optic vesicle to their residence in the postembryonic retinal stem cell niche, the ciliary marginal zone located in the retinal periphery. In anamniotes, developing precursors of retinal stem cells are exposed to various environmental cues during their migration in the complex morphogenetic remodelling of the optic vesicle to the optic cup. In contrast, their mammalian counterparts in the retinal periphery are primarily instructed by neighbouring tissues once they are in place. We explore the distinct modes of optic cup morphogenesis in mammals and teleost fish and highlight molecular mechanisms governing morphogenesis and stem cells instruction. The review concludes with the molecular mechanisms of ciliary marginal zone formation and offers a perspective on the impact of comparative single cell transcriptomic studies to reveal the evolutionary similarities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sokolova
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School, Germany
| | - Lucie Zilova
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Oichi T, Kodama J, Wilson K, Tian H, Imamura Kawasawa Y, Usami Y, Oshima Y, Saito T, Tanaka S, Iwamoto M, Otsuru S, Enomoto-Iwamoto M. Nutrient-regulated dynamics of chondroprogenitors in the postnatal murine growth plate. Bone Res 2023; 11:20. [PMID: 37080994 PMCID: PMC10119120 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal bone growth relies on endochondral ossification in the cartilaginous growth plate, where chondrocytes accumulate and synthesize the matrix scaffold that is replaced by bone. The chondroprogenitors in the resting zone maintain the continuous turnover of chondrocytes in the growth plate. Malnutrition is a leading cause of growth retardation in children; however, after recovery from nutrient deprivation, bone growth is accelerated beyond the normal rate, a phenomenon termed catch-up growth. Although nutritional status is a known regulator of long bone growth, it is largely unknown whether and how chondroprogenitor cells respond to deviations in nutrient availability. Here, using fate-mapping analysis in Axin2CreERT2 mice, we showed that dietary restriction increased the number of Axin2+ chondroprogenitors in the resting zone and simultaneously inhibited their differentiation. Once nutrient deficiency was resolved, the accumulated chondroprogenitor cells immediately restarted differentiation and formed chondrocyte columns, contributing to accelerated growth. Furthermore, we showed that nutrient deprivation reduced the level of phosphorylated Akt in the resting zone and that exogenous IGF-1 restored the phosphorylated Akt level and stimulated differentiation of the pooled chondroprogenitors, decreasing their numbers. Our study of Axin2CreERT2 revealed that nutrient availability regulates the balance between accumulation and differentiation of chondroprogenitors in the growth plate and further demonstrated that IGF-1 partially mediates this regulation by promoting the committed differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Oichi
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138655, Japan.
- Department of Orthopedics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 1738608, Japan.
| | - Joe Kodama
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kimberly Wilson
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Hongying Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Yu Usami
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Oshima
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138655, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138655, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138655, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Satoru Otsuru
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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13
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Li H, He Z, Li W, Yao J, Lyu C, Du Y, Xing D, Lin J. Exploring the Mechanism of Microfracture in the Treatment of Porcine Full-Thickness Cartilage Defect. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:1033-1046. [PMID: 36802853 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231153630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microfracture has the most extensive clinical application because of its advantages of a single operation, unified process, and low operation cost. Because research on the repair mechanism of microfractures in the treatment of cartilage defects is not in-depth, this study aimed to elucidate the mechanism. PURPOSE To identify the characteristic cell subsets at different repair stages after microfracture, systematically analyze the repair process of the defect area after microfracture, and investigate the mechanism of fibrocartilage repair. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS Full-thickness articular cartilage defects and microfractures was established in the right knee of Bama miniature pigs. Single-cell transcriptional assays were used to identify the characteristics of cells isolated from healthy articular cartilage and regenerated tissues. RESULTS Microfractures induced mature fibrous repair in the full-thickness cartilage defect six months after surgery, while early stages of repair occurred within six weeks. Based on single-cell sequencing results, eight subsets and specific marker genes were identified. Two processes may occur after microfracture: normal hyaline cartilage regeneration and abnormal fibrocartilage repair. Regulatory chondrocytes, proliferative chondrocytes and cartilage progenitor cells (CPCs) may play important roles in the normal regeneration process. During abnormal repair, CPCs and skeletal stem cells may have different functions, and macrophages and endothelial cells may play important regulatory roles in the formation of fibrochondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Using single-cell transcriptome sequencing, this study investigated the tissue regeneration process and identified key cell subsets after microfracture. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results provide future targets for optimizing the repair effect of microfracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Arthritis Clinic & Research Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Arthritis Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihao He
- Arthritis Clinic & Research Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Arthritis Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Yao
- Annoroad Gene Technology (Beijing) Co Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Lyu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xing
- Arthritis Clinic & Research Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Arthritis Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhao Lin
- Arthritis Clinic & Research Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Arthritis Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
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14
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Oichi T, Kodama J, Wilson K, Tian H, Imamura Y, Usami Y, Oshima Y, Saito T, Tanaka S, Iwamoto M, Otsuru S, Iwamoto-Enomoto M. Nutrient-regulated dynamics of chondroprogenitors in the postnatal murine growth plate. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.20.524764. [PMID: 36711544 PMCID: PMC9882259 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.20.524764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal bone growth relies on endochondral ossification in the cartilaginous growth plate where chondrocytes accumulate and synthesize the matrix scaffold that is replaced by bone. The chondroprogenitors in the resting zone maintain the continuous turnover of chondrocytes in the growth plate. Malnutrition is a leading cause of growth retardation in children; however, after recovery from nutrient deprivation, bone growth is accelerated beyond the normal rate, a phenomenon termed catch-up growth. Though nutritional status is a known regulator of long bone growth, it is largely unknown if and how chondroprogenitor cells respond to deviations in nutrient availability. Here, using fate-mapping analysis in Axin2Cre ERT2 mice, we showed that dietary restriction increased the number of Axin2+ chondroprogenitors in the resting zone and simultaneously inhibited their differentiation. Once nutrient deficiency was resolved, the accumulated chondroprogenitor cells immediately restarted differentiation and formed chondrocyte columns, contributing to accelerated growth. Furthermore, we showed that nutrient deprivation reduced the level of phosphorylated Akt in the resting zone, and that exogenous IGF-1 canceled this reduction and stimulated differentiation of the pooled chondroprogenitors, decreasing their numbers. Our study of Axin2Cre ERT2 revealed that nutrient availability regulates the balance between accumulation and differentiation of chondroprogenitors in the growth plate, and further demonstrated that IGF-1 partially mediates this regulation by promoting the committed differentiation of the chondroprogenitor cells.
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15
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Yin M, Wang J, Zhang J, Wang W, Lu W, Xu F, Ma X, Lyu S, Chen L, Zhang L, Dong Z, Xiao Y. Transcription analyses of differentially expressed mRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and miRNAs in the growth plate of rats with glucocorticoid-induced growth retardation. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14603. [PMID: 36684670 PMCID: PMC9851049 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used to treat autoimmune diseases and malignancies in children and adolescents. Growth retardation is a common adverse effect of GC treatment in pediatric patients. Accumulating evidence indicates that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced growth retardation (GIGR), but the roles of specific ncRNAs in growth remain largely unknown. Methods In this study, 2-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats had been treated with 2 mg/kg/d of dexamethasone for 7 or 14 days, after which the growth plate tissues were collected for high-throughput RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed mRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and miRNAs in GIGR rats. Results Transcriptomic analysis identified 1,718 mRNAs, 896 lncRNAs, 60 circRNAs, and 72 miRNAs with different expression levels in the 7d group. In the 14d group, 1,515 mRNAs, 880 lncRNAs, 46 circRNAs, and 55 miRNAs with differential expression were identified. Four mRNAs and four miRNAs that may be closely associated with the development of GIGR were further validated by real-time quantitative fluorescence PCR. Function enrichment analysis indicated that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, and TGF-β signaling pathway participated in the development of the GIGR. Moreover, the constructed ceRNA networks suggested that several miRNAs (including miR-140-3p and miR-127-3p) might play an important role in the pathogenesis of GIGR. Conclusions These results provide new insights and important clues for exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying GIGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenli Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Pediatrics, Liqun Hospital, Putuo District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Lyu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lidan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiya Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Velagala V, Soundarrajan DK, Unger MF, Gazzo D, Kumar N, Li J, Zartman J. The multimodal action of G alpha q in coordinating growth and homeostasis in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.08.523049. [PMID: 36711848 PMCID: PMC9881979 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.08.523049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background G proteins mediate cell responses to various ligands and play key roles in organ development. Dysregulation of G-proteins or Ca 2+ signaling impacts many human diseases and results in birth defects. However, the downstream effectors of specific G proteins in developmental regulatory networks are still poorly understood. Methods We employed the Gal4/UAS binary system to inhibit or overexpress Gαq in the wing disc, followed by phenotypic analysis. Immunohistochemistry and next-gen RNA sequencing identified the downstream effectors and the signaling cascades affected by the disruption of Gαq homeostasis. Results Here, we characterized how the G protein subunit Gαq tunes the size and shape of the wing in the larval and adult stages of development. Downregulation of Gαq in the wing disc reduced wing growth and delayed larval development. Gαq overexpression is sufficient to promote global Ca 2+ waves in the wing disc with a concomitant reduction in the Drosophila final wing size and a delay in pupariation. The reduced wing size phenotype is further enhanced when downregulating downstream components of the core Ca 2+ signaling toolkit, suggesting that downstream Ca 2+ signaling partially ameliorates the reduction in wing size. In contrast, Gαq -mediated pupariation delay is rescued by inhibition of IP 3 R, a key regulator of Ca 2+ signaling. This suggests that Gαq regulates developmental phenotypes through both Ca 2+ -dependent and Ca 2+ -independent mechanisms. RNA seq analysis shows that disruption of Gαq homeostasis affects nuclear hormone receptors, JAK/STAT pathway, and immune response genes. Notably, disruption of Gαq homeostasis increases expression levels of Dilp8, a key regulator of growth and pupariation timing. Conclusion Gαq activity contributes to cell size regulation and wing metamorphosis. Disruption to Gαq homeostasis in the peripheral wing disc organ delays larval development through ecdysone signaling inhibition. Overall, Gαq signaling mediates key modules of organ size regulation and epithelial homeostasis through the dual action of Ca 2+ -dependent and independent mechanisms.
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17
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Zaloszyc A, Schmitt CP, Sayeh A, Higel L, Gros CI, Bornert F, Aubertin-Kirch G, Dillenseger JP, Goetz C, Constantinesco A, Fischbach M, Bahram S, Choquet P. Frequent, quantitative bone planar scintigraphy for determination of bone anabolism in growing mice. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12355. [PMID: 34966570 PMCID: PMC8667748 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To provide insight into bone turnover, quantitative measurements of bone remodeling are required. Radionuclide studies are widely used in clinical care, but have been rarely used in the exploration of the bone in preclinical studies. We describe a bone planar scintigraphy method for frequent assessment of bone activity in mice across the growing period. Since repeated venous radiotracer injections are hardly feasible in mice, we investigated the subcutaneous route. Methods Repeated 99mTc-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HMDP) tracer bone planar scintigraphy studies of the knee region and µCT to measure femur growth rate were performed in eight mice between week 6 and week 27 of life, i.e., during their growth period. Three independent investigators assessed the regions of interest (ROI). An index was calculated based on the counts in knees ROI (normalized by pixels and seconds), corrected for the activity administered, the decay between administration and imaging, and individual weights. Results A total of 93 scintigraphy studies and 85 µCT were performed. Repeated subcutaneous tracer injections were well tolerated and allowed for adequate radionuclide studies. Mean scintigraphic indexes in the knees ROI decreased from 87.4 ± 2.6 × 10−6 counts s−1 pixel−1 MBq−1 g−1 at week 6 to 15.0 ± 3.3 × 10−6 counts s−1 pixel−1 MBq−1 g−1 at week 27. The time constant of the fitted exponential decay was equal to 23.5 days. As control mean femur length assessed by µCT increased from 12.2 ± 0.8 mm at week 6 to 15.8 ± 0.2 mm at week 22. The time constant of the fitted Gompertz law was equal to 26.7 days. A correlation index of −0.97 was found between femur growth and decrease of bone tracer activity count between week 6 and 24. Conclusion This methodological study demonstrates the potential of repeated bone planar scintigraphy in growing mice, with subcutaneous route for tracer administration, for quantitative assessment of bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Zaloszyc
- Service de Pédiatrie 1, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, OMICARE, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM UMR_S 1109, Immuno Rhumatologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France.,Imagerie Préclinique-UF6237, Pôle d'imagerie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claus Peter Schmitt
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amira Sayeh
- Imagerie Préclinique-UF6237, Pôle d'imagerie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laetitia Higel
- Service de Pédiatrie 1, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine-Isabelle Gros
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Faculté de chirurgie dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabien Bornert
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Faculté de chirurgie dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gaëlle Aubertin-Kirch
- Imagerie Préclinique-UF6237, Pôle d'imagerie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Medical Image Analysis center (MIAC AG), Basel, Switzeland
| | - Jean-Philippe Dillenseger
- Imagerie Préclinique-UF6237, Pôle d'imagerie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,ICube, UMR 7357 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Goetz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Klinik für Nuklear Medizin, Freiburg, Germany
| | - André Constantinesco
- Imagerie Préclinique-UF6237, Pôle d'imagerie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Fischbach
- Service de Pédiatrie 1, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, OMICARE, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM UMR_S 1109, Immuno Rhumatologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France.,Plateforme GENOMAX, Laboratoire d'Immuno Rhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Franco-Japanese Nextgen HLA Laboratory, INSERM, Strasbourg and Nagano, France, Japan.,Laboratoire Central d'Immunologie, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Pôle de Biologie, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Choquet
- Imagerie Préclinique-UF6237, Pôle d'imagerie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,ICube, UMR 7357 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Simó I, Faggiani M, Fernandez DA, Sciara AA, Arranz SE. The cellular basis of compensatory muscle growth in the teleost Odontesthes bonariensis. J Exp Biol 2021; 225:273693. [PMID: 34889453 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates white muscle growth and in vivo cell proliferation during a fasting and refeeding trial, using pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis as animal model, in order to better understand the cellular basis governing catch-up growth. Experiments consisted in two groups of fish, a control one continuously fed ad libitum, and a group fasted for 2 weeks and then fed for another 2 weeks. We examined how the formation of new muscle fibers and their increase in size were related to muscle precursor cell (MPC) proliferation under both experimental conditions. During fasting, the number of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridinepositive (EdU+) cells decreased along with myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) mRNA levels related to myoblast proliferation and differentiation, and the muscle stem cell-markerPax7 mRNA level increased. Analysis of myomere cross-sectional area, distribution of muscle fiber sizes and number of fibers per myomere showed that muscle hypertrophy but not hyperplasia was inhibited during fasting. Both higher igf2 mRNA level and the persistence of cell proliferation could be supporting new myofibre formation. On the other hand, an exacerbated MPC proliferation occurred during catch-up growth, and this increase in cell number could be contributing to the growth of both pre-existing and newly form small fibers. The finding that some MPCs proliferate during fasting and that muscle growth mechanisms, hyperplasia and hypertrophy, are differentially regulated could help to explain why re-fed fish could growth at higher rates, and why they return to the lost growth trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Simó
- Laboratorio Mixto de Biotecnología Acuática, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Centro Científico, Tecnológico y Educativo Acuario del Río Paraná, Av. Eduardo Carrasco y Cordiviola s/n, Rosario, 2000, Argentina
| | - Mariano Faggiani
- Laboratorio Mixto de Biotecnología Acuática, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Centro Científico, Tecnológico y Educativo Acuario del Río Paraná, Av. Eduardo Carrasco y Cordiviola s/n, Rosario, 2000, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Fernandez
- Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (ICPA), Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego (UNTDF), Fuegiabasket 251, V9410BXE Ushuaia, Argentina.,Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo A. Houssay 200, V9410BXE Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Andrés A Sciara
- Laboratorio Mixto de Biotecnología Acuática, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Centro Científico, Tecnológico y Educativo Acuario del Río Paraná, Av. Eduardo Carrasco y Cordiviola s/n, Rosario, 2000, Argentina
| | - Silvia E Arranz
- Laboratorio Mixto de Biotecnología Acuática, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Centro Científico, Tecnológico y Educativo Acuario del Río Paraná, Av. Eduardo Carrasco y Cordiviola s/n, Rosario, 2000, Argentina
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19
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Li G, Liang W, Ding P, Zhao Z. Sutural fibroblasts exhibit the function of vascular endothelial cells upon mechanical strain. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 712:109046. [PMID: 34599905 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Midfacial hypoplasia is a type of facial dysplasia. The technique of trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis promotes midface growth so as to ameliorate this symptom. In the process of distraction osteogenesis, the fiber matrix in the suture acts as a mechanical sensor. Compared with osteogenesis, the formation of collagen fibers by fibroblasts is significant in the early stage of sutural distraction. However the transformation of fibroblasts during sutural bone formation induced by tensile force is poorly characterized. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to define the cell classification of the zygomatic maxillary suture and the changes of cell clusters in the suture before and after seven-day distraction. We identified twenty-nine cell subsets spanning monocyte/macrophages, neutrophils, red blood cells, B cells and fibroblasts. Compared with the control group, Monocle analysis revealed the emergence of a unique fibroblast subset (Cdh5+, Col4a1+, Fat1-, and Acta2-) (cluster 27) that expressed vascular endothelial cell genes within the distracted zygomatic maxillary suture. We constructed the differentiation trajectories of the fibroblast population (cluster 23, 27) in the suture before and after distraction. In addition, we clarified that a subset of fibroblasts (cluster 27) lost expression of Fat1, an upregulator of the Hippo pathway, and upregulated Cyr61, a downstream gene of the Hippo pathway, during the distraction process. Further enrichment analysis suggests that cells of the new subset (cluster 27) are undergoing conversion of their identity into a vascular endothelial cell-like state in response to mechanical stimulation, associated with upregulation of angiogenesis genes along the single-cell trajectory. Further immunofluorescence staining confirmed this phenomenon. A combined general transcriptome RNA sequencing data analysis demonstrated that the fibroblasts expressed a number of extracellular matrix-related genes under mechanical strain. These data together provide a new view of the role of fibroblasts in tension-induced sutural angiogenesis via interaction with the Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Li
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Zhenmin Zhao
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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20
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Sanjeev RK, Nuggehalli Srinivas P, Krishnan B, Basappa YC, Dinesh AS, Ulahannan SK. Eco-geographic patterns of child malnutrition in India and its association with cereal cultivation: An analysis using demographic health survey and agriculture datasets. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:118. [PMID: 35720193 PMCID: PMC9194519 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15934.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 08/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: High prevalence of maternal malnutrition, low birth-weight and child malnutrition in India contribute substantially to the global malnutrition burden. Rural India has disproportionately higher levels of child malnutrition. Stunting and wasting are the primary determinants of child malnutrition and their district-level distribution shows clustering in different geographies and regions. Cereals, particularly millets, constitute the bulk of protein intake among the poor, especially in rural areas in India where high prevalence of wasting persists. Methods: The last round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS4) has disaggregated data by district, enabling a more fine-scale characterisation of the prevalence of markers of malnutrition. We used data from NFHS4 and agricultural statistics datasets to analyse relationship of prevalence of malnutrition at the district level and area under cereal cultivation. We analysed malnutrition through data on under-5 stunting and wasting by district. Results: Stunting and wasting patterns across districts show a distinct geographical and age distribution; districts with higher wasting showed relatively higher prevalence before six months of age. Wasting prevalence at district level was associated with higher cultivation of millets, with a stronger association seen for jowar and other millets (Kodo millet, little millet, proso millet, barnyard millet and foxtail millet). District level stunting was associated with higher district level cultivation of all crops (except other millets). The analysis was limited by lack of fine-scale data on prevalence of low birth-weight and type of cereal consumed. Conclusions: Better cereal cultivation and consumption data will be needed to confirm causal pathways contributing to potential ecogeographic patterns. The cultivation of other millets has a strong association with prevalence of wasting. State-of-the-art studies that improve our understanding of bio-availability of amino acids and other nutrients from the prevalent dietary matrices of rural poor communities will be needed to confirm causal pathways contributing to potential eco-geographic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Krishna Sanjeev
- Pediatrics, Rural Medical College, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni (BK), Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra, 413736, India
| | | | - Bindu Krishnan
- Physiology, Rural Medical College, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni (BK), Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra, 413736, India
| | - Yogish Channa Basappa
- Health equity cluster, Institute of Public Health Bengaluru, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560070, India
| | | | - Sabu K. Ulahannan
- Health equity cluster, Institute of Public Health Bengaluru, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560070, India
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21
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Yu XH, Wei YY, Zeng P, Lei SF. Birth weight is positively associated with adult osteoporosis risk: observational and Mendelian randomization studies. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1469-1480. [PMID: 34105796 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between birth weight and osteoporosis was inconsistent in previous observational studies. Therefore, we performed a systematic evaluation to determine the inconsistent relationship and further make causal inference based on the UK Biobank datasets (~500,000 individuals) and individual/summary-level genetic datasets. Observational analyses found consistent negative associations either between birth weight and estimated bone mineral density (eBMD) or between genetic risk score (GRS) of birth weight and eBMD in total subjects, and sex-stratified subgroups. Mediation analyses detected significant mediation effects of adult weight and height on associations between birth weight and eBMD. Birth weight was causally associated not only with three BMD phenotypes (eBMD, total body [TB]-BMD, and femoral neck [FN]-BMD) under two effect models (total and fetal effect), but also with the risk of fracture using different Mendelian randomization (MR) methods. Multivariable MR analyses detected the pleiotropic effects of some environmental factors (e.g., gestational duration, head circumference, hip circumference) on the associations between birth weight and BMD/fracture. Three BMD phenotypes (eBMD, TB-BMD, and FN-BMD) have significant mediation effects on the associations between birth weight and fracture by using a novel mediation MR analysis under the multivariable MR framework. This multistage systematic study found consistent causal associations between birth weight and osteoporosis risk, fetal origin of genetic effects underlying the associations, and several mediation factors on the detected associations. The results enhanced our understanding of the effects of fetal original phenotypes on outcomes in late adulthood and provided helpful clues for early prevention research on osteoporosis. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hao Yu
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong-Yue Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shu-Feng Lei
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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22
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Léopold P. Sizes, proportions and environment. C R Biol 2021; 344:165-175. [PMID: 34213854 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The sizes of living organisms range over twenty orders of magnitude. Within the same species, the size of individuals also varies according to the environmental conditions to which they are subjected. From the studies conducted on organisms as diverse as the drosophila, the salamander or the mouse, laws and conserved mechanisms emerge that shed light on the fundamental aspects of growth, but also on more medical issues such as tissue regeneration, metabolic homeostasis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Léopold
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
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23
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Camal Ruggieri IN, Ramallo M, Grenón HG, MARDEGAN ISSA JP, Feldman S. DESARROLLO Y CRECIMIENTO FEMORAL DE CONEJAS DE LA LÍNEA NEW ZEALAND. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v26n3.87221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
En este proyecto se investigan los cambios que acontecen en el desarrollo y crecimiento de conejos hembras de la línea New Zealand (CoNZ) en sus huesos femorales. Los animales fueron mantenidas en jaulas individuales desde las 2 semanas de edad, con comida y agua ad libitum y se sacrificaron en tiempos mensualmente consecutivos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, y 6 meses. Tras la obtención de las piezas femorales, y a partir de estudios imagenológicos se determinaron los ángulos del cuello femoral (Af), la longitud total (L), la densidad mineral ósea total, del centro óseo y de la metáfisis femoral (DMOt, DMOco y DMOmf respectivamente), analizándose las variaciones intergrupales por el test Wilcoxon, y corrección de Bonferroni. Se realizaron estudios histológicos de los cortes descalcificados de las piezas femorales. Los análisis sobre los Af mostraron un incremento significativo durante el primer mes mientras que L se estabilizó a partir del 4to mes. Los valores de DMOt mostraron un plateau a partir del cuarto mes, si bien las DMOco y DMOmf ya a partir del tercer mes no mostraron incrementos significativos. Histológicamente se observó para el cuarto mes ausencia de las diferentes zonas características del cartílago de crecimiento metafisiario, con presencia únicamente de un pequeño remanente de células condrales. Desde el quinto mes se observa ausencia total de cartílago, con presencia únicamente de tejido osteoide (TO). La interpretación integrada de los resultados nos permite afirmar, que a partir del cuarto mes de desarrollo, el fémur de CoNZ adquiere características compatibles con un periodo de adultez.
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24
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Roberts SA, Carswell JM. Growth, growth potential, and influences on adult height in the transgender and gender-diverse population. Andrology 2021; 9:1679-1688. [PMID: 33969625 PMCID: PMC9135059 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The sexually dimorphic trait of height is one aspect of the experience of transgender and gender‐diverse (TGD) individuals that may influence their gender dysphoria and satisfaction with their transition. In this article, we have reviewed the current knowledge of the factors that contribute to one's final adult height and how it might be affected in TGD youth who have not experienced their gonadal puberty in the setting of receiving gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) and gender‐affirming hormonal treatment. Additional research is needed to characterize the influence of growth and final adult height on the lived experience of TGD youth and adults and how to best assess their growth, predict their final adult height, and how medical transition can be potentially modified to help them meet their goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Roberts
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremi M Carswell
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Unger CM, Devine J, Hallgrímsson B, Rolian C. Selection for increased tibia length in mice alters skull shape through parallel changes in developmental mechanisms. eLife 2021; 10:e67612. [PMID: 33899741 PMCID: PMC8118654 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bones in the vertebrate cranial base and limb skeleton grow by endochondral ossification, under the control of growth plates. Mechanisms of endochondral ossification are conserved across growth plates, which increases covariation in size and shape among bones, and in turn may lead to correlated changes in skeletal traits not under direct selection. We used micro-CT and geometric morphometrics to characterize shape changes in the cranium of the Longshanks mouse, which was selectively bred for longer tibiae. We show that Longshanks skulls became longer, flatter, and narrower in a stepwise process. Moreover, we show that these morphological changes likely resulted from developmental changes in the growth plates of the Longshanks cranial base, mirroring changes observed in its tibia. Thus, indirect and non-adaptive morphological changes can occur due to developmental overlap among distant skeletal elements, with important implications for interpreting the evolutionary history of vertebrate skeletal form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton M Unger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint HealthCalgaryCanada
| | - Jay Devine
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint HealthCalgaryCanada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Campbell Rolian
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint HealthCalgaryCanada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
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26
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Palombo MR, Zedda M. The intriguing giant deer from the Bate cave (Crete): could paleohistological evidence question its taxonomy and nomenclature? Integr Zool 2021; 17:54-77. [PMID: 33728744 PMCID: PMC9292671 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The research describes for the first time a possible case of pituitary gigantism in fossil mammals, precisely in deer. The pathology was detected in 2 long bones (tibia and metatarsus) belonging to an individual of an unusual large size found at the Bate cave (Rethymnon, Northern Crete). It formed the basis of Candiacervus major, the largest among the endemic deer species recorded in the Pleistocene-Early Holocene of Crete. Radiological and histomorphological examinations highlighted a reduction in cortical bone thickness and the presence of wide lacunae inside of the bone tissue. The pathological conditions suggest a pituitary gigantism diagnosis also supported by some morphological evidence, such as the extremely elongated distal part of the metatarsal diaphysis, the proportionally small proximal epiphysis, and some bone gracility. The diagnosis of a case of pituitary gigantism as presumed responsible for the extraordinary elongation of the tibia and the metatarsal bone is intriguing as they are, respectively, the paratype and the holotype of the C. major. The species represents a case of a deviation from the "island rule" in Pleistocene large mammals. The new evidence recommends a taxonomic and nomenclatural revision of this species. The main outcomes of this research are as follows: (i) a case of pituitary gigantism is described for the first time in an extinct mammal; (ii) it is underlined that paleohistology may provide interesting clues for disentangling taxonomic and nomenclatural issues; (iii) one of the very few cases of gigantism in insular mammals is being questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Palombo
- CNR-IGAG c/o Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Zedda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
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27
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Boulan L, Léopold P. What determines organ size during development and regeneration? Development 2021; 148:148/1/dev196063. [PMID: 33431590 DOI: 10.1242/dev.196063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The sizes of living organisms span over 20 orders of magnitude or so. This daunting observation could intimidate researchers aiming to understand the general mechanisms controlling growth. However, recent progress suggests the existence of principles common to organisms as diverse as fruit flies, mice and humans. As we review here, these studies have provided insights into both autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms controlling organ growth as well as some of the principles underlying growth coordination between organs and across bilaterally symmetrical organisms. This research tackles several aspects of developmental biology and integrates inputs from physics, mathematical modelling and evolutionary biology. Although many open questions remain, this work also helps to shed light on medically related conditions such as tissue and limb regeneration, as well as metabolic homeostasis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boulan
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology unit, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Léopold
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology unit, 75005 Paris, France
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28
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Effects of hand preference on digit lengths and digit ratios among children and adults. Early Hum Dev 2020; 151:105204. [PMID: 33059164 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal sex hormones may not exclusively determine effects of hand preference on digit ratios. Genetic determination is an alternative possibility. AIM To study the likelihood of similar effects of hand preference on digit lengths and digit ratios. METHODS We selected similar numbers of left-handers and right-handers in samples of kindergarten children (N = 101, age range: 3.5-7 years) and adults (N = 189, age range: 17-28 years) and measured digit lengths (excluding the thumb) directly on the palmar hand. RESULTS Compared to right-handers, left-handers had longer digits and lower third-to-fourth (3D:4D) digit ratios among children, whereas an opposite pattern of handedness differences occurred among adults. CONCLUSIONS Effects of hand preference on digit lengths and ratios might be genetically/ontogenetically determined. Also discussed are implications of this set of findings for digit ratio research.
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29
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Harshuk-Shabso S, Dressler H, Niehrs C, Aamar E, Enshell-Seijffers D. Fgf and Wnt signaling interaction in the mesenchymal niche regulates the murine hair cycle clock. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5114. [PMID: 33037205 PMCID: PMC7547083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue growth in the adult is an orchestrated process that often requires biological clocks to time stem cell and progenitor activity. Here, we employed the hair follicle, which cycles between growth and regression in a timely-restricted mode, to show that some components of the hair cycle clock reside within the mesenchymal niche of the hair follicle, the dermal papilla (DP), and both Fgf and Wnt signaling pathways interact within the DP to regulate the expression of these components that include Wnt agonists (Rspondins) and antagonists (Dkk2 and Notum). The levels of Wnt agonists and antagonists in the DP are progressively reduced and elevated during the growth phase, respectively. Consequently, Wnt signaling activity in the overlying epithelial progenitor cells decreases, resulting in the induction of the regression phase. Remarkably, DP properties allow Wnt activity in the DP to persist despite the Wnt-inhibiting milieu and consequently synchronize the induction and progression of the regression phase. This study provides insight into the importance of signaling crosstalk in coupling progenitors and their niche to regulate tissue growth. The underlying mechanisms regulating the mouse hair cycle remain poorly understood. Here, the authors find that Fgf and Wnt signaling pathways interact in the mesenchymal niche of the hair follicle to regulate the molecular clock that dictates the duration of hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Harshuk-Shabso
- The Laboratory of Developmental Biology, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan university, Safed, Israel
| | - Hila Dressler
- The Laboratory of Developmental Biology, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan university, Safed, Israel
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Emil Aamar
- The Laboratory of Developmental Biology, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan university, Safed, Israel
| | - David Enshell-Seijffers
- The Laboratory of Developmental Biology, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan university, Safed, Israel.
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30
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Vea IM, Shingleton AW. Network-regulated organ allometry: The developmental regulation of morphological scaling. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e391. [PMID: 32567243 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Morphological scaling relationships, or allometries, describe how traits grow coordinately and covary among individuals in a population. The developmental regulation of scaling is essential to generate correctly proportioned adults across a range of body sizes, while the mis-regulation of scaling may result in congenital birth defects. Research over several decades has identified the developmental mechanisms that regulate the size of individual traits. Nevertheless, we still have poor understanding of how these mechanisms work together to generate correlated size variation among traits in response to environmental and genetic variation. Conceptually, morphological scaling can be generated by size-regulatory factors that act directly on multiple growing traits (trait-autonomous scaling), or indirectly via hormones produced by central endocrine organs (systemically regulated scaling), and there are a number of well-established examples of such mechanisms. There is much less evidence, however, that genetic and environmental variation actually acts on these mechanisms to generate morphological scaling in natural populations. More recent studies indicate that growing organs can themselves regulate the growth of other organs in the body. This suggests that covariation in trait size can be generated by network-regulated scaling mechanisms that respond to changes in the growth of individual traits. Testing this hypothesis, and one of the main challenges of understanding morphological scaling, requires connecting mechanisms elucidated in the laboratory with patterns of scaling observed in the natural world. This article is categorized under: Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing Comparative Development and Evolution > Organ System Comparisons Between Species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle M Vea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander W Shingleton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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31
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Kagan BJ, Rosello‐Diez A. Integrating levels of bone growth control: From stem cells to body proportions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e384. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett J. Kagan
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute Monash University Clayton Australia
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32
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Growth plate alterations in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:367-374. [PMID: 30552565 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-4160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Growth retardation is a major feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of onset in infants or children and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Several factors have been shown to play a causal role in the growth impairment of CKD. All these factors interfere with growth by disturbing the normal physiology of the growth plate of long bones. To facilitate the understanding of the pathogenesis of growth impairment in CKD, this review discusses cellular and molecular alterations of the growth plate during uremia, including structural and dynamic changes of chondrocytes, alterations in their process of maturation and hypertrophy, and disturbances in the growth hormone signaling pathway.
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33
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Rolian C. Endochondral ossification and the evolution of limb proportions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 9:e373. [PMID: 31997553 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammals have remarkably diverse limb proportions hypothesized to have evolved adaptively in the context of locomotion and other behaviors. Mechanistically, evolutionary diversity in limb proportions is the result of differential limb bone growth. Longitudinal limb bone growth is driven by the process of endochondral ossification, under the control of the growth plates. In growth plates, chondrocytes undergo a tightly orchestrated life cycle of proliferation, matrix production, hypertrophy, and cell death/transdifferentiation. This life cycle is highly conserved, both among the long bones of an individual, and among homologous bones of distantly related taxa, leading to a finite number of complementary cell mechanisms that can generate heritable phenotype variation in limb bone size and shape. The most important of these mechanisms are chondrocyte population size in chondrogenesis and in individual growth plates, proliferation rates, and hypertrophic chondrocyte size. Comparative evidence in mammals and birds suggests the existence of developmental biases that favor evolutionary changes in some of these cellular mechanisms over others in driving limb allometry. Specifically, chondrocyte population size may evolve more readily in response to selection than hypertrophic chondrocyte size, and extreme hypertrophy may be a rarer evolutionary phenomenon associated with highly specialized modes of locomotion in mammals (e.g., powered flight, ricochetal bipedal hopping). Physical and physiological constraints at multiple levels of biological organization may also have influenced the cell developmental mechanisms that have evolved to produce the highly diverse limb proportions in extant mammals. This article is categorized under: Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing Comparative Development and Evolution > Regulation of Organ Diversity Comparative Development and Evolution > Organ System Comparisons Between Species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Campbell Rolian
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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34
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Lee D, Erickson A, Dudley AT, Ryu S. Mechanical stimulation of growth plate chondrocytes: Previous approaches and future directions. EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS 2019; 59:1261-1274. [PMID: 31787777 PMCID: PMC6884322 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-018-0424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Growth plate cartilage resides near the ends of long bones and is the primary driver of skeletal growth. During growth, both intrinsically and extrinsically generated mechanical stresses act on chondrocytes in the growth plate. Although the role of mechanical stresses in promoting tissue growth and homeostasis has been strongly demonstrated in articular cartilage of the major skeletal joints, effects of stresses on growth plate cartilage and bone growth are not as well established. Here, we review the literature on mechanobiology in growth plate cartilage at macroscopic and microscopic scales, with particular emphasis on comparison of results obtained using different methodological approaches, as well as from whole animal and in vitro experiments. To answer these questions, macroscopic mechanical stimulators have been developed and applied to study mechanobiology of growth plate cartilage and chondrocytes. However, the previous approaches have tested a limited number of stress conditions, and the mechanobiology of a single chondrocyte has not been well studied due to limitations of the macroscopic mechanical stimulators. We explore how microfluidics devices can overcome these limitations and improve current understanding of growth plate chondrocyte mechanobiology. In particular, microfluidic devices can generate multiple stress conditions in a single platform and enable real-time monitoring of metabolism and cellular behavior using optical microscopy. Systematic characterization of the chondrocytes using microfluidics will enhance our understanding of how to use mechanical stresses to control the bone growth and the properties of tissue-engineered growth plate cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - A. Erickson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - A. T. Dudley
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Corresponding Authors:; Tel: +1-402-559-2820. ; Tel: +1-402-472-4313
| | - S. Ryu
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
- Corresponding Authors:; Tel: +1-402-559-2820. ; Tel: +1-402-472-4313
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Luo ZW, Li FXZ, Liu YW, Rao SS, Yin H, Huang J, Chen CY, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Tan YJ, Yuan LQ, Chen TH, Liu HM, Cao J, Liu ZZ, Wang ZX, Xie H. Aptamer-functionalized exosomes from bone marrow stromal cells target bone to promote bone regeneration. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:20884-20892. [PMID: 31660556 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02791b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In elderly people particularly in postmenopausal women, inadequate bone formation by osteoblasts originating from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) for compensation of bone resorption by osteoclasts is a major reason for osteoporosis. Enhancing osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs is a feasible therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis. Here, bone marrow stromal cell (ST)-derived exosomes (STExos) are found to remarkably enhance osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro. However, intravenous injection of STExos is inefficient in ameliorating osteoporotic phenotypes in an ovariectomy (OVX)-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis mouse model, which may be because STExos are predominantly accumulated in the liver and lungs, but not in bone. Hereby, the STExo surface is conjugated with a BMSC-specific aptamer, which delivers STExos into BMSCs within bone marrow. Intravenous injection of the STExo-Aptamer complex enhances bone mass in OVX mice and accelerates bone healing in a femur fracture mouse model. These results demonstrate the efficiency of BMSC-specific aptamer-functionalized STExos in targeting bone to promote bone regeneration, providing a novel promising approach for the treatment of osteoporosis and fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China. and Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yi-Wei Liu
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China and Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Shan-Shan Rao
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China. and Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China. and Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Chun-Yuan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China. and Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yin Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China. and Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China and Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yi-Juan Tan
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Tuan-Hui Chen
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hao-Ming Liu
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jia Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China. and Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zheng-Zhao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China. and Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China and Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China. and Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China. and Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China and Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China and Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China and Hunan Key Laboratory of Bone Joint Degeneration and Injury, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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36
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Mosaliganti KR, Swinburne IA, Chan CU, Obholzer ND, Green AA, Tanksale S, Mahadevan L, Megason SG. Size control of the inner ear via hydraulic feedback. eLife 2019; 8:39596. [PMID: 31571582 PMCID: PMC6773445 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals make organs of precise size, shape, and symmetry but how developing embryos do this is largely unknown. Here, we combine quantitative imaging, physical theory, and physiological measurement of hydrostatic pressure and fluid transport in zebrafish to study size control of the developing inner ear. We find that fluid accumulation creates hydrostatic pressure in the lumen leading to stress in the epithelium and expansion of the otic vesicle. Pressure, in turn, inhibits fluid transport into the lumen. This negative feedback loop between pressure and transport allows the otic vesicle to change growth rate to control natural or experimentally-induced size variation. Spatiotemporal patterning of contractility modulates pressure-driven strain for regional tissue thinning. Our work connects molecular-driven mechanisms, such as osmotic pressure driven strain and actomyosin tension, to the regulation of tissue morphogenesis via hydraulic feedback to ensure robust control of organ size. Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian A Swinburne
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Chon U Chan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Nikolaus D Obholzer
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Amelia A Green
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Shreyas Tanksale
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - L Mahadevan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Kavli Institute for NanoBio Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Sean G Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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Böhmer C, Plateau O, Cornette R, Abourachid A. Correlated evolution of neck length and leg length in birds. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181588. [PMID: 31218020 PMCID: PMC6549945 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite a diversity of about 10 000 extant species, the sophisticated avian 'body plan' has not much changed once it was achieved around 160 Ma after the origin of powered flight. All birds are bipedal having wings, a rigid trunk, a short and ossified tail, a three-segmented leg and digitigrade feet. The avian neck, however, has always been regarded as a classic example of high variability ranging from short necks in songbirds to extremely long, serpentine necks in herons. Yet, the wide array of small to very large species makes it difficult to evaluate the actual neck length. Here, we investigate the evolution of the vertebral formulae in the neck of birds and the scaling relationships between skeletal dimensions and body size. Cervical count in birds is strongly related to phylogeny, with only some specialists having an exceptional number of vertebrae in the neck. In contrast with mammals, the length of the cervical vertebral column increases as body size increases and, thus, body size does not constrain neck length in birds. Indeed, neck length scales isometrically with total leg length suggesting a correlated evolution between both modules. The strong integration between the cervical and pelvic module in birds is in contrast with the decoupling of the fore- and hindlimb module and may be the result of the loss of a functionally versatile forelimb due to the evolution of powered flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Böhmer
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivia Plateau
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Raphäel Cornette
- UMR 7205 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anick Abourachid
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
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38
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Tsingos E, Höckendorf B, Sütterlin T, Kirchmaier S, Grabe N, Centanin L, Wittbrodt J. Retinal stem cells modulate proliferative parameters to coordinate post-embryonic morphogenesis in the eye of fish. eLife 2019; 8:42646. [PMID: 30910010 PMCID: PMC6486154 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining clonal analysis with a computational agent based model, we investigate how tissue-specific stem cells for neural retina (NR) and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) of the teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes) coordinate their growth rates. NR cell division timing is less variable, consistent with an upstream role as growth inducer. RPE cells divide with greater variability, consistent with a downstream role responding to inductive signals. Strikingly, the arrangement of the retinal ciliary marginal zone niche results in a spatially biased random lineage loss, where stem- and progenitor cell domains emerge spontaneously. Further, our data indicate that NR cells orient division axes to regulate organ shape and retinal topology. We highlight an unappreciated mechanism for growth coordination, where one tissue integrates cues to synchronize growth of nearby tissues. This strategy may enable evolution to modulate cell proliferation parameters in one tissue to adapt whole-organ morphogenesis in a complex vertebrate organ. By the time babies reach adulthood, they have grown many times larger than they were at birth. This development is driven by an increase in the number and size of cells in the body. In particular, special types of cells, called stem cells, act as a reservoir for tissues: they divide to create new cells that will mature into various specialized structures. The retina is the light-sensitive part of the eye. It consists of the neural retina, a tissue that contains light-detecting cells, which is supported by the retinal pigment epithelium or RPE. In fish, the RPE and neural retina are replenished by distinct groups of stem cells that do not mix, despite the tissues being close together. Unlike humans, fish grow throughout adulthood, and their eyes must then keep pace with the body. This means that the different tissues in the retina must somehow coordinate to expand at the same rate: otherwise, the retina would get wrinkled and not work properly. Tsingos et al. therefore wanted to determine how stem cells in the neural retina and RPE co-operated to produce the right number of new cells at the right time. First, stem cells in the eyes of newly hatched fish were labelled with a visible marker so that their divisions could be tracked over time to build cell family trees. This showed that stem cells behaved differently in the neural retina and the RPE. Computer simulations of the growing retina explained this behavior: stem cells in the neural retina were telling the RPE stem cells when it was time to divide. Combining results from the simulations with data from the experiments revealed that a stem cell decided to keep up dividing partly because of its position in the tissue, and partly because of random chance. To be healthy, the body needs to fine-tune the number of cells it produces: creating too few cells may make it difficult to heal after injury, but making too many could lead to diseases such as cancer. Understanding how tissues normally agree to grow together could therefore open new avenues of treatment for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Tsingos
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Höckendorf
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Sütterlin
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Hamamatsu TIGA Center, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Kirchmaier
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Grabe
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Hamamatsu TIGA Center, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lazaro Centanin
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Zapata I, Moraes LE, Fiala EM, Zaldivar-Lopez S, Couto CG, Rowell JL, Alvarez CE. Risk-modeling of dog osteosarcoma genome scans shows individuals with Mendelian-level polygenic risk are common. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:226. [PMID: 30890123 PMCID: PMC6425649 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5531-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the tremendous therapeutic advances that have stemmed from somatic oncogenetics, survival of some cancers has not improved in 50 years. Osteosarcoma still has a 5-year survival rate of 66%. We propose the natural canine osteosarcoma model can change that: it is extremely similar to the human condition, except for being highly heritable and having a dramatically higher incidence. Here we reanalyze published genome scans of osteosarcoma in three frequently-affected dog breeds and report entirely new understandings with immediate translational indications. Results First, meta-analysis revealed association near FGF9, which has strong biological and therapeutic relevance. Secondly, risk-modeling by multiple logistic regression shows 22 of the 34 associated loci contribute to risk and eight have large effect sizes. We validated the Greyhound stepwise model in our own, independent, case-control cohort. Lastly, we updated the gene annotation from approximately 50 genes to 175, and prioritized those using cross-species genomics data. Mostly positional evidence suggests 13 genes are likely to be associated with mapped risk (including MTMR9, EWSR1 retrogene, TANGO2 and FGF9). Previous annotation included seven of those 13 and prioritized four by pathway enrichment. Ten of our 13 priority genes are in loci that contribute to risk modeling and thus can be studied epidemiologically and translationally in pet dogs. Other new candidates include MYCN, SVIL and MIR100HG. Conclusions Polygenic osteosarcoma-risk commonly rises to Mendelian-levels in some dog breeds. This justifies caninized animal models and targeted clinical trials in pet dogs (e.g., using CDK4/6 and FGFR1/2 inhibitors). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5531-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isain Zapata
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Luis E Moraes
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Elise M Fiala
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Present address: Clinical Genetics Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara Zaldivar-Lopez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,Present address: Genomics and Animal Breeding Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Guillermo Couto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,Couto Veterinary Consultants, Hilliard, OH, USA
| | - Jennie L Rowell
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Nursing, The Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carlos E Alvarez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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40
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Juarez-Carreño S, Morante J, Dominguez M. Systemic signalling and local effectors in developmental stability, body symmetry, and size. Cell Stress 2018; 2:340-361. [PMID: 31225459 PMCID: PMC6551673 DOI: 10.15698/cst2018.12.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Symmetric growth and the origins of fluctuating asymmetry are unresolved phenomena of biology. Small, and sometimes noticeable, deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry reflect the vulnerability of development to perturbations. The degree of asymmetry is related to the magnitude of the perturbations and the ability of an individual to cope with them. As the left and right sides of an individual were presumed to be genetically identical, deviations of symmetry were traditionally attributed to non-genetic effects such as environmental and developmental noise. In this review, we draw attention to other possible sources of variability, especially to somatic mutations and transposons. Mutations are a major source of phenotypic variability and recent genomic data have highlighted somatic mutations as ubiquitous, even in phenotypically normal individuals. We discuss the importance of factors that are responsible for buffering and stabilizing the genome and for maintaining size robustness and quality through elimination of less-fit or damaged cells. However, the important question that arises from these studies is whether this self-correcting capacity and intrinsic organ size controls are sufficient to explain how symmetric structures can reach an identical size and shape. Indeed, recent discoveries in the fruit fly have uncovered a conserved hormone of the insulin/IGF/relaxin family, Dilp8, that is responsible for stabilizing body size and symmetry in the face of growth perturbations. Dilp8 alarm signals periphery growth status to the brain, where it acts on its receptor Lgr3. Loss of Dilp8-Lgr3 signaling renders flies incapable of detecting growth perturbations and thus maintaining a stable size and symmetry. These findings help to understand how size and symmetry of somatic tissues remain undeterred in noisy environments, after injury or illnesses, and in the presence of accumulated somatic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Juarez-Carreño
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Avda Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Campus de Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier Morante
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Avda Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Campus de Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Maria Dominguez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Avda Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Campus de Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
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41
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Vilcins D, Sly PD, Jagals P. Environmental Risk Factors Associated with Child Stunting: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Ann Glob Health 2018. [PMID: 30779500 PMCID: PMC6748290 DOI: 10.29024/aogh.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stunting, a form of malnutrition characterized by impaired linear growth in the first two years of life, affects one quarter of children globally. While nutritional status remains the key cause of stunting, there is evidence that environmental risk factors are associated with stunting. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to explore the current literature and compile the environmental risk factors that have been associated with stunting. Further, we seek to discover which risk factors act independently of nutritional intake. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, TOXNET, and CINAHL. A search of the grey literature was conducted. Papers were included in this review if they examined an association between childhood stunting and exposure to environmental risk factors. FINDINGS We included 71 reports in the final analysis. The included studies showed that foodborne mycotoxins, a lack of adequate sanitation, dirt floors in the home, poor quality cooking fuels, and inadequate local waste disposal are associated with an increased risk of childhood stunting. Access to safe water sources was studied in a large number of studies, but the results remain inconclusive due to inconsistent study findings. Limited studies were available for arsenic, mercury, and environmental tobacco, and thus their role in stunting remains inconclusive. The identified research did not control for nutritional intake. A causal model identified solid fuel use and foodborne mycotoxins as being environmental risk factors with the potential to have direct effects on childhood growth. CONCLUSIONS A diverse range of environmental risk factors are, to varying degrees, associated with stunting, demonstrating the importance of considering how the environment interacts with nutrition. Health promotion activities may be more effective if they consider environmental factors alongside nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwan Vilcins
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Center for Children's Health Research, South Brisbane.,School of Public Health, University of Queensland, AU
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The Universit of Queensland, Center for Children's Health Research South Brisbane, AU
| | - Paul Jagals
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Center for Children's Health Research South Brisbane, AU
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42
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Vilcins D, Sly PD, Jagals P. Environmental Risk Factors Associated with Child Stunting: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Ann Glob Health 2018; 84:551-562. [PMID: 30779500 PMCID: PMC6748290 DOI: 10.9204/aogh.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stunting, a form of malnutrition characterized by impaired linear growth in the first two years of life, affects one quarter of children globally. While nutritional status remains the key cause of stunting, there is evidence that environmental risk factors are associated with stunting. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to explore the current literature and compile the environmental risk factors that have been associated with stunting. Further, we seek to discover which risk factors act independently of nutritional intake. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, TOXNET, and CINAHL. A search of the grey literature was conducted. Papers were included in this review if they examined an association between childhood stunting and exposure to environmental risk factors. FINDINGS We included 71 reports in the final analysis. The included studies showed that foodborne mycotoxins, a lack of adequate sanitation, dirt floors in the home, poor quality cooking fuels, and inadequate local waste disposal are associated with an increased risk of childhood stunting. Access to safe water sources was studied in a large number of studies, but the results remain inconclusive due to inconsistent study findings. Limited studies were available for arsenic, mercury, and environmental tobacco, and thus their role in stunting remains inconclusive. The identified research did not control for nutritional intake. A causal model identified solid fuel use and foodborne mycotoxins as being environmental risk factors with the potential to have direct effects on childhood growth. CONCLUSIONS A diverse range of environmental risk factors are, to varying degrees, associated with stunting, demonstrating the importance of considering how the environment interacts with nutrition. Health promotion activities may be more effective if they consider environmental factors alongside nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwan Vilcins
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Center for Children’s Health Research South Brisbane, Queensland, AU
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, AU
| | - Peter D. Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Center for Children’s Health Research South Brisbane, Queensland, AU
| | - Paul Jagals
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Center for Children’s Health Research South Brisbane, Queensland, AU
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43
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Ji Q, Zheng Y, Zhang G, Hu Y, Fan X, Hou Y, Wen L, Li L, Xu Y, Wang Y, Tang F. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals the progression of human osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 78:100-110. [PMID: 30026257 PMCID: PMC6317448 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying human cartilage degeneration and regeneration is helpful for improving therapeutic strategies for treating osteoarthritis (OA). Here, we report the molecular programmes and lineage progression patterns controlling human OA pathogenesis using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Methods We performed unbiased transcriptome-wide scRNA-seq analysis, computational analysis and histological assays on 1464 chondrocytes from 10 patients with OA undergoing knee arthroplasty surgery. We investigated the relationship between transcriptional programmes of the OA landscape and clinical outcome using severity index and correspondence analysis. Results We identified seven molecularly defined populations of chondrocytes in the human OA cartilage, including three novel phenotypes with distinct functions. We presented gene expression profiles at different OA stages at single-cell resolution. We found a potential transition among proliferative chondrocytes, prehypertrophic chondrocytes and hypertrophic chondrocytes (HTCs) and defined a new subdivision within HTCs. We revealed novel markers for cartilage progenitor cells (CPCs) and demonstrated a relationship between CPCs and fibrocartilage chondrocytes using computational analysis. Notably, we derived predictive targets with respect to clinical outcomes and clarified the role of different cell types for the early diagnosis and treatment of OA. Conclusions Our results provide new insights into chondrocyte taxonomy and present potential clues for effective and functional manipulation of human OA cartilage regeneration that could lead to improved health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanbo Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.,Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Zheng
- Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqiong Hu
- Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Fan
- Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wen
- Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yameng Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Fuchou Tang
- Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
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44
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Roselló-Díez A, Madisen L, Bastide S, Zeng H, Joyner AL. Cell-nonautonomous local and systemic responses to cell arrest enable long-bone catch-up growth in developing mice. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005086. [PMID: 29944650 PMCID: PMC6019387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Catch-up growth after insults to growing organs is paramount to achieving robust body proportions. In fly larvae, injury to individual tissues is followed by local and systemic compensatory mechanisms that allow the damaged tissue to regain normal proportions with other tissues. In vertebrates, local catch-up growth has been described after transient reduction of bone growth, but the underlying cellular responses are controversial. We developed an approach to study catch-up growth in foetal mice in which mosaic expression of the cell cycle suppressor p21 is induced in the cartilage cells (chondrocytes) that drive long-bone elongation. By specifically targeting p21 expression to left hindlimb chondrocytes, the right limb serves as an internal control. Unexpectedly, left-right limb symmetry remained normal, revealing deployment of compensatory mechanisms. Above a certain threshold of insult, an orchestrated response was triggered involving local enhancement of bone growth and systemic growth reduction that ensured that body proportions were maintained. The local response entailed hyperproliferation of spared left limb chondrocytes that was associated with reduced chondrocyte density. The systemic effect involved impaired placental function and IGF signalling, revealing bone-placenta communication. Therefore, vertebrates, like invertebrates, can mount coordinated local and systemic responses to developmental insults that ensure that normal body proportions are maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Roselló-Díez
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Linda Madisen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sébastien Bastide
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexandra L. Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, United States of America
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45
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Arsovski D, Tomović L, Golubović A, Nikolić S, Sterijovski B, Ajtić R, Ballouard JM, Bonnet X. When carapace governs size: variation among age classes and individuals in a free-ranging ectotherm with delayed maturity. Oecologia 2018; 186:953-963. [PMID: 29480451 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile growth strongly impacts life-history traits during adulthood. Yet, in juveniles with delayed maturity, elusiveness has hindered age-specific studies of growth, precluding any detailed research on its consequences later in life. Different complex growth patterns have been extracted from captive animals, suggesting species-specific trajectories occur in free-ranging animals. How pronounced are growth and body size variation (VBS) throughout a long-lived ectotherm's life? Is VBS constant among age classes prior to maturity, or do compensatory and/or cumulative effects driven by long-lived-animal-specific strategies create distinct VBS cohorts, to ensure survival? To tackle the issue, we modelled growth data from continuous and dense annual capture-mark-recapture sampling (5096 body measurements of 1134 free-ranging individuals) of both immature and mature, long-lived Hermann's tortoises. We analysed population, cohort, and individual-based growth and VBS. Growth ring inferred ages were cross validated with annual recaptures in 289 juveniles. Analyses unravelled an S-shaped growth curve and identified three age cohorts across which VBS increases in a step-wise manner. Neonate-specific constraints and compensatory effects seem to control VBS until 4 years of age, possibly promoting survival with size. Subsequently, a hardened carapace takes over and cumulative effects fuelled by faster growth progressively increase VBS. Whereas ungulates are in a hurry to attain adult size before growth ceases (minimizing VBS), indeterminately growing tortoises can shape individual asymptotic sizes even after growth decelerates. Tortoise size is clearly shaped by age-specific ecological constraints; interestingly, it is likely the carapace that conducts the strategy, rather than maturity per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Arsovski
- CEBC, UMR-7372, CNRS ULR, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France. .,Macedonian Ecological Society, Bulevar "Kuzman Josifovski-Pitu" 28/3-7, 1000, Skopje, Macedonia.
| | - Ljiljana Tomović
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Golubović
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Nikolić
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bogoljub Sterijovski
- Macedonian Ecological Society, Bulevar "Kuzman Josifovski-Pitu" 28/3-7, 1000, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Rastko Ajtić
- Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Dr Ivana Ribara 91, 11070, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jean-Marie Ballouard
- Station d'Observation et de Protection des Tortues et de leurs Milieux (SOPTOM), B.P. 24, 83590, Gonfaron, France
| | - Xavier Bonnet
- CEBC, UMR-7372, CNRS ULR, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France
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46
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Tung YC, Lee NC, Hwu WL, Liu SY, Lee CT, Chien YH, Tsai WY. SHOX deficiency in short Taiwanese children: A single-center experience. J Formos Med Assoc 2017; 117:909-914. [PMID: 29254682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SHOX deficiency is a common cause of idiopathic short stature. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and molecular findings of patients with SHOX deficiency in Taiwan. METHODS A phenotype scoring system was used to evaluate several anthropometric measures in patients with idiopathic short stature. Twenty-three patients with a phenotype score >7 were enrolled for SHOX gene analysis by MLPA and sequencing. Another patient with a deletion/insertion of the short arm of the X chromosome containing the SHOX gene was enrolled for the assessment. RESULTS SHOX deficiency was detected in 26% of short children with a phenotype score >7. The arm-span-to-height ratio was significantly lower in SHOX-D patients than in non-SHOX-D patients. In patients with SHOX deficiency, an arm-span-to-height ratio <96.5% and short forearm were the most common characteristics. Three patients also exhibited typical radiological findings. A molecular analysis of the SHOX gene revealed five patients with intragenic deletions, one with a deletion in the regulatory region, and one with a missense mutation at exon 5. CONCLUSION The phenotype scoring system is useful to select children with SHOX deficiency in Taiwan. Family history and radiological image of the radius are also of value for the diagnosis. This study may aid physicians in the early diagnosis of children with SHOX deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Tung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Chung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hsiu Chien
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
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47
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Serrat MA, Ion G. Imaging IGF-I uptake in growth plate cartilage using in vivo multiphoton microscopy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:1101-1109. [PMID: 28798204 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00645.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bones elongate through endochondral ossification in cartilaginous growth plates located at ends of primary long bones. Linear growth ensues from a cascade of biochemical signals initiated by actions of systemic and local regulators on growth plate chondrocytes. Although cellular processes are well defined, there is a fundamental gap in understanding how growth regulators are physically transported from surrounding blood vessels into and through dense, avascular cartilage matrix. Intravital imaging using in vivo multiphoton microscopy is one promising strategy to overcome this barrier by quantitatively tracking molecular delivery to cartilage from the vasculature in real time. We previously used in vivo multiphoton imaging to show that hindlimb heating increases vascular access of large molecules to growth plates using 10-, 40-, and 70-kDa dextran tracers. To comparatively evaluate transport of similarly sized physiological regulators, we developed and validated methods for measuring uptake of biologically active IGF-I into proximal tibial growth plates of live 5-wk-old mice. We demonstrate that fluorescently labeled IGF-I (8.2 kDa) is readily taken up in the growth plate and localizes to chondrocytes. Bioactivity tests performed on cultured metatarsal bones confirmed that the labeled protein is functional, assessed by phosphorylation of its signaling kinase, Akt. This methodology, which can be broadly applied to many different proteins and tissues, is relevant for understanding factors that affect delivery of biologically relevant molecules to the skeleton in real time. Results may lead to the development of drug-targeting strategies to treat a wide range of bone and cartilage pathologies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This paper describes and validates a novel method for imaging transport of biologically active, fluorescently labeled IGF-I into skeletal growth plates of live mice using multiphoton microscopy. Cellular patterns of fluorescence in the growth plate were completely distinct from our prior publications using biologically inert probes, demonstrating for the first time in vivo localization of IGF-I in chondrocytes and perichondrium. These results form important groundwork for future studies aimed at targeting therapeutics into growth plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Serrat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Gabriela Ion
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
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48
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Roselló-Díez A, Stephen D, Joyner AL. Altered paracrine signaling from the injured knee joint impairs postnatal long bone growth. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28741471 PMCID: PMC5526667 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of organ growth is a poorly understood process. In the long bones, the growth plates (GPs) drive elongation by generating a scaffold progressively replaced by bone. Although studies have focused on intrinsic GP regulation, classic and recent experiments suggest that local signals also modulate GP function. We devised a genetic mouse model to study extrinsic long bone growth modulation, in which injury is specifically induced in the left hindlimb, such that the right hindlimb serves as an internal control. Remarkably, when only mesenchyme cells surrounding postnatal GPs were killed, left bone growth was nevertheless reduced. GP signaling was impaired by altered paracrine signals from the knee joint, including activation of the injury response and, in neonates, dampened IGF1 production. Importantly, only the combined prevention of both responses rescued neonatal growth. Thus, we identified signals from the knee joint that modulate bone growth and could underlie establishment of body proportions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27210.001 As bones grow, their size is carefully controlled and coordinated with the growth of the other organs in the body. The mechanisms that control organ size also help the body to recover from injury, and play a key role in controlling body size and proportions. Over the course of evolution, these mechanisms have likely changed to produce the distinct body sizes and proportions seen in humans and other animals. Despite their importance, it is not well understood how signals from both inside and outside an organ work together to regulate its size. In growth disorders this signaling goes wrong, which can lead to a person having unusual proportions such as a very short stature or having one leg shorter than the other. Currently, most growth disorders that affect leg proportions are treated with painful surgical procedures. Researchers would like to know how bone growth is affected by signals from the surrounding tissues because this could help them to develop new non-invasive treatments for these conditions. Long bones, for example those in the leg, grow from structures near their ends called growth plates. Roselló-Díez et al. have now engineered mice in which an injury shortly after birth caused cells in the knee in the rear left leg to die off. At the same time, the rear right leg of the mice developed as normal, allowing the growth of the two legs to be compared. Roselló-Díez et al. found that the left leg of these mice grew more slowly than the right leg, even though none of the cells in the growth plate of the left leg bone had been damaged. Further investigation revealed that this was because the injury caused an imbalance between the growth-promoting and growth-restricting signals that are produced by the fat pad and articular cartilage in the knee joint. Restoring the lost balance allowed the left leg bone to grow to a more normal length. In the future, boosting bone growth signals might provide a way to treat conditions like dwarfism or leg-length discrepancies. Understanding how different tissues influence body proportions could also help researchers to investigate how different animals evolved different body proportions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27210.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Roselló-Díez
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Daniel Stephen
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States.,Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate Schoolof Medical Sciences, New York, United States
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49
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Boone E, Boulan L, Andersen DS, Romero N, Léopold P, Colombani J. Des insulines pour orchestrer la croissance. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:637-641. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173306021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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50
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Wu H, Wu Z, Li P, Cong Q, Chen R, Xu W, Biswas S, Liu H, Xia X, Li S, Hu W, Zhang Z, Habib SL, Zhang L, Zou J, Zhang H, Zhang W, Li B. Bone Size and Quality Regulation: Concerted Actions of mTOR in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Osteoclasts. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1600-1616. [PMID: 28479301 PMCID: PMC5469920 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone size and quality, acquired during adolescent growth under the influence of anabolic hormones, growth factors, and nutrients, determine the height and bone stability and forecast osteoporosis risks in late life. Yet bone size and quality control mechanisms remain enigmatic. To study the roles of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, sensor of growth factors and nutrients, in bone size and quality regulation, we ablated Tsc1, a suppressor of mTOR, in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), monocytes, or their progenies osteoblasts and osteoclasts. mTOR activation in MSCs, but much less in osteoblasts, increased bone width and mass due to MSC hyperproliferation, but decreased bone length and mineral contents due to defective MSC differentiation. mTOR activation promotes bone mineral accretion by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and activity directly or via coupling with MSCs. Tuberous sclerosis complex patient studies confirmed these findings. Thus, mTOR regulates bone size via MSCs and bone quality by suppressing catabolic activities of osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Wu
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhixiang Wu
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qian Cong
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wenrui Xu
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Soma Biswas
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuechun Xia
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated with Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated with Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated with Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Samy L Habib
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Scientific Research Department, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Scientific Research Department, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Weihong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Baojie Li
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Scientific Research Department, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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