1
|
Soejima Y, Iwata N, Yamamoto K, Suyama A, Nakano Y, Otsuka F. Mutual Effects of Orexin and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins on Catecholamine Regulation Using Adrenomedullary Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1585. [PMID: 38338864 PMCID: PMC10855520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Orexins are neuronal peptides that play a prominent role in sleep behavior and feeding behavior in the central nervous system, though their receptors also exist in peripheral organs, including the adrenal gland. In this study, the effects of orexins on catecholamine synthesis in the rat adrenomedullary cell line PC12 were investigated by focusing on their interaction with the adrenomedullary bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4. Orexin A treatment reduced the mRNA levels of key enzymes for catecholamine synthesis, including tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanie decarboxylase (Ddc) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (Dbh), in a concentration-dependent manner. On the other hand, treatment with BMP-4 suppressed the expression of Th and Ddc but enhanced that of Dbh with or without co-treatment with orexin A. Of note, orexin A augmented BMP-receptor signaling detected by the phosphorylation of Smad1/5/9 through the suppression of inhibitory Smad6/7 and the upregulation of BMP type-II receptor (BMPRII). Furthermore, treatment with BMP-4 upregulated the mRNA levels of OX1R in PC12 cells. Collectively, the results indicate that orexin and BMP-4 suppress adrenomedullary catecholamine synthesis by mutually upregulating the pathway of each other in adrenomedullary cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (Y.S.); (A.S.); (Y.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mogi M. Aldosterone breakthrough from a pharmacological perspective. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:967-975. [PMID: 35422512 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone (Aldo) breakthrough is a well-known phenomenon that occurs in patients with long-term renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade using inhibitors of renin or angiotensin converting enzyme or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers. The blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), an Aldo binding receptor, is effective in managing patients with resistant hypertension, defined as uncontrollable blood pressure despite the concurrent use of three antihypertensive drugs. In other words, MR inhibitors are not used as first-line antihypertensive drugs in most guidelines for hypertension management. Aldo breakthrough puts hypertensive patients at higher risk of cardiovascular disease and worsens future outcomes. This review discusses Aldo secretion and the mechanism of Aldo breakthrough, dependent or independent of the RAAS, with consideration of the pharmacological aspects of this phenomenon, as well as hypothetical views.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tseng CS, Peng KY, Wang SM, Tsai YC, Huang KH, Lin WC, Hu YH, Wu VC, Chueh JS. A Novel Somatic Mutation of CACNA1H p.V1937M in Unilateral Primary Hyperaldosteronism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:816476. [PMID: 35757409 PMCID: PMC9218183 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.816476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic mutations for excess aldosterone production have been frequently identified as important roles in the pathogenesis of unilateral primary hyperaldosteronism (uPA). Although CACNA1H mutation represents a minor etiology in primary aldosteronism, it plays a significant role in causing uPAs in sporadic cases. OBJECTIVE To identify novel somatic CACNA1H mutation in patients with uPA and investigate the pathophysiological, immunohistological, and clinical characteristics of the variant. METHODS We applied a customized and targeted gene panel next-generation sequencing approach to detect mutations from the uPA cohort in Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigation study group. Information from pre-diagnostic to postoperative data was collected, including past history, medications, blood pressure readings, biochemical data, and image studies. The functional role of the variant was confirmed by in vitro studies, demonstrating aldosterone production in variant-transfected human adrenal cell lines. RESULTS We identified a novel somatic CACNA1H mutation c.5809G>A (p.Val1937Met) in a uPA case. The CACNA1H gene encodes the pore-forming alpha-1H subunit of the voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel Cav3.2. This somatic CACNA1H p.V1937M variant showed excellent clinical and biochemical outcomes after ipsilateral adrenalectomy. The functional effect of somatic CACNA1H p.V1937M variant results in increased CYP11B2 expression and aldosterone biosynthesis in HAC15 cells. A distinct heterogeneous foamy pattern of CYP11B2 and CYP17A1 expression was identified in immunohistological staining, supporting the pathological evidence of aldosterone synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The somatic mutation of CACNA1H p.V1937M might be a pathogenic driver in aldosterone overproduction. This study provides new insight into the molecular mechanism and disease outcomes of uPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Shin Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yung Peng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Meng Wang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chou Tsai
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzuchi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chou Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Hu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeff S. Chueh
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Jeff S. Chueh,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Peng KY, Liao HW, Chueh JS, Pan CY, Lin YH, Chen YM, Chen PY, Huang CL, Wu VC. Pathophysiological and Pharmacological Characteristics of KCNJ5 157-159delITE Somatic Mutation in Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081026. [PMID: 34440230 PMCID: PMC8391641 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutated channelopathy could play important roles in the pathogenesis of aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). In this study, we identified a somatic mutation, KCNJ5 157-159delITE, and reported its immunohistological, pathophysiological and pharmacological characteristics. We conducted patch-clamp experiments on HEK293T cells and experiments on expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and aldosterone secretion in HAC15 cells to evaluate electrophysiological and functional properties of this mutated KCNJ5. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to identify expressions of several steroidogenic enzymes. Macrolide antibiotics and a calcium channel blocker were administrated to evaluate the functional attenuation of mutated KCNJ5 channel in transfected HAC15 cells. The interaction between macrolides and KCNJ5 protein was evaluated via molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation analysis. The immunohistochemistry analysis showed strong CYP11B2 immunoreactivity in the APA harboring KCNJ5 157-159delITE mutation. Whole-cell patch-clamp data revealed that mutated KCNJ5 157-159delITE channel exhibited loss of potassium ion selectivity. The mutant-transfected HAC15 cells increased the expression of CYP11B2 and aldosterone secretion, which was partially suppressed by clarithromycin and nifedipine but not roxithromycin treatment. The docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulation disclosed that roxithromycin had strong interaction with KCNJ5 L168R mutant channel but not with this KCNJ5 157-159delITE mutant channel. We showed comprehensive evaluations of the KCNJ5 157-159delITE mutation which revealed that it disrupted potassium channel selectivity and aggravated autonomous aldosterone production. We further demonstrated that macrolide antibiotics, roxithromycin, could not interfere the aberrant electrophysiological properties and gain-of-function aldosterone secretion induced by KCNJ5 157-159delITE mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Yung Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
| | | | - Jeff S. Chueh
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Yuan Pan
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Yung-Ming Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Peng-Ying Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Chun-Lin Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-Y.P.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-M.C.); (P.-Y.C.); (C.-L.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-23562082
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Significance of dopamine D 1 receptor signalling for steroidogenic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15120. [PMID: 29123220 PMCID: PMC5680317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are expected to be both a revolutionary cell source for regenerative medicine and a powerful tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying human cell development in vitro. In the present study, we tried to elucidate the steroidogenic differentiation processes using hiPSC-derived intermediate mesoderm (IM) that is known to be the origin of the human adrenal cortex and gonads. We first performed chemical screening to identify small molecules that induce steroidogenic differentiation of IM cells expressing Odd-skipped related 1 (OSR1), an early IM marker. We identified cabergoline as an inducer of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, an essential enzyme for adrenogonadal steroidogenesis. Although cabergoline is a potent dopamine D2 receptor agonist, additional experiments showed that cabergoline exerted effects as a low-affinity agonist of D1 receptors by increasing intracellular cyclic AMP. Further analysis of OSR1+ cells transfected with steroidogenic factor-1/adrenal 4 binding protein revealed that D1 receptor agonist upregulated expression of various steroidogenic enzymes and increased secretion of steroid hormones synergistically with adrenocorticotropic hormone. These results suggest the importance of dopamine D1 receptor signalling in steroidogenic differentiation, which contributes to effective induction of steroidogenic cells from hiPSCs.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu VC, Wu CH, Yang YW, Huang KH, Chang CH, Yang SY, Lin YH, Wu KD. The therapeutic effect of bromocriptine in combination with spironolactone in patients with primary aldosteronism: a hypothesis generating pilot study. Oncotarget 2017; 8:77609-77621. [PMID: 29100412 PMCID: PMC5652803 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dopamine D2-like receptors are attenuated in aldosterone producing adenoma, lead to overproduction of aldosterone in affected patients, and thus reported to serve as a potential treatment target for primary aldosteronism. The D2 dopamine receptor agonist bromocriptine has been used clinically for reducing tumor mass of pituitary adenomas of lactotroph origin. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of adding bromocriptine to spironolactone in the biochemical control of primary aldosteronism. Methods Thirty patients (15 aldosterone producing adenoma) received bromocriptine treatment with dose titration to a daily dose of 7.5mg. Urine aldosterone and potassium excretion ratio of all patients were compared based on the result of metoclopramide test at baseline. Results On the basis of response to metoclopramide at baseline, the proportions of patients with lower urine aldosterone and urine potassium level after taking bromocriptine for six months were higher in the high metoclopramide response group. Initial aldosterone-renin ratio and high metoclopramide response at baseline were independent predictors of a decrease in aldosterone secretion after a six–month course of bromocriptine. The effects of bromocriptine added to spironolactone to reduce aldosterone secretion and potassium excretion in primary aldosteronism dissipated at 9 month after the initial treatment. Conclusions In this pilot study, we found that short-term addition of bromocriptine to spironolactone improved the biochemical control of primary aldosteronism. Dopamine agonist is more effective in patients with high baseline aldosterone-renin ratio and those sensitive to metoclopramide stimulation. However, this effect dissipated after 9 months. Clinical trial registry information ClinicalTrials. Gov number: NCT00451672; https://www.clinicaltrial.gov/ct2/show/NCT00451672?term=NCT00451672&rank =1; trial registry name: The Therapeutic Effect of Bromocriptin in Patients With Primary Aldosteronism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vin-Cent Wu
- Division of Nephrology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hsiung Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Yang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yu Yang
- Division of Nephrology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Division of Nephrology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwan-Dun Wu
- Division of Nephrology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maniero C, Garg S, Zhao W, Johnson TI, Zhou J, Gurnell M, Brown MJ. NEFM (Neurofilament Medium) Polypeptide, a Marker for Zona Glomerulosa Cells in Human Adrenal, Inhibits D1R (Dopamine D1 Receptor)–Mediated Secretion of Aldosterone. Hypertension 2017; 70:357-364. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity among aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) has been highlighted by the discovery of somatic mutations.
KCNJ5
mutations predominate in large zona fasciculata (ZF)–like APAs; mutations in
CACNA1D
,
ATP1A1, ATP2B3
, and
CTNNB1
are more likely to be found in small zona glomerulosa (ZG)–like APAs. Microarray comparison of
KCNJ5
mutant versus wild-type APAs revealed significant differences in transcriptomes.
NEFM
, encoding a neurofilament subunit which is a D1R (dopamine D1 receptor)–interacting protein, was 4-fold upregulated in ZG-like versus ZF-like APAs and 14-fold more highly expressed in normal ZG versus ZF. Immunohistochemistry confirmed selective expression of NEFM (neurofilament medium) polypeptide in ZG and in ZG-like APAs. Silencing
NEFM
in adrenocortical H295R cells increased basal aldosterone secretion and cell proliferation; silencing also amplified aldosterone stimulation by the D1R agonist, fenoldopam, and inhibition by the D1R antagonist, SCH23390. NEFM coimmunoprecipitated with D1R, and its expression was stimulated by fenoldopam. Immunohistochemistry for D1R was mainly intracellular in ZG-like APAs but membranous in ZF-like APAs. Aldosterone secretion in response to fenoldopam in primary cells from ZF-like APAs was higher than in cells from ZG-like APAs. Transfection of mutant KCNJ5 caused a large reduction in NEFM expression in H295R cells. We conclude that NEFM is a negative regulator of aldosterone production and cell proliferation, in part by facilitating D1R internalization from the plasma membrane. Downregulation of NEFM in ZF-like APAs may contribute to a D1R/D2R imbalance underlying variable pharmacological responses to dopaminergic drugs among patients with APAs. Finally, taken together, our data point to the possibility that ZF-like APAs are in fact ZG in origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Maniero
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.M., S.G., J.Z.) and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (T.I.J.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, United Kingdom (W.Z.); Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.G.); and the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and
| | - Sumedha Garg
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.M., S.G., J.Z.) and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (T.I.J.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, United Kingdom (W.Z.); Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.G.); and the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and
| | - Wanfeng Zhao
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.M., S.G., J.Z.) and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (T.I.J.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, United Kingdom (W.Z.); Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.G.); and the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and
| | - Timothy Isaac Johnson
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.M., S.G., J.Z.) and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (T.I.J.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, United Kingdom (W.Z.); Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.G.); and the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and
| | - Junhua Zhou
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.M., S.G., J.Z.) and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (T.I.J.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, United Kingdom (W.Z.); Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.G.); and the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and
| | - Mark Gurnell
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.M., S.G., J.Z.) and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (T.I.J.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, United Kingdom (W.Z.); Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.G.); and the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and
| | - Morris J. Brown
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine (C.M., S.G., J.Z.) and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (T.I.J.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, United Kingdom (W.Z.); Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.G.); and the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wood BM, Bossuyt J. Emergency Spatiotemporal Shift: The Response of Protein Kinase D to Stress Signals in the Cardiovascular System. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:9. [PMID: 28174535 PMCID: PMC5258689 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase D isoforms (PKD 1-3) are key mediators of neurohormonal, oxidative, and metabolic stress signals. PKDs impact a wide variety of signaling pathways and cellular functions including actin dynamics, vesicle trafficking, cell motility, survival, contractility, energy substrate utilization, and gene transcription. PKD activity is also increasingly linked to cancer, immune regulation, pain modulation, memory, angiogenesis, and cardiovascular disease. This increasing complexity and diversity of PKD function, highlights the importance of tight spatiotemporal control of the kinase via protein–protein interactions, post-translational modifications or targeting via scaffolding proteins. In this review, we focus on the spatiotemporal regulation and effects of PKD signaling in response to neurohormonal, oxidant and metabolic signals that have implications for myocardial disease. Precise targeting of these mechanisms will be crucial in the design of PKD-based therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brent M Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA, USA
| | - Julie Bossuyt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Metoclopramide unmasks potentially misleading contralateral suppression in patients undergoing adrenal vein sampling for primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens 2016; 34:2258-65. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary Aldosteronism: Changing Definitions and New Concepts of Physiology and Pathophysiology Both Inside and Outside the Kidney. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1327-84. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 60 years that have passed since the discovery of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone, much has been learned about its synthesis (both adrenal and extra-adrenal), regulation (by renin-angiotensin II, potassium, adrenocorticotrophin, and other factors), and effects (on both epithelial and nonepithelial tissues). Once thought to be rare, primary aldosteronism (PA, in which aldosterone secretion by the adrenal is excessive and autonomous of its principal regulator, angiotensin II) is now known to be the most common specifically treatable and potentially curable form of hypertension, with most patients lacking the clinical feature of hypokalemia, the presence of which was previously considered to be necessary to warrant further efforts towards confirming a diagnosis of PA. This, and the appreciation that aldosterone excess leads to adverse cardiovascular, renal, central nervous, and psychological effects, that are at least partly independent of its effects on blood pressure, have had a profound influence on raising clinical and research interest in PA. Such research on patients with PA has, in turn, furthered knowledge regarding aldosterone synthesis, regulation, and effects. This review summarizes current progress in our understanding of the physiology of aldosterone, and towards defining the causes (including genetic bases), epidemiology, outcomes, and clinical approaches to diagnostic workup (including screening, diagnostic confirmation, and subtype differentiation) and treatment of PA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stowasser
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard D. Gordon
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized in and secreted from the outer layer of the adrenal cortex, the zona glomerulosa. Aldosterone is responsible for regulating sodium homeostasis, thereby helping to control blood volume and blood pressure. Insufficient aldosterone secretion can lead to hypotension and circulatory shock, particularly in infancy. On the other hand, excessive aldosterone levels, or those too high for sodium status, can cause hypertension and exacerbate the effects of high blood pressure on multiple organs, contributing to renal disease, stroke, visual loss, and congestive heart failure. Aldosterone is also thought to directly induce end-organ damage, including in the kidneys and heart. Because of the significance of aldosterone to the physiology and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system, it is important to understand the regulation of its biosynthesis and secretion from the adrenal cortex. Herein, the mechanisms regulating aldosterone production in zona glomerulosa cells are discussed, with a particular emphasis on signaling pathways involved in the secretory response to the main controllers of aldosterone production, the renin-angiotensin II system, serum potassium levels and adrenocorticotrophic hormone. The signaling pathways involved include phospholipase C-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, cytosolic calcium levels, calcium influx pathways, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, diacylglycerol, protein kinases C and D, 12-hydroxyeicostetraenoic acid, phospholipase D, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, tyrosine kinases, adenylate cyclase, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. A complete understanding of the signaling events regulating aldosterone biosynthesis may allow the identification of novel targets for therapeutic interventions in hypertension, primary aldosteronism, congestive heart failure, renal disease, and other cardiovascular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kuo CC, Balakrishnan P, Hsein YC, Wu VC, Chueh SCJ, Chen YM, Wu KD, Wang MJ. The value of losartan suppression test in the confirmatory diagnosis of primary aldosteronism in patients over 50 years old. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 16:587-98. [PMID: 25031295 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313498632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnosis of primary aldosteronism (PA) among the older-aged population has posed a crucial challenge. Among patients over 50 years old, this trial assessed comparability of the performance of two PA diagnostic tests: losartan and captopril suppression tests. METHODS A post-hoc subgroup analysis from a prospective cohort was conducted by the TAIPAI (Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigation) group between July 2003 and July 2006. Of the 160 patients in the cohort, 60 patients over 50 years old received captopril and losartan tests to confirm PA. RESULTS Among the 60 patients over 50 years old, 31 patients had PA confirmed by standardized protocol. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve for post-captopril aldosterone was significantly less than that for post-losartan plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) (0.87 vs 0.94, p=0.02). Using the aldosterone-renin ratio (ARR)>35 with PAC>10 ng/dl, the specificity was 82.76% vs 93.1% and the sensitivity was 77.42% vs 87.10% for the captopril and losartan tests, respectively. The equivalence between the two tests were confirmed by the exact McNemar's test (p=1.0). CONCLUSION The losartan test showed comparable accuracy to confirm PA. Verification of this "elderly-friendly" confirmatory test will be the first step to prepare a specific diagnostic model of PA for the older-aged population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chi Kuo
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Yenh-Chen Hsein
- Division of Clinical Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Jeff Chueh
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine and Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, USA
| | - Yung-Ming Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Kwan-Dun Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jiuh Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Olala LO, Shapiro BA, Merchen TC, Wynn JJ, Bollag WB. Protein kinase C and Src family kinases mediate angiotensin II-induced protein kinase D activation and acute aldosterone production. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 392:173-81. [PMID: 24859649 PMCID: PMC4120960 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown a role for the serine/threonine protein kinase D (PKD) in the regulation of acute aldosterone secretion upon angiotensin II (AngII) stimulation. However, the mechanism by which AngII activates PKD remains unclear. In this study, using both pharmacological and molecular approaches, we demonstrate that AngII-induced PKD activation is mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) and Src family kinases in primary bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells and leads to increased aldosterone production. The pan PKC inhibitor Ro 31-8220 and the Src family kinase inhibitors PP2 and Src-1 inhibited both PKD activation and acute aldosterone production. Additionally, like the dominant-negative serine-738/742-to-alanine PKD mutant that cannot be phosphorylated by PKC, the dominant-negative tyrosine-463-to-phenylalanine PKD mutant, which is not phosphorylatable by the Src/Abl pathway, inhibited acute AngII-induced aldosterone production. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AngII activates PKD via a mechanism involving Src family kinases and PKC, to underlie increased aldosterone production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence O Olala
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, United States; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Brian A Shapiro
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Todd C Merchen
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - James J Wynn
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, United States; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu CH, Yang YW, Hu YH, Tsai YC, Kuo KL, Lin YH, Hung SC, Wu VC, Wu KD. Comparison of 24-h urinary aldosterone level and random urinary aldosterone-to-creatinine ratio in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67417. [PMID: 23840695 PMCID: PMC3696056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Historically, urinary aldosterone level measurement was a commonly employed confirmatory test to detect primary aldosteronism (PA). However, 24-h urine collection is inconvenient and cumbersome. We hypothesized that random urinary aldosterone measurements with correction for creatinine concentration might be comparable to 24-h urinary aldosterone levels (Uald-24 h) in the diagnosis of PA. Methods The non-concurrent prospective study was conducted between June 2006 and March 2008 in patients admitted for confirmation of aldosteronism by salt loading test. A 24-h urine sample, which was collected during hospitalization on the day before saline infusion testing after restoration of serum hypokalemia, was collected from all subjects. Moreover, participants were asked to collect a first bladder voiding random urine sample during clinic visits. Uald-24 h and the random urinary aldosterone-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) were calculated accordingly. Results A total of 102 PA patients (71 patients diagnosed of aldosterone-producing adenoma, 31 with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism) and 65 patients with EH were enrolled. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed comparable areas under the curves of UACR and Uald-24 h. The Bland-Altman plot showed mean bias but no obvious heteroscedasticity between the two tests. When using random UACR >3.0 ng/mg creatinine as the cutoff value, we obtained a specificity of 90.6% to confirm PA from essential hypertension. Conclusions Our study reinforce that the diagnostic accuracy of random UACR was comparable to that of Uald-24 h in PA patients. With the quickness and simplicity of the UACR method and its equivalence to Uald-24 h, this assay could be a good alternative diagnostic tool for PA confirmation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsiung Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Yang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Hu
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolism, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chou Tsai
- Division of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Lin Kuo
- Division of Nephrology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chun Hung
- Division of Nephrology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SCH); (VCW)
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SCH); (VCW)
| | - Kwan-Dun Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chao CT, Wu VC, Kuo CC, Lin YH, Chang CC, Chueh SJ, Wu KD, Pimenta E, Stowasser M. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism: an updated review. Ann Med 2013; 45:375-83. [PMID: 23701121 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2013.785234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common secondary form of arterial hypertension, with a particularly high prevalence among patients with resistant hypertension. Aldosterone has been found to be associated with cardiovascular toxicity. Prolonged aldosteronism leads to higher incidence of cardiac events, glomerular hyperfiltration, and potentially bone/metabolic sequels. The wider application of aldosterone/renin ratio as screening test has substantially contributed to increasing diagnosis of PA. Diagnosis of PA consists of two phases: screening and confirmatory testing. Adrenal imaging is often inaccurate for differentiation between an adenoma and hyperplasia, and adrenal venous sampling is essential for selecting the appropriate treatment modality. The etiologies of PA have two main subtypes: unilateral (aldosterone-producing adenoma) and bilateral (micro- or macronodular hyperplasia). Aldosterone-producing adenoma is typically managed with unilateral adrenalectomy, while bilateral adrenal hyperplasia is amenable to pharmacological approaches using mineralocorticoid antagonists. Short-term treatment outcome following surgery is determined by factors such as preoperative blood pressure level and hypertension duration, but evidence regarding long-term treatment outcome is still lacking. However, directed treatments comprising of unilateral adrenalectomy or mineralocorticoid antagonists still potentially reduce the toxicities of aldosterone. Utilizing a physician-centered approach, we intend to provide up-dated information on the etiology, diagnosis, and the management of PA.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zennaro MC, Jeunemaitre X, Boulkroun S. Integrating genetics and genomics in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2012; 60:580-8. [PMID: 22802222 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.188250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Christina Zennaro
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hattangady N, Olala L, Bollag WB, Rainey WE. Acute and chronic regulation of aldosterone production. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:151-62. [PMID: 21839803 PMCID: PMC3253327 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is the major mineralocorticoid synthesized by the adrenal and plays an important role in the regulation of systemic blood pressure through the absorption of sodium and water. Aldosterone production is regulated tightly by selective expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) in the adrenal outermost zone, the zona glomerulosa. Angiotensin II (Ang II), potassium (K(+)) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) are the main physiological agonists which regulate aldosterone secretion. Aldosterone production is regulated within minutes of stimulation (acutely) through increased expression and phosphorylation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and over hours to days (chronically) by increased expression of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of aldosterone, particularly CYP11B2. Imbalance in any of these processes may lead to several disorders of aldosterone excess. In this review we attempt to summarize the key molecular events involved in the acute and chronic phases of aldosterone secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namita Hattangady
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University (formerly the Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Lawrence Olala
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University (formerly the Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University (formerly the Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904
| | - William E. Rainey
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University (formerly the Medical College of Georgia), 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: William E. Rainey, Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912, , Tel: (706) 721-7665, Fax: (706) 721-7299
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kuo CC, Wu VC, Tsai CW, Huang KH, Wang SM, Li BC, Chang CC, Lu CC, Yang WS, Chao CT, Tsai IC, Lai CF, Lin WC, Wu MS, Lin YH, Lin CY, Chang HW, Wang WJ, Chiang WC, Kao TW, Chueh SC, Chu TS, Tsai TJ, Wu KD. Combining body mass index and serum potassium to urine potassium clearance ratio is an alternative method to predict primary aldosteronism. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1637-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Kuo CC, Wu VC, Huang KH, Wang SM, Chang CC, Lu CC, Yang WS, Tsai CW, Lai CF, Lee TY, Lin WC, Wu MS, Lin YH, Chu TS, Lin CY, Chang HW, Wang WJ, Kao TW, Chueh SC, Wu KD, Taipai Study Group. Verification and evaluation of aldosteronism demographics in the Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigation Group (TAIPAI Group). J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 12:348-57. [PMID: 21393359 DOI: 10.1177/1470320310391329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current data on primary aldosteronism (PA) from Asian populations are scarce. This cohort study clarifies the attributes of patients with PA in a typical Chinese population. DESIGN An observational cohort study. METHODS The records of patients referred to the Hypertension Clinic from a multi-centre registration in Taiwan from January 1995 to December 2007 were reviewed. All patients with PA were classified into two subtypes: aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA) and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA); their characteristics were compared. RESULTS Our cohort consisted of 346 patients with PA, 255 with APA and 91 with IHA. The initial hypokalaemia (59% in APA vs. 27.5% in IHA, p < 0.0001) and transtubular potassium gradient (TTKG) (6.30 ± 2.41 in APA vs. 4.91 ± 2.03 in IHA, p = 0.01) were higher in the APA group. Baseline plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) was also significantly different between the two subgroups (49.96 ± 38.15 ng/dl in APA vs. 34.24 ± 21.47 in IHA, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In typical Chinese PA patients, the APA subgroup had a higher proportion of hypokalaemia with elevated TTKG and higher PAC as compared with the IHA subgroup. This largest Asian database also demonstrated major differences between the Caucasian and Chinese populations including female predilection, frequent hypokalaemia, and common paralytic myopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chi Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ochi N, Tanasanvimon S, Matsuo Y, Tong Z, Sung B, Aggarwal BB, Sinnett-Smith J, Rozengurt E, Guha S. Protein kinase D1 promotes anchorage-independent growth, invasion, and angiogenesis by human pancreatic cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1074-81. [PMID: 20857418 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal diseases. Novel molecularly targeted therapies are urgently needed. Here, we extended our studies on the role of protein kinase D1 (PKD1) in PDAC cell lines. Given that Panc-1 express moderate levels of PKD1, we used retroviral-mediated gene transfer to create a Panc-1 derivative that stably over-expresses PKD1 (Panc-1-PKD1). Reciprocally, we used shRNA targeting PKD1 in Panc-28 to produce a PKD1 under-expressing Panc-28 derivative (Panc-28-shPKD1). Our results demonstrate that Panc-1-PKD1 cells exhibit significantly increased anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and increased in vitro invasion compared with Panc-1-mock. Reciprocally, Panc-28-shPKD1 cells show a significant decrease in anchorage-independent growth and invasiveness, as compared with Panc-28-mock cells. The selective PKD family inhibitor CRT0066101 markedly decreased colony-forming ability and invasiveness by either Panc-1-PKD1 or Panc-28-mock cells. Secretion of the pro-angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CXC chemokines (CXCL8) was significantly elevated by PKD1 over-expression in Panc-1 cells and reduced either by depletion of PKD1 via shRNA in Panc-28 cells or by addition of CRT0066101 to either Panc-1-PKD1 or Panc-28-mock cells. Furthermore, human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) tube formation was significantly enhanced by co-culture with Panc-1-PKD1 compared with Panc-1-mock in an angiogenesis assay in vitro. Conversely, PKD1 depletion in Panc-28 cells decreased their ability to induce endotube formation by HUVECs. PDAC-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo was markedly inhibited by CRT0066101. Our results lend further support to the hypothesis that PKD family members provide a novel target for PDAC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Ochi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) has been recognized as a common cause of secondary hypertension and accounts for approximately 5-15% of the hypertensive population in Japan. Screening for PA should therefore be carried out in all hypertensive patients as we have shown the estimated prevalence of PA is 13.6% in pre-hypertensive subjects and 9.1% in stage 1 hypertensive patients. The screening test most advocated is the aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR), and when the ARR is >20 the following confirmatory tests should be carried out; the captopril challenge test, frusemide-upright test, or saline infusion test. Adrenal CT is not accurate for distinguishing between an aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA). Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is therefore essential for selecting the appropriate therapy in patients a high probability of PA who require surgical treatment. Rapid cortisol assays during AVS to monitor cortisol levels can reduce the failure associated with AVS. We have developed a new rapid cortisol assay using immunochromatography, in which cortisol concentration can be measured within 6 min. Using this technique, the success rate of AVS improved to 93%. IHA underlies about one-half of cases with PA; treatment with eplerenone (100 mg twice a daily), a specific mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, results in substantial improvement in hypertension, with fewer side effects compared to spironolactone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyu Takeda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanzawa, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Role of protein kinase D signaling in pancreatic cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1946-54. [PMID: 20621068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers with dismal survival rates. Its intransigence to conventional therapy renders PDAC an aggressive disease with early metastatic potential. Thus, novel targets for PDAC therapy are urgently needed. Multiple signal transduction pathways are implicated in progression of PDAC. These pathways stimulate production of intracellular messengers in their target cells to modify their behavior, including the lipid-derived diacylglycerol (DAG). One of the prominent intracellular targets of DAG is the protein kinase C (PKC) family. However, the mechanisms by which PKC-mediated signals are decoded by the cell remain incompletely understood. Protein kinase D1 (PKD or PKD1, initially called atypical PKCμ), is the founding member of a novel protein kinase family that includes two additional protein kinases that share extensive overall homology with PKD, termed PKD2, and PKD3. The PKD family occupies a unique position in the signal transduction pathways initiated by DAG and PKC. PKD lies downstream of PKCs in a novel signal transduction pathway implicated in the regulation of multiple fundamental biological processes. We and others have shown that PKD-mediated signaling pathways promote mitogenesis and angiogenesis in PDAC. Our recent observations demonstrate that PKD also potentiates chemoresistance and invasive potential of PDAC cells. This review will briefly highlight diverse biological roles of PKD family in multiple neoplasias including PDAC. Further, this review will underscore our latest advancement with the development of a potent PKD family inhibitor and its effect both in vitro and in vivo in PDAC.
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu VC, Kuo CC, Chang HW, Tsai CT, Lin CY, Lin LY, Lin YH, Wang SM, Huang KH, Fang CC, Ho YL, Liu KL, Chang CC, Chueh SC, Lin SL, Yen RF, Wu KD. Diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: Comparison of post-captopril active renin concentration and plasma renin activity. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:657-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
Shapiro BA, Olala L, Arun SN, Parker PM, George MV, Bollag WB. Angiotensin II-activated protein kinase D mediates acute aldosterone secretion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 317:99-105. [PMID: 19961896 PMCID: PMC2814994 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin II (AngII)-aldosterone system can contribute to cardiovascular disease, such that an understanding of this system is critical. Diacylglycerol-sensitive serine/threonine protein kinase D (PKD) is activated by AngII in several systems, including the human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line NCI H295R, where this enzyme enhances chronic (24h) AngII-evoked aldosterone secretion. However, the role of PKD in acute AngII-elicited aldosterone secretion has not been previously examined. In primary cultures of bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells, which secrete detectable quantities of aldosterone in response to secretagogues within minutes, PKD was activated in response to AngII, but not an elevated potassium concentration or adrenocorticotrophic hormone. This activation was time- and dose-dependent and occurred through the AT1, but not the AT2, receptor. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of constitutively active PKD resulted in enhanced AngII-induced aldosterone secretion; whereas overexpression of a dominant-negative PKD construct decreased AngII-stimulated aldosterone secretion. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that PKD mediates acute AngII-induced aldosterone secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Shapiro
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Lawrence Olala
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Senthil Nathan Arun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Peter M. Parker
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Mariya V. George
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904
- Departments of Physiolgy, Medicine, Cell Biology and Anatomy and Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Wendy B. Bollag, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912, TEL: (706) 721-0698, FAX: (706) 721-7299,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wu VC, Chueh SC, Chang HW, Lin LY, Liu KL, Lin YH, Ho YL, Lin WC, Wang SM, Huang KH, Hung KY, Kao TW, Lin SL, Yen RF, Chen YM, Hsieh BS, Wu KD. Association of kidney function with residual hypertension after treatment of aldosterone-producing adenoma. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54:665-73. [PMID: 19628318 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autonomous secretion of aldosterone in patients with primary aldosteronism increases glomerular filtration rate and causes kidney damage. The influence of a mild decrease in kidney function on residual hypertension after adrenalectomy is unexplored. STUDY DESIGN Nonconcurrent prospective study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS The study was based on the Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigation (TAIPAI) database. 150 patients (61 men; overall mean age, 47.2 +/- 11.6 years) with a diagnosis of aldosterone-producing adenoma had undergone unilateral adrenalectomy at National Taiwan University Hospital from July 1999 to January 2007. PREDICTOR Presurgery estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS Residual hypertension after adrenalectomy, defined either as less than 75% of recorded blood pressure measurements with systolic blood pressure less than 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg or requiring antihypertensive medications during the first year after surgery. RESULTS Before surgery, 27 (18%), 72 (48%), and 51 (34%) patients had moderately to severely decreased (<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), mildly decreased (60 <or= eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), or nondecreased eGFR (>or=90 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), respectively. After surgery, 16 (59.3%), 29 (40.3%), and 10 (19.3%) patients in each category had postsurgery residual hypertension. Compared with patients without decreased eGFR before surgery, adjusted odds ratios for postsurgery residual hypertension were 2.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 7.0; P = 0.04) and 2.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 9.3) for mildly and moderately to severely decreased eGFR, respectively. LIMITATIONS Arbitrary definition for residual hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Two-thirds of patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma were cured of hypertension by means of unilateral adrenalectomy. Kidney function impairment, even mild, appears to be associated with a high incidence of postsurgery residual hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
-
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bibliography. Current world literature. Adrenal cortex. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:284-299. [PMID: 18438178 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283040e80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
27
|
Chang HW, Wu VC, Huang CY, Huang HY, Chen YM, Chu TS, Wu KD, Hsieh BS. D4 dopamine receptor enhances angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone secretion through PKC-epsilon and calcium signaling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 294:E622-9. [PMID: 18171914 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00657.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone secretion is subjected to dopaminergic regulation. Our previous study showed that both human D2 and D4 dopamine receptors (D2R and D4R) modulate aldosterone secretion, but in opposing directions. The inhibitory effect of D2R is mediated by attenuating protein kinase C-micro (PKC-micro) and calcium-dependent signaling. The mechanism of D4R effect on angiotensin II (AII)-stimulated aldosterone secretion is explored in this study. Experiments were done with primary human adrenal cortical cells and human adrenocarcinoma (NCI-H295R) cells. Activation of different PKC isoforms was detected by specific phospho-PKC antibodies and PKC translocation. The role of calcium-dependent signaling was examined by measuring the cytoplasmic inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP(3)) and calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)). The D4R agonist PD-168,077 enhanced AII-stimulated aldosterone synthesis and secretion as early as 30 min following exposure independently of the modulation of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) transcription. CYP11B2 mRNA level elevated by AII was augmented by D4R in the later period. These effects were reversed by the D4R antagonist L-745,870. AII activated PKC-alpha/betaII, -epsilon, and -micro but not PKC-delta, -theta, or -zeta/lambda of H295R cells. The D4R agonist selectively enhanced AII-stimulated PKC-epsilon phosphorylation and its translocation to the cell membrane. Furthermore, the D4R agonist enhanced the AII-stimulated elevation of intracellular IP(3) and [Ca(2+)](i). Inhibition of PKC-epsilon translocation by the PKC-epsilon-specific inhibitory peptide attenuated AII-stimulated aldosterone secretion, CYP11B2 mRNA expression, and elevation of intracellular IP(3) and [Ca(2+)](i). We conclude that D4R augmented aldosterone synthesis/secretion induced by AII. The mechanisms responsible for this augmentation are mediated through enhancing PKC-epsilon phosphorylation and [Ca(2+)](i) elevation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Chang
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chung SD, Wu VC, Liu KL, Huang KH, Chueh SC, Yu HJ. Response to ‘Diagnosis of aldosterone producing adenomas’. Kidney Int 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
29
|
Li J, Chen LA, Townsend CM, Evers BM. PKD1, PKD2, and their substrate Kidins220 regulate neurotensin secretion in the BON human endocrine cell line. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:2614-21. [PMID: 18048355 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707513200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) is a gut peptide that plays an important role in gastrointestinal secretion, motility, and growth as well as the proliferation of NT receptor-positive cancers. Protein kinase D (PKD) family members (PKD1, 2, and 3) have been identified as important regulators of secretory transport at the trans-Golgi network. Previously, we showed that PKD1 contributes to stimulated NT secretion; however, the mechanisms are not entirely clear. Here, we show that Kidins220, which is a substrate of PKD proteins in neuroendocrine cells, is localized in the ends of the processes of BON cells, similar to the expression pattern of NT vesicles, and translocates to the membrane and large vesicle-like structures formed in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treatment. The short hairpin RNA targeting Kidins220 inhibits NT secretion in parental BON cells or BON cells stably expressing the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor treated with either phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or bombesin, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate that endogenous PKD1, PKD2, and Kidins220 co-exist with NT-containing vesicles. Overexpression of the kinase-dead PKD1 abrogates Kidins220 expression and NT vesicle formation. Our data establish a physiological link between the PKD/Kidins220 pathway and NT-containing vesicles and suggest the role of this pathway in the regulation of hormone secretion. Because NT is an important gut hormone that affects secretion, inflammation, and both normal and tumor cell growth, our findings identify a novel signaling pathway that may be amenable to drug targeting for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Surgery and Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|