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Linsky JMJ, Dunlop RA, McMichael LA. A novel RT-qPCR health assay reveals differential expression of stress and immunoregulatory genes between the seasonal migrations of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17209. [PMID: 38018561 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Health information is essential for the conservation management of whale species. However, assessing the health of free-ranging whales is challenging as samples are primarily limited to skin and blubber tissue. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) offers a method to measure health from blubber RNA, providing insights into energetic status, stress and immune activity. To identify changes in health, natural differences in baseline gene expression linked to an individual's sex, reproductive status and life-history stage must first be quantified. This study aimed to establish baseline gene expression indices of health in migrating humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). To do this, we developed an assay to quantify seven health-related gene transcripts (Leptin, Leptin Receptor, Adiponectin, Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor, Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-6, Heat Shock Protein-70) and used Bayesian mixed effect models to assess differential baseline expression based on sex, lactation status and migration stage (northbound to and southbound from the annual breeding grounds). Results showed no significant contribution of sex to differential baseline expression. However, lactating individuals exhibited downregulated AhR and HSP-70 compared to non-lactating conspecifics. Additionally, southbound individuals demonstrated significantly upregulated HSP-70 and downregulated TNF-alpha, suggesting a relationship between these inflammation-linked transcripts and migratory fasting. Our results suggest that baseline differences due to migratory stage and lactation status should be considered in health applications of this assay. Future monitoring efforts can use our baseline measurements to better understand how gene expression is tied to population-level impacts, such as reduced prey availability or migratory stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M J Linsky
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca A Dunlop
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lee A McMichael
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Khan S, Livingstone DEW, Zielinska A, Doig CL, Cobice DF, Esteves CL, Man JTY, Homer NZM, Seckl JR, MacKay CL, Webster SP, Lavery GG, Chapman KE, Walker BR, Andrew R. Contribution of local regeneration of glucocorticoids to tissue steroid pools. J Endocrinol 2023; 258:e230034. [PMID: 37343234 PMCID: PMC10448579 DOI: 10.1530/joe-23-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11βHSD1) is a drug target to attenuate adverse effects of chronic glucocorticoid excess. It catalyses intracellular regeneration of active glucocorticoids in tissues including brain, liver and adipose tissue (coupled to hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, H6PDH). 11βHSD1 activity in individual tissues is thought to contribute significantly to glucocorticoid levels at those sites, but its local contribution vs glucocorticoid delivery via the circulation is unknown. Here, we hypothesised that hepatic 11βHSD1 would contribute significantly to the circulating pool. This was studied in mice with Cre-mediated disruption of Hsd11b1 in liver (Alac-Cre) vs adipose tissue (aP2-Cre) or whole-body disruption of H6pdh. Regeneration of [9,12,12-2H3]-cortisol (d3F) from [9,12,12-2H3]-cortisone (d3E), measuring 11βHSD1 reductase activity was assessed at steady state following infusion of [9,11,12,12-2H4]-cortisol (d4F) in male mice. Concentrations of steroids in plasma and amounts in liver, adipose tissue and brain were measured using mass spectrometry interfaced with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation or liquid chromatography. Amounts of d3F were higher in liver, compared with brain and adipose tissue. Rates of appearance of d3F were ~6-fold slower in H6pdh-/- mice, showing the importance for whole-body 11βHSD1 reductase activity. Disruption of liver 11βHSD1 reduced the amounts of d3F in liver (by ~36%), without changes elsewhere. In contrast disruption of 11βHSD1 in adipose tissue reduced rates of appearance of circulating d3F (by ~67%) and also reduced regenerated of d3F in liver and brain (both by ~30%). Thus, the contribution of hepatic 11βHSD1 to circulating glucocorticoid levels and amounts in other tissues is less than that of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D E W Livingstone
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Zielinska
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - C L Doig
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - D F Cobice
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C L Esteves
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J T Y Man
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J R Seckl
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C L MacKay
- SIRCAMS, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S P Webster
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - G G Lavery
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - K E Chapman
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B R Walker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Andrew
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Devine K, Villalobos E, Kyle CJ, Andrew R, Reynolds RM, Stimson RH, Nixon M, Walker BR. The ATP-binding cassette proteins ABCB1 and ABCC1 as modulators of glucocorticoid action. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:112-124. [PMID: 36221036 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Responses to hormones that act through nuclear receptors are controlled by modulating hormone concentrations not only in the circulation but also within target tissues. The role of enzymes that amplify or reduce local hormone concentrations is well established for glucocorticoid and other lipophilic hormones; moreover, transmembrane transporters have proven critical in determining tissue responses to thyroid hormones. However, there has been less consideration of the role of transmembrane transport for steroid hormones. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins were first shown to influence the accumulation of glucocorticoids in cells almost three decades ago, but observations over the past 10 years suggest that differential transport propensities of both exogenous and endogenous glucocorticoids by ABCB1 and ABCC1 transporters provide a mechanism whereby different tissues are preferentially sensitive to different steroids. This Review summarizes this evidence and the new insights provided for the physiology and pharmacology of glucocorticoid action, including new approaches to glucocorticoid replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Devine
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elisa Villalobos
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catriona J Kyle
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ruth Andrew
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roland H Stimson
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Nixon
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Ostinelli G, Scovronec A, Iceta S, Ouellette AS, Lemieux S, Biertho L, Bégin C, Michaud A, Tchernof A. Deciphering the Association Between Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity and Obesity: A Meta-Analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:846-858. [PMID: 33783120 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both the cortisol awakening response (CAR; corresponding to the state measurement) and hair cortisol concentration (HCC; corresponding to the trait measurement) are considered reliable markers of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Because cortisol has long been associated with adiposity, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to summarize and compare the literature around CAR and HCC and their association with obesity or fat distribution indices. METHODS The PubMed, Web of Science (Web of Science Core Collection and Medline), EBSCO Information Services, Embase, and PsycNET databases were searched, and full-text articles investigating the association between CAR or HCC and markers of adiposity in humans were included. Meta-analyses were then performed to compare studies associating CAR or HCC with BMI (a marker of general adiposity) and waist circumference (a marker of fat distribution). RESULTS The results of this review highlight inconsistencies in cortisol sampling and CAR computation, which makes comparisons between studies difficult. It was found that adiposity indices are not associated with CAR but that they correlate significantly and positively with HCC. The subgroup analysis hinted to possible age differences in the magnitude of the association between HCC and BMI. CONCLUSIONS Trait rather than state measurement of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity is associated with increased general and abdominal adiposity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Ostinelli
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Anaïs Scovronec
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Iceta
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Simone Lemieux
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Bégin
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Andréanne Michaud
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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Anderson AJ, Andrew R, Homer NZM, Hughes KA, Boyle LD, Nixon M, Karpe F, Stimson RH, Walker BR. Effects of Obesity and Insulin on Tissue-Specific Recycling Between Cortisol and Cortisone in Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1206-e1220. [PMID: 33270115 PMCID: PMC7947841 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11βHSD1) reduces inert cortisone into active cortisol but also catalyzes reverse dehydrogenase activity. Drivers of cortisol/cortisone equilibrium are unclear. With obesity, 11βHSD1 transcripts are more abundant in adipose, but the consequences for oxidation vs reduction remain unknown. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to determine whether 11βHSD1 equilibrium in metabolic tissues is regulated by insulin and obesity. METHODS A 2-phase, randomized, crossover, single-blinded study in a clinical research facility was conducted of 10 lean and obese healthy men. 11β-Reductase and 11β-dehydrogenase activities were measured during infusion of 9,11,12,12-[2H]4-cortisol and 1,2-[2H]2-cortisone, respectively, on 2 occasions: once during saline infusion and once during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Arterialized and venous samples were obtained across forearm skeletal muscle and abdominal subcutaneous adipose. Steroids were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and adipose tissue transcripts by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Neither whole-body nor tissue-specific rates of production of cortisol or cortisone differed between lean and obese men, however insulin attenuated the diurnal decrease. Whole-body 11β-HSD1 reductase activity tended to be higher in obesity (~ 10%) and was further increased by insulin. Across adipose tissue, 11β-reductase activity was detected in obese individuals only and increased in the presence of insulin (18.99 ± 9.62 vs placebo 11.68 ± 3.63 pmol/100 g/minute; P < .05). Across skeletal muscle, 11β-dehydrogenase activity was reduced by insulin in lean men only (2.55 ± 0.90 vs 4.50 ± 1.42 pmol/100 g/minute, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Regeneration of cortisol is upregulated by insulin in adipose tissue but not skeletal muscle. In obesity, the equilibrium between 11β-reductase and 11β-dehydrogenase activities likely promotes cortisol accumulation in adipose, which may lead to adverse metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Anderson
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ruth Andrew
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence: Ruth Andrew, PhD, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katherine A Hughes
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Luke D Boyle
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Nixon
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Roland H Stimson
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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6
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Laloze J, Fiévet L, Desmoulière A. Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Regenerative Medicine: State of Play, Current Clinical Trials, and Future Prospects. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2021; 10:24-48. [PMID: 32470315 PMCID: PMC7698876 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2020.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Wound healing is a complex process involving pain and inflammation, where innervation plays a central role. Managing wound healing and pain remains an important issue, especially in pathologies such as excessive scarring (often leading to fibrosis) or deficient healing, leading to chronic wounds. Recent Advances: Advances in therapies using mesenchymal stromal cells offer new insights for treating indications that previously lacked options. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AD-MSCs) are now being used to a much greater extent in clinical trials for regenerative medicine. However, to be really valid, these randomized trials must imperatively follow strict guidelines such as consolidated standards of reporting trials (CONSORT) statement. Indeed, AD-MSCs, because of their paracrine activities and multipotency, have potential to cure degenerative and/or inflammatory diseases. Combined with their relatively easy access (from adipose tissue) and proliferation capacity, AD-MSCs represent an excellent candidate for allogeneic treatments. Critical Issues: The success of AD-MSC therapy may depend on the robustness of the biological functions of AD-MSCs, which requires controlling source heterogeneity and production processes, and development of biomarkers that predict desired responses. Several studies have investigated the effect of AD-MSCs on innervation, wound repair, or pain management separately, but systematic evaluation of how those effects could be combined is lacking. Future Directions: Future studies that explore how AD-MSC therapy can be used to treat difficult-to-heal wounds, underlining the need to thoroughly characterize the cells used, and standardization of preparation processes are needed. Finally, how this a priori easy-to-use cell therapy treatment fits into clinical management of pain, improvement of tissue healing, and patient quality of life, all need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Laloze
- Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Limoges, Myelin Maintenance and Peripheral Neuropathies (EA 6309), Limoges, France
- Department of Maxillo-Facial and Reconstructive Surgery and Stomatology, University Hospital Dupuytren, Limoges, France
| | - Loïc Fiévet
- STROMALab, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS)-Occitanie, INSERM 1031, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), ERL5311 CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexis Desmoulière
- Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Limoges, Myelin Maintenance and Peripheral Neuropathies (EA 6309), Limoges, France
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Laforest S, Pelletier M, Denver N, Poirier B, Nguyen S, Walker BR, Durocher F, Homer NZM, Diorio C, Andrew R, Tchernof A. Estrogens and Glucocorticoids in Mammary Adipose Tissue: Relationships with Body Mass Index and Breast Cancer Features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5680713. [PMID: 31853538 PMCID: PMC7065843 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adipose tissue is an important site for extragonadal steroid hormone biosynthesis through the expression and activity of P450 aromatase, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1, and 17β-HSDs. The contribution of steroid hormones produced by adjacent adipose tissue for the progression and survival of breast tumors is unknown. OBJECTIVE To quantify estrogens (estradiol, estrone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone) in breast adipose tissue from both healthy and diseased women and their relationships with adiposity indices and breast cancer prognostic markers. DESIGN AND SETTING Breast adipose tissue was collected at time of surgery. PATIENTS Pre- and postmenopausal women undergoing partial mastectomy for treatment of breast cancer (n = 17) or reduction mammoplasty (n = 6) were studied. INTERVENTIONS Relative estrogen and glucocorticoid amounts were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The targeted steroids were reliably detected and quantified in mammary adipose tissues. Women with ER+/PR+ tumor had higher relative estradiol amount than women with ER-/PR- tumor (P < .05). The ratio of estradiol-to-estrone was higher in lean women than in women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 (P < .05). Mixed-model analyses showed that estradiol, cortisone, and cortisol were negatively associated with tumor size (P < .05). Relationships between glucocorticoids and tumor size remained significant after adjustment for BMI. The cortisol-to-cortisone ratio was negatively associated with tumor stage (P < .05) independently of BMI. CONCLUSIONS We reliably quantified estrogens and glucocorticoids in breast adipose tissue from healthy women and women suffering from breast cancer. Our findings suggest that smaller breast tumors are associated with higher relative amounts of estradiol and cortisol in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Laforest
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology division), School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology division), School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Nina Denver
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brigitte Poirier
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre des maladies du sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Nguyen
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Francine Durocher
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Centre des maladies du sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - André Tchernof
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology division), School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: André Tchernof, PhD, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Y4212, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G5. E-mail:
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Laforest S, Pelletier M, Denver N, Poirier B, Nguyen S, Walker BR, Durocher F, Homer NZM, Diorio C, Tchernof A, Andrew R. Simultaneous quantification of estrogens and glucocorticoids in human adipose tissue by liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 195:105476. [PMID: 31561001 PMCID: PMC7099401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of estrogens, androgens and glucocorticoids as well as their receptors and steroid converting enzymes in adipose tissue has been established. Their contribution to diseases such as obesity, diabetes and hormone-dependent cancers is an active area of research. Our objective was to develop a LC-MS/MS method to quantify bioactive estrogens and glucocorticoids simultaneously in human adipose tissue. Estrogens and glucocorticoids were extracted from adipose tissue samples using solid-phase extraction. Estrogens were derivatized using 1-(2,4-dinitro-5-fluorophenyl)-4-methylpiperazine (PPZ) and methyl iodide to generate a permanently charged molecule (MPPZ). Steroids were separated and quantified by LC-MS/MS. The limit of quantitation for the steroids was between 15 and 100 pg per sample. Accuracy and precision were acceptable (<20%). Using this method, estradiol, estrone, cortisone and cortisol were quantified in adipose tissue from women with and without breast cancer. This novel assay of estrogens and glucocorticoids by LC-MS/MS coupled with derivatization allowed simultaneous quantification of a panel of steroids in human adipose tissue across the endogenous range of concentrations encountered in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Laforest
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology Division), School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Quebec Heart Lung Institute, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology Division), School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Quebec Heart Lung Institute, Québec, Canada
| | - Nina Denver
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Cathedral Street, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte Poirier
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre des maladies du sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Nguyen
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK; Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Francine Durocher
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Centre des maladies du sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada; CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology Division), School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Quebec Heart Lung Institute, Québec, Canada
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Morgan RA, Keen JA, Homer N, Nixon M, McKinnon-Garvin AM, Moses-Williams JA, Davis SR, Hadoke PWF, Walker BR. Dysregulation of Cortisol Metabolism in Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3791-3800. [PMID: 30289445 PMCID: PMC6202856 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Equine Cushing disease [pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)] is a common condition of older horses, but its pathophysiology is complex and poorly understood. In contrast to pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in other species, PPID is characterized by elevated plasma ACTH but not elevated plasma cortisol. In this study, we address this paradox and the hypothesis that PPID is a syndrome of ACTH excess in which there is dysregulation of peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism and binding. In 14 horses with PPID compared with 15 healthy controls, we show that in plasma, cortisol levels and cortisol binding to corticosteroid binding globulin were not different; in urine, glucocorticoid and androgen metabolites were increased up to fourfold; in liver, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) expression was reduced; in perirenal adipose tissue, 11β-HSD1 and carbonyl reductase 1 expression was increased; and tissue cortisol levels were not measurably different. The combination of normal plasma cortisol with markedly enhanced urinary cortisol metabolite excretion and dysregulated tissue-specific steroid-metabolizing enzymes suggests that cortisol clearance is increased in horses with PPID. We infer that the ACTH excess may be compensatory and pituitary pathology and autonomous secretion may be a secondary rather than primary pathology. It is possible that successful therapy in PPID may be targeted either at lowering ACTH or, paradoxically, at reducing cortisol clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Morgan
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - John A Keen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Homer
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Nixon
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M McKinnon-Garvin
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jodie A Moses-Williams
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah R Davis
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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10
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Nixon M, Mackenzie SD, Taylor AI, Homer NZM, Livingstone DE, Mouras R, Morgan RA, Mole DJ, Stimson RH, Reynolds RM, Elfick APD, Andrew R, Walker BR. ABCC1 confers tissue-specific sensitivity to cortisol versus corticosterone: A rationale for safer glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:352ra109. [PMID: 27535620 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf9074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of treatment in congenital adrenal hyperplasia is to suppress excess adrenal androgens while achieving physiological glucocorticoid replacement. However, current glucocorticoid replacement regimes are inadequate because doses sufficient to suppress excess androgens almost invariably induce adverse metabolic effects. Although both cortisol and corticosterone are glucocorticoids that circulate in human plasma, any physiological role for corticosterone has been neglected. In the brain, the adenosine 5'-triphosphate-binding cassette transporter ABCB1 exports cortisol but not corticosterone. Conversely, ABCC1 exports corticosterone but not cortisol. We show that ABCC1, but not ABCB1, is expressed in human adipose and that ABCC1 inhibition increases intracellular corticosterone, but not cortisol, and induces glucocorticoid-responsive gene transcription in human adipocytes. Both C57Bl/6 mice treated with the ABCC1 inhibitor probenecid and FVB mice with deletion of Abcc1 accumulated more corticosterone than cortisol in adipose after adrenalectomy and corticosteroid infusion. This accumulation was sufficient to increase glucocorticoid-responsive adipose transcript expression. In human adipose tissue, tissue corticosterone concentrations were consistently low, and ABCC1 mRNA was up-regulated in obesity. To test the hypothesis that corticosterone effectively suppresses adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) without the metabolic adverse effects of cortisol, we infused cortisol or corticosterone in patients with Addison's disease. ACTH suppression was similar, but subcutaneous adipose transcripts of glucocorticoid-responsive genes were higher after infusion with cortisol rather than with corticosterone. These data indicate that corticosterone may be a metabolically favorable alternative to cortisol for glucocorticoid replacement therapy when ACTH suppression is desirable, as in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and justify development of a pharmaceutical preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Nixon
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Scott D Mackenzie
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ashley I Taylor
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Dawn E Livingstone
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK. Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Rabah Mouras
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Ruth A Morgan
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK. Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Damian J Mole
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Roland H Stimson
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Alistair P D Elfick
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Ruth Andrew
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK. Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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11
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Stimson RH, Anderson AJ, Ramage LE, Macfarlane DP, de Beaux AC, Mole DJ, Andrew R, Walker BR. Acute physiological effects of glucocorticoids on fuel metabolism in humans are permissive but not direct. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:883-891. [PMID: 28177189 PMCID: PMC5484992 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The effects of glucocorticoids on fuel metabolism are complex. Acute glucocorticoid excess promotes lipolysis but chronic glucocorticoid excess causes visceral fat accumulation. We hypothesized that interactions between cortisol and insulin and adrenaline account for these conflicting results. We tested the effect of cortisol on lipolysis and glucose production with and without insulin and adrenaline in humans both in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 20 healthy men were randomized to low and high insulin groups (both n = 10). Subjects attended on 3 occasions and received low (c. 150 nM), medium (c. 400 nM) or high (c. 1400 nM) cortisol infusion in a randomized crossover design. Deuterated glucose and glycerol were infused intravenously along with a pancreatic clamp (somatostatin with replacement of glucagon, insulin and growth hormone) and adrenaline. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained for analysis. In parallel, the effect of cortisol on lipolysis was tested in paired primary cultures of human subcutaneous and visceral adipocytes. RESULTS In vivo, high cortisol increased lipolysis only in the presence of high insulin and/or adrenaline but did not alter glucose kinetics. High cortisol increased adipose mRNA levels of ATGL, HSL and CGI-58 and suppressed G0S2. In vitro, high cortisol increased lipolysis in the presence of insulin in subcutaneous, but not visceral, adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS The acute lipolytic effects of cortisol require supraphysiological concentrations, are dependent on insulin and adrenaline and are observed only in subcutaneous adipose tissue. The resistance of visceral adipose tissue to cortisol's lipolytic effects may contribute to the central fat accumulation observed with chronic glucocorticoid excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland H. Stimson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Anna J. Anderson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Lynne E. Ramage
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - David P. Macfarlane
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Damian J. Mole
- Department of Upper GI SurgeryRoyal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Brian R. Walker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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12
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Kershaw JL, Sherrill M, Davison NJ, Brownlow A, Hall AJ. Evaluating morphometric and metabolic markers of body condition in a small cetacean, the harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena). Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3494-3506. [PMID: 28515885 PMCID: PMC5433969 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian body condition is an important individual fitness metric as it affects both survival and reproductive success. The ability to accurately measure condition has key implications for predicting individual and population health, and therefore monitoring the population‐level effects of changing environments. No consensus currently exists on the best measure to quantitatively estimate body condition in many species, including cetaceans. Here, two measures of body condition were investigated in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). First, the most informative morphometric body condition index was identified. The mass/length2 ratio was the most appropriate morphometric index of 10 indices tested, explaining 50% of the variation in condition in stranded, male porpoises with different causes of death and across age classes (n = 291). Mass/length2 was then used to evaluate a second measure, blubber cortisol concentration, as a metabolic condition marker. Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid hormone involved in the regulation of lipolysis and overall energy balance in mammals, and concentrations could provide information on physiological state. Blubber cortisol concentrations did not significantly vary around the girth (n = 20), but there was significant vertical stratification through the blubber depth with highest concentrations in the innermost layer. Concentrations in the dorsal, outermost layer were representative of concentrations through the full blubber depth, showed variation by sex and age class, and were negatively correlated with mass/length2. Using this species as a model for live cetaceans from which standard morphometric measurements cannot be taken, but from which blubber biopsy samples are routinely collected, cortisol concentrations in the dorsal, outermost blubber layer could potentially be used as a biomarker of condition in free‐ranging animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Kershaw
- Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife UK
| | - Meredith Sherrill
- Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife UK
| | - Nicholas J Davison
- Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme SAC Veterinary Services Drummondhill Inverness UK
| | - Andrew Brownlow
- Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme SAC Veterinary Services Drummondhill Inverness UK
| | - Ailsa J Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife UK
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13
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Mass spectrometry and its evolving role in assessing tissue specific steroid metabolism. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:645-51. [PMID: 27068983 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones play vital roles in regulating diverse biological processes in health and disease. Tissue levels are regulated by enzymes which activate and inactivate hormones. The enzyme, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1), in particular, has been identified as a potential drug target; inhibiting this enzyme attenuates glucocorticoid action by lowering local levels of active hormone. A variety of mass spectrometric approaches have been developed to characterize this enzymein vivo Endogenous glucocorticoids and their metabolites can be profiled in urine by GC-MS and circulating steroids are now more commonly quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Tracer dilution studies have allowed rates of generation of glucocorticoids by the enzyme to be distinguished from hormone generated directly by the adrenal glands and, in combination with arterio-venous (AV) sampling, rates of production by specific tissues have been quantified. This has allowed the contribution of liver, adipose, muscle and brain to cortisol production in metabolic disease and hence prioritized drug targets. Most recently MS imaging in combination with on-tissue derivatization has been developed to profile oxo-steroids in tissue sections, allowing molecular maps to be generated across complex tissues, where regional functions are important. The review provides a synopsis of how measurement of steroids by MS has evolved with technological advances and this has provided insight into the dynamic turnover of glucocorticoidsin vivo, highlighting the milestones that have advanced the field and identifying the remaining challenges for researchers, in terms of analytical chemistry and endocrine physiology and biochemistry.
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14
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Ramage LE, Akyol M, Fletcher AM, Forsythe J, Nixon M, Carter RN, van Beek EJR, Morton NM, Walker BR, Stimson RH. Glucocorticoids Acutely Increase Brown Adipose Tissue Activity in Humans, Revealing Species-Specific Differences in UCP-1 Regulation. Cell Metab 2016; 24:130-41. [PMID: 27411014 PMCID: PMC4949380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans presents a new therapeutic target for metabolic disease; however, little is known about the regulation of human BAT. Chronic glucocorticoid excess causes obesity in humans, and glucocorticoids suppress BAT activation in rodents. We tested whether glucocorticoids regulate BAT activity in humans. In vivo, the glucocorticoid prednisolone acutely increased (18)fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by BAT (measured using PET/CT) in lean healthy men during mild cold exposure (16°C-17°C). In addition, prednisolone increased supraclavicular skin temperature (measured using infrared thermography) and energy expenditure during cold, but not warm, exposure in lean subjects. In vitro, glucocorticoids increased isoprenaline-stimulated respiration and UCP-1 in human primary brown adipocytes, but substantially decreased isoprenaline-stimulated respiration and UCP-1 in primary murine brown and beige adipocytes. The highly species-specific regulation of BAT function by glucocorticoids may have important implications for the translation of novel treatments to activate BAT to improve metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne E Ramage
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Murat Akyol
- Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, Scotland, UK
| | - Alison M Fletcher
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - John Forsythe
- Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark Nixon
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Roderick N Carter
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Edwin J R van Beek
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Roland H Stimson
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
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15
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Kershaw JL, Hall AJ. Seasonal variation in harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) blubber cortisol - A novel indicator of physiological state? Sci Rep 2016; 6:21889. [PMID: 26906193 PMCID: PMC4764809 DOI: 10.1038/srep21889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is one of the main glucocorticoid hormones involved in both the mammalian stress response, and in fat metabolism and energy regulation, making it of increasing interest as a biomarker for stress, health and overall physiological state. However, transient stress responses to animal handling and sampling may be important sources of measurement artefact when investigating circulating concentrations of this hormone in wildlife. Here, cortisol concentrations were measured in the plasma and, for the first time, in the blubber of live captured adult harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). Plasma cortisol concentrations were positively correlated with capture time, suggesting that they were largely driven by a stress response to the capture event. In contrast, blubber cortisol concentrations were shown not to be significantly affected by capture time and varied significantly by sex and by season, with higher concentrations during natural fasting periods of their life cycle, particularly during the moult. These results suggest that cortisol may play a key role in increased fat metabolism during highly energetically demanding periods, and that blubber concentrations have the potential to be used as physiological state indicators in phocid seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Kershaw
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife. KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Ailsa J Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife. KY16 8LB, UK
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16
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Kalafatakis K, Russell GM, Zarros A, Lightman SL. Temporal control of glucocorticoid neurodynamics and its relevance for brain homeostasis, neuropathology and glucocorticoid-based therapeutics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 61:12-25. [PMID: 26656793 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids mediate plethora of actions throughout the human body. Within the brain, they modulate aspects of immune system and neuroinflammatory processes, interfere with cellular metabolism and viability, interact with systems of neurotransmission and regulate neural rhythms. The influence of glucocorticoids on memory and emotional behaviour is well known and there is increasing evidence for their involvement in many neuropsychiatric pathologies. These effects, which at times can be in opposing directions, depend not only on the concentration of glucocorticoids but also the duration of their presence, the temporal relationship between their fluctuations, the co-influence of other stimuli, and the overall state of brain activity. Moreover, they are region- and cell type-specific. The molecular basis of such diversity of effects lies on the orchestration of the spatiotemporal interplay between glucocorticoid- and mineralocorticoid receptors, and is achieved through complex dynamics, mainly mediated via the circadian and ultradian pattern of glucocorticoid secretion. More sophisticated methodologies are therefore required to better approach the study of these hormones and improve the effectiveness of glucocorticoid-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kalafatakis
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom.
| | - Georgina M Russell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom.
| | - Apostolos Zarros
- Research Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom.
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17
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Tchernof A, Mansour MF, Pelletier M, Boulet MM, Nadeau M, Luu-The V. Updated survey of the steroid-converting enzymes in human adipose tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 147:56-69. [PMID: 25448733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, adipose tissues have been increasingly known for their endocrine properties, that is, their ability to secrete a number of adipocytokines that may exert local and/or systemic effects. In addition, adipose tissues have long been recognized as significant sites for steroid hormone transformation and action. We hereby provide an updated survey of the many steroid-converting enzymes that may be detected in human adipose tissues, their activities and potential roles. In addition to the now well-established role of aromatase and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) type 1, many enzymes have been reported in adipocyte cell lines, isolated mature cells and/or preadipocytes. These include 11β-HSD type 2, 17β-HSDs, 3β-HSD, 5α-reductases, sulfatases and glucuronosyltransferases. Some of these enzymes are postulated to bear relevance for adipose tissue physiology and perhaps for the pathophysiology of obesity. This elaborate set of steroid-converting enzymes in the cell types of adipose tissue deserves further scientific attention. Our work on 20α-HSD (AKR1C1), 3α-HSD type 3 (AKR1C2) and 17β-HSD type 5 (AKR1C3) allowed us to clarify the relevance of these enzymes for some aspects of adipose tissue function. For example, down-regulation of AKR1C2 expression in preadipocytes seems to potentiate the inhibitory action of dihydrotestosterone on adipogenesis in this model. Many additional studies are warranted to assess the impact of intra-adipose steroid hormone conversions on adipose tissue functions and chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tchernof
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada; École de Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Endocrinologe et Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Fouad Mansour
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada; Endocrinologe et Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- Endocrinologe et Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Michèle Boulet
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada; École de Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Nadeau
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Van Luu-The
- Endocrinologe et Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
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18
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Cobice DF, Mackay CL, Goodwin RJA, McBride A, Langridge-Smith PR, Webster SP, Walker BR, Andrew R. Mass spectrometry imaging for dissecting steroid intracrinology within target tissues. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11576-84. [PMID: 24134553 PMCID: PMC4392804 DOI: 10.1021/ac402777k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Steroid concentrations within tissues are modulated by intracellular enzymes. Such "steroid intracrinology" influences hormone-dependent cancers and obesity and provides targets for pharmacological inhibition. However, no high resolution methods exist to quantify steroids within target tissues. We developed mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), combining matrix assisted laser desorption ionization with on-tissue derivatization with Girard T and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, to quantify substrate and product (11-dehydrocorticosterone and corticosterone) of the glucocorticoid-amplifying enzyme 11β-HSD1. Regional steroid distribution was imaged at 150-200 μm resolution in rat adrenal gland and mouse brain sections and confirmed with collision induced dissociation/liquid extraction surface analysis. In brains of mice with 11β-HSD1 deficiency or inhibition, MSI quantified changes in subregional corticosterone/11-dehydrocorticosterone ratio, distribution of inhibitor, and accumulation of the alternative 11β-HSD1 substrate, 7-ketocholesterol. MSI data correlated well with LC-MS/MS in whole brain homogenates. MSI with derivatization is a powerful new tool to investigate steroid biology within tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F. Cobice
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - C. Logan Mackay
- SIRCAMS, School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, The King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, U.K
| | | | - Andrew McBride
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Patrick R. Langridge-Smith
- SIRCAMS, School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, The King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, U.K
| | - Scott P. Webster
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Brian R. Walker
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ruth Andrew
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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19
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Methlie P, Dankel S, Myhra T, Christensen B, Gjerde J, Fadnes D, Våge V, Løvås K, Mellgren G. Changes in adipose glucocorticoid metabolism before and after bariatric surgery assessed by direct hormone measurements. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:2495-503. [PMID: 23512832 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased intra-adipose cortisol is thought to promote obesity, but few human studies have investigated intra-adipose glucocorticoid hormones and none have demonstrated prospective changes with fat loss. DESIGN AND METHODS Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) was obtained from obese subjects before and 1-year after surgery-induced fat loss, and from nonobese controls. In a second similar cohort of obese subjects, adipocytes and stromal-vascular fraction were isolated. Intra-adipose cortisol and cortisone levels were analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and HSD11B1/HSD11B2 mRNA by qPCR. RESULTS SAT cortisol/cortisone ratio before fat loss, median 4.8 (interquartile range, 4.1-5.7), was higher than after fat loss, 1.9 (1.0-2.7) (P = 0.001), and compared to nonobese controls, 3.2 (2.4-3.9) (P = 0.005). Cortisone before fat loss, 2.3 (1.2-2.9) nmol/kg, was lower than after fat loss, 5.8 (3.0-10.2) nmol/kg (P = 0.042), and compared to controls, 5.1 (3.8-6.7) nmol/kg (P = 0.013). HSD11B1 was predominantly expressed in mature adipocytes, whereas HSD11B2 was expressed at a higher level in stromal-vascular fraction. CONCLUSIONS The intra-adipose glucocorticoid metabolism was markedly altered in the extremely obese state with increased cortisol levels relative to cortisone, whereas fat loss restored this balance approximating nonobese subjects. Changes were more pronounced for cortisone than cortisol, suggesting an adaptive response to insufficient intra-adipose cortisol levels in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paal Methlie
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Chapman K, Holmes M, Seckl J. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1139-206. [PMID: 23899562 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of "nuclear" receptors and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) which catalyze interconversion of active cortisol and corticosterone with inert cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11β-HSD type 1, a predominant reductase in most intact cells, catalyzes the regeneration of active glucocorticoids, thus amplifying cellular action. 11β-HSD1 is widely expressed in liver, adipose tissue, muscle, pancreatic islets, adult brain, inflammatory cells, and gonads. 11β-HSD1 is selectively elevated in adipose tissue in obesity where it contributes to metabolic complications. Similarly, 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing brain where it exacerbates glucocorticoid-associated cognitive decline. Deficiency or selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 improves multiple metabolic syndrome parameters in rodent models and human clinical trials and similarly improves cognitive function with ageing. The efficacy of inhibitors in human therapy remains unclear. 11β-HSD2 is a high-affinity dehydrogenase that inactivates glucocorticoids. In the distal nephron, 11β-HSD2 ensures that only aldosterone is an agonist at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). 11β-HSD2 inhibition or genetic deficiency causes apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension due to inappropriate glucocorticoid activation of renal MR. The placenta and fetus also highly express 11β-HSD2 which, by inactivating glucocorticoids, prevents premature maturation of fetal tissues and consequent developmental "programming." The role of 11β-HSD2 as a marker of programming is being explored. The 11β-HSDs thus illuminate the emerging biology of intracrine control, afford important insights into human pathogenesis, and offer new tissue-restricted therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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21
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Lee MJ, Pramyothin P, Karastergiou K, Fried SK. Deconstructing the roles of glucocorticoids in adipose tissue biology and the development of central obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:473-81. [PMID: 23735216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Central obesity is associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Thus, the mechanisms that control fat distribution and its impact on systemic metabolism have importance for understanding the risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Hypercortisolemia at the systemic (Cushing's syndrome) or local levels (due to adipose-specific overproduction via 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1) results in the preferential expansion of central, especially visceral fat depots. At the same time, peripheral subcutaneous depots can become depleted. The biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the depot-specific actions of glucocorticoids (GCs) on adipose tissue function remain poorly understood. GCs exert pleiotropic effects on adipocyte metabolic, endocrine and immune functions, and dampen adipose tissue inflammation. GCs also regulate multiple steps in the process of adipogenesis. Acting synergistically with insulin, GCs increase the expression of numerous genes involved in fat deposition. Variable effects of GC on lipolysis are reported, and GC can improve or impair insulin action depending on the experimental conditions. Thus, the net effect of GC on fat storage appears to depend on the physiologic context. The preferential effects of GC on visceral adipose tissue have been linked to higher cortisol production and glucocorticoid receptor expression, but the molecular details of the depot-dependent actions of GCs are only beginning to be understood. In addition, increasing evidence underlines the importance of circadian variations in GCs in relationship to the timing of meals for determining their anabolic actions on the adipocyte. In summary, although the molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, there is increasing evidence that GCs have multiple, depot-dependent effects on adipocyte gene expression and metabolism that promote central fat deposition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Lee
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pornpoj Pramyothin
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kalypso Karastergiou
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan K Fried
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Excess intra-abdominal adipose tissue accumulation, often termed visceral obesity, is part of a phenotype including dysfunctional subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and ectopic triglyceride storage closely related to clustering cardiometabolic risk factors. Hypertriglyceridemia; increased free fatty acid availability; adipose tissue release of proinflammatory cytokines; liver insulin resistance and inflammation; increased liver VLDL synthesis and secretion; reduced clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins; presence of small, dense LDL particles; and reduced HDL cholesterol levels are among the many metabolic alterations closely related to this condition. Age, gender, genetics, and ethnicity are broad etiological factors contributing to variation in visceral adipose tissue accumulation. Specific mechanisms responsible for proportionally increased visceral fat storage when facing positive energy balance and weight gain may involve sex hormones, local cortisol production in abdominal adipose tissues, endocannabinoids, growth hormone, and dietary fructose. Physiological characteristics of abdominal adipose tissues such as adipocyte size and number, lipolytic responsiveness, lipid storage capacity, and inflammatory cytokine production are significant correlates and even possible determinants of the increased cardiometabolic risk associated with visceral obesity. Thiazolidinediones, estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women, and testosterone replacement in androgen-deficient men have been shown to favorably modulate body fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk to various degrees. However, some of these therapies must now be considered in the context of their serious side effects. Lifestyle interventions leading to weight loss generally induce preferential mobilization of visceral fat. In clinical practice, measuring waist circumference in addition to the body mass index could be helpful for the identification and management of a subgroup of overweight or obese patients at high cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tchernof
- Endocrinology and Genomics Axis, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
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Reynolds RM. Glucocorticoid excess and the developmental origins of disease: two decades of testing the hypothesis--2012 Curt Richter Award Winner. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1-11. [PMID: 22998948 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low birthweight, a marker of an adverse in utero environment, is associated with cardiometabolic disease and brain disorders in adulthood. The adaptive changes made by the fetus in response to the intra-uterine environment result in permanent changes in physiology, structure and metabolism, a phenomenon termed early life programming. One of the key hypotheses to explain programming, namely over exposure of the developing fetus to glucocorticoids, was proposed nearly two decades ago, following the observation that the fetus was protected from high glucocorticoid levels in the mother by the actions of the placental barrier enzyme, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which converts active glucocorticoids into inactive products. Numerous mechanistic studies in animal models have been carried out to test this hypothesis using manipulations to increase maternal glucocorticoids. Overall, these have resulted in offspring of lower birthweight, with an activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and an adverse metabolic profile and behavioural phenotype in adulthood. Altered glucocorticoid activity or action is a good candidate mechanism in humans to link low birthweight with cardiometabolic and brain disorders. We have carried out detailed studies in men and women showing that high levels of endogenous glucocorticoids, or treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids, is associated with an adverse metabolic profile, increased cardiovascular disease and altered mood and cognitive decline. Our laboratory carried out the first translational studies in humans to test the glucocorticoid hypothesis, firstly demonstrating in studies of adult men and women, that low birthweight was associated with high fasting cortisol levels. We went on to dissect the mechanisms underlying the high fasting cortisol, demonstrating activation of the HPA axis, with increased cortisol responses to stimulation with exogenous adrenocorticotrophin hormone, lack of habituation to the stress of venepuncture, and increased cortisol responses to psychosocial stress. We have developed new dynamic tests to dissect the mechanisms regulating HPA axis central negative feedback sensitivity in humans, and demonstrated that this may be altered in obesity, one component of the metabolic syndrome. There are now studies in humans demonstrating that high circulating levels of maternal cortisol during pregnancy correlate negatively with birthweight, suggesting that excess glucocorticoids can by-pass the placental barrier. Deficiencies in the barrier enzyme, potentially increasing fetal glucocorticoid exposure, can also arise in association with maternal stress, malnutrition and disease, and can be inhibited by consumption of liquorice, which contains glycyrrhizin, an HSD inhibitor. Importantly, studies in humans have now demonstrated that high maternal cortisol in pregnancy and/or inhibition of HSD2 are associated with programmed outcomes in childhood including higher blood pressure, behavioural disorders as well as altered brain structure. We are investigating this further, using novel magnetic resonance imaging techniques to study the developing fetal brain in utero. The translational studies in support of the glucocorticoid hypothesis, and demonstrating that glucocorticoids are both mediators and targets of programming, are exciting and raise the question of whether this information can be used to identify those individuals most at risk of later life disease. In a recent study we showed that alterations in DNA methylation at genes important in regulating cortisol levels, tissue glucocorticoid action, blood pressure and fetal growth, are present in adulthood in association with both early life parameters and cardiometabolic risk factors. These preliminary data add to the limited literature in humans indicating a persisting epigenetic link between early life events and subsequent disease risk. Such findings open novel avenues for further exploration of the contribution of glucocorticoids to later life disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Reynolds
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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Hughes KA, Manolopoulos KN, Iqbal J, Cruden NL, Stimson RH, Reynolds RM, Newby DE, Andrew R, Karpe F, Walker BR. Recycling between cortisol and cortisone in human splanchnic, subcutaneous adipose, and skeletal muscle tissues in vivo. Diabetes 2012; 61:1357-64. [PMID: 22511204 PMCID: PMC3357308 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) is a therapeutic target in metabolic syndrome because it catalyses reductase regeneration of cortisol from cortisone in adipose and liver. 11βHSD1 can also catalyze the reverse dehydrogenase reaction in vitro (e.g., if cofactor is limited). We used stable isotope tracers to test the hypothesis that both 11βHSD1-reductase and -dehydrogenase activities occur in human metabolic tissues in vivo. 1,2-[(2)H](2)-Cortisone (d2-cortisone) was validated as a tracer for 11β-dehydrogenase activity and its inhibition by licorice. d2-Cortisone and 9,11,12,12-[(2)H](4)-cortisol (d4-cortisol) (to measure 11β-reductase activity) were coinfused and venous samples obtained from skeletal muscle, subcutaneous adipose (n = 6), and liver (n = 4). Steroids were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and arteriovenous differences adjusted for blood flow. Data are means ± SEM. 11β-Reductase and -dehydrogenase activities were detected in muscle (cortisol release 19.7 ± 4.1 pmol/100 mL/min, d3-cortisol 5.9 ± 1.8 pmol/100 mL/min, and cortisone 15.2 ± 5.8 pmol/100 mL/min) and splanchnic (cortisol 64.0 ± 11.4 nmol/min, d3-cortisol 12.9 ± 2.1 nmol/min, and cortisone 19.5 ± 2.8 nmol/min) circulations. In adipose, dehydrogenase was more readily detected than reductase (cortisone release 38.7 ± 5.8 pmol/100 g/min). Active recycling between cortisol and cortisone in metabolic tissues in vivo may facilitate dynamic control of intracellular cortisol but makes consequences of dysregulation of 11βHSD1 transcription in obesity and diabetes unpredictable. Disappointing efficacy of 11βHSD1 inhibitors in phase II studies could be explained by lack of selectivity for 11β-reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Hughes
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
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Mutation of Gtf2ird1 from the Williams-Beuren syndrome critical region results in facial dysplasia, motor dysfunction, and altered vocalisations. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:913-22. [PMID: 22198572 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficiency of the transcriptional regulator GTF2IRD1 has become a strong potential explanation for some of the major characteristic features of the neurodevelopmental disorder Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS). Genotype/phenotype correlations in humans indicate that the hemizygous loss of the GTF2IRD1 gene and an adjacent paralogue, GTF2I, play crucial roles in the neurocognitive and craniofacial aspects of the disease. In order to explore this genetic relationship in greater detail, we have generated a targeted Gtf2ird1 mutation in mice that blocks normal GTF2IRD1 protein production. Detailed analyses of homozygous null Gtf2ird1 mice have revealed a series of phenotypes that share some intriguing parallels with WBS. These include reduced body weight, a facial deformity resulting from localised epidermal hyperplasia, a motor coordination deficit, alterations in exploratory activity and, in response to specific stress-inducing stimuli; a novel audible vocalisation and increased serum corticosterone. Analysis of Gtf2ird1 expression patterns in the brain using a knock-in LacZ reporter and c-fos activity mapping illustrates the regions where these neurological abnormalities may originate. These data provide new mechanistic insight into the clinical genetic findings in WBS patients and indicate that insufficiency of GTF2IRD1 protein contributes to abnormalities of facial development, motor function and specific behavioural disorders that accompany this disease.
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