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Jungmann C, Dyhrberg Haubuff S, Packeiser EM, Körber H, Reichler IM, Balogh O, Mazzuoli-Weber G, Goericke-Pesch S. Insights into the role of PGF2α in canine periparturient myometrium. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1392080. [PMID: 38863475 PMCID: PMC11165301 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1392080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Parturition in dogs is subjected to complex hormonal regulation, with the involvement of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) still not fully understood. To investigate uterine inertia (UI), the most prevalent maternal reason for dystocia in the bitch, a better understanding of undisturbed uterine, especially myometrial function, is crucial. Our aim was to gain deeper insights into the role of PGF2α in the canine parturient myometrium. Uterine biopsies were obtained during medically indicated cesarean sections. To test for stimulatory effects of PGF2α in vitro, circular and longitudinal myometrial layer tissue strips were challenged with 50 pM, 0.5 µM, and 50 µM PGF2α. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and PGF2α-receptor (PTGFR) mRNA expressions were compared between primary UI (PUI) and obstructive dystocia (OD) samples in isolated parturient myometrium. PTGFR protein expression was assessed in full thickness uterine samples. PGF2α concentrations were analyzed in canine interplacental tissue around term. In the organ bath, the contractile response to PGF2α was limited to the circular layer at the highest dosage. Correspondingly, PTGFR immunohistochemical staining was significantly stronger in the circular layer (p ≤ 0.01). PTGS2 gene expression did not differ between PUI and OD, whereas PTGFR gene expression could not be quantified. Local uterine PGF2α concentrations correlated negatively with serum P4 levels and were the highest during prepartum luteolysis while being significantly lower in PUI. Conclusively, despite the significant increase in local PGF2α concentrations at birth, confirming the interplacental tissue as a production site, our results suggest that PGF2α might affect uterine contractility during labor, mainly indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Jungmann
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine—Clinic for Small Animals, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Signe Dyhrberg Haubuff
- Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Eva-Maria Packeiser
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine—Clinic for Small Animals, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hanna Körber
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine—Clinic for Small Animals, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Iris Margaret Reichler
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, University of Zurich Vetsuisse Faculty, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Orsolya Balogh
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, University of Zurich Vetsuisse Faculty, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Gemma Mazzuoli-Weber
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine—Clinic for Small Animals, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Malvasi A, Ballini A, Tinelli A, Fioretti B, Vimercati A, Gliozheni E, Baldini GM, Cascardi E, Dellino M, Bonetti M, Cicinelli E, Vitagliano A, Damiani GR. Oxytocin augmentation and neurotransmitters in prolonged delivery: An experimental appraisal. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X 2024; 21:100273. [PMID: 38274243 PMCID: PMC10809121 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurox.2023.100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The uterus is a highly innervated organ, and during labor, this innervation is at its highest level. Oxytocinergic fibers play an important role in labor and delivery and, in particular, the Lower Uterine Segment, cervix, and fundus are all controlled by motor neurofibers. Oxytocin is a neurohormone that acts on receptors located on the membrane of the smooth cells of the myometrium. During the stages of labor and delivery, its binding causes myofibers to contract, which enables the fundus of the uterus to act as a mediator. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of oxytocinergic fibers in prolonged and non-prolonged dystocic delivery in a cohort of 90 patients, evaluated during the first and second stages of labor. Myometrial tissue samples were collected and evaluated by electron microscopy, in order to quantify differences in neurofibers concentrations between the investigated and control cohorts of patients. The authors of this experiment showed that the concentration of oxytocinergic fibers differs between non-prolonged and prolonged dystocic delivery. In particular, in prolonged dystocic delivery, compared to non-prolonged dystocic delivery, there is a lower amount of oxytocin fiber. The increase in oxytocin appeared to be ineffective in patients who experienced prolonged dystocic delivery, since the dystocic labor ended as a result of the altered presence of oxytocinergic fibers detected in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Malvasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of clinical and experimental medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, 71122, Italy
| | - Andrea Tinelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and CERICSAL (CEntro di RIcerca Clinico SALentino), Veris Delli Ponti Hospital, 73020 Scorrano, Italy
| | - Bernard Fioretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via dell'Elce di Sotto 8, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Vimercati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Elko Gliozheni
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy
- University of Medicine of Tirana, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tirana, Albania
| | - Giorgio Maria Baldini
- Momo Fertilife, IVF Clinic, Bisceglie, 76011, Italy
- University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121, Bari, Italy
| | - Eliano Cascardi
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Policlinico of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Miriam Dellino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Bonetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ettore Cicinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Amerigo Vitagliano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluca Raffaello Damiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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3
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Hamshaw I, Straube A, Stark R, Baxter L, Alam MT, Wever WJ, Yin J, Yue Y, Pinton P, Sen A, Ferguson GD, Blanks AM. PGF 2α induces a pro-labour phenotypical switch in human myometrial cells that can be inhibited with PGF 2α receptor antagonists. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1285779. [PMID: 38155905 PMCID: PMC10752971 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1285779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is the leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. There has been an interest in developing prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) antagonists as a new treatment for preterm birth, although much of the rationale for their use is based on studies in rodents where PGF2α initiates labour by regressing the corpus luteum and reducing systemic progesterone concentrations. How PGF2α antagonism would act in humans who do not have a fall in systemic progesterone remains unclear. One possibility, in addition to an acute stimulation of contractions, is a direct alteration of the myometrial smooth muscle cell state towards a pro-labour phenotype. In this study, we developed an immortalised myometrial cell line, MYLA, derived from myometrial tissue obtained from a pregnant, non-labouring patient, as well as a novel class of PGF2α receptor (FP) antagonist. We verified the functionality of the cell line by stimulation with PGF2α, resulting in Gαq-specific coupling and Ca2+ release, which were inhibited by FP antagonism. Compared to four published FP receptor antagonists, the novel FP antagonist N582707 was the most potent compound [Fmax 7.67 ± 0.63 (IC50 21.26 nM), AUC 7.30 ± 0.32 (IC50 50.43 nM), and frequency of Ca2+ oscillations 7.66 ± 0.41 (IC50 22.15 nM)]. RNA-sequencing of the MYLA cell line at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post PGF2α treatment revealed a transforming phenotype from a fibroblastic to smooth muscle mRNA profile. PGF2α treatment increased the expression of MYLK, CALD1, and CNN1 as well as the pro-labour genes OXTR, IL6, and IL11, which were inhibited by FP antagonism. Concomitant with the inhibition of a smooth muscle, pro-labour transition, FP antagonism increased the expression of the fibroblast marker genes DCN, FBLN1, and PDGFRA. Our findings suggest that in addition to the well-described acute contractile effect, PGF2α transforms myometrial smooth muscle cells from a myofibroblast to a smooth muscle, pro-labour-like state and that the novel compound N582707 has the potential for prophylactic use in preterm labour management beyond its use as an acute tocolytic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hamshaw
- Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Straube
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Stark
- Bioinformatics RTP, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Baxter
- Bioinformatics RTP, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad T. Alam
- Bioinformatics RTP, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jun Yin
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., San Diego, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Yue
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., San Diego, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., San Diego, United Kingdom
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals, International PharmaScience Center, Kastrup, Denmark
| | - Aritro Sen
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., San Diego, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew M. Blanks
- Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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4
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Riaposova L, Kim SH, Hanyaloglu AC, Sykes L, MacIntyre DA, Bennett PR, Terzidou V. Prostaglandin F2α requires activation of calcium-dependent signalling to trigger inflammation in human myometrium. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1150125. [PMID: 37547305 PMCID: PMC10400332 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1150125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Preterm birth is one of the major causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality across the world. Both term and preterm labour are preceded by inflammatory activation in uterine tissues. This includes increased leukocyte infiltration, and subsequent increase in chemokine and cytokine levels, activation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors as NF-κB and increased prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) is one of the myometrial activators and stimulators. Methods Here we investigated the role of PGF2α in pro-inflammatory signalling pathways in human myometrial cells isolated from term non-labouring uterine tissue. Primary myometrial cells were treated with G protein inhibitors, calcium chelators and/or PGF2α. Nuclear extracts were analysed by TranSignal cAMP/Calcium Protein/DNA Array. Whole cell protein lysates were analysed by Western blotting. mRNA levels of target genes were analysed by RT-PCR. Results The results show that PGF2α increases inflammation in myometrial cells through increased activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases and increased expression of COX-2. PGF2α was found to activate several calcium/cAMP-dependent transcription factors, such as CREB and C/EBP-β. mRNA levels of NF-κB-regulated cytokines and chemokines were also elevated with PGF2α stimulation. We have shown that the increase in PGF2α-mediated COX-2 expression in myometrial cells requires coupling of the FP receptor to both Gαq and Gαi proteins. Additionally, PGF2α-induced calcium response was also mediated through Gαq and Gαi coupling. Discussion In summary, our findings suggest that PGF2α-induced inflammation in myometrial cells involves activation of several transcription factors - NF-κB, MAP kinases, CREB and C/EBP-β. Our results indicate that the FP receptor signals via Gαq and Gαi coupling in myometrium. This work provides insight into PGF2α pro-inflammatory signalling in term myometrium prior to the onset of labour and suggests that PGF2α signalling pathways could be a potential target for management of preterm labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Riaposova
- Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The March of Dimes European Prematurity Research Centre at Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sung Hye Kim
- Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The March of Dimes European Prematurity Research Centre at Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aylin C. Hanyaloglu
- Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Sykes
- Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The March of Dimes European Prematurity Research Centre at Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Parasol Foundation Centre for Women’s Health and Cancer Research, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A. MacIntyre
- Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The March of Dimes European Prematurity Research Centre at Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip R. Bennett
- Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The March of Dimes European Prematurity Research Centre at Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vasso Terzidou
- Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The March of Dimes European Prematurity Research Centre at Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Chen H, Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Lin X, Wei Y, Sun R, Li L, Deng G. Maternal leucocyte trajectory across pregnancy associated with offspring's growth. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:862-870. [PMID: 34750526 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucocytes for individuals during pregnancy may form into different trajectory patterns. Since no studies have been conducted, we aim to examine the associations between leucocyte trajectory across pregnancy and offspring's birth outcomes and growth during the first 2 years. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study enrolled 1070 singleton pregnancies aged 21-46 years old between 2014 and 2018 in Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, China. Leucocyte trajectories were modelled using growth mixture modelling and four trajectories were identified: moderate-increasing (n = 41), low-stable (n = 828), high-decreasing (n = 145) and low-increasing (n = 56). RESULTS Relative to the low-stable group, logistic regression analysis after adjusting for covariates indicated that the odds ratios of preterm were 3.06 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.43-6.23) for moderate-increasing, 0.78 (95% CI: 0.38-1.47) for high-decreasing and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.23-1.61) for the low-increasing group, respectively. By using generalized estimating equation analysis, we observed that infants in the moderate-increasing and low-increasing group had -0.35 and -0.21 (P < 0.01) lower head circumference z-score compared with the low-stable group, respectively. No significant association of leucocyte trajectory with other birth weight measures or anthropometric measure z-scores was found. CONCLUSIONS Changes in leucocytes across pregnancy affected the occurrence of preterm and offspring's head circumference during the first 2 years of life. IMPACT Previous researches on the association of leucocytes with pregnancy outcomes mainly focused on leucocytes in a specific trimester. No studies until now have been conducted to assess the influences of the leucocyte trajectories on the growth and development of infants. Changes in leucocytes across pregnancy affected the occurrence of preterm and offspring's head circumference during the first 2 years of life. Our study will positively contribute to the dialogue regarding the treatment of pregnancies with different levels of inflammation in each trimester to minimize adverse pregnancy outcomes and optimize brain growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengying Chen
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Zheqing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyu Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoping Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhuan Wei
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruifang Sun
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Li
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, China.
| | - Guifang Deng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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6
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Sieg W, Kiewisz J, Podolak A, Jakiel G, Woclawek-Potocka I, Lukaszuk J, Lukaszuk K. Inflammation-Related Molecules at the Maternal–Fetal Interface during Pregnancy and in Pathologically Altered Endometrium. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3792-3808. [PMID: 36135172 PMCID: PMC9497515 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The blastocyst expresses paternally derived alloantigens and induces inflammation during implantation. However, it is necessary for the onset of pregnancy. An abnormal response might result in a pathological course of pregnancy or pregnancy failure. On the other hand, a state of maternal immune tolerance is necessary to ensure the normal development of pregnancy by suppressing inflammatory processes. This article discusses recognized mechanisms and the significance of inflammatory processes for embryo implantation and pregnancy establishment. We would also like to present disorders involving excessive inflammatory response and their influence on events occurring during embryo implantation. The chain of correlation between the processes responsible for embryo implantation and the subsequent physiological course of pregnancy is complicated. Many of those interrelationships are still yet to be discovered. Undoubtedly, their recognition will give hope to infertile couples for the emergence of new treatments that will increase the chance of giving birth to a healthy child.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jolanta Kiewisz
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Amira Podolak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Grzegorz Jakiel
- Invicta Research and Development Center, 81-740 Sopot, Poland
- The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Gdansk, 01-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Woclawek-Potocka
- Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jakub Lukaszuk
- Invicta Research and Development Center, 81-740 Sopot, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lukaszuk
- Invicta Research and Development Center, 81-740 Sopot, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
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7
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Pique-Regi R, Romero R, Garcia-Flores V, Peyvandipour A, Tarca AL, Pusod E, Galaz J, Miller D, Bhatti G, Para R, Kanninen T, Hadaya O, Paredes C, Motomura K, Johnson JR, Jung E, Hsu CD, Berry SM, Gomez-Lopez N. A single-cell atlas of the myometrium in human parturition. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153921. [PMID: 35260533 PMCID: PMC8983148 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Parturition is a well-orchestrated process characterized by increased uterine contractility, cervical ripening, and activation of the chorioamniotic membranes; yet, the transition from a quiescent to a contractile myometrium heralds the onset of labor. However, the cellular underpinnings of human parturition in the uterine tissues are still poorly understood. Herein, we performed a comprehensive study of the human myometrium during spontaneous term labor using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq). First, we established a single-cell atlas of the human myometrium and unraveled the cell type–specific transcriptomic activity modulated during labor. Major cell types included distinct subsets of smooth muscle cells, monocytes/macrophages, stromal cells, and endothelial cells, all of which communicated and participated in immune (e.g., inflammation) and nonimmune (e.g., contraction) processes associated with labor. Furthermore, integrating scRNA-Seq and microarray data with deconvolution of bulk gene expression highlighted the contribution of smooth muscle cells to labor-associated contractility and inflammatory processes. Last, myometrium-derived single-cell signatures can be quantified in the maternal whole-blood transcriptome throughout pregnancy and are enriched in women in labor, providing a potential means of noninvasively monitoring pregnancy and its complications. Together, our findings provide insights into the contributions of specific myometrial cell types to the biological processes that take place during term parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Pique-Regi
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Valeria Garcia-Flores
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Azam Peyvandipour
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.,Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Errile Pusod
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Jose Galaz
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Derek Miller
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Robert Para
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Tomi Kanninen
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Ola Hadaya
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Carmen Paredes
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Kenichiro Motomura
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | | | - Eunjung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.,Department of Physiology and
| | - Stanley M Berry
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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8
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Figurová D, Tokárová K, Greifová H, Knížatová N, Kolesárová A, Lukáč N. Inflammation, It's Regulation and Antiphlogistic Effect of the Cyanogenic Glycoside Amygdalin. Molecules 2021; 26:5972. [PMID: 34641516 PMCID: PMC8512454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory reaction accompanies in part or in full any disease process in the vascularized metazoan. This complicated reaction is controlled by regulatory mechanisms, some of which produce unpleasant symptomatic manifestations of inflammation. Therefore, there has been an effort to develop selective drugs aimed at removing pain, fever, or swelling. Gradually, however, serious adverse side effects of such inhibitors became apparent. Scientific research has therefore continued to explore new possibilities, including naturally available substances. Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glycoside present, e.g., in bitter almonds. This glycoside has already sparked many discussions among scientists, especially about its anticancer potential and related toxic cyanides. However, toxicity at different doses made it generally unacceptable. Although amygdalin given at the correct oral dose may not lead to poisoning, it has not yet been accurately quantified, as its action is often affected by different intestinal microbial consortia. Its pharmacological activities have been studied, but its effects on the body's inflammatory response are lacking. This review discusses the chemical structure, toxicity, and current knowledge of the molecular mechanism of amygdalin activity on immune functions, including the anti-inflammatory effect, but also discusses inflammation as such, its mediators with diverse functions, which are usually targeted by drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarína Tokárová
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (D.F.); (H.G.); (N.K.); (A.K.); (N.L.)
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9
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Swieboda D, Littauer EQ, Beaver JT, Mills LK, Bricker KM, Esser ES, Antao OQ, Williams DT, Skountzou I. Pregnancy Downregulates Plasmablast Metabolic Gene Expression Following Influenza Without Altering Long-Term Antibody Function. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1785. [PMID: 32922392 PMCID: PMC7457062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the majority of influenza-infected individuals show no or mild symptomatology, pregnant women are at higher risk of complications and infection-associated mortality. Although enhanced lung pathology and dysregulated hormones are thought to underlie adverse pregnancy outcomes following influenza infection, how pregnancy confounds long-term maternal anti-influenza immunity remains to be elucidated. Previously, we linked seasonal influenza infection to clinical observations of adverse pregnancy outcomes, enhanced lung and placental histopathology, and reduced control of viral replication in lungs of infected pregnant mothers. Here, we expand on this work and demonstrate that lower infectious doses of the pandemic A/California/07/2009 influenza virus generated adverse gestational outcomes similar to higher doses of seasonal viruses. Mice infected during pregnancy demonstrated lower hemagglutination inhibition and neutralizing antibody titers than non-pregnant animals until 63 days post infection. These differences in humoral immunity suggest that pregnancy impacts antibody maturation mechanisms without alterations to B cell frequency or antibody secretion. This is further supported by transcriptional analysis of plasmablasts, which demonstrate downregulated B cell metabolism and post-translational modification systems only among pregnant animals. In sum, these findings corroborate a link between adverse pregnancy outcomes and severe pathology observed during pandemic influenza infection. Furthermore, our data propose that pregnancy directly confounds humoral responses following influenza infection which resolves post-partem. Additional studies are required to specify the involvement of plasmablast metabolism with early humoral immunity abnormalities to best guide vaccination strategies and improve our understanding of the immunological consequences of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Swieboda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Q Littauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jacob T Beaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lisa K Mills
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Katherine M Bricker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - E Stein Esser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Olivia Q Antao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dahnide T Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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10
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Leimert KB, Verstraeten BSE, Messer A, Nemati R, Blackadar K, Fang X, Robertson SA, Chemtob S, Olson DM. Cooperative effects of sequential PGF2α and IL-1β on IL-6 and COX-2 expression in human myometrial cells†. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:1370-1385. [PMID: 30794283 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The change from the state of pregnancy to the state of parturition, which we call uterine transitioning, requires the actions of inflammatory mediators and results in an activated uterus capable of performing the physiology of labor. Interleukin (IL)-1β and prostaglandin (PG)F2α are two key mediators implicated in preparing the uterus for labor by regulating the expression of uterine activation proteins (UAPs) and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. To investigate this process, primary human myometrial smooth muscle cells (HMSMC) isolated from the lower segment of women undergoing elective cesarean sections at term (not in labor) were used to test the inflammatory cytokine and UAP outputs induced by PGF2α and IL-1β alone or in sequential combinations. PGF2α and IL-1β regulate mRNA abundance of the PGF2α receptor FP, the IL-1 receptor system, interleukin 6, and other UAPs (OXTR, COX2), driving positive feedback interactions to further amplify their own proinflammatory effects. Sequential stimulation of HMSMC by PGF2α and IL-1β in either order results in amplified upregulation of IL-6 and COX-2 mRNA and protein, compared to their effects individually. These profound increases were unique to myometrium and not observed with stimulation of human fetal membrane explants. These results suggest that PGF2α and IL-1β act cooperatively upstream in the birth cascade to maximize amplification of IL-6 and COX-2, to build inflammatory load and thereby promote uterine transition. Targeting PGF2α or IL-1β, their actions, or intermediates (e.g. IL-6) would be an effective therapeutic intervention for preterm birth prevention or delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelycia B Leimert
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Angela Messer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rojin Nemati
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kayla Blackadar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David M Olson
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Chen HY, Gao LT, Yuan JQ, Zhang YJ, Liu P, Wang G, Ni X, Liu WN, Gao L. Decrease in SHP-1 enhances myometrium remodeling via FAK activation leading to labor. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E930-E942. [PMID: 32343611 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00068.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth is one of the most common complications during human pregnancy and is associated with a dramatic switch within the uterus from quiescence to contractility. However, the mechanisms underlying uterine remodeling are largely unknown. Protein kinases and phosphatases play critical roles in regulating the phosphorylation of proteins involved in the smooth muscle cell functions. In the present study, we found that Src-homology phosphatase type-1 (SHP-1, PTPN6) was significantly decreased in human myometrium in labor compared with that not in labor. Timed-pregnant mice injected intraperitoneally with the specific SHP-1 inhibitor protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor I (PTPI-1) manifested significantly preterm labor, with enriched plasmalemmal dense plaques between myometrial cells and increased phosphorylation at Tyr397 and Tyr576/577 sites of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in myometrial cells, which remained to the time of labor, whereas the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) showed a rapid increase upon PTPI-1 injection but fell back to normal at the time of labor. The Tyr576/577 in FAK played an important role in the interaction between FAK and SHP-1. Knockdown of SHP-1 dramatically increased the spontaneous contraction of human uterine smooth muscle cells (HUSMCs), which was reversed by coinfection of a FAK-knockdown lentivirus. PGF2α downregulated SHP-1 via PLCβ-PKC-NF-κB or PI3K-NF-κB pathways, suggesting the regenerative downregulation of SHP-1 enhances the uterine remodeling and plasticity by activating FAK and subsequent focal adhesion pathway, which eventually facilitates myometrium contraction and leads to labor. The study sheds new light on understanding of mechanisms that underlie the initiation of labor, and interventions for modulation of SHP-1 may provide a potential strategy for preventing preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Yan Chen
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Tong Gao
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Ji Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shenyang Northern Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Ni
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Na Liu
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese Eastern Theatre Naval Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
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12
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Leimert KB, Messer A, Gray T, Fang X, Chemtob S, Olson DM. Maternal and fetal intrauterine tissue crosstalk promotes proinflammatory amplification and uterine transition†. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:783-797. [PMID: 30379983 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Birth is a complex biological event requiring genetic, cellular, and physiological changes to the uterus, resulting in a uterus activated for completing the physiological processes of labor. We define the change from the state of pregnancy to the state of parturition as uterine transitioning, which requires the actions of inflammatory mediators and localized paracrine interactions between intrauterine tissues. Few studies have examined the in vitro interactions between fetal and maternal gestational tissues within this proinflammatory environment. Thus, we designed a co-culture model to address this gap, incorporating primary term human myometrium smooth muscle cells (HMSMCs) with human fetal membrane (hFM) explants to study interactions between the tissues. We hypothesized that crosstalk between tissues at term promotes proinflammatory expression and uterine transitioning for parturition. Outputs of 40 cytokines and chemokines encompassing a variety of proinflammatory roles were measured; all but one increased significantly with co-culture. Eighteen of the 39 cytokines increased to a higher abundance than the sum of the effect of each tissue cultured separately. In addition, COX2 and IL6 but not FP and OXTR mRNA abundance significantly increased in both HMSMCs and hFM in response to co-culture. These data suggest that synergistic proinflammatory upregulation within intrauterine tissues is involved with uterine transitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelycia B Leimert
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Angela Messer
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Theora Gray
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xin Fang
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David M Olson
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Targeting bromodomain-containing proteins to prevent spontaneous preterm birth. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 133:2379-2400. [PMID: 31750510 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth is a global healthcare challenge. Spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) is commonly caused by inflammation, yet there are currently no effective therapies available. The Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal motif (BET) proteins, Bromodomain-containing protein (Brd) 2 (Brd2), Brd3 and Brd4 regulate inflammation in non-gestational tissues. The roles of Brd2-4 in human pregnancy are unknown. Using human and mouse models, the present study has identified the Brd proteins part of the process by which inflammation induces parturition. Using human clinical samples, we demonstrate that labor and infection increase the expression of Brds in the uterus and fetal membranes. In primary human myometrial, amnion and decidual cells, we found that global Brd protein inhibition, as well as selective inhibition of Brds, suppressed inflammation-induced expression of mediators involved in myometrial contractions and rupture of fetal membranes. Importantly, studies in the mouse model demonstrate that the pan-Brd inhibitor JQ1 reduced intrauterine inflammation induced by bacterial endotoxin LPS as well as decreasing the effectiveness of LPS to induce parturition. These results implicate BET proteins as novel therapeutic targets for reducing inflammation associated with spontaneous preterm labor.
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14
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Oxytocin Receptor Antagonists, Atosiban and Nolasiban, Inhibit Prostaglandin F 2α-induced Contractions and Inflammatory Responses in Human Myometrium. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5792. [PMID: 30962532 PMCID: PMC6453954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin receptor antagonists (OTR-A) have been developed as tocolytics for the management of preterm labour due to the significant role of oxytocin (OT) in the onset of both term and preterm labour. Similar to OT, prostaglandins (PGs) play key roles in myometrial contractility and cervical ripening. Inhibition of PG synthesis/activity is used to delay preterm birth. Thus, targeting the PG pathway in combination with an OTR-A may be an effective strategy for delaying preterm delivery. In this study, we examined the effects of atosiban and nolasiban on PGF2α-induced contractions and pro-inflammatory responses in human pregnant myometrium. Both OTR-As, atosiban and nolasiban, inhibited PGF2α-induced contractions in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). These inhibitory effects involved the suppression of PGF2α-mediated increase in intracellular calcium levels. In addition, the OTR-As significantly suppressed PGF2α-induced activation of pro-inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and the subsequent expression of contraction-associated-protein, COX-2. We have demonstrated that atosiban and nolasiban not only inhibit contractions elicited by OT, but also inhibit contractions and inflammation induced by PGF2α. This suggests a possible crosstalk between OTR and PG receptor signalling and highlights the importance of understanding G protein-coupled receptor interactions/crosstalk in the development of future tocolytics.
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15
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Hadley EE, Richardson LS, Torloni MR, Menon R. Gestational tissue inflammatory biomarkers at term labor: A systematic review of literature. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 79. [PMID: 29076197 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parturition at term is characterized by inflammatory overload in both feto-maternal tissues. Despite the large number of individual studies on changes in inflammatory biomarkers linked to labor, a comprehensive profile of them in each of the uterine compartments is not available to better understand their mechanistic contributions to labor. This systematic review investigated the pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers reported in intra-uterine tissues (amnion, chorion, decidua, placenta, and myometrium) at term labor. We conducted a systematic review of studies on pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers (mRNA and/or protein) reported in feto-maternal tissues during normal human term labor, published in English (1980-2016), in 3 electronic data bases. From a total of 3712 citations, 172 were included for final review. Each tissue expresses a unique set of biomarkers at the time of term labor, but there is significant overlap between tissues. All tissues had IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, COX-2, PGE-2, TNF-α, and hCAP18 in common at term labor. Common and unique inflammatory biomarkers are expressed in various feto-maternal compartments at term labor. Increase in pro-inflammatory markers in all gestational tissue signifies their harmonious functional role in promoting labor. Anti-inflammatory markers at term labor are hardly reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Hadley
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Lauren S Richardson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maria R Torloni
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
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16
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Sivarajasingam SP, Imami N, Johnson MR. Myometrial cytokines and their role in the onset of labour. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:R101-R119. [PMID: 27647860 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human labour is an inflammatory event, physiologically driven by an interaction between hormonal and mechanical factors and pathologically associated with infection, bleeding and excessive uterine stretch. The initiation and communicators of inflammation is still not completely understood; however, a key role for cytokines has been implicated. We summarise the current understanding of the nature and role of cytokines, chemokines and hormones and their involvement in signalling within the myometrium particularly during labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Sivarajasingam
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - N Imami
- Department of MedicineImperial College London, London, UK
| | - M R Johnson
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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17
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Nadeau-Vallée M, Boudreault A, Leimert K, Hou X, Obari D, Madaan A, Rouget R, Zhu T, Belarbi L, Brien MÈ, Beaudry-Richard A, Olson DM, Girard S, Chemtob S. Uterotonic Neuromedin U Receptor 2 and Its Ligands Are Upregulated by Inflammation in Mice and Humans, and Elicit Preterm Birth. Biol Reprod 2016; 95:72. [PMID: 27512149 PMCID: PMC5394981 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.140905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine labor requires the conversion of a quiescent (propregnancy) uterus into an activated (prolabor) uterus, with increased sensitivity to endogenous uterotonic molecules. This activation is induced by stressors, particularly inflammation in term and preterm labor. Neuromedin U (NmU) is a neuropeptide known for its uterocontractile effects in rodents. The objective of the study was to assess the expression and function of neuromedin U receptor 2 (NmU-R2) and its ligands NmU and the more potent neuromedin S (NmS) in gestational tissues, and the possible implication of inflammatory stressors in triggering this system. Our data show that NmU and NmS are uterotonic ex vivo in murine tissue, and they dose-dependently trigger labor by acting specifically via NmU-R2. Expression of NmU-R2, NmU, and NmS is detected in murine and human gestational tissues by immunoblot, and the expression of NmS in placenta and of NmU-R2 in uterus increases considerably with gestation age and labor, which is associated with amplified NmU-induced uterocontractile response in mice. NmU- and NmS-induced contraction is associated with increased NmU-R2-coupled Ca++ transients, and Akt and Erk activation in murine primary myometrial smooth muscle cells (mSMCs), which are potentiated with gestational age. NmU-R2 is upregulated in vitro in mSMCs and in vivo in uterus in response to proinflammatory interleukin 1beta (IL1beta), which is associated with increased NmU-induced uterocontractile response and Ca++ transients in murine and human mSMCs; additionally, placental NmS is markedly upregulated in vivo in response to IL1beta. In human placenta at term, immunohistological analysis revealed NmS expression primarily in cytotrophoblasts; furthermore, stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Gram-negative endotoxin) markedly upregulates NmS expression in primary human cytotrophoblasts isolated from term placentas. Correspondingly, decidua of women with clinical signs of infection who delivered preterm display significantly higher expression of NmS compared with those without infection. Importantly, in vivo knockdown of NmU-R2 prevents LPS-triggered preterm birth in mice and the associated neonatal mortality. Altogether, our data suggest a critical role for NmU-R2 and its ligands NmU and NmS in preterm labor triggered by infection. We hereby identify NmU-R2 as a relevant target for preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nadeau-Vallée
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amarilys Boudreault
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kelycia Leimert
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, and Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xin Hou
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dima Obari
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ankush Madaan
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Raphaël Rouget
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tang Zhu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lydia Belarbi
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Brien
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Beaudry-Richard
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David M Olson
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, and Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sylvie Girard
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, and Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
The number of multiple gestations has increased over the last several decades and preterm birth is one of the leading causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality for these pregnancies. While screening and treatment strategies have achieved moderate success in singleton gestations, screening strategies are less effective in multiple gestations. In addition, to date no intervention aimed at preventing preterm birth has been conclusively shown to either prolong gestation or improve neonatal outcomes for multiple gestations. As in singleton gestations, cervical length is one of the strongest predictors of preterm birth. While not conclusive, emerging data suggest that vaginal progesterone or cervical pessary may be able to prevent preterm birth in twin gestations with a short cervix.
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Kozai K, Tokuyama S, Szóstek AZ, Toishi Y, Tsunoda N, Taya K, Sakatani M, Takahashi M, Nambo Y, Skarzynski DJ, Yamamoto Y, Kimura K, Okuda K. Evidence for a PGF2α auto-amplification system in the endometrium in mares. Reproduction 2016; 151:517-26. [PMID: 26908917 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In mares, prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) secreted from the endometrium is a major luteolysin. Some domestic animals have an auto-amplification system in which PGF2α can stimulate its own production. Here, we investigated whether this is also the case in mares. In an in vivo study, mares at the mid-luteal phase (days 6-8 of estrous cycle) were injected i.m. with cloprostenol (250 µg) and blood samples were collected at fixed intervals until 72 h after treatment. Progesterone (P4) concentrations started decreasing 45 min after the injection and continued to decrease up to 24 h (P < 0.05). In turn, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (PGFM) metabolite started to increase 4h after an injection and continued to increase up to 72 h (P < 0.05). PGF receptor (PTGFR) mRNA expression in the endometrium was significantly higher in the late luteal phase than in the early and regressed luteal phases (P < 0.05). In vitro, PGF2α significantly stimulated (P < 0.05) PGF2α production by endometrial tissues and endometrial epithelial and stromal cells and significantly increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (PTGS2), an enzyme involved in PGF2α synthesis in endometrial cell. These findings strongly suggest the existence of an endometrial PGF2α auto-amplification system in mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kozai
- Laboratory of Reproductive PhysiologyGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shota Tokuyama
- Laboratory of Reproductive PhysiologyGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Anna Z Szóstek
- Laboratory of Reproductive PhysiologyGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan Department of Reproductive ImmunologyInstitute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Miki Sakatani
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research CenterNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research CenterNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kumamoto, Japan Department of Animal ScienceHokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nambo
- Equine Science DivisionHidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary MedicineObihiro, Japan
| | - Dariusz J Skarzynski
- Department of Reproductive ImmunologyInstitute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Reproductive PhysiologyGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Kimura
- Laboratory of Reproductive PhysiologyGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Okuda
- Laboratory of Reproductive PhysiologyGraduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary MedicineObihiro, Japan
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20
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Liu L, Li H, Dargahi D, Shynlova O, Slater D, Jones SJM, Lye SJ, Dong X. HoxA13 Regulates Phenotype Regionalization of Human Pregnant Myometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E1512-22. [PMID: 26485220 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bipedalism separates humans from most other animal species, but results in significant physiologic challenges, particularly with respect to the maintenance of pregnancy and induction of parturition. A contracted lower uterine segment (LUS) and a relaxed uterine fundal myometrium (FUN) during pregnancy are required to prevent pressure on the cervix from the fetal head due to gravity. With the onset of labor, this regionalization of myometrial function must be reversed, allowing descent of the fetus, dilation of the cervix, and expulsion of the fetus through the birth canal. However, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN This study sought to identify phenotypic regionalization of LUS and FUN during pregnancy, RNA sequencing was performed to analyze the human myometrial transcriptome. Real-time PCR and immunoblotting were applied to validate sequencing results. Cell contraction/adhesion assays and gene microarrays were used to study the cellular functions of the identified genes. RESULTS Homeobox A13 (HoxA13), prostacyclin synthase (PTGIS), and periostin (POSTN) genes are more highly expressed in LUS than FUN of nonlaboring, but not laboring, myometrial cells at term. HoxA13 up-regulates transcription of PTGIS and POSTN genes. Elevated HoxA13 expression enhances myometrial cell contractility and cell-cell adhesion. Gene microarray studies show that HoxA13-regulated genes are associated with immune response, gap junction/cell adhesion, and pregnancy. CONCLUSION The LUS expresses higher levels of HoxA13, PTGIS, and POSTN, and is more contractile than the FUN at term prior to labor. This pregnancy-maintaining regionalization of myometrial function may be mediated by HoxA13.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiangLiang Liu
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (L.L., H.L., X.D.), Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada; BC Cancer Agency (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Genome Sciences Center, Vancouver V5Z 4S6, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O.S., S.J.L., X.D.), University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1E2, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (D.S.), University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada; and Department of Medical Genetics (S.J.M.J), University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Haolong Li
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (L.L., H.L., X.D.), Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada; BC Cancer Agency (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Genome Sciences Center, Vancouver V5Z 4S6, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O.S., S.J.L., X.D.), University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1E2, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (D.S.), University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada; and Department of Medical Genetics (S.J.M.J), University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Daryanaz Dargahi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (L.L., H.L., X.D.), Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada; BC Cancer Agency (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Genome Sciences Center, Vancouver V5Z 4S6, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O.S., S.J.L., X.D.), University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1E2, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (D.S.), University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada; and Department of Medical Genetics (S.J.M.J), University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Oksana Shynlova
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (L.L., H.L., X.D.), Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada; BC Cancer Agency (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Genome Sciences Center, Vancouver V5Z 4S6, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O.S., S.J.L., X.D.), University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1E2, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (D.S.), University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada; and Department of Medical Genetics (S.J.M.J), University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Donna Slater
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (L.L., H.L., X.D.), Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada; BC Cancer Agency (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Genome Sciences Center, Vancouver V5Z 4S6, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O.S., S.J.L., X.D.), University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1E2, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (D.S.), University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada; and Department of Medical Genetics (S.J.M.J), University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (L.L., H.L., X.D.), Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada; BC Cancer Agency (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Genome Sciences Center, Vancouver V5Z 4S6, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O.S., S.J.L., X.D.), University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1E2, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (D.S.), University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada; and Department of Medical Genetics (S.J.M.J), University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stephen J Lye
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (L.L., H.L., X.D.), Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada; BC Cancer Agency (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Genome Sciences Center, Vancouver V5Z 4S6, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O.S., S.J.L., X.D.), University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1E2, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (D.S.), University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada; and Department of Medical Genetics (S.J.M.J), University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (L.L., H.L., X.D.), Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada; BC Cancer Agency (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Genome Sciences Center, Vancouver V5Z 4S6, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (D.D., S.J.M.J.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O.S., S.J.L., X.D.), University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1E2, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (D.S.), University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada; and Department of Medical Genetics (S.J.M.J), University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
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21
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Nadeau-Vallée M, Quiniou C, Palacios J, Hou X, Erfani A, Madaan A, Sanchez M, Leimert K, Boudreault A, Duhamel F, Rivera JC, Zhu T, Noueihed B, Robertson SA, Ni X, Olson DM, Lubell W, Girard S, Chemtob S. Novel Noncompetitive IL-1 Receptor-Biased Ligand Prevents Infection- and Inflammation-Induced Preterm Birth. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3402-15. [PMID: 26304990 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is firmly linked to inflammation regardless of the presence of infection. Proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, are produced in gestational tissues and can locally upregulate uterine activation proteins. Premature activation of the uterus by inflammation may lead to PTB, and IL-1 has been identified as a key inducer of this condition. However, all currently available IL-1 inhibitors are large molecules that exhibit competitive antagonism properties by inhibiting all IL-1R signaling, including transcription factor NF-κB, which conveys important physiological roles. We hereby demonstrate the efficacy of a small noncompetitive (all-d peptide) IL-1R-biased ligand, termed rytvela (labeled 101.10) in delaying IL-1β-, TLR2-, and TLR4-induced PTB in mice. The 101.10 acts without significant inhibition of NF-κB, and instead selectively inhibits IL-1R downstream stress-associated protein kinases/transcription factor c-jun and Rho GTPase/Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase signaling pathways. The 101.10 is effective at decreasing proinflammatory and/or prolabor genes in myometrium tissue and circulating leukocytes in all PTB models independently of NF-κB, undermining NF-κB role in preterm labor. In this work, biased signaling modulation of IL-1R by 101.10 uncovers a novel strategy to prevent PTB without inhibiting NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nadeau-Vallée
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christiane Quiniou
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Julia Palacios
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Xin Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Atefeh Erfani
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Ankush Madaan
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Mélanie Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kelycia Leimert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TG6 2S2, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TG6 2S2, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TG6 2S2, Canada
| | - Amarilys Boudreault
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - François Duhamel
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - José Carlos Rivera
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Tang Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Baraa Noueihed
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Xin Ni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - David M Olson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TG6 2S2, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TG6 2S2, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TG6 2S2, Canada
| | - William Lubell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sylvie Girard
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; and Department of Physiology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada;
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22
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M Kidder G, Winterhager E. Physiological roles of connexins in labour and lactation. Reproduction 2015; 150:R129-36. [PMID: 26150552 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The connexin family of proteins are best known as oligomerizing to form intercellular membrane channels (gap junctions) that metabolically and ionically couple cells to allow for coordinated cellular function. Nowhere in the body is this role better illustrated than in the uterine smooth muscle during parturition, where gap junctions conduct the contraction wave throughout the tissue to deliver the baby. Parturition is followed by the onset of lactation with connexins contributing to both the dramatic reorganization of mammary gland tissue leading up to lactation and the smooth muscle contraction of the myoepithelial cells which extrudes the milk. This review summarizes what is known about the expression and roles of individual connexin family members in the uterus during labour and in the mammary glands during development and lactation. Connexin loss or malfunction in mammary glands and the uterus can have serious implications for the health of both the mother and the newborn baby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald M Kidder
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, CanadaInstitute of Molecular BiologyUniversity of Duisburg-Essen, University Clinics, 45211 Essen, Germany
| | - Elke Winterhager
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, CanadaInstitute of Molecular BiologyUniversity of Duisburg-Essen, University Clinics, 45211 Essen, Germany
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23
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Xu C, Liu W, You X, Leimert K, Popowycz K, Fang X, Wood SL, Slater DM, Sun Q, Gu H, Olson DM, Ni X. PGF2α modulates the output of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines in myometrial cells from term pregnant women through divergent signaling pathways. Mol Hum Reprod 2015; 21:603-14. [PMID: 25882540 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gav018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) plays a critical role in the initiation and process of parturition. Since human labor has been described as an inflammatory event, we investigated the role of PGF2α in the inflammatory process using cultured human uterine smooth muscle cells (HUSMCs) isolated from term pregnant women as a model. Using a multiplex assay, HUSMCs treated with PGF2α changed their output of a number of cytokines and chemokines, with a distinct response pattern that differed between HUSMCs isolated from the upper and lower segment region of the uterus. Confirmatory enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) showed that PGF2α stimulated increased output of interleukin (IL) 1β, IL6, IL8 (CXCL8) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1, also known as chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 2, CCL2) by HUSMCs isolated from both upper and lower uterine segments. In contrast, PGF2α inhibited tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) release by HUMSCs from the lower uterine segment while the output of TNFα was undetectable in the upper segment. Small interfering (si) RNA mediated knockdown of the PGF2α receptor prevented the changes in cytokine and chemokine output by the HUSMCs. Since the PGF2α receptor (PTGFR) couples via the Gq protein and subsequently activates the phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways, we examined the role of these pathways in PGF2α modulation of the cytokines. Inhibition of PLC and PKC reversed the effects of PGF2α. PGF2α activated multiple signaling pathways including extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K), P38, calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) and NF-κB signaling. Inhibition of ERK reversed PGF2α-induced IL1β, IL6 and CCL2 output, while inhibition of PI3K blocked the effect of PGF2α on IL6, CXCL8 and CCL2 output and inhibition of NF-κB reversed PGF2α-induced IL1β and CCL2 output. NFAT was involved in PGF2α modulation of CCL2 and TNFα output. In conclusion, our results support a role of PGF2α in creating an inflammatory environment during the late stage of human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G2S2, Canada
| | - Weina Liu
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xingji You
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kelycia Leimert
- Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G2S2, Canada
| | - Krystyn Popowycz
- Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G2S2, Canada
| | - Xin Fang
- Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G2S2, Canada
| | - Stephen L Wood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Donna M Slater
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N1N4, Canada Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Qianqian Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hang Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - David M Olson
- Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G2S2, Canada
| | - Xin Ni
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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24
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Xu C, You X, Liu W, Sun Q, Ding X, Huang Y, Ni X. Prostaglandin F2α regulates the expression of uterine activation proteins via multiple signalling pathways. Reproduction 2015; 149:139-46. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2A) has multiple roles in the birth process in addition to its vital contractile role. Our previous study has demonstrated that PGF2A can modulate uterine activation proteins (UAPs) in cultured pregnant human myometrial smooth muscle cells (HMSMCs). The objective of this study was to define the signalling pathways responsible for PGF2A modulation of UAPs in myometrium. It was found that PGF2A stimulated the expression of (GJA1) connexin 43 (CX43), prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and oxytocin receptor (OTR) in cultured HMSMCs. The inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC) blocked PGF2A-stimulated expression of CX43. The inhibitors of ERK, P38 and NFκB also blocked the effect of PGF2A on CX43 expression, whereas PI3K and calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) pathway inhibitors did not reverse the effect of PGF2A on CX43. For PTGS2 and OTR, PLC, PI3K, P38 and calcineurin/NFAT signalling pathways were involved in PGF2A action, whereas PKC and NFκB signalling were not involved. In addition, PGF2A activated NFAT, PI3K, NFκB, ERK and P38 signalling pathways. Our data suggest that PGF2A stimulates CX43, PTGS2 and OTR through divergent signalling pathways.
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Lorca RA, Prabagaran M, England SK. Functional insights into modulation of BKCa channel activity to alter myometrial contractility. Front Physiol 2014; 5:289. [PMID: 25132821 PMCID: PMC4116789 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The large-conductance voltage- and Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel (BKCa) is an important regulator of membrane excitability in a wide variety of cells and tissues. In myometrial smooth muscle, activation of BKCa plays essential roles in buffering contractility to maintain uterine quiescence during pregnancy and in the transition to a more contractile state at the onset of labor. Multiple mechanisms of modulation have been described to alter BKCa channel activity, expression, and cellular localization. In the myometrium, BKCa is regulated by alternative splicing, protein targeting to the plasma membrane, compartmentation in membrane microdomains, and posttranslational modifications. In addition, interaction with auxiliary proteins (i.e., β1- and β2-subunits), association with G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways, such as those activated by adrenergic and oxytocin receptors, and hormonal regulation provide further mechanisms of variable modulation of BKCa channel function in myometrial smooth muscle. Here, we provide an overview of these mechanisms of BKCa channel modulation and provide a context for them in relation to myometrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón A Lorca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Monali Prabagaran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah K England
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
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Wouters E, Hudson CA, McArdle CA, Bernal AL. Central role for protein kinase C in oxytocin and epidermal growth factor stimulated cyclooxygenase 2 expression in human myometrial cells. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:357. [PMID: 24916153 PMCID: PMC4057899 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandins are important mediators of uterine contractility and cervical ripening during labour. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, is a rate limiting enzyme involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins at parturition. In this paper, the pathways underlying agonist-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human myometrial cells were studied. RESULTS Myometrial cells were stimulated with different agonists: oxytocin (OXT), epidermal growth factor (EGF), interleukin-1β (IL1β), and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) alone and in the presence of specific signalling pathway inhibitors. The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFKB) pathway was inhibited by means of the IKK-2 inhibitor TPCA-1. Signalling through extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) was inhibited using the MEK1/2 inhibitor PD-184352. Bisindolylmaleimide-I was used to inhibit protein kinase C (PKC) signalling. COX-2 expression and ERK phosphorylation were measured using immunoblotting.OXT induced COX-2 expression by activating PKC and ERK. EGF increased COX-2 expression via stimulation of PKC, ERK and NFKB. As expected, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL1β induced COX-2 expression by activating PKC- and NFKB-dependent pathways. Stimulation of PKC directly with PMA provoked strong COX-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS PKC plays a central role in OXT and EGF induced COX-2 expression in human myometrial cells. However, other pathways, notably ERK and NFKB are also involved to an extent which depends on the type of agonist used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrés López Bernal
- University of Bristol, School of Clinical Sciences (Obstetrics and Gynaecology), Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.
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Sykes L, MacIntyre DA, Teoh TG, Bennett PR. Anti-inflammatory prostaglandins for the prevention of preterm labour. Reproduction 2014; 148:R29-40. [PMID: 24890751 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth occurs in 10-12% of pregnancies and is the primary cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Tocolytic therapies have long been the focus for the prevention of preterm labour, yet they do not significantly improve neonatal outcome. A direct causal link exists between infection-induced inflammation and preterm labour. As inflammation and infection are independent risk factors for poor neonatal outcome, recent research focus has been shifted towards exploring the potential for anti-inflammatory strategies. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) is a transcription factor that controls the expression of many labour-associated genes including PTGS2 (COX2), prostaglandins (PGs) and the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) as well as key inflammatory genes. Targeting the inhibition of NFκB is therefore an attractive therapeutic approach for both the prevention of preterm labour and for reducing neonatal exposure to inflammation. While PGs are considered to be pro-labour and pro-inflammatory, the cyclopentenone PG 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2) exhibits anti-inflammatory properties via the inhibition of NFκB in human amniocytes, myocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. 15d-PGJ2 also delays inflammation-induced preterm labour in the mouse and significantly increases pup survival. This review examines the current understanding of inflammation in the context of labour and discusses how anti-inflammatory PGs may hold promise for the prevention of preterm labour and improved neonatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Sykes
- Parturition Research GroupDepartment of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UKSt Mary's HospitalImperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W1 2NY, UK
| | - David A MacIntyre
- Parturition Research GroupDepartment of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UKSt Mary's HospitalImperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W1 2NY, UK
| | - Tiong Ghee Teoh
- Parturition Research GroupDepartment of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UKSt Mary's HospitalImperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W1 2NY, UK
| | - Phillip R Bennett
- Parturition Research GroupDepartment of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UKSt Mary's HospitalImperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W1 2NY, UK
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