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Mueller LM, Isaacson A, Wilson H, Salowka A, Tay I, Gong M, Samir Elbarbary N, Raile K, Spagnoli FM. Heterozygous missense variant in GLI2 impairs human endocrine pancreas development. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2483. [PMID: 38509065 PMCID: PMC10954617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Missense variants are the most common type of coding genetic variants. Their functional assessment is fundamental for defining any implication in human diseases and may also uncover genes that are essential for human organ development. Here, we apply CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing on human iPSCs to study a heterozygous missense variant in GLI2 identified in two siblings with early-onset and insulin-dependent diabetes of unknown cause. GLI2 is a primary mediator of the Hedgehog pathway, which regulates pancreatic β-cell development in mice. However, neither mutations in GLI2 nor Hedgehog dysregulation have been reported as cause or predisposition to diabetes. We establish and study a set of isogenic iPSC lines harbouring the missense variant for their ability to differentiate into pancreatic β-like cells. Interestingly, iPSCs carrying the missense variant show altered GLI2 transcriptional activity and impaired differentiation of pancreatic progenitors into endocrine cells. RNASeq and network analyses unveil a crosstalk between Hedgehog and WNT pathways, with the dysregulation of non-canonical WNT signaling in pancreatic progenitors carrying the GLI2 missense variant. Collectively, our findings underscore an essential role for GLI2 in human endocrine development and identify a gene variant that may lead to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Mueller
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Isaacson
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Wilson
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Salowka
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Tay
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Maolian Gong
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité Medical Faculty, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nancy Samir Elbarbary
- Department of Pediatrics, Diabetes and Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Klemens Raile
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité Medical Faculty, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca M Spagnoli
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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Gentilini D, Muzza M, de Filippis T, Vigone MC, Weber G, Calzari L, Cassio A, Di Frenna M, Bartolucci M, Grassi ES, Carbone E, Olivieri A, Persani L. Stochastic epigenetic mutations as possible explanation for phenotypical discordance among twins with congenital hypothyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:393-404. [PMID: 36071330 PMCID: PMC9859866 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The elevated frequency of discordance for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) phenotype between monozygotic twins suggests the involvement of non-mendelian mechanisms. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of epigenetics in CH pathogenesis. METHODS A genome-wide DNA methylation analysis was performed on the peripheral blood of 23 twin pairs (10 monozygotic and 13 dizygotic), 4 concordant and 19 discordant pairs for CH at birth. RESULTS Differential methylation analysis did not show significant differences in methylation levels between CH cases and controls, but a different methylation status of several genes may explain the CH discordance of a monozygotic twin couple carrying a monoallelic nonsense mutation of DUOX2. In addition, the median number of hypo-methylated Stochastic Epigenetic Mutations (SEMs) resulted significantly increased in cases compared to controls. The prioritization analysis for CH performed on the genes epimutated exclusively in the cases identified SLC26A4, FOXI1, NKX2-5 and TSHB as the genes with the highest score. The analysis of significantly SEMs-enriched regions led to the identification of two genes (FAM50B and MEG8) that resulted epigenetically dysregulated in cases. CONCLUSION Epigenetic modifications may potentially account for CH pathogenesis and explain discordance among monozygotic twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gentilini
- Bioinformatics and Statistical Genomics Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, 20095, Milan, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Muzza
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - T de Filippis
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - M C Vigone
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - G Weber
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - L Calzari
- Bioinformatics and Statistical Genomics Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, 20095, Milan, Italy
| | - A Cassio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Di Frenna
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - M Bartolucci
- Department of Maternal and Child Sciences and Urology, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - E S Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Experimental Medicine, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - E Carbone
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - A Olivieri
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - L Persani
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Experimental Medicine, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy.
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Li M, Li X, Wang F, Ren Y, Zhang X, Wang J, Shen L, Zhao D, ShiguoLiu. Genetic analysis of iodide transporter and recycling (NIS, PDS, SLC26A7, IYD) in patients with congenital hypothyroidism. Gene X 2022; 824:146402. [PMID: 35276235 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- Department of Medical Genetic, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaole Li
- Neonatal Screening Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Endocrinology Department, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yubao Ren
- Neonatal Screening Center, Shengli Hospital of Shengli Oilfield, Dongying, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetic, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingli Wang
- Department of Medical Genetic, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Medical Genetic, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dehua Zhao
- Neonatal Screening Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - ShiguoLiu
- Department of Medical Genetic, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Prenatal Diagnosis Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Stoupa A, Kariyawasam D, Polak M, Carré A. Genetics of congenital hypothyroidism: Modern concepts. Pediatr Investig 2022; 6:123-134. [PMID: 35774517 PMCID: PMC9218988 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common neonatal endocrine disorder and one of the most common preventable causes of intellectual disability in the world. CH may be due to developmental or functional thyroid defects (primary or peripheral CH) or be hypothalamic‐pituitary in origin (central CH). In most cases, primary CH is caused by a developmental malformation of the gland (thyroid dysgenesis, TD) or by a defect in thyroid hormones synthesis (dyshormonogenesis, DH). TD represents about 65% of CH and a genetic cause is currently identified in fewer than 5% of patients. The remaining 35% are cases of DH and are explained with certainty at the molecular level in more than 50% of cases. The etiology of CH is mostly unknown and may include contributions from individual and environmental factors. In recent years, the detailed phenotypic description of patients, high‐throughput sequencing technologies, and the use of animal models have made it possible to discover new genes involved in the development or function of the thyroid gland. This paper reviews all the genetic causes of CH. The modes by which CH is transmitted will also be discussed, including a new oligogenic model. CH is no longer simply a dominant disease for cases of CH due to TD and recessive for cases of CH due to DH, but a far more complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Stoupa
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology Gynaecology and Diabetology Ile de France Regional Neonatal Screening Centre (CRDN) Necker Enfants‐Malades University Hospital Paris France
- Institut IMAGINE INSERM U1163 Paris France
- Institut Cochin INSERM U1016 Paris France
- Centre des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du dévelopement Paris France
| | - Dulanjalee Kariyawasam
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology Gynaecology and Diabetology Ile de France Regional Neonatal Screening Centre (CRDN) Necker Enfants‐Malades University Hospital Paris France
- Institut IMAGINE INSERM U1163 Paris France
- Institut Cochin INSERM U1016 Paris France
- Centre des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du dévelopement Paris France
| | - Michel Polak
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology Gynaecology and Diabetology Ile de France Regional Neonatal Screening Centre (CRDN) Necker Enfants‐Malades University Hospital Paris France
- Institut IMAGINE INSERM U1163 Paris France
- Institut Cochin INSERM U1016 Paris France
- Centre des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du dévelopement Paris France
- Université de Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Aurore Carré
- Institut IMAGINE INSERM U1163 Paris France
- Institut Cochin INSERM U1016 Paris France
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Stoupa A, Kariyawasam D, Polak M, Carré A. [Genetic of congenital hypothyroidism]. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:263-273. [PMID: 35333163 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most frequent neonatal endocrine disorder. CH is due to thyroid development or thyroid function defects (primary) or may be of hypothalamic-pituitary origin (central). Primary CH is caused essentially by abnormal thyroid gland morphogenesis (thyroid dysgenesis, TD) or defective thyroid hormone synthesis (dyshormonogenesis, DH). DH accounts for about 35% of CH and a genetic cause is identified in 50% of patients. However, TD accounts for about 65% of CH, and a genetic cause is identified in less than 5% of patients. The pathogenesis of CH is largely unknown and may include the contribution of individual and environmental factors. During the last years, detailed phenotypic description of patients, next-generation sequence technologies and use of animal models allowed the discovery of novel candidate genes in thyroid development and function. We provide an overview of recent genetic causes of primary and central CH. In addition, mode of inheritance and the oligogenic model of CH are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Stoupa
- Service d'endocrinologie, gynécologie et diabétologie pédiatriques, Centre régional de dépistage néonatal (CRDN) Île-de-France, Hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants-malades, AP-HP Paris, France - Affilié Institut IMAGINE, Inserm U1163, Paris, France - Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France - Centre des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du développement, Paris, France
| | - Dulanjalee Kariyawasam
- Service d'endocrinologie, gynécologie et diabétologie pédiatriques, Centre régional de dépistage néonatal (CRDN) Île-de-France, Hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants-malades, AP-HP Paris, France - Affilié Institut IMAGINE, Inserm U1163, Paris, France - Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France - Centre des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du développement, Paris, France
| | - Michel Polak
- Service d'endocrinologie, gynécologie et diabétologie pédiatriques, Centre régional de dépistage néonatal (CRDN) Île-de-France, Hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants-malades, AP-HP Paris, France - Affilié Institut IMAGINE, Inserm U1163, Paris, France - Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France - Centre des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du développement, Paris, France - Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Carré
- Affilié Institut IMAGINE, Inserm U1163, Paris, France - Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
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6
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Stoupa A, Kariyawasam D, Muzza M, de Filippis T, Fugazzola L, Polak M, Persani L, Carré A. New genetics in congenital hypothyroidism. Endocrine 2021; 71:696-705. [PMID: 33650047 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most frequent neonatal endocrine disorder and one of the most common preventable forms of mental retardation worldwide. CH is due to thyroid development or thyroid function defects (primary) or may be of hypothalamic-pituitary origin (central). Primary CH is caused essentially by abnormal thyroid gland morphogenesis (thyroid dysgenesis, TD) or defective thyroid hormone synthesis (dyshormonogenesis, DH). TD accounts for about 65% of CH, however a genetic cause is identified in less than 5% of patients. PURPOSE The pathogenesis of CH is largely unknown and may include the contribution of individual and environmental factors. During the last years, detailed phenotypic description of patients, next-generation sequence technologies and use of animal models allowed the discovery of novel candidate genes in thyroid development, function and pathways. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We provide an overview of recent genetic causes of primary and central CH. In addition, mode of inheritance and the oligogenic model of CH are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Stoupa
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology, and Diabetology Department, Necker Children's University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- IMAGINE Institute affiliate, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Cochin Institute, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- RARE Disorder Center: Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Dulanjalee Kariyawasam
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology, and Diabetology Department, Necker Children's University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- IMAGINE Institute affiliate, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Cochin Institute, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- RARE Disorder Center: Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Marina Muzza
- Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana de Filippis
- Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, 20149, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy
| | - Michel Polak
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology, and Diabetology Department, Necker Children's University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- IMAGINE Institute affiliate, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- Cochin Institute, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- RARE Disorder Center: Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Luca Persani
- Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, 20149, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurore Carré
- IMAGINE Institute affiliate, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.
- Cochin Institute, INSERM U1016, Paris, France.
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7
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van Trotsenburg P, Stoupa A, Léger J, Rohrer T, Peters C, Fugazzola L, Cassio A, Heinrichs C, Beauloye V, Pohlenz J, Rodien P, Coutant R, Szinnai G, Murray P, Bartés B, Luton D, Salerno M, de Sanctis L, Vigone M, Krude H, Persani L, Polak M. Congenital Hypothyroidism: A 2020-2021 Consensus Guidelines Update-An ENDO-European Reference Network Initiative Endorsed by the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and the European Society for Endocrinology. Thyroid 2021; 31:387-419. [PMID: 33272083 PMCID: PMC8001676 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: An ENDO-European Reference Network (ERN) initiative was launched that was endorsed by the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and the European Society for Endocrinology with 22 participants from the ENDO-ERN and the two societies. The aim was to update the practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of congenital hypothyroidism (CH). A systematic literature search was conducted to identify key articles on neonatal screening, diagnosis, and management of primary and central CH. The evidence-based guidelines were graded with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system, describing both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. In the absence of sufficient evidence, conclusions were based on expert opinion. Summary: The recommendations include the various neonatal screening approaches for CH as well as the etiology (also genetics), diagnostics, treatment, and prognosis of both primary and central CH. When CH is diagnosed, the expert panel recommends the immediate start of correctly dosed levothyroxine treatment and frequent follow-up including laboratory testing to keep thyroid hormone levels in their target ranges, timely assessment of the need to continue treatment, attention for neurodevelopment and neurosensory functions, and, if necessary, consulting other health professionals, and education of the child and family about CH. Harmonization of diagnostics, treatment, and follow-up will optimize patient outcomes. Lastly, all individuals with CH are entitled to a well-planned transition of care from pediatrics to adult medicine. Conclusions: This consensus guidelines update should be used to further optimize detection, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of children with all forms of CH in the light of the most recent evidence. It should be helpful in convincing health authorities of the benefits of neonatal screening for CH. Further epidemiological and experimental studies are needed to understand the increased incidence of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul van Trotsenburg
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Athanasia Stoupa
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1163, IMAGINE Institute, Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Juliane Léger
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Reference Center for Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR 1141, Paris, France
| | - Tilman Rohrer
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Peters
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cassio
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
| | - Claudine Heinrichs
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veronique Beauloye
- Unité d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joachim Pohlenz
- Department of Pediatrics, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical School, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrice Rodien
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Thyroïde et des Récepteurs Hormonaux, Service EDN, CHU d'Angers, Institut MITOVASC, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Regis Coutant
- Unité d' Endocrinologie Diabetologie Pédiatrique and Centre des Maladies Rares de la Réceptivité Hormonale, CHU-Angers, Angers, France
| | - Gabor Szinnai
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philip Murray
- European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Bartés
- Thyroid Group, European Patient Advocacy Group Patient Representative (ePAG), Association Vivre sans Thyroide, Léguevin, France
| | - Dominique Luton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine (HUPNVS), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
- Department Risks and Pregnancy (DHU), Université de Paris, Inserm U1141, Paris, France
| | - Mariacarolina Salerno
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa de Sanctis
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Vigone
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Heiko Krude
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michel Polak
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U1163, IMAGINE Institute, Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Paris Regional Newborn Screening Program, Centre régional de dépistage néonatal, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du Développement, INSERM U1016, IMAGINE Institute, Paris, France
- ENDO-European Reference Network, Main Thematic Group 8, Paris, France
- Address correspondence to: Michel Polak, MD, PhD, Pediatric Endocrinology Gynecology and Diabetology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, Paris 75015, France
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Singh K, Bijarnia-Mahay S, Ramprasad VL, Puri RD, Nair S, Sharda S, Saxena R, Kohli S, Kulshreshtha S, Ganguli I, Gujral K, Verma IC. NGS-based expanded carrier screening for genetic disorders in North Indian population reveals unexpected results - a pilot study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:216. [PMID: 33138774 PMCID: PMC7607710 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background To determine the carrier frequency and pathogenic variants of common genetic disorders in the north Indian population by using next generation sequencing (NGS). Methods After pre-test counselling, 200 unrelated individuals (including 88 couples) were screened for pathogenic variants in 88 genes by NGS technology. The variants were classified as per American College of Medical Genetics criteria. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants were subjected to thorough literature-based curation in addition to the regular filters. Variants of unknown significance were not reported. Individuals were counselled explaining the implications of the results, and cascade screening was advised when necessary. Results Of the 200 participants, 52 (26%) were found to be carrier of one or more disorders. Twelve individuals were identified to be carriers for congenital deafness, giving a carrier frequency of one in 17 for one of the four genes tested (SLC26A4, GJB2, TMPRSS3 and TMC1 in decreasing order). Nine individuals were observed to be carriers for cystic fibrosis, with a frequency of one in 22. Three individuals were detected to be carriers for Pompe disease (frequency one in 67). None of the 88 couples screened were found to be carriers for the same disorder. The pathogenic variants observed in many disorders (such as deafness, cystic fibrosis, Pompe disease, Canavan disease, primary hyperoxaluria, junctional epidermolysis bullosa, galactosemia, medium chain acyl CoA deficiency etc.) were different from those commonly observed in the West. Conclusion A higher carrier frequency for genetic deafness, cystic fibrosis and Pompe disease was unexpected, and contrary to the generally held view about their prevalence in Asian Indians. In spite of the small sample size, this study would suggest that population-based carrier screening panels for India would differ from those in the West, and need to be selected with due care. Testing should comprise the study of all the coding exons with its boundaries in the genes through NGS, as all the variants are not well characterized. Only study of entire coding regions in the genes will detect carriers with adequate efficiency, in order to reduce the burden of genetic disorders in India and other resource poor countries. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12881-020-01153-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Singh
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Bijarnia-Mahay
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India.
| | | | - Ratna Dua Puri
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Nair
- Medgenome Laboratories Pvt Ltd., Bangalore, India
| | | | - Renu Saxena
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudha Kohli
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Samarth Kulshreshtha
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Indrani Ganguli
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Kanwal Gujral
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ishwar C Verma
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India.
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9
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Yamaguchi T, Nakamura A, Nakayama K, Hishimura N, Morikawa S, Ishizu K, Tajima T. Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing for Congenital Hypothyroidism With Positive Neonatal TSH Screening. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5847666. [PMID: 32459320 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common neonatal endocrine disorder; however, its molecular etiology remains poorly understood. METHODS We performed genetic analysis of 24 causative genes using next-generation sequencing in 167 CH cases, comprising 57 dyshormonogenesis (DH), 32 dysgenesis (TD) and 78 undiagnosed. The pathogenicity of variants was assessed by the American College of Medical Genetics guidelines, inheritance pattern, and published evidence. Furthermore, we compared the oligogenic groups and monogenic groups to examine the correlation between variant dosage and severity. RESULTS We identified variants in 66.5% cases (111/167) and 15 genes, DUOX2, TSHR, PAX8, TG, TPO, DUOXA2, JAG1, GLIS3, DUOX1, IYD, SLC26A4, SLC5A5, SECISBP2, DIO1, and DIO3. Biallelic variants were identified in 12.6% (21/167), oligogenic in 18.0% (30/167), and monogenic in 35.9% (60/167); however, 68.5% of variants were classified as variant of unknown significance (VUS). Further examinations showed that 3 out of 32 cases with TD (9.4%) had pathogenic variants (2 of TSHR and 1 of TPO), and 8 out of 57 cases with DH (14.0%) (7 of DUOX2, 1 of TG) had pathogenic variants. In addition, TSH levels at the first visit were significantly higher in the oligogenic group than in the monogenic group. CONCLUSIONS The detection rate of pathogenic variants in Japanese CH was similar to that previously reported. Moreover, oligogenic cases were likely to be more severe than monogenic cases, suggesting that CH may exhibit a gene dosage effect. Further analysis of VUS pathogenicity is required to clarify the molecular basis of CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akie Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kanako Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Morikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Tajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Children's Medical Center Tochigi, Shimotsuke, Japan
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10
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Zdraveska N, Kocova M, Nicholas AK, Anastasovska V, Schoenmakers N. Genetics of Gland- in-situ or Hypoplastic Congenital Hypothyroidism in Macedonia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:413. [PMID: 32765423 PMCID: PMC7381236 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal screening in Macedonia detects congenital hypothyroidism (CH) with an incidence of 1 in 1,585, and more than 50% of cases exhibit a normally located gland-in-situ (GIS). Monogenic mutations causing dyshormonogenesis may underlie GIS CH; additionally, a small proportion of thyroid hypoplasia has a monogenic cause, such as TSHR and PAX8 defects. The genetic architecture of Macedonian CH cases has not previously been studied. We recruited screening-detected, non-syndromic GIS CH or thyroid hypoplasia cases (n = 40) exhibiting a spectrum of biochemical thyroid dysfunction ranging from severe permanent to mild transient CH and including 11 familial cases. Cases were born at term, with birth weight >3,000 g, and thyroid morphologies included goiter (n = 11), thyroid hypoplasia (n = 6), and apparently normal-sized thyroid. A comprehensive, phenotype-driven, Sanger sequencing approach was used to identify genetic mutations underlying CH, by sequentially screening known dyshormonogenesis-associated genes and TSHR in GIS cases and TSHR and PAX8 in cases with thyroid hypoplasia. Potentially pathogenic variants were identified in 14 cases, of which four were definitively causative; we also detected digenic variants in three cases. Seventeen variants (nine novel) were identified in TPO (n = 4), TG (n = 3), TSHR (n = 4), DUOX2 (n = 4), and PAX8 (n = 2). No mutations were detected in DUOXA2, NIS, IYD, and SLC26A7. The relatively low mutation frequency suggests that factors other than recognized monogenic causes (oligogenic variants, environmental factors, or novel genes) may contribute to GIS CH in this region. Future non-hypothesis-driven, next-generation sequencing studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirjana Kocova
- Medical Faculty, University Children's Hospital, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Adeline K. Nicholas
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nadia Schoenmakers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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11
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Mizokami T, Fukata S, Kogai T, Hishinuma A, Hamada K, Maruta T, Higashi K, Tajiri J. Congenital Primary Hypothyroidism with the Homozygous Nonsense Mutation P.K1374* in the Thyroglobulin Gene and a Normal-sized Thyroid Gland on Levothyroxine Replacement. Intern Med 2019; 58:2669-2673. [PMID: 31178475 PMCID: PMC6794167 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1163-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (TG) gene mutations cause thyroid dyshormonogenesis, which is typically associated with a congenital goiter. We herein report the case of a 64-year-old man with congenital primary hypothyroidism who had a normal-sized thyroid gland on levothyroxine replacement. He had short stature (-3.1 standard deviations) and mild intellectual impairment. Thyroid autoantibodies were all negative, and the serum TG levels were undetectable. Eventually, he was found to have the novel homozygous nonsense mutation p.K1374* in the TG gene. The possibility of TG mutation should be considered for patients with congenital primary hypothyroidism and a very low serum TG level, regardless of the thyroid size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuji Fukata
- Tajiri Thyroid Clinic, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Kuma Hospital, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kogai
- Department of Infection Control and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Japan
| | - Akira Hishinuma
- Department of Infection Control and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Japan
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12
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Gong M, Yu Y, Liang L, Vuralli D, Froehler S, Kuehnen P, Du Bois P, Zhang J, Cao A, Liu Y, Hussain K, Fielitz J, Jia S, Chen W, Raile K. HDAC4 mutations cause diabetes and induce β-cell FoxO1 nuclear exclusion. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e602. [PMID: 30968599 PMCID: PMC6503015 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studying patients with rare Mendelian diabetes has uncovered molecular mechanisms regulating β‐cell pathophysiology. Previous studies have shown that Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDAC4, 5, 7, and 9) modulate mammalian pancreatic endocrine cell function and glucose homeostasis. Methods We performed exome sequencing in one adolescent nonautoimmune diabetic patient and detected one de novo predicted disease‐causing HDAC4 variant (p.His227Arg). We screened our pediatric diabetes cohort with unknown etiology using Sanger sequencing. In mouse pancreatic β‐cell lines (Min6 and SJ cells), we performed insulin secretion assay and quantitative RT‐PCR to measure the β‐cell function transfected with the detected HDAC4 variants and wild type. We carried out immunostaining and Western blot to investigate if the detected HDAC4 variants affect the cellular translocation and acetylation status of Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) in the pancreatic β‐cells. Results We discovered three HDAC4 mutations (p.His227Arg, p.Asp234Asn, and p.Glu374Lys) in unrelated individuals who had nonautoimmune diabetes with various degrees of β‐cell loss. In mouse pancreatic β‐cell lines, we found that these three HDAC4 mutations decrease insulin secretion, down‐regulate β‐cell‐specific transcriptional factors, and cause nuclear exclusion of acetylated FoxO1. Conclusion Mutations in HDAC4 disrupt the deacetylation of FoxO1, subsequently decrease the β‐cell function including insulin secretion, resulting in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolian Gong
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lei Liang
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Dogus Vuralli
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Peter Kuehnen
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Du Bois
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Aidi Cao
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Khalid Hussain
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Paediatric Medicine, Sidra Medical & Research Center, OPC, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jens Fielitz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald & Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Shiqi Jia
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Klemens Raile
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Jetten AM. GLIS1-3 transcription factors: critical roles in the regulation of multiple physiological processes and diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3473-3494. [PMID: 29779043 PMCID: PMC6123274 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like zinc finger proteins form one of the largest families of transcription factors. They function as key regulators of embryonic development and a wide range of other physiological processes, and are implicated in a variety of pathologies. GLI-similar 1-3 (GLIS1-3) constitute a subfamily of Krüppel-like zinc finger proteins that act either as activators or repressors of gene transcription. GLIS3 plays a critical role in the regulation of multiple biological processes and is a key regulator of pancreatic β cell generation and maturation, insulin gene expression, thyroid hormone biosynthesis, spermatogenesis, and the maintenance of normal kidney functions. Loss of GLIS3 function in humans and mice leads to the development of several pathologies, including neonatal diabetes and congenital hypothyroidism, polycystic kidney disease, and infertility. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in GLIS3 genes have been associated with increased risk of several diseases, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes, glaucoma, and neurological disorders. GLIS2 plays a critical role in the kidney and GLIS2 dysfunction leads to nephronophthisis, an end-stage, cystic renal disease. In addition, GLIS1-3 have regulatory functions in several stem/progenitor cell populations. GLIS1 and GLIS3 greatly enhance reprogramming efficiency of somatic cells into induced embryonic stem cells, while GLIS2 inhibits reprogramming. Recent studies have obtained substantial mechanistic insights into several physiological processes regulated by GLIS2 and GLIS3, while a little is still known about the physiological functions of GLIS1. The localization of some GLIS proteins to the primary cilium suggests that their activity may be regulated by a downstream primary cilium-associated signaling pathway. Insights into the upstream GLIS signaling pathway may provide opportunities for the development of new therapeutic strategies for diabetes, hypothyroidism, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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14
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Makretskaya N, Bezlepkina O, Kolodkina A, Kiyaev A, Vasilyev EV, Petrov V, Kalinenkova S, Malievsky O, Dedov II, Tiulpakov A. High frequency of mutations in 'dyshormonogenesis genes' in severe congenital hypothyroidism. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204323. [PMID: 30240412 PMCID: PMC6150524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Results of the screening of disease causative mutations in congenital hypothyroidism (CH) vary significantly, depending on the sequence strategy, patients' inclusion criteria and bioinformatics. The objective was to study the molecular basis of severe congenital hypothyroidism, using the next generation sequencing (NGS) and the recent guidelines for assessment of sequence variants. DESIGN 243 patients with CH (TSH levels at neonatal screening or retesting greater than 90 mU/l) and 56 control subjects were included in the study. METHODS A custom NGS panel targeting 12 CH causative genes was used for sequencing. The sequence variants were rated according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines. RESULTS In total, 48 pathogenic, 7 likely pathogenic and 57 variants of uncertain significance were identified in 92/243 patients (37.9%), while 4 variants of uncertain significance were found in 4/56 control subjects (7.1%). 13.1% (12/92) of the cases showed variants in 'thyroid dysgenesis' (TD) genes: TSHR, n = 6; NKX2-1, n = 2; NKX2-5, n = 1; PAX8, n = 3. The variants in 'dyshormonogenesis' (DH) genes were found in 84.8% (78/92) of cases: TPO, n = 30; DUOX2, n = 24; TG, n = 8; SLC5A5, n = 3; SLC26A4, n = 6; IYD, n = 1. 8 patients showed oligonenic variants. The majority of variants identified in DH genes were monoallelic. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to earlier studies demonstrating the predominance of TD in severe CH, the majority of variants identified in our study were in DH genes. A large proportion of monoallelic variants detected among DH genes suggests that non-mendelian mechanisms may play a role in the development of CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Makretskaya
- Department and Laboratory of Inherited Endocrine Disorders, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Bezlepkina
- Department and Laboratory of Inherited Endocrine Disorders, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Kolodkina
- Department and Laboratory of Inherited Endocrine Disorders, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Kiyaev
- Department of Polyclinic Pediatrics, Ural State Medical University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny V. Vasilyev
- Department and Laboratory of Inherited Endocrine Disorders, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vasily Petrov
- Department and Laboratory of Inherited Endocrine Disorders, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Kalinenkova
- Genetics Laboratory, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg Malievsky
- Department of Hospital Pediatrics, Republican Children’s Clinical Hospital, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan I. Dedov
- Department and Laboratory of Inherited Endocrine Disorders, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly Tiulpakov
- Department and Laboratory of Inherited Endocrine Disorders, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
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15
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Stoupa A, Chaabane R, Guériouz M, Raynaud-Ravni C, Nitschke P, Bole-Feysot C, Mnif M, Ammar Keskes L, Hachicha M, Belguith N, Polak M, Carré A. Thyroid Hypoplasia in Congenital Hypothyroidism Associated with Thyroid Peroxidase Mutations. Thyroid 2018; 28:941-944. [PMID: 29790453 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary congenital hypothyroidism (CH) affects about 1:3000 newborns worldwide and is mainly caused by defects in thyroid gland development (thyroid dysgenesis [TD]) or hormone synthesis. A genetic cause is identified in <10% of TD patients. The aim was to identify novel candidate genes in patients with TD using next-generation sequencing tools. PATIENT FINDINGS Whole exome sequencing was used to study two families: a consanguineous Tunisian family (one child with severe thyroid hypoplasia) and a French family (two newborn siblings, with a thyroid in situ that was not enlarged on ultrasound at diagnosis). Variants in candidate genes were filtered according to type of variation, frequency in public and in-house databases, in silico prediction tools, and inheritance mode. Unexpectedly, three different variants of the thyroid peroxidase (TPO) gene were identified. A homozygous missense mutation (c.875C>T, p.S292F) was found in the Tunisian patient with severe thyroid hypoplasia. The two French siblings were compound heterozygotes (c.387delC/c.2578G>A, p.N129Kfs*80/p.G860R) for TPO mutations. All three mutations have been previously described in patients with goitrous CH. In these patients, treatment was initiated immediately after diagnosis, and the effect, if any, of thyrotropin stimulation of these thyroids remains unclear. CONCLUSIONS The first cases are reported of thyroid hypoplasia at diagnosis during the neonatal period in patients with CH and TPO mutations. These cases highlight the importance of screening for TPO mutations not only in goitrous CH, but also in normal or small-size thyroids, and they broaden the clinical spectrum of described phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Stoupa
- 1 Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Gynecology Department, Necker Children's University Hospital , Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- 2 INSERM U1163, IMAGINE Institute , Paris, France
- 3 INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute , Paris, France
| | - Rim Chaabane
- 4 Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Medicine School, University of Sfax , Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Catherine Raynaud-Ravni
- 5 Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Saint Etienne University Hospital , Saint Etienne, France
| | - Patrick Nitschke
- 6 Bioinformatics Platform, INSERM U1163, IMAGINE Institute , Paris, France
| | | | - Mouna Mnif
- 8 Department of Endocrinology, CHU Hedi Chaker , Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Leila Ammar Keskes
- 4 Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Medicine School, University of Sfax , Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Neila Belguith
- 4 Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Medicine School, University of Sfax , Sfax, Tunisia
- 10 Department of Medical Genetics, CHU Hedi Chaker , Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Michel Polak
- 1 Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Gynecology Department, Necker Children's University Hospital , Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- 2 INSERM U1163, IMAGINE Institute , Paris, France
- 3 INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute , Paris, France
- 11 Rare Growth and Development Diseases Center, Centre de référence des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du développement , Paris, France
- 12 Paris Descartes University , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Carré
- 2 INSERM U1163, IMAGINE Institute , Paris, France
- 3 INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute , Paris, France
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16
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Nettore IC, Desiderio S, De Nisco E, Cacace V, Albano L, Improda N, Ungaro P, Salerno M, Colao A, Macchia PE. High-resolution melting analysis (HRM) for mutational screening of Dnajc17 gene in patients affected by thyroid dysgenesis. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:711-717. [PMID: 29159607 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital hypothyroidism is a frequent disease occurring with an incidence of about 1/1500 newborns/year. In about 75% of the cases, CH is caused by alterations in thyroid morphogenesis, defined "thyroid dysgenesis" (TD). TD is generally a sporadic disease but in about 5% of the cases a genetic origin has been demonstrated. Previous studies indicate that Dnajc17 as a candidate modifier gene for hypothyroidism, since it is expressed in the thyroid bud, interacts with NKX2.1 and PAX8 and it has been associated to the hypothyroid phenotype in mice carrying a single Nkx2.1 and Pax8 genes (double heterozygous knock-out). PURPOSE The work evaluates the possible involvement of DNAJC17 in the pathogenesis of TD. METHODS High-resolution DNA melting analysis (HRM) and direct sequencing have been used to screen for mutations in the DNAJC17 coding sequence in 89 patients with TD. RESULTS Two mutations have been identified in the coding sequence of DNAJC17 gene, one in exon 5 (c.350A>C; rs79709714) and one in exon 9 (c.610G>C; rs117485355). The last one is a rare variant, while the rs79709714 is a polymorphism. Both are present in databases and the frequency of the alleles is not different between TD patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS DNAJC17 mutations are not frequently present in patients with TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Nettore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - S Desiderio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - E De Nisco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - V Cacace
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- TIGEM, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - L Albano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - N Improda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - P Ungaro
- IEOS, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, "Gaetano Salvatore" Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - M Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - A Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - P E Macchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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17
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de Filippis T, Gelmini G, Paraboschi E, Vigone MC, Di Frenna M, Marelli F, Bonomi M, Cassio A, Larizza D, Moro M, Radetti G, Salerno M, Ardissino D, Weber G, Gentilini D, Guizzardi F, Duga S, Persani L. A frequent oligogenic involvement in congenital hypothyroidism. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2507-2514. [PMID: 28444304 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH), the most frequent form of preventable mental retardation, is predicted to have a relevant genetic origin. However, CH is frequently reported to be sporadic and candidate gene variations were found in <10% of the investigated patients. Here, we characterize the involvement of 11 candidate genes through a systematic Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) analysis. The NGS was performed in 177 unrelated CH patients (94 gland-in-situ; 83 dysgenesis) and in 3,538 control subjects. Non-synonymous or splicing rare variants (MAF < 0.01) were accepted, and their functional impact was predicted by a comprehensive bioinformatic approach and co-segregation studies. The frequency of variations in cases and controls was extended to 18 CH-unrelated genes. At least one rare variant was accepted in 103/177 patients. Monogenic recessive forms of the disease were found in five cases, but oligogenic involvement was detected in 39 patients. The 167 variations were found to affect all genes independently of the CH phenotype. These findings were replicated in an independent cohort of additional 145 CH cases. When compared to 3,538 controls, the CH population was significantly enriched with disrupting variants in the candidate genes (P = 5.5 × 10-7), but not with rare variations in CH-unrelated genes. Co-segregation studies of the hypothyroid phenotype with multiple gene variants in several pedigrees confirmed the potential oligogenic origin of CH. The systematic NGS approach reveals the frequent combination of rare variations in morphogenetic or functional candidate genes in CH patients independently of phenotype. The oligogenic origin represents a suitable explanation for the frequent sporadic CH occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana de Filippis
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases & Labs of Endocrine and Metabolic Research or Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Gelmini
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases & Labs of Endocrine and Metabolic Research or Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elvezia Paraboschi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Federica Marelli
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases & Labs of Endocrine and Metabolic Research or Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases & Labs of Endocrine and Metabolic Research or Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Larizza
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mirella Moro
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases & Labs of Endocrine and Metabolic Research or Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Diego Ardissino
- Cardiology Department, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanna Weber
- San Raffaele Hospital and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases & Labs of Endocrine and Metabolic Research or Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiana Guizzardi
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases & Labs of Endocrine and Metabolic Research or Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Duga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases & Labs of Endocrine and Metabolic Research or Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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18
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Kizys MML, Louzada RA, Mitne-Neto M, Jara JR, Furuzawa GK, de Carvalho DP, Dias-da-Silva MR, Nesi-França S, Dupuy C, Maciel RMB. DUOX2 Mutations Are Associated With Congenital Hypothyroidism With Ectopic Thyroid Gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4060-4071. [PMID: 28666341 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid dysgenesis (TD) is the leading cause of congenital hypothyroidism (CH). The etiology of TD remains unknown in ∼90% of cases, the most common form being thyroid ectopia (TE) (48% to 61%). OBJECTIVE To search for candidate genes in hypothyroid children with TE. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We followed a cohort of 268 children with TD and performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in three children with CH with TE (CHTE) and compared them with 18 thyroid-healthy controls. We then screened an additional 41 children with CHTE by Sanger sequencing and correlated the WES and Sanger molecular findings with in vitro functional analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Genotyping, mutation prediction analysis, and in vitro functional analysis. RESULTS We identified seven variants in the DUOX2 gene, namely G201E, L264CfsX57, P609S, M650T, E810X, M822V, and E1017G, and eight known variations. All children carrying DUOX2 variations had high thyroid-stimulating hormone levels at neonatal diagnosis. All mutations were localized in the N-terminal segment, and three of them led to effects on cell surface targeting and reactive oxygen species generation. The DUOX2 mutants also altered the interaction with the maturation factor DUOXA2 and the formation of a stable DUOX2/DUOXA2 complex at the cell surface, thereby impairing functional enzymatic activity. We observed no mutations in the classic genes related to TD or in the DUOX1 gene. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that, in addition to thyroid hormonogenesis, the DUOX2 N-terminal domain may play a role in thyroid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M L Kizys
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Ruy A Louzada
- UMR 8200 CNRS, Villejuif, 94800, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, 94800, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Miguel Mitne-Neto
- Fleury Group, São Paulo 04344-070, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Jessica R Jara
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80060-240, Brazil
| | - Gilberto K Furuzawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Denise P de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Magnus R Dias-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Suzana Nesi-França
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80060-240, Brazil
| | - Corinne Dupuy
- UMR 8200 CNRS, Villejuif, 94800, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, 94800, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Rui M B Maciel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
- Fleury Group, São Paulo 04344-070, Brazil
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19
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Kang HS, Kumar D, Liao G, Lichti-Kaiser K, Gerrish K, Liao XH, Refetoff S, Jothi R, Jetten AM. GLIS3 is indispensable for TSH/TSHR-dependent thyroid hormone biosynthesis and follicular cell proliferation. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4326-4337. [PMID: 29083325 DOI: 10.1172/jci94417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factor GLI-similar 3 (GLIS3) in humans is associated with the development of congenital hypothyroidism. However, the functions of GLIS3 in the thyroid gland and the mechanism by which GLIS3 dysfunction causes hypothyroidism are unknown. In the current study, we demonstrate that GLIS3 acts downstream of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and TSH receptor (TSHR) and is indispensable for TSH/TSHR-mediated proliferation of thyroid follicular cells and biosynthesis of thyroid hormone. Using ChIP-Seq and promoter analysis, we demonstrate that GLIS3 is critical for the transcriptional activation of several genes required for thyroid hormone biosynthesis, including the iodide transporters Nis and Pds, both of which showed enhanced GLIS3 binding at their promoters. The repression of cell proliferation of GLIS3-deficient thyroid follicular cells was due to the inhibition of TSH-mediated activation of the mTOR complex 1/ribosomal protein S6 (mTORC1/RPS6) pathway as well as the reduced expression of several cell division-related genes regulated directly by GLIS3. Consequently, GLIS3 deficiency in a murine model prevented the development of goiter as well as the induction of inflammatory and fibrotic genes during chronic elevation of circulating TSH. Our study identifies GLIS3 as a key regulator of TSH/TSHR-mediated thyroid hormone biosynthesis and proliferation of thyroid follicular cells and uncovers a mechanism by which GLIS3 deficiency causes neonatal hypothyroidism and prevents goiter development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Grace Liao
- 1, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory
| | | | - Kevin Gerrish
- 3, Molecular Genomics Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Samuel Refetoff
- 4, Department of Medicine, and.,5, Department of Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Raja Jothi
- 2, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, and
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20
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Abstract
Pendred syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder that is classically defined by the combination of sensorineural deafness/hearing impairment, goiter, and an abnormal organification of iodide with or without hypothyroidism. The hallmark of the syndrome is the impaired hearing, which is associated with inner ear malformations such as an enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA). The thyroid phenotype is variable and may be modified by the nutritional iodine intake. Pendred syndrome is caused by biallelic mutations in the SLC26A4/PDS gene, which encodes the multifunctional anion exchanger pendrin. Pendrin has affinity for chloride, iodide, and bicarbonate, among other anions. In the inner ear, pendrin functions as a chloride/bicarbonate exchanger that is essential for maintaining the composition and the potential of the endolymph. In the thyroid, pendrin is expressed at the apical membrane of thyroid cells facing the follicular lumen. Functional studies have demonstrated that pendrin can mediate iodide efflux in heterologous cells. This, together with the thyroid phenotype observed in humans (goiter, impaired iodine organification) suggests that pendrin could be involved in iodide efflux into the lumen, one of the steps required for thyroid hormone synthesis. Iodide efflux can, however, also occur in the absence of pendrin suggesting that other exchangers or channels are involved. It has been suggested that Anoctamin 1 (ANO1/TMEM16A), a calcium-activated anion channel, which is also expressed at the apical membrane of thyrocytes, could participate in mediating apical efflux. In the kidney, pendrin is involved in bicarbonate secretion and chloride reabsorption. While there is no renal phenotype under basal conditions, severe metabolic alkalosis has been reported in Pendred syndrome patients exposed to an increased alkali load. This review provides an overview on the clinical spectrum of Pendred syndrome, the functional data on pendrin with a focus on its potential role in the thyroid, as well as the controversy surrounding the relative physiological roles of pendrin and anoctamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Wémeau
- Université de Lille 2, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Clinique Endocrinologique Marc-Linquette, 59037 Lille, France.
| | - Peter Kopp
- Northwestern University, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry 15, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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21
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Srichomkwun P, Takamatsu J, Nickerson DA, Bamshad MJ, Chong JX, Refetoff S. DUOX2 Gene Mutation Manifesting as Resistance to Thyrotropin Phenotype. Thyroid 2017; 27:129-131. [PMID: 27821020 PMCID: PMC5206697 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to thyrotropin (TSH) (RTSH; defined by elevated TSH and a normal or hypoplastic thyroid gland) can be caused by mutations in genes encoding the TSH receptor and PAX8, and it has been linked to a locus on chromosome 15. In two nonconsanguineous families with nongoitrous euthyroid hyperthyrotropinemia, typical of the RTSH phenotype, exome analysis identified five rare DUOX2 gene variants (p.A649E, p.P1391A, p.R885L, p.G488R, and p.SF965-6SfsX29) found to be pathogenic. This form of nongoitrous dyshormonogenesis masquerades both clinically and biochemically as RTSH. Accordingly, mutations in DUOX2 should be added to those of SLC26A4 as causes of RTSH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jessica X. Chong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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22
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Mapping pathogenic mutations suggests an innovative structural model for the pendrin (SLC26A4) transmembrane domain. Biochimie 2016; 132:109-120. [PMID: 27771369 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human pendrin (SLC26A4) is an anion transporter mostly expressed in the inner ear, thyroid and kidney. SLC26A4 gene mutations are associated with a broad phenotypic spectrum, including Pendred Syndrome and non-syndromic hearing loss with enlarged vestibular aqueduct (ns-EVA). No experimental structure of pendrin is currently available, making phenotype-genotype correlations difficult as predictions of transmembrane (TM) segments vary in number. Here, we propose a novel three-dimensional (3D) pendrin transmembrane domain model based on the SLC26Dg transporter. The resulting 14 TM topology was found to include two non-canonical transmembrane segments crucial for pendrin activity. Mutation mapping of 147 clinically validated pathological mutations shows that most affect two previously undescribed TM regions.
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23
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Wit JM, Oostdijk W, Losekoot M, van Duyvenvoorde HA, Ruivenkamp CAL, Kant SG. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Novel genetic causes of short stature. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:R145-73. [PMID: 26578640 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The fast technological development, particularly single nucleotide polymorphism array, array-comparative genomic hybridization, and whole exome sequencing, has led to the discovery of many novel genetic causes of growth failure. In this review we discuss a selection of these, according to a diagnostic classification centred on the epiphyseal growth plate. We successively discuss disorders in hormone signalling, paracrine factors, matrix molecules, intracellular pathways, and fundamental cellular processes, followed by chromosomal aberrations including copy number variants (CNVs) and imprinting disorders associated with short stature. Many novel causes of GH deficiency (GHD) as part of combined pituitary hormone deficiency have been uncovered. The most frequent genetic causes of isolated GHD are GH1 and GHRHR defects, but several novel causes have recently been found, such as GHSR, RNPC3, and IFT172 mutations. Besides well-defined causes of GH insensitivity (GHR, STAT5B, IGFALS, IGF1 defects), disorders of NFκB signalling, STAT3 and IGF2 have recently been discovered. Heterozygous IGF1R defects are a relatively frequent cause of prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. TRHA mutations cause a syndromic form of short stature with elevated T3/T4 ratio. Disorders of signalling of various paracrine factors (FGFs, BMPs, WNTs, PTHrP/IHH, and CNP/NPR2) or genetic defects affecting cartilage extracellular matrix usually cause disproportionate short stature. Heterozygous NPR2 or SHOX defects may be found in ∼3% of short children, and also rasopathies (e.g., Noonan syndrome) can be found in children without clear syndromic appearance. Numerous other syndromes associated with short stature are caused by genetic defects in fundamental cellular processes, chromosomal abnormalities, CNVs, and imprinting disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Wit
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Losekoot
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermine A van Duyvenvoorde
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia A L Ruivenkamp
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarina G Kant
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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Fu C, Zheng H, Zhang S, Chen Y, Su J, Wang J, Xie B, Hu X, Fan X, Luo J, Li C, Chen R, Shen Y, Chen S. Mutation screening of the SLC26A4 gene in a cohort of 192 Chinese patients with congenital hypothyroidism. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2016; 60:323-7. [PMID: 26886089 PMCID: PMC10118720 DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pendred syndrome (PS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by sensorineural hearing loss and thyroid dyshormonogenesis. It is caused by biallelic mutations in the SLC26A4 gene encoding for pendrin. Hypothyroidism in PS can be present from birth and therefore diagnosed by neonatal screening. The aim of this study was to examine the SLC26A4 mutation spectrum and prevalence among congenital hypothyroidism (CH) patients in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China and to establish how frequently PS causes hearing impairment in our patients with CH. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Blood samples were collected from 192 CH patients in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, and genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. All exons of the SLC26A4 gene together with their exon-intron boundaries were screened by next-generation sequencing. Patients with SLC26A4 mutations underwent a complete audiological evaluation including otoscopic examination, audiometry and morphological evaluation of the inner ear. RESULTS Next generation sequencing analysis of SLC26A4 in 192 CH patients revealed five different heterozygous variations in eight individuals (8/192, 4%). The prevalence of SLC26A4 mutations was 4% among studied Chinese CH. Three of the eight were diagnosed as enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct (EVA), no PS were found in our 192 CH patients. The mutations included one novel missense variant p.P469S, as well as four known missense variants, namely p.V233L, p.M147I, p.V609G and p.D661E. Of the eight patients identified with SLC26A4 variations in our study, seven patients showed normal size/location of thyroid gland, and one patients showed a decreased size one. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of SLC26A4 pathogenic variants was 4% among studied Chinese patients with CH. Our study expanded the SLC26A4 mutation spectrum, provided the best estimation of SLC26A4 mutation rate for Chinese CH patients and indicated the rarity of PS as a cause of CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyun Fu
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Zheng
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujie Zhang
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasun Su
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Bobo Xie
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyun Hu
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsi Luo
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongyu Chen
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Shen
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shaoke Chen
- Department of Genetic Metabolism, Children's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, People's Republic of China
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25
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Silveira JC, Kopp PA. Pendrin and anoctamin as mediators of apical iodide efflux in thyroid cells. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2015; 22:374-80. [PMID: 26313899 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Thyroid hormones are essential for normal development, growth, and metabolism. Their synthesis occurs in thyroid follicles and requires an adequate iodide supply and a sequence of regulated biochemical steps. The uptake of iodide into thyrocytes is well characterized, but its efflux at the apical membrane is poorly understood. This review discusses potential mechanisms underlying iodide efflux with emphasis on recent developments and controversies. RECENT FINDINGS The functional characterization of pendrin (PDS/SLC26A4), a multifunctional anion exchanger, suggested that it could be involved in mediating iodide efflux. This is supported by the phenotype of patients with Pendred syndrome (deafness, goiter, partial iodide organification defect), which is caused by biallelic mutations in the SLC26A4 gene, as well as functional studies. However, apical iodide efflux is also possible in the absence of pendrin, implicating the presence of at least another channel. Recently, Anoctamin 1 (TMEM16A), a calcium-activated anion channel has been identified at the apical membrane of thyrocytes and functional studies suggest that it may play a predominant role in mediating iodide efflux. SUMMARY Anoctamin and pendrin are two plausible candidates as mediators of apical iodide efflux. Their relative affinity for iodide and their exact physiological role await, however, further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamile C Silveira
- aDivision of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA bDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Abstract
Whole-exome sequencing has emerged as a fast and effective tool for the elucidation of genetic defects underlying both rare and common human diseases. Increased availability and decreased costs of next-generation sequencing have enabled investigators to use this approach not only in individual patients with rare diseases, but also to screen large cohorts or populations for the genetic determinants of diseases. Within the field of endocrinology, exome sequencing has led to major advancements in our understanding of many disorders including adrenal disease, growth and puberty disorders and type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as a multitude of rare genetic syndromes with prominent endocrine involvement. In this Review, we provide an overview of these new insights and discuss the role that exome sequencing is expected to have in endocrine research and future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan de Bruin
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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27
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Nandi-Munshi D, Taplin CE. Thyroid-related neurological disorders and complications in children. Pediatr Neurol 2015; 52:373-82. [PMID: 25661286 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones exert critical roles throughout the body and play an important and permissive role in neuroendocrine, neurological, and neuromuscular function. METHODS We performed a PubMed search through June 2014 with search terms including "hypothyroidism," "hyperthyroidism," "neurological complications," "neuropathy," "myopathy," "congenital hypothyroidism," and "encephalopathy." Relevant publications reviewed included case series, individual case reports, systematic reviews, retrospective analyses, and randomized controlled trials. The neurological outcomes of congenital hypothyroidism were reviewed, along with the clinical features of associated neuromuscular syndromes of both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, including other autoimmune conditions. Evidence for, and pathophysiological controversies surrounding, Hashimoto encephalopathy was also reviewed. RESULTS The establishment of widespread newborn screening programs has been highly successful in attenuating or preventing early and irreversible neurological harm resulting from congenital thyroid hormone deficiency, but some children continue to display neuromuscular, sensory, and cognitive defects in later life. Acquired disorders of thyroid function such as Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves' disease are associated with a spectrum of central nervous system and/or neuromuscular dysfunction. However, considerable variation in clinical phenotype is described, and much of our knowledge of the role of thyroid disease in childhood neurological disorders is derived from adult case series. CONCLUSIONS Early and aggressive normalization of thyroxine levels in newborn infants with congenital hypothyroidism is important in minimizing neurological sequelae, but maternal thyroid hormone sources are also critically important to the early developing brain. A spectrum of neurological disorders has been reported in older children with acquired thyroid disease, but the frequency with which these occur remains poorly defined in the literature, and much must be extrapolated from adult data. A high index of suspicion for acquired thyroid disease is paramount in the investigation of many neurological disorders of youth, as many reported sequelae of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are reversible with appropriate endocrine management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debika Nandi-Munshi
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Craig E Taplin
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.
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28
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Soh LM, Druce M, Grossman AB, Differ AM, Rajput L, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Korbonits M. Evaluation of genotype-phenotype relationships in patients referred for endocrine assessment in suspected Pendred syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 172:217-26. [PMID: 25394566 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
DESIGN Patients with Pendred syndrome have genotypic and phenotypic variability, leading to challenges in definitive diagnosis. Deaf children with enlarged vestibular aqueducts are often subjected to repeated investigations when tests for mutations in SLC26A4 are abnormal. This study provides genotype and phenotype information from patients with suspected Pendred syndrome referred to a single clinical endocrinology unit. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 50 patients with suspected Pendred syndrome to investigate the correlation between genetic, perchlorate discharge test (PDT) and endocrine status. RESULTS Eight patients with monoallelic SLC26A4 mutations had normal PDT. Of the 33 patients with biallelic mutations, ten of 12 patients with >30% discharge developed hypothyroidism. In our cohort, c.626G>T and c.3-2A>G result in milder clinical presentations with lower median perchlorate discharge of 9.3% (interquartile range 4-15%) compared with 40% (interquartile range 21-60%) for the remaining mutations. Eight novel mutations were detected. All patients with PDT <30% remained euthyroid to date, although the majority are still under the age of 30. There was a significant correlation between PDT and goitre size (R=0.61, P=0.0009) and the age of onset of hypothyroidism (R=-0.62, P=0.0297). In our population, the hazard of becoming hypothyroid increased by 7% per percentage point increase in PDT (P<0.001). CONCLUSION There is a correlation between SLC26A4 genotype and thyroid phenotype. If results hold true for larger patient numbers and longer follow-up, then for patients with monoallelic mutations, PDT could be unnecessary. Patients with biallelic mutations and PDT discharge >30% have a high risk of developing goitre and hypothyroidism, and should have lifelong monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lip Min Soh
- Department of EndocrinologyBarts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UKOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKNorth East Thames Regional Genetics Service LaboratoryDepartment of Audiovestibular MedicineGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKClinical and Molecular Genetics UnitUCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UKClinical Genetics UnitGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Maralyn Druce
- Department of EndocrinologyBarts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UKOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKNorth East Thames Regional Genetics Service LaboratoryDepartment of Audiovestibular MedicineGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKClinical and Molecular Genetics UnitUCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UKClinical Genetics UnitGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Department of EndocrinologyBarts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UKOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKNorth East Thames Regional Genetics Service LaboratoryDepartment of Audiovestibular MedicineGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKClinical and Molecular Genetics UnitUCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UKClinical Genetics UnitGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK Department of EndocrinologyBarts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UKOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKNorth East Thames Regional Genetics Service LaboratoryDepartment of Audiovestibular MedicineGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKClinical and Molecular Genetics UnitUCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UKClinical Genetics UnitGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Differ
- Department of EndocrinologyBarts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UKOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKNorth East Thames Regional Genetics Service LaboratoryDepartment of Audiovestibular MedicineGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKClinical and Molecular Genetics UnitUCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UKClinical Genetics UnitGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Liala Rajput
- Department of EndocrinologyBarts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UKOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKNorth East Thames Regional Genetics Service LaboratoryDepartment of Audiovestibular MedicineGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKClinical and Molecular Genetics UnitUCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UKClinical Genetics UnitGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Maria Bitner-Glindzicz
- Department of EndocrinologyBarts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UKOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKNorth East Thames Regional Genetics Service LaboratoryDepartment of Audiovestibular MedicineGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKClinical and Molecular Genetics UnitUCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UKClinical Genetics UnitGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK Department of EndocrinologyBarts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UKOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKNorth East Thames Regional Genetics Service LaboratoryDepartment of Audiovestibular MedicineGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKClinical and Molecular Genetics UnitUCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UKClinical Genetics UnitGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Department of EndocrinologyBarts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UKOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKNorth East Thames Regional Genetics Service LaboratoryDepartment of Audiovestibular MedicineGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UKClinical and Molecular Genetics UnitUCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UKClinical Genetics UnitGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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Pesce L, Kopp P. Iodide transport: implications for health and disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014; 2014:8. [PMID: 25009573 PMCID: PMC4089555 DOI: 10.1186/1687-9856-2014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of the thyroid gland are among the most common conditions diagnosed and managed by pediatric endocrinologists. Thyroid hormone synthesis depends on normal iodide transport and knowledge of its regulation is fundamental to understand the etiology and management of congenital and acquired thyroid conditions such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The ability of the thyroid to concentrate iodine is also widely used as a tool for the diagnosis of thyroid diseases and in the management and follow up of the most common type of endocrine cancers: papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. More recently, the regulation of iodide transport has also been the center of attention to improve the management of poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. Iodine deficiency disorders (goiter, impaired mental development) due to insufficient nutritional intake remain a universal public health problem. Thyroid function can also be influenced by medications that contain iodide or interfere with iodide metabolism such as iodinated contrast agents, povidone, lithium and amiodarone. In addition, some environmental pollutants such as perchlorate, thiocyanate and nitrates may affect iodide transport. Furthermore, nuclear accidents increase the risk of developing thyroid cancer and the therapy used to prevent exposure to these isotopes relies on the ability of the thyroid to concentrate iodine. The array of disorders involving iodide transport affect individuals during the whole life span and, if undiagnosed or improperly managed, they can have a profound impact on growth, metabolism, cognitive development and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuska Pesce
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Iowa Carver School of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Peter Kopp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Kopp P. Mutations in the Pendred Syndrome (PDS/SLC26A) gene: an increasingly complex phenotypic spectrum from goiter to thyroid hypoplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:67-9. [PMID: 24384016 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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