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Meng Y, Kautz A. An evidence review of the association of immune and inflammatory markers with obesity-related eating behaviors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:902114. [PMID: 35911732 PMCID: PMC9336186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eating behaviors contribute to disproportionate energy intake and are linked to the development of obesity. Animal studies support the role of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the regulation of obesity-related eating behaviors and offer a potential target to combat obesity through the modulation of inflammation. However, more complex eating behaviors are present in humans, and their relationships with immune/inflammation markers are unclear. The present study reviewed current literature to synthesize the evidence on the association of immune/inflammation markers with obesity-related eating behaviors in humans. Methods A systematic search of three electronic databases yielded 811 articles, of which 11 met the inclusion criteria. Results The majority of the included studies (91%) were either case-control or cross-sectional studies. A variety of immune/inflammation markers and obesity-related eating behaviors have been assessed in the chosen studies. Three out of four studies identified a positive relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP)/high-sensitivity CRP and loss of control eating. Other inflammatory markers that potentially have a positive relationship with obesity-related eating behaviors include fractalkine and fibrinogen. Additionally, immune molecules, including interferon gamma (INF-γ), interleukin (IL)-7, IL-10, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-reactive immunoglobulin G (α-MSH/IgG) immune complex, may have negative associations with obesity-related eating behaviors. However, most findings were identified by single studies. Conclusion Limited studies have been conducted in humans. Current evidence indicates a potential bi-directional relationship between inflammatory/immune markers and obesity-related eating behaviors. Additional studies with sophisticated research design and comprehensive theoretical models are warranted to further delineate the relationship between immune/inflammation markers and obesity-related eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Meng
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Amber Kautz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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2
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Kim D, Howard AG, Blanco E, Burrows R, Correa-Burrows P, Memili A, Albala C, Santos JL, Angel B, Lozoff B, Justice AE, Gordon-Larsen P, Gahagan S, North KE. Dynamic relationships between body fat and circulating adipokine levels from adolescence to young adulthood: The Santiago Longitudinal Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1055-1063. [PMID: 35181188 PMCID: PMC9107379 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Adipose tissue secretes adipokines such as adiponectin and leptin, playing important roles in energy metabolism. The longitudinal associations between such adipokines and body fat accumulation have not been established, especially during adolescence and young adulthood and in diverse populations. The study aims to assess the longitudinal association between body fat measured with dual X-ray absorptiometry and plasma adipokines from adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS AND RESULTS Among Hispanic/Latino participants (N = 537) aged 16.8 (SD: 0.3) years of the Santiago Longitudinal Study, we implemented structural equation modeling to estimate the sex-specific associations between adiposity (body fat percent (BF%) and proportion of trunk fat (PTF)) and adipokines (adiponectin and leptin levels) during adolescence (16 y) and these values after 6 years of follow-up (22 y). In addition, we further investigated whether the associations differed by baseline insulin resistance (IR) status. We found evidence for associations between 16 y BF% and 22 y leptin levels (β (SE): 0.58 (0.06) for females; 0.53 (0.05) for males), between 16 y PTF and 22 y adiponectin levels (β (SE): -0.31 (0.06) for females; -0.18 (0.06) for males) and between 16 y adiponectin levels and 22 y BF% (β (SE): 0.12 (0.04) for both females and males). CONCLUSION We observed dynamic relationships between adiposity and adipokines levels from late adolescence to young adulthood in a Hispanic/Latino population further demonstrating the importance of this period of the life course in the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeeun Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Annie Green Howard
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Estela Blanco
- Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Child Development and Community Health at the Center for Community Health, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raquel Burrows
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Aylin Memili
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cecilia Albala
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José L Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara Angel
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health & School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Child Development and Community Health at the Center for Community Health, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Christaki EV, Pervanidou P, Papassotiriou I, Bastaki D, Valavani E, Mantzou A, Giannakakis G, Boschiero D, Chrousos GP. Stress, Inflammation and Metabolic Biomarkers Are Associated with Body Composition Measures in Lean, Overweight, and Obese Children and Adolescents. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9020291. [PMID: 35205011 PMCID: PMC8870192 DOI: 10.3390/children9020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the associations between multiple indices of stress, inflammation and metabolism vs. body composition parameters in 121 (43 boys, 78 girls) children and adolescents, aged 5–15 y. Subjects were divided into two groups: normal weight (N) (N = 40, BMI z-score = −0.1923 ± 0.6), and overweight/obese (OB) (N = 81, BMI z-score = 2.1947 ± 1.4). All subjects completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) and Children’s Depression Inventory, and underwent cortisol measurements in hair, diurnal series of saliva, and morning serum. Circulating concentrations of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and other inflammation biomarkers were also obtained. Body composition analysis was performed with a clinically validated, advanced bioimpedance apparatus (BIA), while heart rate variability (HRV) was measured as a stress biomarker by photoplethysmography (PPG). The OB group had a higher STAIC-state score, waist-to-hip ratio, skeletal muscle mass, and total and abdominal fat mass, and a lower percent fat-free mass (FFM) and bone density than the N group. HRV did not differ between the groups. In the entire population, percent fat mass correlated strongly with circulating hsCRP (r = 0.397, p = 0.001), ferritin, and other inflammatory biomarkers, as well as with indices of insulin resistance. A strong correlation between serum hsCRP and hair cortisol was also observed (r = 0.777, p < 0.001), suggesting interrelation of chronic stress and inflammation. Thus, body fat accumulation in children and adolescents was associated with an elevation in clinical and laboratory biomarkers of stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. BIA-ACC and PPG can be utilized as a direct screening tool for assessing overweight- and obesity -related health risks in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini V. Christaki
- Childhood Obesity Clinic, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.P.); (A.M.); (G.P.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Panagiota Pervanidou
- Childhood Obesity Clinic, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.P.); (A.M.); (G.P.C.)
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.B.); (E.V.)
| | - Ioannis Papassotiriou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Despoina Bastaki
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.B.); (E.V.)
| | - Eleni Valavani
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.B.); (E.V.)
| | - Aimilia Mantzou
- Childhood Obesity Clinic, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.P.); (A.M.); (G.P.C.)
| | - Giorgos Giannakakis
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- Institute of AgriFood and Life Sciences, University Research Centre, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - George P. Chrousos
- Childhood Obesity Clinic, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.P.); (A.M.); (G.P.C.)
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.B.); (E.V.)
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, 11527 Athens, Greece
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de Dios O, Herrero L, Vales-Villamarín C, Mahíllo-Fernández I, Soriano-Guillén L, Garcés C. Sex steroid hormones, leptin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in adolescents. Andrology 2020; 9:829-836. [PMID: 33326704 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of sex hormones with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels has been reported. However, this association remains unexplored in children in whom important anthropometric and hormonal changes are taking place. OBJECTIVES To analyze the association between high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) and testosterone, estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in a population-based sample of adolescents, and to evaluate the influence of leptin levels on this association. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample population of this cross-sectional study was comprised of 338 male and 385 female adolescents, aged 12-16 years. Information on anthropometric variables, hormone, leptin, and hs-CRP levels was available. RESULTS In male adolescents in our study, higher age is significantly associated with higher testosterone levels and with lower leptin and SHBG concentrations across the range of age studied. No significant changes in leptin and SHBG levels by age are observed in females. In males, leptin correlates negatively with testosterone levels (-0.263, p < 0.001), showing a stronger correlation after adjusting by body mass index (BMI) (-0.424, p < 0.001). A significant correlation between hs-CRP and testosterone levels is observed in males after adjusting by BMI, but the correlation disappears after adjusting by leptin. No association between testosterone and hs-CRP was observed in females. The negative association between hs-CRP levels and SHBG remains significant after adjusting by leptin in both sexes but disappears in males after adjusting by BMI. CONCLUSION The negative association between hs-CRP and testosterone concentrations observed in 12- to 16-year-old males seems to be related to leptin levels which are closely negatively related to testosterone levels in males independently of BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaya de Dios
- Lipid Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Herrero
- Lipid Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Garcés
- Lipid Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Ability of 2 estimation methods of body fat percentage in identifying unfavorable levels of cardiometabolic biomarkers in adolescents: Results from the LabMed study. Porto Biomed J 2020; 4:e52. [PMID: 31893249 PMCID: PMC6924980 DOI: 10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To assess and compare the ability of body fat percentage (BF%) estimated by 2 methods, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and by the Slaughter et al equations for triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (SKF), in identifying unfavorable levels of several biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk. Methods: Cross-sectional school-based study with 529 apparently healthy adolescents (267 girls), aged 14.3 ± 1.7 years. Results: BF% estimated by both methods always showed higher areas under the curve (AUC) for each biomarker in girls than in boys (with the exception of BIA for leptin). BF% estimated by BIA and by SKF presented a discriminatory ability in identifying unfavorable levels in all biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk in girls; however, BF% estimated by BIA displayed the highest AUC (except for C-reactive protein). In boys, BF% estimated by SKF presented higher AUC for C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and erythrocyte sedimentation rate; and BF% estimated by BIA for complement C3 and leptin. Positive and significant associations between BIA and SKF with all biomarkers (P < .05) were found (except for SKF and complement C4 in girls, and SKF and fibrinogen and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in boys), after adjustments for pubertal stage, cardiorespiratory fitness, adherence to the Mediterranean diet and socioeconomic status. Conclusions: Overall, diagnostic performance was more accurate in girls. BF% estimated by BIA presented a slightly better overall discriminatory ability for each biomarker than BF% estimated by SKF in girls, while in boys no method clearly prevailed over the other.
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6
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Branched-Chain and Aromatic Amino Acids Are Associated With Insulin Resistance During Pubertal Development in Girls. J Adolesc Health 2019; 65:337-343. [PMID: 30905504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cross-sectional studies in children show branched-chain and aromatic amino acids are associated with insulin resistance, but whether these associations persist from childhood to adulthood is not known. This study aimed to assess whether circulating amino acids associate with insulin resistance during pubertal development. METHODS This was a 7.5-year longitudinal study from childhood to early adulthood. A total of 396 nondiabetic Finnish girls aged 11.2 ± .8 years at baseline participated in the study which was conducted at the Health Science Laboratory, University of Jyväskylä. Serum concentrations of glucose and insulin were determined by enzymatic photometric methods and amino acids by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Insulin resistance was determined by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTS All amino acids were positively associated with HOMA-IR both before and after menarche (p < .05 for all), except for histidine. Branched-chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids showed the strongest associations, the magnitude of correlation coefficients being similar before and after menarche (R2 = .064-.171). After adjusting for body mass index z-score and height, the associations between branched-chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids and HOMA-IR remained significant both before and after menarche. CONCLUSIONS Branched-chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids associate with insulin resistance during pubertal development, independent of adiposity. Further studies are needed to determine whether changes in amino acid metabolism link pubertal hyperinsulinemia to accelerated physiological growth and/or heightened cardiometabolic risk later in life.
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7
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Molina J, Joaquim A, Bonamin LV, Martins MDFM, Kirsten TB, Cardoso CV, Bernardi MM, Bondan EF. Reduced astrocytic expression of GFAP in the offspring of female rats that received hypercaloric diet. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:411-421. [PMID: 30126346 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1512783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity promotes hypothalamic inflammation and local morphological changes in astrocytes, including the increased expression of the astrocytic biomarker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is seen as a sign of neuroinflammation.Objective: This study aimed to observe the astrocytic expression of GFAP in different brain areas from female rats that received a hypercaloric (HD) or a normocaloric (ND) diet during puberty (F0 generation) as well as in their male pups (F1 generation).Methods: Female rats received highly palatable HD (Ensure®) or ND from postnatal day (PND) 23-65. On PND90-95, some were euthanized for the immunohistochemical study and some were mated to obtain the F1 generation. Male pups were immunochallenged on PND50 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 μg/kg) or 0.9% saline solution (1 mL/kg) intraperitoneal injection. Body weight (BW) and retroperitoneal fat weight (RFW) were recorded on PND95 for F0 generation and on PND50 for F1 generation. GFAP expression for both generations was assessed by morphometry in the parietal/frontal cortex, corpus callosum, nucleus accumbens, arcuate/periventricular nuclei of hypothalamus, pons, molecular/granular layers of cerebellum.Results: Female rats fed with HD presented a significant increase in the GFAP expression in all evaluated areas as well as in the RFW. Male rats born from mothers that received HD showed decreased GFAP expression, BW and RFW when treated with LPS in relation to those from mothers fed with ND.Discussion: HD induced astrogliosis in several brain areas in females from F0 generation and an adaptive phenotypic change of decreased GFAP expression in males from F1 generation after LPS challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Molina
- Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista (UNIP), Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Andréia Joaquim
- Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista (UNIP), Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Leoni Vilano Bonamin
- Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista (UNIP), Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Monteiro Martins
- Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista (UNIP), Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo 04026-002, Brazil.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Cruzeiro do Sul, Av. Dr. Ussiel Cirilo, 225, São Paulo 08060-070, Brazil
| | - Thiago Berti Kirsten
- Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista (UNIP), Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Carolina Vieira Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista (UNIP), Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Maria Martha Bernardi
- Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista (UNIP), Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Fernandes Bondan
- Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista (UNIP), Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo 04026-002, Brazil.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Cruzeiro do Sul, Av. Dr. Ussiel Cirilo, 225, São Paulo 08060-070, Brazil
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8
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Shank LM, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Kelly NR, Schvey NA, Marwitz SE, Mehari RD, Brady SM, Demidowich AP, Broadney MM, Galescu OA, Pickworth CK, Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Pediatric Loss of Control Eating and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Concentrations. Child Obes 2017; 13:1-8. [PMID: 27732055 PMCID: PMC5278829 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2016.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of control (LOC) eating in youth is associated with excess body weight and adiposity. After adjusting for fat mass, youth with LOC eating have higher blood pressure and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to youth without LOC eating. Increased inflammation may account for this relationship, although few data have examined this hypothesis. Therefore, this study explored the association between LOC eating and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), a marker of inflammation. METHODS We investigated hsCRP concentrations in relation to LOC eating in a convenience sample of 194 youth (age 14.3 ± 2.1 years; 63.9% female; BMI-z 1.64 ± 1.06). The presence of LOC eating in the past month was assessed by the Eating Disorder Examination interview. Serum hsCRP was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Adiposity was measured by air displacement plethysmography or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. We compared hsCRP in those with and without LOC eating in analyses accounting for sex, adiposity, height, depressive symptoms, and eating psychopathology. RESULTS Youth with LOC eating had significantly greater hsCRP than youth without LOC eating (p = 0.02), after accounting for all covariates. The number of LOC eating episodes in the past month was positively associated with hsCRP (p = 0.01). The relationship between LOC eating and hsCRP was not mediated by depressive symptoms or eating psychopathology (ps > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Youth with disinhibited eating may manifest increased chronic inflammation. Those with LOC eating may be an important subgroup at risk for adverse health outcomes associated with both chronic inflammation and obesity. Future research should examine whether hsCRP concentrations mediate the relationship between LOC eating and its association with cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Shank
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nichole R. Kelly
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, Bethesda, MD
| | - Natasha A. Schvey
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shannon E. Marwitz
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rim D. Mehari
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sheila M. Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrew P. Demidowich
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Miranda M. Broadney
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ovidiu A. Galescu
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Courtney K. Pickworth
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Susan Z. Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD.,Office of Obesity Research, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jack A. Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
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9
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Oliveira-Santos J, Santos R, Moreira C, Abreu S, Lopes L, Agostinis C, Mota J. Ability of Measures of Adiposity in Identifying Adverse Levels of Inflammatory and Metabolic Markers in Adolescents. Child Obes 2016; 12:135-43. [PMID: 26824273 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2015.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity have been associated with a pro-inflammatory state. We aimed to assess the ability of different measures of overall and abdominal adiposity for identifying adverse levels of inflammatory and metabolic markers in adolescents. METHODS This is a cross-sectional analysis with 529 Portuguese adolescents (267 girls), mean age 14.3 ± 1.7 years. Weight, height, sitting height, waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BF%) were measured; and BMI, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and waist-to-sitting-height ratio (WsHtR) were calculated. We measured C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), complements C3 and C4, leptin, and adiponectin levels. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to estimate the ability of the adiposity measures to discriminate between low/high values of biomarkers. RESULTS The highest areas under the ROC curves were presented by BF% for fibrinogen and complement C3 in both sexes and for ESR, complement C4, and adiponectin only in girls; by BMI for CRP in girls and for leptin in both sexes; by WHtR for leptin in both sexes and for CRP, fibrinogen, and adiponectin only in girls; by waist circumference for CRP, fibrinogen, and complement C3 only in boys and for complement C4 in girls; and by WsHtR for complement C3 in girls; p < 0.05 for all. CONCLUSIONS The measures that more often presented discriminatory power were, for overall adiposity, BF% in both sexes, and for abdominal adiposity, WHtR in girls and WC in boys. However, small differences in discriminatory capabilities don't allow us to clearly defend the adoption of a single measure above all others.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Oliveira-Santos
- 1 Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Rute Santos
- 1 Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .,2 Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, Australia
| | - Carla Moreira
- 1 Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Abreu
- 1 Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Lopes
- 1 Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - César Agostinis
- 1 Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Mota
- 1 Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
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Samouda H, de Beaufort C, Stranges S, Guinhouya BC, Gilson G, Hirsch M, Jacobs J, Leite S, Vaillant M, Dadoun F. Adding anthropometric measures of regional adiposity to BMI improves prediction of cardiometabolic, inflammatory and adipokines profiles in youths: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2015; 15:168. [PMID: 26497052 PMCID: PMC4620021 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-015-0486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric research analysing the relationship between the easy-to-use anthropometric measures for adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors remains highly controversial in youth. Several studies suggest that only body mass index (BMI), a measure of relative weight, constitutes an accurate predictor, whereas others highlight the potential role of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (Waist C), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). In this study, we examined the effectiveness of adding anthropometric measures of body fat distribution (Waist C Z Score, WHR Z Score and/or WHtR) to BMI Z Score to predict cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese youth. We also examined the consistency of these associations with the "total fat mass + trunk/legs fat mass" and/or the "total fat mass + trunk fat mass" combinations, as assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), the gold standard measurement of body composition. METHODS Anthropometric and DXA measurements of total and regional adiposity, as well as a comprehensive assessment of cardiometabolic, inflammatory and adipokines profiles were performed in 203 overweight and obese 7-17 year-old youths from the Paediatrics Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg. RESULTS Adding only one anthropometric surrogate of regional fat to BMI Z Score improved the prediction of insulin resistance (WHR Z Score, R(2): 45.9%. Waist C Z Score, R(2): 45.5%), HDL-cholesterol (WHR Z Score, R(2): 9.6%. Waist C Z Score, R(2): 10.8%. WHtR, R(2): 6.5%), triglycerides (WHR Z Score, R(2): 11.7%. Waist C Z Score, R(2): 12.2%), adiponectin (WHR Z Score, R(2): 14.3%. Waist C Z Score, R(2): 17.7%), CRP (WHR Z Score, R(2): 18.2%. WHtR, R(2): 23.3%), systolic (WHtR, R(2): 22.4%), diastolic blood pressure (WHtR, R(2): 20%) and fibrinogen (WHtR, R(2): 21.8%). Moreover, WHR Z Score, Waist C Z Score and/or WHtR showed an independent significant contribution according to these models. These results were in line with the DXA findings. CONCLUSIONS Adding anthropometric measures of regional adiposity to BMI Z Score improves the prediction of cardiometabolic, inflammatory and adipokines profiles in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanen Samouda
- Population Health Department, Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg.
| | - Carine de Beaufort
- Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Diabetes & Endocrinology Care Clinique Pédiatrique (DECCP), L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Saverio Stranges
- Population Health Department, Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg.
| | - Benjamin C Guinhouya
- Faculty for Health engineering and management, UDSL/ILIS, University Lille-Northern France, EA 2694, Laboratory of Public Health, F-59120, Loos, France.
| | - Georges Gilson
- Department of Clinical Biology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Marco Hirsch
- ZithaKlinik, Rheumatology Department, L-2763, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Julien Jacobs
- Population Health Department, Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg.
| | - Sonia Leite
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Centre of Competence for Methodology and Statistics (CCMS), L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg.
| | - Michel Vaillant
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Centre of Competence for Methodology and Statistics (CCMS), L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg.
| | - Frédéric Dadoun
- Population Health Department, Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg. .,Endocrinology and Diabetology Department, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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The bigger, the stronger? Insights from muscle architecture and nervous characteristics in obese adolescent girls. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:245-51. [PMID: 26285605 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young obese youth are generally stronger than lean youth. This has been linked to the loading effect of excess body mass, acting as a training stimulus comparable to strength training. Whether this triggers specific adaptations of the muscle architecture (MA) and voluntary activation (VA) that could account for the higher strength of obese subjects remains unknown. METHODS MA characteristics (that is, pennation angle (PA), fascicle length (FL) and muscle thickness (MT)) and muscle size (that is, anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA)) of the knee extensor (KE) and plantar flexor (PF) muscles were evaluated in 12 obese and 12 non-obese adolescent girls (12-15 years). Maximal isometric torque and VA of the KE and PF muscles were also assessed. RESULTS Results revealed higher PA (P<0.05), greater MT (P<0.001), ACSA (P<0.01), segmental lean mass (P<0.001) and VA (P<0.001) for KE and PF muscles in obese girls. Moreover, obese individuals produced a higher absolute torque than their lean counterparts on the KE (224.6±39.5 vs 135.7±32.7 N m, respectively; P<0.001) and PF muscles (73.3±16.5 vs 44.5±6.2 N m; P<0.001). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was correlated to PA for the KE (r=0.46-0.57, P<0.05-0.01) and PF muscles (r=0.45-0.55, P<0.05-0.01). MVC was also correlated with VA (KE: r=0.44, P<0.05; PF: r=0.65, P<0.001) and segmental lean mass (KE: r=0.48, P<0.05; PF: r=0.57, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted favorable muscular and nervous adaptations to obesity that account for the higher strength of obese youth. The excess of body mass supported during daily activities could act as a chronic training stimulus responsible for these adaptations.
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