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Long L, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Duan L, Fan D, Wang R, Xu S, Qiao D, Zhu W. Pyrrole-containing hybrids as potential anticancer agents: An insight into current developments and structure-activity relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 273:116470. [PMID: 38762915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Cancer poses a significant threat to human health. Therefore, it is urgent to develop potent anti-cancer drugs with excellent inhibitory activity and no toxic side effects. Pyrrole and its derivatives are privileged heterocyclic compounds with significant diverse pharmacological effects. These compounds can target various aspects of cancer cells and have been applied in clinical settings or are undergoing clinical trials. As a result, pyrrole has emerged as a promising drug scaffold and has been further probed to get novel entities for the treatment of cancer. This article reviews recent research progress on anti-cancer drugs containing pyrrole. It focuses on the mechanism of action, biological activity, and structure-activity relationships of pyrrole derivatives, aiming to assist in designing and synthesizing innovative pyrrole-based anti-cancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Long
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China
| | - ZhiHui Zhou
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China
| | - Lei Duan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China
| | - Dang Fan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China.
| | - Dan Qiao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China.
| | - Wufu Zhu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China.
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2
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Sun D, Zhang Z, Yu X, Li H, Wang X, Chen L. The mechanism of UNC-51-like kinase 1 and the applications of small molecule modulators in cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116273. [PMID: 38432059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of self-renewal in cells, which not only provides the necessary nutrients for cells, but also clears necrotic organelles. Autophagy disorders are closely related to diseases such as cancer. UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a crucial role in receiving input from energy and nutrient sensors, activating autophagy to maintain cellular homeostasis under stressful conditions. In recent years, targeting ULK1 has become a highly promising strategy for cancer treatment. This review introduces the regulatory mechanism of ULK1 in autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway and reviews the research progress of ULK1 activators and inhibitors and their applications in cancer treatment. In addition, we analyze the binding modes between ULK1 and modulators through virtual molecular docking, which will provide a reliable basis and theoretical guidance for the design and development of new therapeutic drugs targeting ULK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejuan Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Chinese People's Liberation Army Logistics Support Force, No. 967 Hospital, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xinbo Yu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, Fujian Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army Logistics Support Force, No. 967 Hospital, Dalian, 116021, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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3
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Bahar ME, Kim HJ, Kim DR. Targeting the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway for cancer therapy: from mechanism to clinical studies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:455. [PMID: 38105263 PMCID: PMC10725898 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying metastasis, chemoresistance, and the mechanistic backgrounds of individuals whose cancers are prone to migration. The most prevalent signaling cascade governed by multi-kinase inhibitors is the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, encompassing the RAS-RAF-MAPK kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway. RAF kinase is a primary mediator of the MAPK pathway, responsible for the sequential activation of downstream targets, such as MEK and the transcription factor ERK, which control numerous cellular and physiological processes, including organism development, cell cycle control, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell survival, and death. Defects in this signaling cascade are associated with diseases such as cancer. RAF inhibitors (RAFi) combined with MEK blockers represent an FDA-approved therapeutic strategy for numerous RAF-mutant cancers, including melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and thyroid cancer. However, the development of therapy resistance by cancer cells remains an important barrier. Autophagy, an intracellular lysosome-dependent catabolic recycling process, plays a critical role in the development of RAFi resistance in cancer. Thus, targeting RAF and autophagy could be novel treatment strategies for RAF-mutant cancers. In this review, we delve deeper into the mechanistic insights surrounding RAF kinase signaling in tumorigenesis and RAFi-resistance. Furthermore, we explore and discuss the ongoing development of next-generation RAF inhibitors with enhanced therapeutic profiles. Additionally, this review sheds light on the functional interplay between RAF-targeted therapies and autophagy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Entaz Bahar
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.
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4
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Huang Y, Zhen Y, Chen Y, Sui S, Zhang L. Unraveling the interplay between RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and autophagy in cancer: From molecular mechanisms to targeted therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 217:115842. [PMID: 37802240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways of Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), which widely participate in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and signaling transduction. Autophagy is an essential mechanism that maintains cellular homeostasis by degrading aged and damaged organelles. Recently, some studies revealed RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is closely related to autophagy regulation and has a dual effect in tumor cells. However, the specific mechanism by which RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway participates in autophagy regulation is not fully understood. This article provides a comprehensive review of the research progress with regard to the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and autophagy, as well as their interplay in cancer therapy. The impact of small molecule inhibitors that target the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway on autophagy is discussed in this study. The advantages and limitations of the clinical combination of these small molecule inhibitors with autophagy inhibitors are also explored. The findings from this study may provide additional perspectives for future cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Huang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yongqi Zhen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shaoguang Sui
- Emergency Department, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
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5
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Elshazly AM, Gewirtz DA. The Cytoprotective Role of Autophagy in Response to BRAF-Targeted Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14774. [PMID: 37834222 PMCID: PMC10572960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BRAF-targeted therapies are widely used for the treatment of melanoma patients with BRAF V600 mutations. Vemurafenib, dabrafenib as well as encorafenib have demonstrated substantial therapeutic activity; however, as is the case with other chemotherapeutic agents, the frequent development of resistance limits their efficacy. Autophagy is one tumor survival mechanism that could contribute to BRAF inhibitor resistance, and multiple studies support an association between vemurafenib-induced and dabrafenib-induced autophagy and tumor cell survival. Clinical trials have also demonstrated a potential benefit from the inclusion of autophagy inhibition as an adjuvant therapy. This review of the scientific literature relating to the role of autophagy that is induced in response to BRAF-inhibitors supports the premise that autophagy targeting or modulation could be an effective adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Elshazly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - David A. Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
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Qing B, Wang S, Du Y, Liu C, Li W. Crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress and multidrug-resistant cancers: hope or frustration. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1273987. [PMID: 37790807 PMCID: PMC10544988 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1273987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is a kind of cell response for coping with hypoxia and other stresses. Pieces of evidence show that continuous stress can promote the occurrence, development, and drug resistance of tumors through the unfolded protein response. Therefore, the abnormal ac-tivation of ERS and its downstream signaling pathways not only can regulate tumor growth and metastasis but also profoundly affect the efficacy of antitumor therapy. Therefore, revealing the molecular mechanism of ERS may be expected to solve the problem of tumor multidrug resistance (MDR) and become a novel strategy for the treatment of refractory and recurrent tumors. This re-view summarized the mechanism of ERS and tumor MDR, reviewed the relationship between ERS and tumor MDR, introduced the research status of tumor tissue and ERS, and previewed the prospect of targeting ERS to improve the therapeutic effect of tumor MDR. This article aims to provide researchers and clinicians with new ideas and inspiration for basic antitumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Qing
- First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Department of Hematology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingan Du
- First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Department of Hematology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Can Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Department of Hematology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Li
- First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Department of Hematology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, China
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Ma ZR, Xiong QW, Cai SZ, Ding LT, Yin CH, Xia HL, Liu W, Dai S, Zhang Y, Zhu ZH, Huang ZJ, Wang Q, Yan XM. USP18 enhances the resistance of BRAF-mutated melanoma cells to vemurafenib by stabilizing cGAS expression to induce cell autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110617. [PMID: 37478666 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to discern the possible molecular mechanism of the effect of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18) on the resistance to BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib in BRAF V600E mutant melanoma by regulating cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). The cancer tissues of BRAF V600E mutant melanoma patients before and after vemurafenib treatment were collected, in which the protein expression of USP18 and cGAS was determined. A BRAF V600E mutant human melanoma cell line (A2058R) resistant to vemurafenib was constructed with its viability, apoptosis, and autophagy detected following overexpression and depletion assays of USP18 and cGAS. Xenografted tumors were transplanted into nude mice for in vivo validation. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the expression of cGAS was positively correlated with USP18 in melanoma, and USP18 was highly expressed in melanoma. The expression of cGAS and USP18 was up-regulated in cancer tissues of vemurafenib-resistant patients with BRAF V600E mutant melanoma. Knockdown of cGAS inhibited the resistance to vemurafenib in A2058R cells and the protective autophagy induced by vemurafenib in vitro. USP18 could deubiquitinate cGAS to promote its protein stability. In vivo experimentations confirmed that USP18 promoted vemurafenib-induced protective autophagy by stabilizing cGAS protein, which promoted resistance to vemurafenib in BRAF V600E mutant melanoma cells. Collectively, USP18 stabilizes cGAS protein expression through deubiquitination and induces autophagy of melanoma cells, thereby promoting the resistance to vemurafenib in BRAF V600E mutant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Rui Ma
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, PR China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Congenital Structural Deformities, Suzhou 215025, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qian-Wei Xiong
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Congenital Structural Deformities, Suzhou 215025, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, PR China
| | - Shi-Zhong Cai
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Congenital Structural Deformities, Suzhou 215025, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, PR China
| | - Ling-Tao Ding
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, PR China
| | - Chao-Hong Yin
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, PR China
| | - Hong-Liang Xia
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Congenital Structural Deformities, Suzhou 215025, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, PR China
| | - Shu Dai
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Congenital Structural Deformities, Suzhou 215025, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China
| | - Zhen-Hong Zhu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, PR China
| | - Zhi-Jian Huang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, PR China.
| | - Xiang-Ming Yan
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Congenital Structural Deformities, Suzhou 215025, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, PR China.
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8
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Shi YB, Chen SY, Liu RB. The new insights into autophagy in thyroid cancer progression. J Transl Med 2023; 21:413. [PMID: 37355631 PMCID: PMC10290383 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer keeps growing at a shocking rate, which has aroused increasing concerns worldwide. Autophagy is a fundamental and ubiquitous biological event conserved in mammals including humans. Basically, autophagy is a catabolic process that cellular components including small molecules and damaged organelles are degraded for recycle to meet the energy needs, especially under the extreme conditions. The dysregulated autophagy has indicated to be involved in thyroid cancer progression. The enhancement of autophagy can lead to autophagic cell death during the degradation while the produced energies can be utilized by the rest of the cancerous tissue, thus this influence could be bidirectional, which plays either a tumor-suppressive or oncogenic role. Accordingly, autophagy can be suppressed by therapeutic agents and is thus regarded as a drug target for thyroid cancer treatments. In the present review, a brief description of autophagy and roles of autophagy in tumor context are given. We have addressed summary of the mechanisms and functions of autophagy in thyroid cancer. Some potential autophagy-targeted treatments are also summarized. The aim of the review is linking autophagy to thyroid cancer, so as to develop novel approaches to better control cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bo Shi
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Chen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren-Bin Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Tonkin-Reeves A, Giuliani CM, Price JT. Inhibition of autophagy; an opportunity for the treatment of cancer resistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1177440. [PMID: 37363731 PMCID: PMC10290173 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1177440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of macroautophagy plays a pivotal role in the degradation of long-lived, superfluous, and damaged proteins and organelles, which are later recycled for cellular use. Normal cells rely on autophagy to combat various stressors and insults to ensure survival. However, autophagy is often upregulated in cancer cells, promoting a more aggressive phenotype that allows mutated cells to evade death after exposure to therapeutic treatments. As a result, autophagy has emerged as a significant factor in therapeutic resistance across many cancer types, with underlying mechanisms such as DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and immune evasion. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the role of autophagy in therapeutic resistance and the limitations of available autophagic inhibitors in cancer treatment. It also highlights the urgent need to explore new inhibitors that can synergize with existing therapies to achieve better patient treatment outcomes. Advancing research in this field is crucial for developing more effective treatments that can help improve the lives of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Tonkin-Reeves
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Charlett M. Giuliani
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John T. Price
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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10
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Ma W, Tian M, Hu L, Ruan X, Zhang W, Zheng X, Gao M. Early Combined SHP2 Targeting Reverses the Therapeutic Resistance of Vemurafenib in Thyroid Cancer. J Cancer 2023; 14:1592-1604. [PMID: 37325052 PMCID: PMC10266257 DOI: 10.7150/jca.83853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The BRAFV600E mutation is the most common oncogenic mutation in thyroid cancer, suggesting an aggressive subtype of thyroid cancer and poor prognosis. Vemurafenib, a selective inhibitor of BRAFV600E, may provide therapeutic benefit in various cancers including thyroid cancer. However, the prevalence of drug resistance remains a challenge because of the feedback activation of the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways. In treating thyroid cancer cells with vemurafenib, we have detected reactivation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway as a result of the release of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) from the negative feedback of ERK phosphorylation. SHP2 is an important target protein downstream of the RTK signaling pathway. Decreasing it through SHP2 knockdown or the use of an inhibitor of SHP2 (SHP099) was found to significantly increase the early sensitivity and reverse the late resistance to vemurafenib in BRAFV600E mutant thyroid cancer cells. Overall, our findings suggest that blocking SHP2 reverses the reactivation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway caused by the activation of RTKs and improves the sensitivity of thyroid cancer to vemurafenib, which has potential implications for mechanism-based early combination strategies to treat thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Ma
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Mengran Tian
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Linfei Hu
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xianhui Ruan
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiangqian Zheng
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, No.190 Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin 300121, China
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11
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Liu Y, Wang J, Hu X, Pan Z, Xu T, Xu J, Jiang L, Huang P, Zhang Y, Ge M. Radioiodine therapy in advanced differentiated thyroid cancer: Resistance and overcoming strategy. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 68:100939. [PMID: 36806005 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent endocrine tumor and its incidence is fast-growing worldwide in recent years. Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common pathological subtype which is typically curable with surgery and Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy (approximately 85%). Radioactive iodine is the first-line treatment for patients with metastatic Papillary Thyroid Cancer (PTC). However, 60% of patients with aggressive metastasis DTC developed resistance to RAI treatment and had a poor overall prognosis. The molecular mechanisms of RAI resistance include gene mutation and fusion, failure to transport RAI into the DTC cells, and interference with the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, it is unclear whether the above are the main drivers of the inability of patients with DTC to benefit from iodine therapy. With the development of new biological technologies, strategies that bolster RAI function include TKI-targeted therapy, DTC cell redifferentiation, and improved drug delivery via extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged. Despite some promising data and early success, overall survival was not prolonged in the majority of patients, and the disease continued to progress. It is still necessary to understand the genetic landscape and signaling pathways leading to iodine resistance and enhance the effectiveness and safety of the RAI sensitization approach. This review will summarize the mechanisms of RAI resistance, predictive biomarkers of RAI resistance, and the current RAI sensitization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Liu
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zongfu Pan
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiajie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, China; Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liehao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, China; Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Minghua Ge
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, China; Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Hao J, Wang S, Wang J, Zhang Z, Gao M, Wan Y. A novel autophagy-related long non-coding RNAs signature predicting progression-free interval and I-131 therapy benefits in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230660. [PMID: 36880066 PMCID: PMC9985460 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the prognostic and predictive value of autophagy-related lncRNAs in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The expression data of autophagy-related genes and lncRNAs of the PTC patients were obtained from TCGA database. Autophagy-related-differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncs) were identified and used to establish the lncRNAs signature predicting patients' progression-free interval (PFI) in the training cohort. Its performance was assessed in the training cohort, validation cohort, and entire cohort. Effects of the signature on I-131 therapy were also explored. We identified 199 autophagy-related-DElncs and constructed a novel six-lncRNAs signature was constructed based on these lncRNAs. This signature had a good predictive performance and was superior to TNM stages and previous clinical risk scores. I-131 therapy was found to be associated with favorable prognosis in patients with high-risk scores but not those with low-risk scores. Gene set enrichment analysis suggested that a series of hallmark gene sets were enriched in the high-risk subgroup. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis suggested that the lncRNAs were mainly expressed in thyroid cells but not stromal cells. In conclusion, our study constructed a well-performed six-lncRNAs signature to predict PFI and I-131 therapy benefits in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300121, PR China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of General Surgery in Construction, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Shoujun Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300121, PR China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of General Surgery in Construction, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jinmiao Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300121, PR China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of General Surgery in Construction, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhendong Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300121, PR China.,College of Life Science, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300100, PR China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, 190 Jie-Yuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121, PR China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of General Surgery in Construction, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yajuan Wan
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300100, PR China
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13
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Celesia A, Notaro A, Franzò M, Lauricella M, D’Anneo A, Carlisi D, Giuliano M, Emanuele S. The Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor ITF2357 (Givinostat) Targets Oncogenic BRAF in Melanoma Cells and Promotes a Switch from Pro-Survival Autophagy to Apoptosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081994. [PMID: 36009541 PMCID: PMC9405675 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI) are epigenetic compounds that have been widely considered very promising antitumor agents. Here, we focus on the effects of the pan-HDAC inhibitor ITF2357 (Givinostat) in comparison with SAHA (Vorinostat) in melanoma cells bearing BRAF V600E oncogenic mutation. Our results indicate both ITF2357 and SAHA dose-dependently reduce the viability of BRAF-mutated SK-MEL-28 and A375 melanoma cells. The comparison of IC50 values revealed that ITF2357 was much more effective than SAHA. Interestingly, both inhibitors markedly decreased oncogenic BRAF protein expression levels, ITF2357 being the most effective compound. Moreover, the BRAF decrease induced by ITF2357 was accompanied by a decrease in the level of phospho-ERK1/2. The inhibitor of upstream MEK activity, U0126, reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and dramatically potentiated the antitumor effect of ITF2357, exacerbating the reduction in the BRAF level. ITF2357 stimulated an early pro-survival autophagic response, which was followed by apoptosis, as indicated by apoptotic markers evaluation and the protective effects exerted by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VADfmk. Overall, our data indicate for the first time that ITF2357 targets oncogenic BRAF in melanoma cells and induces a switch from autophagy to classic apoptosis, thus representing a possible candidate in melanoma targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Celesia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Biochemistry Building, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonietta Notaro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marzia Franzò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Biochemistry Building, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marianna Lauricella
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Biochemistry Building, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella D’Anneo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Carlisi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Biochemistry Building, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Michela Giuliano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (S.E.)
| | - Sonia Emanuele
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Biochemistry Building, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (S.E.)
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14
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Zhang Y, Xing Z, Liu T, Tang M, Mi L, Zhu J, Wu W, Wei T. Targeted therapy and drug resistance in thyroid cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Kazakova D, Shimamura M, Kurashige T, Hamada K, Nagayama Y. Re-evaluation of the role of autophagy in thyroid cancer treatment. Endocr J 2022; 69:847-862. [PMID: 35197412 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej22-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have examined the role of autophagy in thyroid cancer treatment; however there are discrepancies among the reported data, with some showing the pro-survival and others the anti-survival effects of autophagy. These discrepant results appear to be at least in part due to insufficient analyses or data misinterpretation as well as improper assessments of autophagic activity. Therefore, the present study re-evaluated the regulation of autophagic activity by various anticancer modalities and examined the role of autophagy in thyroid cancer treatment in three thyroid cancer cell lines (TPC1, ACT1 and KTC1). The immunofluorescence and DalGreen findings demonstrated that cisplatin, irradiation and sorafenib were all autophagy inducers as previously reported, but, unlike previous studies using thyroid cancer cells, doxorubicin acted as an inhibitor. KTC1 cells are unique because they only responded to cisplatin. The efficacy of anticancer therapeutics was significantly higher in chloroquine or 3-methyladenine-treated autophagy-defective cells than in autophagy-competent cells, thereby indicating the pro-survival effect of autophagy induced by anticancer therapeutics, which is partly due to inhibition of apoptosis. Thus, the present findings relating to several anticancer therapeutics and three thyroid cancer cell lines demonstrate the pro-survival effect of autophagy in thyroid cancer treatment. Although the present study only involved cell lines, it provides evidence for the beneficial combination of the anticancer therapeutic modalities with autophagy inhibitors, and proposes that autophagy inhibitors may serve as a possible adjunctive therapy for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Kazakova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute and Nagasaki University of Graduate School of Biosciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Mika Shimamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute and Nagasaki University of Graduate School of Biosciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kurashige
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute and Nagasaki University of Graduate School of Biosciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Koichiro Hamada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute and Nagasaki University of Graduate School of Biosciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University of Graduate School of Biosciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute and Nagasaki University of Graduate School of Biosciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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16
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Holm TM, Yeo S, Turner KM, Guan JL. Targeting Autophagy in Thyroid Cancer: EMT, Apoptosis, and Cancer Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:821855. [PMID: 35846375 PMCID: PMC9277179 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.821855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved recycling process through which cellular homeostasis is achieved and maintained. With respect to cancer biology, autophagy acts as a double-edged sword supporting tumor cells during times of metabolic and therapeutic stress, while also inhibiting tumor development by promoting genomic stability. Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy plays a role in thyroid cancer, acting to promote tumor cell viability and metastatic disease through maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), supporting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and preventing tumor cell death. Intriguingly, well-differentiated thyroid cancer is more prevalent in women as compared to men, though the underlying molecular biology driving this disparity has not yet been elucidated. Several studies have demonstrated that autophagy inhibitors may augment the anti-cancer effects of known thyroid cancer therapies. Autophagy modulation has become an attractive target for improving outcomes in thyroid cancer. This review aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the current knowledge regarding the role of autophagy in thyroid cancer, focusing on the potential mechanism(s) through which inhibition of autophagy may enhance cancer therapy and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy M Holm
- Department of Surgery, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Syn Yeo
- Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kevin M Turner
- Department of Surgery, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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17
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Targeting RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signaling pathway in human cancer: Current status in clinical trials. Genes Dis 2022; 10:76-88. [PMID: 37013062 PMCID: PMC10066287 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular target inhibitors have been regularly approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for tumor treatment, and most of them intervene in tumor cell proliferation and metabolism. The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway is a conserved signaling pathway that plays vital roles in cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. The aberrant activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway induces tumors. About 33% of tumors harbor RAS mutations, while 8% of tumors are driven by RAF mutations. Great efforts have been dedicated to targeting the signaling pathway for cancer treatment in the past decades. In this review, we summarized the development of inhibitors targeting the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway with an emphasis on those used in clinical treatment. Moreover, we discussed the potential combinations of inhibitors that target the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway and other signaling pathways. The inhibitors targeting the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway have essentially modified the therapeutic strategy against various cancers and deserve more attention in the current cancer research and treatment.
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18
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Li C, Yuan Q, Xu G, Yang Q, Hou J, Zheng L, Wu G. A seven-autophagy-related gene signature for predicting the prognosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:129. [PMID: 35459137 PMCID: PMC9034603 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have implicated autophagy in the pathogenesis of thyroid carcinoma. This investigation aimed to establish an autophagy-related gene model and nomogram that can help predict the overall survival (OS) of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTHCA). Methods Clinical characteristics and RNA-seq expression data from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) were used in the study. We also downloaded autophagy-related genes (ARGs) from the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis website and the Human Autophagy Database. First, we assigned patients into training and testing groups. R software was applied to identify differentially expressed ARGs for further construction of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for gene functional analyses. A risk score-based prognostic risk model was subsequently developed using univariate Cox regression and LASSO-penalized Cox regression analyses. The model’s performance was verified using Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis and ROC curve. Finally, a nomogram was constructed for clinical application in evaluating the patients with DTHCA. Finally, a 7-gene prognostic risk model was developed based on gene set enrichment analysis. Results Overall, we identified 54 differentially expressed ARGs in patients with DTHCA. A new gene risk model based on 7-ARGs (CDKN2A, FGF7, CTSB, HAP1, DAPK2, DNAJB1, and ITPR1) was developed in the training group and validated in the testing group. The predictive accuracy of the model was reflected by the area under the ROC curve (AUC) values. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that the model could independently predict the prognosis of patients with THCA. The constrained nomogram derived from the risk score and age also showed high prediction accuracy. Conclusions Here, we developed a 7-ARG prognostic risk model and nomogram for differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients that can guide clinical decisions and individualized therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-022-02590-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Li
- Department of Breast & Thyroid Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qianqian Yuan
- Department of Breast & Thyroid Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Gaoran Xu
- Department of Breast & Thyroid Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Breast & Thyroid Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jinxuan Hou
- Department of Breast & Thyroid Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lewei Zheng
- Department of Breast & Thyroid Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Gaosong Wu
- Department of Breast & Thyroid Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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19
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Pharmacological inhibition of Ref-1 enhances the therapeutic sensitivity of papillary thyroid carcinoma to vemurafenib. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:124. [PMID: 35136031 PMCID: PMC8825860 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib exhibits drug resistance in the treatment of thyroid cancer (TC), and finding more effective multitarget combination therapies may be an important solution. In the present study, we found strong correlations between Ref-1 high expression and BRAF mutation, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage. The oxidative stress environment induced by structural activation of BRAF upregulates the expression of Ref-1, which caused intrinsic resistance of PTC to vemurafenib. Combination inhibition of the Ref-1 redox function and BRAF could enhance the antitumor effects of vemurafenib, which was achieved by blocking the action of Ref-1 on BRAF proteins. Furthermore, combination treatment could cause an overload of autophagic flux via excessive AMPK protein activation, causing cell senescence and cell death in vitro. And combined administration of Ref-1 and vemurafenib in vivo suppressed PTC cell growth and metastasis in a cell-based lung metastatic tumor model and xenogeneic subcutaneous tumor model. Collectively, our study provides evidence that Ref-1 upregulation via constitutive activation of BRAF in PTC contributes to intrinsic resistance to vemurafenib. Combined treatment with a Ref-1 redox inhibitor and a BRAF inhibitor could make PTC more sensitive to vemurafenib and enhance the antitumor effects of vemurafenib by further inhibiting the MAPK pathway and activating the excessive autophagy and related senescence process.
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20
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Ganzleben I, Neurath MF, Becker C. Autophagy in Cancer Therapy-Molecular Mechanisms and Current Clinical Advances. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215575. [PMID: 34771737 PMCID: PMC8583685 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Autophagy is the capability of cells to dismantle and recycle parts of themselves. This process is closely intertwined with other crucial cell functions, such as growth and control of metabolism. Autophagy is oftentimes dysregulated in cancer and offers established and advanced tumors protection against a lack of nutrients and an advantage regarding proliferation. This review will present an overview of the basics of human autophagy, its dysregulation in cancer, and approaches to target autophagy in cancer treatment in recent and current clinical trials as well as new findings of preclinical research. Abstract Autophagy is a crucial general survival tactic of mammalian cells. It describes the capability of cells to disassemble and partially recycle cellular components (e.g., mitochondria) in case they are damaged and pose a risk to cell survival or simply if their resources are urgently needed elsewhere at the time. Autophagy-associated pathomechanisms have been increasingly recognized as important disease mechanisms in non-malignant (neurodegeneration, diffuse parenchymal lung disease) and malignant conditions alike. However, the overall consequences of autophagy for the organism depend particularly on the greater context in which autophagy occurs, such as the cell type or whether the cell is proliferating. In cancer, autophagy sustains cancer cell survival under challenging, i.e., resource-depleted, conditions. However, this leads to situations in which cancer cells are completely dependent on autophagy. Accordingly, autophagy represents a promising yet complex target in cancer treatment with therapeutically induced increase and decrease of autophagic flux as important therapeutic principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Ganzleben
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (I.G.); (M.F.N.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (I.G.); (M.F.N.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (I.G.); (M.F.N.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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21
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Holm TM, Bian ZC, Manupati K, Guan JL. Inhibition of autophagy mitigates cell migration and invasion in thyroid cancer. Surgery 2021; 171:235-244. [PMID: 34565609 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a highly conserved process for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Upregulation of autophagy promotes metastasis by promoting the cancer stem cell state while also stimulating tumor cell migration and invasion. We hypothesized that autophagy upregulation would be critical for cancer stem cell maintenance as well as cellular migration and invasion in thyroid cancer. METHODS Validated papillary (MDA-T32, MDA-T68), follicular (FTC-133), and anaplastic (ATC-8505c) human thyroid cancer cell lines in culture were first assessed for autophagic capacity after bafilomycin clamping. Cancer stem cells were quantified by flow cytometry for aldehyde dehydrogenase and thyrosphere formation assay. Scratch migration and Matrigel invasion assays were performed in the presence of known autophagy inhibitors: Lys05, chloroquine, and FIP200siRNA. RESULTS Autophagy activity was observed across all cell lines. Thyrosphere formation, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, and CD44 expression were reduced with inhibition of autophagy in MDA-T32, MDA-T68, FTC-133, and 8505c cells. Similarly, cell migration and invasion were attenuated: 42% (FIP200siRNA), 78% (Lys05), P < .001 in MDA-T32 cells; 54% (FIP200siRNA), 67% (Lys05), P < .001 in MDA-T68 cells; 73% (FIP200siRNA), 71% (Lys05), P < .001) in FTC-133 cells; and 60% (FIP200siRNA), 90% (Lys05), P < .001 in 8505c cells. Invasion assays demonstrated a 73%, 39%, 75%, and 65.1% reduction in the presence of Lys05 in T32, T68, FTC-133, and 8505c cells, respectively. We observed similar reductions in invasion with FIP200siRNA: 61%, 62%, 55%, and 81.4% in T32, T68, FTC-133, and 8505c cells. CONCLUSION Autophagy is upregulated across multiple thyroid cancer subtypes. In thyroid cancer cell lines, inhibition of autophagy attenuates cancer stem cell viability, cell migration, and invasion suggesting a role for autophagy in the progression of thyroid cancer. Greater understanding of autophagy regulation in thyroid cancer will aid in developing targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy M Holm
- Department of Surgery, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
| | - Z Christine Bian
- Department of Surgery, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kanakaraju Manupati
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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22
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Foth M, Garrido-Laguna I, Kinsey CG. Therapeutic Targeting of Autophagy in Pancreatic Cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2021; 30:709-718. [PMID: 34511191 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a brief review of the therapeutic opportunity of inhibiting autophagy in pancreatic cancer. The autophagic process, importance of autophagy in pancreatic cancer, relevant clinical trials, and new agents in preclinical and clinical development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Foth
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ignacio Garrido-Laguna
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Conan G Kinsey
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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23
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Valvo V, Iesato A, Kavanagh TR, Priolo C, Zsengeller Z, Pontecorvi A, Stillman IE, Burke SD, Liu X, Nucera C. Fine-Tuning Lipid Metabolism by Targeting Mitochondria-Associated Acetyl-CoA-Carboxylase 2 in BRAFV600E Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid 2021; 31:1335-1358. [PMID: 33107403 PMCID: PMC8558082 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: BRAFV600E acts as an ATP-dependent cytosolic kinase. BRAFV600E inhibitors are widely available, but resistance to them is widely reported in the clinic. Lipid metabolism (fatty acids) is fundamental for energy and to control cell stress. Whether and how BRAFV600E impacts lipid metabolism regulation in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is still unknown. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a rate-limiting enzyme for de novo lipid synthesis and inhibition of fatty acid oxidation (FAO). ACC1 and ACC2 genes encode distinct isoforms of ACC. The aim of our study was to determine the relationship between BRAFV600E and ACC in PTC. Methods: We performed RNA-seq and DNA copy number analyses in PTC and normal thyroid (NT) in The Cancer Genome Atlas samples. Validations were performed by using assays on PTC-derived cell lines of differing BRAF status and a xenograft mouse model derived from a heterozygous BRAFWT/V600E PTC-derived cell line with knockdown (sh) of ACC1 or ACC2. Results:ACC2 mRNA expression was significantly downregulated in BRAFV600E-PTC vs. BRAFWT-PTC or NT clinical samples. ACC2 protein levels were downregulated in BRAFV600E-PTC cell lines vs. the BRAFWT/WT PTC cell line. Vemurafenib increased ACC2 (and to a lesser extent ACC1) mRNA levels in PTC-derived cell lines in a BRAFV600E allelic dose-dependent manner. BRAFV600E inhibition increased de novo lipid synthesis rates, and decreased FAO due to oxygen consumption rate (OCR), and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), after addition of palmitate. Only shACC2 significantly increased OCR rates due to FAO, while it decreased ECAR in BRAFV600E PTC-derived cells vs. controls. BRAFV600E inhibition synergized with shACC2 to increase intracellular reactive oxygen species production, leading to increased cell proliferation and, ultimately, vemurafenib resistance. Mice implanted with a BRAFWT/V600E PTC-derived cell line with shACC2 showed significantly increased tumor growth after vemurafenib treatment, while vehicle-treated controls, or shGFP control cells treated with vemurafenib showed stable tumor growth. Conclusions: These findings suggest a potential link between BRAFV600E and lipid metabolism regulation in PTC. BRAFV600E downregulates ACC2 levels, which deregulates de novo lipid synthesis, FAO due to OCR, and ECAR rates. ShACC2 may contribute to vemurafenib resistance and increased tumor growth. ACC2 rescue may represent a novel molecular strategy for overcoming resistance to BRAFV600E inhibitors in refractory PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Valvo
- Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute (CRI), Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Asumi Iesato
- Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute (CRI), Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taylor R. Kavanagh
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carmen Priolo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Department of Medicine, Agostino Gemelli Medical School, UCSC, Rome, Italy
| | - Isaac E. Stillman
- Department of Pathology; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Suzanne D. Burke
- Department of Medicine; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carmelo Nucera
- Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute (CRI), Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Address correspondence to: Carmelo Nucera, MD, PhD, Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute (CRI) Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Office: RN270K, 99 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Autophagy Inhibition in BRAF-Driven Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143498. [PMID: 34298710 PMCID: PMC8306561 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary BRAF is a protein kinase that is frequently mutationally activated in cancer. Mutant BRAF can be pharmacologically inhibited, which in combination with blockade of its direct effector, MEK1/2, is an FDA-approved therapeutic strategy for several BRAF-mutated cancer patients, such as melanoma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, and thyroid cancer. However, therapy resistance is a major clinical challenge, highlighting the need for comprehensive investigations on the biological causes of such resistance, as well as to develop novel therapeutic strategies to improve patient survival. Autophagy is a cellular recycling process, which has been shown to allow cancer cells to escape from BRAF inhibition. Combined blockade of autophagy and BRAF signaling is a novel therapeutic strategy that is currently being tested in clinical trials. This review describes the relationship between BRAF-targeted therapy and autophagy regulation and discusses possible future treatment strategies. Abstract Several BRAF-driven cancers, including advanced BRAFV600E/K-driven melanoma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, and thyroid cancer, are currently treated using first-line inhibitor combinations of BRAFV600E plus MEK1/2. However, despite the success of this vertical inhibition strategy, the durability of patient response is often limited by the phenomenon of primary or acquired drug resistance. It has recently been shown that autophagy, a conserved cellular recycling process, is increased in BRAF-driven melanoma upon inhibition of BRAFV600E signaling. Autophagy is believed to promote tumor progression of established tumors and also to protect cancer cells from the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy. To this end, BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi)-resistant cells often display increased autophagy compared to responsive lines. Several mechanisms have been proposed for BRAFi-induced autophagy, such as activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress gatekeeper GRP78, AMP-activated protein kinase, and transcriptional regulation of the autophagy regulating transcription factors TFEB and TFE3 via ERK1/2 or mTOR inhibition. This review describes the relationship between BRAF-targeted therapy and autophagy regulation, and discusses possible future treatment strategies of combined inhibition of oncogenic signaling plus autophagy for BRAF-driven cancers.
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Jiménez-Mora E, Gallego B, Díaz-Gago S, Lasa M, Baquero P, Chiloeches A. V600EBRAF Inhibition Induces Cytoprotective Autophagy through AMPK in Thyroid Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116033. [PMID: 34204950 PMCID: PMC8199856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of autophagy is important in the development of many cancers, including thyroid cancer, where V600EBRAF is a main oncogene. Here, we analyse the effect of V600EBRAF inhibition on autophagy, the mechanisms involved in this regulation and the role of autophagy in cell survival of thyroid cancer cells. We reveal that the inhibition of V600EBRAF activity with its specific inhibitor PLX4720 or the depletion of its expression by siRNA induces autophagy in thyroid tumour cells. We show that V600EBRAF downregulation increases LKB1-AMPK signalling and decreases mTOR activity through a MEK/ERK-dependent mechanism. Moreover, we demonstrate that PLX4720 activates ULK1 and increases autophagy through the activation of the AMPK-ULK1 pathway, but not by the inhibition of mTOR. In addition, we find that autophagy blockade decreases cell viability and sensitize thyroid cancer cells to V600EBRAF inhibition by PLX4720 treatment. Finally, we generate a thyroid xenograft model to demonstrate that autophagy inhibition synergistically enhances the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of V600EBRAF inhibition in vivo. Collectively, we uncover a new role of AMPK in mediating the induction of cytoprotective autophagy by V600EBRAF inhibition. In addition, these data establish a rationale for designing an integrated therapy targeting V600EBRAF and the LKB1-AMPK-ULK1-autophagy axis for the treatment of V600EBRAF-positive thyroid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jiménez-Mora
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (E.J.-M.); (B.G.); (S.D.-G.); (P.B.)
| | - Beatriz Gallego
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (E.J.-M.); (B.G.); (S.D.-G.); (P.B.)
| | - Sergio Díaz-Gago
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (E.J.-M.); (B.G.); (S.D.-G.); (P.B.)
| | - Marina Lasa
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Pablo Baquero
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (E.J.-M.); (B.G.); (S.D.-G.); (P.B.)
| | - Antonio Chiloeches
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (E.J.-M.); (B.G.); (S.D.-G.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Autophagy is a regulated mechanism that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components and recycles metabolic substrates. In response to stress signals in the tumour microenvironment, the autophagy pathway is altered in tumour cells and immune cells - thereby differentially affecting tumour progression, immunity and therapy. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of the immunologically associated roles and modes of action of the autophagy pathway in cancer progression and therapy, and discuss potential approaches targeting autophagy to enhance antitumour immunity and improve the efficacy of current cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjun Xia
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Cao S, Tang J, Huang Y, Li G, Li Z, Cai W, Yuan Y, Liu J, Huang X, Zhang H. The Road of Solid Tumor Survival: From Drug-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress to Drug Resistance. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:620514. [PMID: 33928116 PMCID: PMC8076597 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.620514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), which refers to a series of adaptive responses to the disruption of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, occurs when cells are treated by drugs or undergo microenvironmental changes that cause the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins. ERS is one of the key responses during the drug treatment of solid tumors. Drugs induce ERS by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and Ca2+ overload. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is one of ERS. Studies have indicated that the mechanism of ERS-mediated drug resistance is primarily associated with UPR, which has three main sensors (PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6). ERS-mediated drug resistance in solid tumor cells is both intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic ERS in the solid tumor cells, the signal pathway of UPR-mediated drug resistance, includes apoptosis inhibition signal pathway, protective autophagy signal pathway, ABC transporter signal pathway, Wnt/β-Catenin signal pathway, and noncoding RNA. Among them, apoptosis inhibition is one of the major causes of drug resistance. Drugs activate ERS and its downstream antiapoptotic proteins, which leads to drug resistance. Protective autophagy promotes the survival of solid tumor cells by devouring the damaged organelles and other materials and providing new energy for the cells. ERS induces protective autophagy by promoting the expression of autophagy-related genes, such as Beclin-1 and ATG5–ATG12. ABC transporters pump drugs out of the cell, which reduces the drug-induced apoptosis effect and leads to drug resistance. In addition, the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway is also involved in the drug resistance of solid tumor cells. Furthermore, noncoding RNA regulates the ERS-mediated survival and death of solid tumor cells. Extrinsic ERS in the solid tumor cells, such as ERS in immune cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME), also plays a crucial role in drug resistance by triggering immunosuppression. In immune system cells, ERS in dendritic cells (DCs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) influences the antitumor function of normal T cells, which results in immunosuppression. Meanwhile, ERS in T cells can also cause impaired functioning and apoptosis, leading to immunosuppression. In this review, we highlight the core molecular mechanism of drug-induced ERS involved in drug resistance, thereby providing a new strategy for solid tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulong Cao
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Tang
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yichun Huang
- Clinical Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Gaofeng Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Zhuoya Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Cai
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yuning Yuan
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Junlong Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xuqun Huang
- Edong Healthcare Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Hou X, Shi X, Zhang W, Li D, Hu L, Yang J, Zhao J, Wei S, Wei X, Ruan X, Zheng X, Gao M. LDHA induces EMT gene transcription and regulates autophagy to promote the metastasis and tumorigenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:347. [PMID: 33795650 PMCID: PMC8017009 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is one of the most common kinds of endocrine-related cancer and has a heterogeneous prognosis. Metabolic reprogramming is one of the hallmarks of cancers. Aberrant glucose metabolism is associated with malignant biological behavior. However, the functions and mechanisms of glucose metabolism genes in PTC are not fully understood. Thus, data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database were analyzed, and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) was determined to be a potential novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for PTCs. The research objective was to investigate the expression of LDHA in PTCs and to explore the main functions and relative mechanisms of LDHA in PTCs. Higher expression levels of LDHA were found in PTC tissues than in normal thyroid tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels. Higher expression levels of LDHA were correlated with aggressive clinicopathological features and poor prognosis. Moreover, we found that LDHA not only promoted PTC migration and invasion but also enhanced tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we revealed that the metabolic products of LDHA catalyzed induced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process by increasing the relative gene H3K27 acetylation. Moreover, LDHA knockdown activated the AMPK pathway and induced protective autophagy. An autophagy inhibitor significantly enhanced the antitumor effect of FX11. These results suggested that LDHA enhanced the cell metastasis and proliferation of PTCs and may therefore become a potential therapeutic target for PTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiukun Hou
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Xianle Shi
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Dapeng Li
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Linfei Hu
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Jihong Yang
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Jingzhu Zhao
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Songfeng Wei
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Xi Wei
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasonography, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Xianhui Ruan
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Xiangqian Zheng
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Ming Gao
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
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Run L, Wang L, Nong X, Li N, Huang X, Xiao Y. Involvement of HMGB1 in vemurafenib resistance in thyroid cancer cells harboring BRAF (V600E) mutation by regulating excessive autophagy. Endocrine 2021; 71:418-426. [PMID: 32666385 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thyroid carcinoma is the most frequent endocrine malignancy with high occurrence of BRAFV600E mutations. Though targeted therapy by vemurafenib, a specific inhibitor for BRAFV600E, has achieved great advance in therapeutic landscape, resistance occurrence is still a clinical challenge. Here, we sought to elucidate the function of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in vemurafenib resistance in thyroid cancer harboring BRAF mutation. METHODS The expression of HMGB1 in BRAF-mutant BCPAP and BRAF-wild CAL-62 cells were determined by qRT-PCR and western. Then, BCPAP cells were transfected with recombinant HMGB1 plasmids, and vemurafenib-resistant BCPAP-R cells were treated with si-HMGB1. The efficacy of HMGB1 on vemurafenib resistance was evaluated by detecting cell viability, apoptosis, and caspase-3 activity. In addition, the involvement of autophagy pathway was investigated. RESULTS Lower expression of HMGB1 was observed in BRAF-mutant BCPAP cells that had high sensitivity to vemurafenib. Overexpression of HMGB1 attenuated BCPAP cell sensitivity to vemurafenib by increasing cell viability and decreasing cell apoptosis and caspase-3 activity. Intriguingly, higher expression of HMGB1 was confirmed in vemurafenib-resistant BCPAP-R cells. Moreover, knockdown of HMGB1 sensitized BCPAP-R cells to vemurafenib resistance. Mechanistically, vemurafenib exposure induced autophagy by enhancing LC3II, Beclin-1 expression, and reducing autophagy substrate p62 expression. Importantly, targeting HMGB1 suppressed vemurafenib-induced autophagy. Blocking autophagy pathway with its inhibitor 3-MA offset BCPAP-R cell resistance to vemurafenib. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight that HMGB1-mediated autophagy may account for vemurafenib resistance in thyroid cancer harboring BRAF mutation, implying a promising approach to overcome vemurafenib resistance in vemurafenib-mutant thyroid carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Run
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an, 710003, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an, 710003, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Xiting Nong
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an, 710003, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an, 710003, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an, 710003, Shannxi, PR China.
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi'an, 710003, Shannxi, PR China.
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Tracking of Glycans Structure and Metallomics Profiles in BRAF Mutated Melanoma Cells Treated with Vemurafenib. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010439. [PMID: 33406789 PMCID: PMC7794875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly half of patients with advanced and metastatic melanomas harbor a BRAF mutation. Vemurafenib (VEM), a BRAF inhibitor, is used to treat such patients, however, responses to VEM are very short-lived due to intrinsic, adaptive and/or acquired resistance. In this context, we present the action of the B-Raf serine-threonine protein kinase inhibitor (vemurafenib) on the glycans structure and metallomics profiles in melanoma cells without (MeWo) and with (G-361) BRAF mutations. The studies were performed using α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), a well-known acute-phase protein, and concanavalin A (Con A), which served as the model receptor. The detection of changes in the structure of glycans can be successfully carried out based on the frequency shifts and the charge transfer resistance after interaction of AGP with Con A in different VEM treatments using QCM-D and EIS measurements. These changes were also proved based on the cell ultrastructure examined by TEM and SEM. The LA-ICP-MS studies provided details on the metallomics profile in melanoma cells treated with and without VEM. The studies evidence that vemurafenib modifies the glycans structures and metallomics profile in melanoma cells harboring BRAF mutation that can be further implied in the resistance phenomenon. Therefore, our data opens a new avenue for further studies in the short-term addressing novel targets that hopefully can be used to improve the therapeutic regiment in advanced melanoma patients. The innovating potential of this study is fully credible and has a real impact on the global patient society suffering from advanced and metastatic melanomas.
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Long M, McWilliams TG. Monitoring autophagy in cancer: From bench to bedside. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 66:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Tumors Responsive to Autophagy-Inhibition: Identification and Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092463. [PMID: 32878084 PMCID: PMC7563256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although the principle of personalized medicine has been the focus of attention, many cancer therapies are still based on a one-size-fits-all approach. The same holds true for targeting cancer cell survival mechanism that allows cancer cells to recycle their constituents (autophagy). In the past several indicators of elevated dependence of cancer cells on autophagy have been described. Addition of autophagy-inhibiting agents could be beneficial in treatment of these tumors. The biomarkers and mechanisms that lead to elevated dependence on autophagy are reviewed in the current manuscript. Abstract Recent advances in cancer treatment modalities reveal the limitations of the prevalent “one-size-fits-all” therapies and emphasize the necessity to develop personalized approaches. In this perspective, identification of predictive biomarkers and intrinsic vulnerabilities are an important advancement for further therapeutic strategies. Autophagy is an important lysosomal degradation and recycling pathway that provides energy and macromolecular precursors to maintain cellular homeostasis. Although all cells require autophagy, several genetic and/or cellular changes elevate the dependence of cancer cells on autophagy for their survival and indicates that autophagy inhibition in these tumors could provide a favorable addition to current therapies. In this context, we review the current literature on tumor (sub)types with elevated dependence on autophagy for their survival and highlight an exploitable vulnerability. We provide an inventory of microenvironmental factors, genetic alterations and therapies that may be exploited with autophagy-targeted approaches to improve efficacy of conventional anti-tumor therapies.
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Yang Z, Huang R, Wei X, Yu W, Min Z, Ye M. The SIRT6-Autophagy-Warburg Effect Axis in Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1265. [PMID: 32983963 PMCID: PMC7485319 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As shown in our previous study, SIRT6 promotes an aggressive phenotype and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). In this study, we focused on the regulatory axis including SIRT6, autophagy, and the Warburg effect. We innovatively confirmed that SIRT6 overexpression depleted histone H3 lysine 56 acetylation (H3K56ac) of the negative regulator of reactive oxygen species (NRROS) in vitro, thus increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The accumulated ROS then activated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and subsequently induced autophagy. Furthermore, SIRT6 overexpression inhibited glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) via autophagy-mediated degradation, ultimately suppressing the Warburg effect. Treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, 5 mM) or the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) both rescued the inhibition of the Warburg effect. Additionally, a higher concentration of NAC (15 mM) further inhibited the Warburg effect. These concentration-dependent bilateral effects of NAC on this process were confirmed to be due to the regulation of the AMPK signaling pathway. Finally, we further examined this mechanism in vivo by establishing subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice and analyzed the tumors using 18F radio-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT. In conclusion, we identified a SIRT6-ROS-ER stress-autophagy-GLUT1-Warburg effect axis in PTC, which may provide a new therapeutic target. In addition, NAC (low concentration) and CQ, previously considered to be tumor inhibitors, were shown to promote tumorigenesis in PTC with high SIRT6 expression by inducing the Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Renhong Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyi Wei
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiping Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Min
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
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Kurashige T, Nakajima Y, Shimamura M, Yamada M, Nagayama Y. Hormonal Regulation of Autophagy in Thyroid PCCL3 Cells and the Thyroids of Male Mice. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa054. [PMID: 32671315 PMCID: PMC7347287 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process by which cells degrade intracellular proteins and organelles in the lysosomes and recycle their metabolites. We have recently demonstrated the crucial role for the basal level of autophagic activity in thyrocyte survival and homeostasis using the thyroid-specific autophagy knockout mice. Here, we first studied hormonal regulation of autophagy in thyrocytes in vitro using a rat thyroid cell line PCCl3 and in vivo with mice. In cultured PCCl3 cells, thyroxine decreased microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) puncta (a component of autophagosome) and increased p62 (an autophagy substrate) levels, showing thyroxine-suppression of autophagy. In contrast, TSH increased both LC3 puncta and p62 levels, but at the same time stabilized p62 protein by inhibiting p62 degradation, indicating TSH induction of autophagy. Our experiments with various inhibitors identified that both the cAMP-protein kinase (PK) A-cAMP response element binding protein/ERK and PKC signaling pathways regulates positively autophagic activity. The in vivo results obtained with wild-type mice treated with methimazole and perchlorate or thyroxine were consistent with in vitro results. Next, in thyroid-specific autophagy knockout mice treated with methimazole and perchlorate (that is, mice were placed under a stressed condition where enhanced autophagy was required) for 2 months, lower follicle sizes and lower thyroglobulin contents in thyrocytes were observed, suggesting impaired thyroglobulin production presumably from insufficient nutrient supply. We therefore conclude that TSH positively regulates autophagic activity through the cAMP-PKA-cAMP response element binding protein/ERK and PKC signaling pathways, whereas thyroid hormones inhibit its activity in thyrocytes. Metabolites produced by autophagy appear to be necessary for protein synthesis stimulated by TSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kurashige
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Nakajima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Mika Shimamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Elia G, Ragusa F, Patrizio A, Paparo SR, Marone G, Galdiero MR, Guglielmi G, Foddis R, Cristaudo A, Antonelli A. Primary cell cultures for the personalized therapy in aggressive thyroid cancer of follicular origin. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 79:203-216. [PMID: 32569821 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy. More than 90 % of TC is represented by differentiated TC (DTC) arising from the follicular thyroid cells. DTC includes papillary TC (PTC), follicular TC (FTC), and Hürthle cell TC. Anaplastic TC (ATC) accounts for 1% of TC, and it represents 15-40 % of TC death. Current treatment strategies are not completely effective against aggressive DTC or ATC, and mortality is one of the most important challenges. Recently, progresses have been obtained in the understanding of the molecular/genetic basis of TC progression, and new drugs have been introduced [i.e. tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)], able to block the oncogenic or signaling kinases, associated with cellular growth. Thyroid cell lines, obtained from tumoral cells and chosen for high proliferation in vitro, have been used as preclinical models. Actually, these cells lose the characteristic features of the primary tumor, because they adapt to in vitro growth conditions. For these reasons, the use of these cell lines has important limitations, and more recently human primary cell cultures have been established as monolayer cultures, and investigated for their biological behavior. Moreover, in the past, primary TC cells could be collected only through surgical biopsies, while recently human primary cell cultures can be established also from samples of fine-needle aspiration citology from aggressive dedifferentiated DTC or ATC. Testing in vitro different TKIs in each patient can help to develop new personalized treatments, without using ineffective drugs. In conclusion, personalized medicine and precise oncology, which consider both patients and their disease features, represent the future of the treatment approach, and further progress is needed in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giusy Elia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragusa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Patrizio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; World Allergy Organization Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore", National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; World Allergy Organization Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore", National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guglielmi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rudy Foddis
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alfonso Cristaudo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Meng X, Wang H, Zhao J, Hu L, Zhi J, Wei S, Ruan X, Hou X, Li D, Zhang J, Yang W, Qian B, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Meng Z, Guan L, Zhang H, Zheng X, Gao M. Apatinib Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Autophagy in Human Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Front Oncol 2020; 10:217. [PMID: 32219060 PMCID: PMC7078169 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with metastatic radioiodine-refractory papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) have limited treatment options and a poor prognosis. There is an urgent need to develop new drugs targeting PTC for clinical application. Apatinib, a novel small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is highly selective for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) and exhibits antitumor effects in a variety of solid tumors. Although apatinib has been shown to be safe and efficacious in radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer, the mechanism underlying its antitumor effect is unclear. In this report, we explored the effects of apatinib on PTC in vitro and in vivo. Methods: VEGFR2 expression levels were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC), qPCR, and western blotting (WB). The effects of apatinib on cell viability, colony formation, and migration in the Transwell assay were assessed in vitro, and its effect on tumor growth rate was assessed in vivo. In addition, the levels of proteins in signaling pathways were determined by WB. Finally, the autophagy level was assessed by WB, immunofluorescence (IF), and transmission electron microscopy. Results: We found that high VEGFR2 expression is associated with tumor size, T stage, and lymph node metastasis in patients with PTC and that apatinib inhibits PTC cell growth, promotes apoptosis, and induces cell cycle arrest through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Moreover, apatinib induces autophagy, and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated targeting of autophagy-associated gene 5 (ATG5) can further increase PTC cell apoptosis. Conclusion: Our data suggest that apatinib can induce apoptosis and autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway for the treatment of PTC and that autophagy is a potential novel target for future therapy in resistant PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Lymphoma, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingzhu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Linfei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingtai Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Songfeng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianhui Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiukun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Biyun Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaowei Meng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lizhao Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huilai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Lymphoma, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangqian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Khan AQ, Mohamed EAN, Hakeem I, Nazeer A, Kuttikrishnan S, Prabhu KS, Siveen KS, Nawaz Z, Ahmad A, Zayed H, Uddin S. Sanguinarine Induces Apoptosis in Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cells via Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species. Molecules 2020; 25:E1229. [PMID: 32182833 PMCID: PMC7179475 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanguinarine (SNG), a natural compound with an array of pharmacological activities, has promising therapeutic potential against a number of pathological conditions, including malignancies. In the present study, we have investigated the antiproliferative potential of SNG against two well-characterized papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cell lines, BCPAP and TPC-1. SNG significantly inhibited cell proliferation of PTC cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. Western blot analysis revealed that SNG markedly attenuated deregulated expression of p-STAT3, without affecting total STAT3, and inhibited growth of PTC via activation of apoptotic and autophagy signaling cascade, as SNG treatment of PTC cells led to the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8; cleavage of PARP and activation of autophagy markers. Further, SNG-mediated anticancer effects in PTC cells involved the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an inhibitor of ROS, prevented SNG-mediated antiproliferative, apoptosis and autophagy inducing action. Interestingly, SNG also sensitized PTC cells to chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin, which was inhibited by NAC. Finally, SNG suppressed the growth of PTC thyrospheres and downregulated stemness markers ALDH2 and SOX2. Altogether, the findings of the current study suggest that SNG has anticancer potential against PTC cells as well its derived cancer stem-like cells, most likely via inactivation of STAT3 and its associated signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Q. Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (E.A.N.M.); (I.H.); (A.N.); (S.K.); (K.S.P.); (K.S.S.)
| | - Elham A. N. Mohamed
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (E.A.N.M.); (I.H.); (A.N.); (S.K.); (K.S.P.); (K.S.S.)
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 3050, Qatar;
| | - Ishrat Hakeem
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (E.A.N.M.); (I.H.); (A.N.); (S.K.); (K.S.P.); (K.S.S.)
| | - Aneeza Nazeer
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (E.A.N.M.); (I.H.); (A.N.); (S.K.); (K.S.P.); (K.S.S.)
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (E.A.N.M.); (I.H.); (A.N.); (S.K.); (K.S.P.); (K.S.S.)
| | - Kirti S. Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (E.A.N.M.); (I.H.); (A.N.); (S.K.); (K.S.P.); (K.S.S.)
| | - Kodappully S. Siveen
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (E.A.N.M.); (I.H.); (A.N.); (S.K.); (K.S.P.); (K.S.S.)
| | - Zafar Nawaz
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar;
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 3050, Qatar;
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (E.A.N.M.); (I.H.); (A.N.); (S.K.); (K.S.P.); (K.S.S.)
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Ma L, Wang Z, Xie M, Quan Y, Zhu W, Yang F, Zhao C, Fan Y, Fang N, Jiang H, Wang Q, Wang S, Zhou J, Chen X, Shu Y. Silencing of circRACGAP1 sensitizes gastric cancer cells to apatinib via modulating autophagy by targeting miR-3657 and ATG7. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:169. [PMID: 32139670 PMCID: PMC7058073 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The positive results of the apatinib phase III trial have cast new light on treatment for patients with advanced gastric cancer (GC). However, in terms of safety, apatinib toxicities may lead to a dose modification or treatment interruption. Therefore, proper intervention is urgently needed to help patients benefit from apatinib treatment. In this study, we found that apatinib promoted autophagy activation via upregulation of ATG7 expression and autophagy inhibition enhanced apatinib-induced apoptosis. With microRNA and circular RNA-sequencing analyses of GC xenograft models, we demonstrated that circRACGAP1 functioned as an endogenous sponge for miR-3657 to inhibit its activity and further upregulate ATG7 expression. Silencing of circRACGAP1 inhibited apatinib-induced autophagy, which was rescued by miR-3657. Moreover, knockdown of circRACGAP1 sensitized GC cells to apatinib via autophagy inhibition in vitro and in vivo. These findings provided the first evidence that the circRACGAP1-miR-3657-ATG7 axis mediates a novel regulatory pathway critical for the regulation of apatinib sensitivity in GC. Thus, specific blockage of circRACGAP1 may be a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce the toxicities of apatinib and enhance its therapeutic effect in human GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhangding Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Mengyan Xie
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yunlin Quan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Weiyou Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Fengming Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Chenhui Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212002, China
| | - Na Fang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212002, China
| | - Huning Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Department of Oncology, Pukou Branch Hospital of Jiangsu Province Hospital (Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital), Nanjing, 211800, China.
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Chen Y, Yang Z, Deng B, Wu D, Quan Y, Min Z. Interleukin 1β/1RA axis in colorectal cancer regulates tumor invasion, proliferation and apoptosis via autophagy. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:908-918. [PMID: 32020215 PMCID: PMC7041122 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)‑1β is a member of the IL‑1 family of proteins. IL‑1 receptor antagonist (IL‑1RA) is an agent that binds to the IL‑1 receptor, preventing IL‑1 from transmitting signals to cells. The present study aimed to identify the role of the IL‑1β/1RA axis in epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell invasion, migration, proliferation and clone formation in colorectal cancer (CRC) and to determine its underlying mechanisms of action. Significantly increased expression of both IL‑1β and IL‑1RA was identified in CRC patient data uploaded in The Cancer Genome Atlas database, and in tumor tissues when compared with matched control tissue. High expression of IL‑1β was associated with an increased rate of overall survival and recurrence‑free survival. Further research revealed that the IL‑1β gene was co‑expressed with the IL‑1RA gene in tumors of CRC patients. It was additionally determined that recombinant human (rh)IL‑1β suppressed autophagy as well as EMT in HCT‑116 cells compared with control‑treated cells, whereas rhIL‑1RA exhibited the opposite effect. In addition, autophagy activator rapamycin (RAPA) rescued the inhibition of EMT in rhIL‑1β‑treated HCT‑116 cells. Moreover, rhIL‑1β inhibited cell invasion, migration, proliferation and colony‑formation ability, when compared with a control treatment. Compared with a control treatment rhIL‑1RA promoted cell invasion, migration, proliferation, but had no effect on clone formation ability. Furthermore, both rhIL‑1RA and RAPA rescued inhibition of cell invasion, migration and clone formation ability in rhIL‑1β‑treated HCT‑116 cells. RAPA, but not rhIL‑1RA, rescue inhibited proliferation in rhIL‑1β‑treated HCT‑116 cells compared with controls. In addition, it was confirmed that rhIL‑1β inhibited the growth of subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice, when compared with control treatments. These results indicated that upregulation of the IL‑1β/1RA axis in CRC regulated EMT, cell invasion and migration, proliferation and clone formation via autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Bo Deng
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Dejun Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Yingjun Quan
- Department of General Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Min
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
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Ghosh C, Kumar S, Kushchayeva Y, Gaskins K, Boufraqech M, Wei D, Gara SK, Zhang L, Zhang YQ, Shen M, Mukherjee S, Kebebew E. A Combinatorial Strategy for Targeting BRAF V600E-Mutant Cancers with BRAF V600E Inhibitor (PLX4720) and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (Ponatinib). Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:2022-2036. [PMID: 31937621 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most aggressive thyroid cancers are commonly associated with a BRAF V600E mutation. Preclinical and clinical data in BRAF V600E cancers suggest that combined BRAF and MEK inhibitor treatment results in a response, but resistance is common. One mechanism of acquired resistance is through persistent activation of tyrosine kinase (TK) signaling by alternate pathways. We hypothesized that combination therapy with BRAF and multitargeting TK inhibitors (MTKI) might be more effective in BRAF V600E thyroid cancer than in single-agent or BRAF and MEK inhibitors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The combined drug activity was analyzed to predict any synergistic effect using high-throughput screening (HTS) of active drugs. We performed follow-up in vitro and in vivo studies to validate and determine the mechanism of action of synergistic drugs. RESULTS The MTKI ponatinib and the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 showed synergistic activity by HTS. This combination significantly inhibited proliferation, colony formation, invasion, and migration in BRAF V600E thyroid cancer cell lines and downregulated pERK/MEK and c-JUN signaling pathways, and increased apoptosis. PLX4720-resistant BRAF V600E cells became sensitized to the combination treatment, with decreased proliferation at lower PLX4720 concentrations. In an orthotopic thyroid cancer mouse model, combination therapy significantly reduced tumor growth (P < 0.05), decreased the number of metastases (P < 0.05), and increased survival (P < 0.05) compared with monotherapy and vehicle control. CONCLUSIONS Combination treatment with ponatinib and PLX4720 exhibited significant synergistic anticancer activity in preclinical models of BRAF V600E thyroid cancer, in addition to overcoming PLX4720 resistance. Our results suggest this combination should be tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrayee Ghosh
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute of Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Zhang
- National Institute of Child Health and Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ya-Qin Zhang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Electron Kebebew
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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VCAM-1 Upregulation Contributes to Insensitivity of Vemurafenib in BRAF-Mutant Thyroid Cancer. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:441-451. [PMID: 31911278 PMCID: PMC6948368 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vemurafenib, an inhibitor of mutant BRAF activity, is a promising anticancer agent for patients with BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma. However, it is less effective in BRAF-mutant thyroid cancer, and the reason for this discrepancy is not yet fully elucidated. By RNA sequencing analysis, we identified vascular cell adhesion molecular-1 (VCAM-1) to be highly upregulated in both time- and dose-dependent manners during BRAF inhibition (BRAFi) in a BRAF-mutant papillary thyroid cancer cell line (BCPAP). Cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays showed that knockdown of the induced VCAM-1 in BCPAP cells augmented the antitumor effects of vemurafenib, with decreased IC50 values of 1.4 to 0.8 μM. Meanwhile, overexpression of VCAM-1 in a BRAF-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer cell line (FRO) reduced the sensitivity to vemurafenib, with increased IC50 values of 1.9 to 5.8 μM. Further investigation showed that PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway was activated during BRAFi. Co-treatment with Akt signaling inhibitor MK2206 decreased the induced expression of VCAM-1 during BRAFi. This combination further improved the efficacy of vemurafenib. Moreover, VCAM-1 promoted migration and invasion in thyroid cancer cells in vitro, which was also indicated in thyroid cancer patients. The present study is the first to demonstrate that VCAM-1 is upregulated in thyroid cancer cells treated with vemurafenib and contributes to vemurafenib resistance in BRAF-mutant thyroid cancer cells. Targeting the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway–mediated VCAM-1 response may be an alternative strategy to sensitize BRAF-mutant thyroid cancers to vemurafenib.
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42
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Ho CJ, Gorski SM. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Autophagy-Mediated Treatment Resistance in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1775. [PMID: 31717997 PMCID: PMC6896088 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in diagnostic tools and therapeutic options, treatment resistance remains a challenge for many cancer patients. Recent studies have found evidence that autophagy, a cellular pathway that delivers cytoplasmic components to lysosomes for degradation and recycling, contributes to treatment resistance in different cancer types. A role for autophagy in resistance to chemotherapies and targeted therapies has been described based largely on associations with various signaling pathways, including MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling. However, our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of autophagy in facilitating treatment resistance remains limited. Here we provide a comprehensive summary of the evidence linking autophagy to major signaling pathways in the context of treatment resistance and tumor progression, and then highlight recently emerged molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy and the p62/KEAP1/NRF2 and FOXO3A/PUMA axes in chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cally J. Ho
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Sharon M. Gorski
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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43
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Jin Y, Liu M, Sa R, Fu H, Cheng L, Chen L. Mouse models of thyroid cancer: Bridging pathogenesis and novel therapeutics. Cancer Lett 2019; 469:35-53. [PMID: 31589905 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to a global increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer, numerous novel mouse models were established to reveal thyroid cancer pathogenesis and test promising therapeutic strategies, necessitating a comprehensive review of translational medicine that covers (i) the role of mouse models in the research of thyroid cancer pathogenesis, and (ii) preclinical testing of potential anti-thyroid cancer therapeutics. The present review article aims to: (i) describe the current approaches for mouse modeling of thyroid cancer, (ii) provide insight into the biology and genetics of thyroid cancers, and (iii) offer guidance on the use of mouse models for testing potential therapeutics in preclinical settings. Based on research with mouse models of thyroid cancer pathogenesis involving the RTK, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, SRC, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways, inhibitors of VEGFR, MEK, mTOR, SRC, and STAT3 have been developed as anti-thyroid cancer drugs for "bench-to-bedside" translation. In the future, mouse models of thyroid cancer will be designed to be ''humanized" and "patient-like," offering opportunities to: (i) investigate the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer through target screening based on the CRISPR/Cas system, (ii) test drugs based on new mouse models, and (iii) explore the underlying mechanisms based on multi-omics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Jin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ri Sa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Libo Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive and notorious skin cancer, and metastatic disease is associated with very poor long-term survival outcomes. Although metastatic melanoma patients with oncogenic mutations in the BRAF gene initially respond well to the treatment with specific BRAF inhibitors, most of them will eventually develop resistance to this targeted therapy. As a highly conserved catabolic process, autophagy is responsible for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and cell survival, and is involved in multiple diseases, including cancer. Recent study results have indicated that autophagy might play a decisive role in the resistance to BRAF inhibitors in BRAF-mutated melanomas. In this review, we will discuss how autophagy is up-regulated by BRAF inhibitors, and how autophagy induces the resistance to these agents.
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45
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Du J, Ren W, Yao F, Wang H, Zhang K, Luo M, Shang Y, O'Connell D, Bei Z, Wang H, Xiong R, Yang Y. YY1 cooperates with TFEB to regulate autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis in melanoma. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:2149-2160. [PMID: 31448838 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-proteolytic process that degrades intracellular material to maintain cellular homeostasis. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is the master activator that regulates the transcription of genes involved in autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. However, the cotranscriptional factors of TFEB are rarely identified. Here, we found that Yin Yang 1 (YY1) regulated autophagy and lysosome biogenesis in melanoma cells. YY1 cooperates with TFEB to regulate autophagy through controlling the transcription of autophagy and lysosome biogenesis related genes. Moreover, suppression of YY1 enhanced the antitumor efficiency of vemurafenib both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these studies identify YY1 as a novel cotranscription factor of TFEB in regulating autophagy and lysosomal functions and suggest YY1 could be a therapeutic target in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyan Ren
- Cam-Su Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengping Yao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Meiying Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxue Shang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Douglas O'Connell
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, California
| | - Zhuchun Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Xiong
- Research and Development Division, Shenzhen Gentarget Biopharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongfei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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46
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Adaptive Responses as Mechanisms of Resistance to BRAF Inhibitors in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081176. [PMID: 31416288 PMCID: PMC6721815 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
: The introduction of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) inhibitors in melanoma patients with BRAF (V600E) mutations has demonstrated significant clinical benefits. However, rarely do tumours regress completely. Frequently, the reason for this is that therapies targeting specific oncogenic mutations induce a number of intrinsic compensatory mechanisms, also known as adaptive responses or feedback loops, that enhance the pro-survival and pro-proliferative capacity of a proportion of the original tumour population, thereby resulting in tumour progression. In this review we will summarize the known adaptive responses that limit BRAF mutant therapy and discuss potential novel combinatorial therapies to overcome resistance.
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47
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Chai W, Ye F, Zeng L, Li Y, Yang L. HMGB1-mediated autophagy regulates sodium/iodide symporter protein degradation in thyroid cancer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:325. [PMID: 31331356 PMCID: PMC6647330 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Sodium/iodide symporter (NIS)-mediated iodide uptake plays an important physiological role in regulating thyroid gland function, as well as in diagnosing and treating Graves’ disease and thyroid cancer. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a highly conserved nuclear protein, is a positive regulator of autophagy conferring resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy in cancer cells. Here the authors intended to identify the role of HMGB1 in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS)-induced autophagy, explore NIS protein degradation through a autophagy-lysosome pathway in thyroid cancer cells and elucidate the possible molecular mechanisms. Methods Immunohistochemical staining and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed for detecting the expression of HMGB1 in different tissues. HMGB1 was knocked down by lentiviral transfection in FTC-133/TPC-1 cells. Autophagic markers LC3-II, p62, Beclin1 and autophagosomal formation were employed for evaluating HMGB1-mediated autophagy in HBSS-treated cells by Western blot, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Western blot, quantitative RT-PCR and gamma counter analysis were performed for detecting NIS expression and iodide uptake in HMGB1-knockdown cells after different treatments. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, ROS-mediated LC3-II expression and HMGB1 cytosolic translocation were detected by fluorospectrophotometer, flow cytometry, Western blot and immunofluorescence. HMGB1-mediated AMPK, mTOR and p70S6K phosphorylation (p-AMPK, p-mTOR & p-p70S6K) were detected by Western blot. Furthermore, a nude murine model with transplanted tumor was employed for examining the effect of HMGB1-mediated autophagy on imaging and biodistribution of 99mTcO4−. NIS, Beclin1, p-AMPK and p-mTOR were detected by immunohistochemical staining and Western blot in transplanted tumor samples. Results HMGB1 was a critical regulator of autophagy-mediated NIS degradation in HBSS-treated FTC-133/TPC-1 cells. And HMGB1 up-regulation was rather prevalent in thyroid cancer tissues and closely correlated with worse overall lymph node metastasis and clinical stage. HMGB1-knockdown dramatically suppressed autophagy, NIS degradation and boosted iodide uptake in HBSS-treated cells. Moreover, HBSS enhanced ROS-sustained autophagy and promoted the cytosolic translocation of HMGB1. A knockdown of HMGB1 suppressed LC3-II conversion and NIS degradation via an AMPK/mTOR-dependent signal pathway through a regulation of ROS generation, rather than ATP. Furthermore, these data were further supported by our in vivo experiment of xenografts formed by HMGB1 knockdown cells reverting the uptake of 99mTcO4− as compared with control shRNA-transfected cells in hunger group. Conclusions Acting as a critical regulator of autophagy-mediated NIS degradation via ROS/AMPK/mTOR pathway, HMGB1is a potential intervention target of radioiodine therapy in thyroid cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1328-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Chai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanghua Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangchun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Khatami F, Larijani B, Nasiri S, Tavangar SM. Liquid Biopsy as a Minimally Invasive Source of Thyroid Cancer Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2019; 8:19-29. [PMID: 32351906 PMCID: PMC7175608 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.8.2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the blood of cancer patients, some nucleic acid fragments and tumor cells can be found that make it possible to trace tumor changes through a simple blood test called “liquid biopsy”. The main components of liquid biopsy are fragments of DNA and RNA shed by tumors into the bloodstream and circulate freely (ctDNAs and ctRNAs). Tumor cells which are shed into the blood (circulating tumor cells or CTCs), and exosomes that have been investigated for non-invasive detection and monitoring several tumors including thyroid cancer. Genetic and epigenetic alterations of a thyroid tumor can be a driver for tumor genesis or essential for tumor progression and invasion. Liquid biopsy can be real-time representative of such genetic and epigenetic alterations to trace tumors. In thyroid tumors, the circulating BRAF mutation is now taken into account for both thyroid cancer diagnosis and determination of the most effective treatment strategy. Several recent studies have indicated the ctDNA methylation pattern of some iodine transporters and DNA methyltransferase as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in thyroid cancer as well. There has been a big hope that the recent advances of genome sequencing together with liquid biopsy can be a game changer in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khatami
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirzad Nasiri
- Departments of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Departments of Pathology, Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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49
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Hooper KM, Barlow PG, Henderson P, Stevens C. Interactions Between Autophagy and the Unfolded Protein Response: Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:661-671. [PMID: 30590697 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis, is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The etiology involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors resulting in abnormal immune responses to intestinal microbiota. Genetic studies have strongly linked genes involved in autophagy to CD, and genes involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR) to IBD. The UPR is triggered in response to accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and autophagy plays a key role in relieving ER stress and restoring homeostasis. This review summarizes the known interactions between autophagy and the UPR and discusses the impact of these converging pathways on IBD pathogenesis. With a paucity of effective long-term treatments for IBD, targeting of synergistic pathways may provide novel and more effective therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty M Hooper
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Barlow
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Henderson
- Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Stevens
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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50
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Lin P, He Y, Wen DY, Li XJ, Zeng JJ, Mo WJ, Li Q, Peng JB, Wu YQ, Pan DH, Li HY, Mo QY, Wei YP, Yang H, Chen G. Comprehensive analysis of the clinical significance and prospective molecular mechanisms of differentially expressed autophagy-related genes in thyroid cancer. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:603-619. [PMID: 29749543 PMCID: PMC6017182 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy, accounting for approximately 90% of all malignancies of the endocrine system. Despite the fact that patients with TC tend to have good prognoses, the high incidence rate and lymph node metastases remain unresolved issues. Autophagy is an indispensable process that maintains intracellular homeostasis; however, the role of autophagy in several steps of the initiation and progression of TC has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we first identified several autophagy-related genes (ARGs) that were provoked in the onset of TC. Subsequently, a bioinformatics analysis hinted that these genes were markedly disturbed in several proliferative signaling pathways. Moreover, we demonstrated that the differentially expressed ARGs were closely related to several aggressive clinical manifestations, including an advanced tumor stage and lymph node metastasis. Our study further selected prognostic ARGs and developed a prognostic signature based on three key genes (ATG9B, BID and B1DNAJB1), which displayed a moderate ability to predict the prognosis of TC. On the whole, the findings of this study demonstrate that ARGs disrupt proliferation-related pathways and consequently lead to aggressive clinical manifestations. These findings provide insight into the potential molecular mechanisms of action of ARGs and their clinical significance, and also provide classification information of potential therapeutic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Yue Wen
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jiao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Zeng
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Jia Mo
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Bo Peng
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Quan Wu
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Deng-Hua Pan
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yuan Li
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Yan Mo
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Peng Wei
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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