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Bugiel-Stabla K, Agnoli C, Pawlak A. Estrogen receptors alpha and beta expression in different canine cancer types with an emphasis on hematopoietic malignancies. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1977-1990. [PMID: 38594602 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) are located in both healthy and neoplastic tissues. The type of estrogen receptor expressed varies depending on its location, tumor type, and species. Estrogen action is mediated by binding to ER and activating the transcriptional and signaling processes that result in the control of gene expression. There are two main types of estrogen receptors: ER alpha (ERα) and ER beta (ERβ). Both receptors are functionally different, they may act antagonistically and are distributed in different tissues but their structure is similar - as they are composed of 5 different domains: A/B, C, D, E, and F. The signaling pathway and hence regulation of the gene expression by ERs is a complex and multifactorial process that involves both genomic and nongenomic actions. In the human reproductive tract, both ERα and β are present, with predominant expression of ERβ, while there are no satisfactory data distinguishing the type of ERs expressed in the canine reproductive tract. In mammary gland neoplasia, a decreased or lacking ERα expression in humans is associated with a poorer prognosis. This is similar to dogs, where higher ERα expression intensity was noted in benign tumors than in carcinomas. In human hematopoietic malignancies, ERβ is a predominant receptor. Selective and non-selective ERβ agonists have an antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effect on human lymphoma cell lines and may be effective in the therapy of ERβ positive lymphomas and leukemias. In canine lymphoma tissues, none or only marginal expression of ERs was detected over the decades. Considering available data, we conducted preliminary studies proving that, in contrast to humans, the dominant ER expressed in canine hematopoietic tumors is ERα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bugiel-Stabla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Chiara Agnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Van Vossel K, Hardeel J, Van der Stede T, Weyns A, Boone J, Blemker SS, Derave W, Lievens E. Influence of intramuscular steroid receptor content and fiber capillarization on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14668. [PMID: 38802727 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Multiple intramuscular variables have been proposed to explain the high variability in resistance training induced muscle hypertrophy across humans. This study investigated if muscular androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor α (ERα) and β (ERβ) content and fiber capillarization are associated with fiber and whole-muscle hypertrophy after chronic resistance training. Male (n = 11) and female (n = 10) resistance training novices (22.1 ± 2.2 years) trained their knee extensors 3×/week for 10 weeks. Vastus lateralis biopsies were taken at baseline and post the training period to determine changes in fiber type specific cross-sectional area (CSA) and fiber capillarization by immunohistochemistry and, intramuscular AR, ERα and ERβ content by Western blotting. Vastus lateralis volume was quantified by MRI-based 3D segmentation. Vastus lateralis muscle volume significantly increased over the training period (+7.22%; range: -1.82 to +18.8%, p < 0.0001) but no changes occurred in all fiber (+1.64%; range: -21 to +34%, p = 0.869), type I fiber (+1.33%; range: -24 to +41%, p = 0.952) and type II fiber CSA (+2.19%; range: -23 to +29%, p = 0.838). However, wide inter-individual ranges were found. Resistance training increased the protein expression of ERα but not ERβ and AR, and the increase in ERα content was positively related to changes in fiber CSA. Only for the type II fibers, the baseline capillary-to-fiber-perimeter index was positively related to type II fiber hypertrophy but not to whole muscle responsiveness. In conclusion, an upregulation of ERα content and an adequate initial fiber capillarization may be contributing factors implicated in muscle fiber hypertrophy responsiveness after chronic resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Van Vossel
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Hardeel
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thibaux Van der Stede
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anneleen Weyns
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Boone
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Silvia Salinas Blemker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Springbok Analytics, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eline Lievens
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Yan S, Wang J, Chen H, Zhang D, Imam M. Divergent features of ERβ isoforms in triple negative breast cancer: progress and implications for further research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1240386. [PMID: 37936981 PMCID: PMC10626554 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1240386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) was discovered more than 20 years ago. However, the extent and role of ERβ expression in breast cancer remain controversial, especially in the context of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). ERβ exists as multiple isoforms, and a series of studies has revealed an inconsistent role of ERβ isoforms in TNBC. Our recent results demonstrated contrasting functions of ERβ1 and ERβ2/β5 in TNBC. Additional research should be conducted to explore the functions of individual ERβ isoforms and develop targeted drugs according to the relevant mechanisms. Consequently, a systematic review of ERβ isoforms is necessary. In this review, we overview the structure of ERβ isoforms and detail what is known about the function of ERβ isoforms in normal mammary tissue and breast cancer. Moreover, this review highlights the divergent features of ERβ isoforms in TNBC. This review also provides insights into the implications of targeting ERβ isoforms for clinical treatment. In conclusion, this review provides a framework delineating the roles and mechanisms of different ERβ isoforms in TNBC and sheds light on future directions for basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchao Yan
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Boueid MJ, El-Hage O, Schumacher M, Degerny C, Tawk M. Zebrafish as an emerging model to study estrogen receptors in neural development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1240018. [PMID: 37664862 PMCID: PMC10469878 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1240018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens induce several regulatory signals in the nervous system that are mainly mediated through estrogen receptors (ERs). ERs are largely expressed in the nervous system, yet the importance of ERs to neural development has only been elucidated over the last decades. Accumulating evidence shows a fundamental role for estrogens in the development of the central and peripheral nervous systems, hence, the contribution of ERs to neural function is now a growing area of research. The conservation of the structure of the ERs and their response to estrogens make the zebrafish an interesting model to dissect the role of estrogens in the nervous system. In this review, we highlight major findings of ER signaling in embryonic zebrafish neural development and compare the similarities and differences to research in rodents. We also discuss how the recent generation of zebrafish ER mutants, coupled with the availability of several transgenic reporter lines, its amenability to pharmacological studies and in vivo live imaging, could help us explore ER function in embryonic neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcel Tawk
- *Correspondence: Cindy Degerny, ; Marcel Tawk,
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Fricke HP, Hernandez LL. The Serotonergic System and Bone Metabolism During Pregnancy and Lactation and the Implications of SSRI Use on the Maternal-Offspring Dyad. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:7. [PMID: 37086330 PMCID: PMC10122632 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactation is a physiological adaptation of the class Mammalia and is a product of over 200 million years of evolution. During lactation, the mammary gland orchestrates bone metabolism via serotonin signaling in order to provide sufficient calcium for the offspring in milk. The role of serotonin in bone remodeling was first discovered over two decades ago, and the interplay between serotonin, lactation, and bone metabolism has been explored in the years following. It is estimated that postpartum depression affects 10-15% of the population, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are often used as the first-line treatment. Studies conducted in humans, nonhuman primates, sheep, and rodents have provided evidence that there are consequences on both parent and offspring when serotonin signaling is disrupted during the peripartal period; however, the long-term consequences of disruption of serotonin signaling via SSRIs during the peripartal period on the maternal and offspring skeleton are not fully known. This review will focus on the relationship between the mammary gland, serotonin, and bone remodeling during the peripartal period and the skeletal consequences of the dysregulation of the serotonergic system in both human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Fricke
- Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Laura L Hernandez
- Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Ozyurt R, Ozpolat B. Molecular Mechanisms of Anti-Estrogen Therapy Resistance and Novel Targeted Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5206. [PMID: 36358625 PMCID: PMC9655708 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women, constituting one-third of all cancers in women, and it is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Anti-estrogen therapies, such as selective estrogen receptor modulators, significantly improve survival in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) BC patients, which represents about 70% of cases. However, about 60% of patients inevitably experience intrinsic or acquired resistance to anti-estrogen therapies, representing a major clinical problem that leads to relapse, metastasis, and patient deaths. The resistance mechanisms involve mutations of the direct targets of anti-estrogen therapies, compensatory survival pathways, as well as alterations in the expression of non-coding RNAs (e.g., microRNA) that regulate the activity of survival and signaling pathways. Although cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have significantly improved survival, the efficacy of these therapies alone and in combination with anti-estrogen therapy for advanced ER+ BC, are not curative in advanced and metastatic disease. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms causing treatment resistance is critical for developing highly effective therapies and improving patient survival. This review focuses on the key mechanisms that contribute to anti-estrogen therapy resistance and potential new treatment strategies alone and in combination with anti-estrogen drugs to improve the survival of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumeysa Ozyurt
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Nanomedicine, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Nanomedicine, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Li C, Xie M, Wang W, Liu Y, Liao D, Yin J, Huang H. Association Between Polymorphisms in Estrogen Receptor Genes and Depression in Women: A Meta-Analysis. Front Genet 2022; 13:936296. [PMID: 35928452 PMCID: PMC9343944 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.936296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: It is suggested that estrogen receptors (ERs) might be associated with the disproportionate vulnerability of women to depressive episodes. Several variants in ER-alpha (ERα) and ER-beta (ERβ) have been linked to depression, but the results were not consistent. Hence, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between ERα/ERβ and depression in a cohort of women. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed in public databases. The genetic association between polymorphisms in Erα/ERβ and depression risk in a cohort of women was evaluated by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Cochran’s Q test and the I2 index were used to evaluate heterogeneity. Results: In total, 10 studies and 4 SNPs (rs2234693, rs9340799, rs4986938, rs1256049) were included in our meta-analysis. rs2234693 genotype was significantly associated with the risk of depression in women by dominant model (CC + CT vs TT, OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.09–1.55, p = 0.0031), recessive model (CC vs CT + TT, OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.00–2.67, p = 0.0478), additive model (CC vs TT, OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.12–3.35, p = 0.0189) and allelic model (C vs T, OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.10–1.39, p = 0.0003). For rs9340799, the frequencies of risk genotypes according to the dominant (GG + GA vs AA, OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.10–1.98, p = 0.0096, I2 = 0%, p = 0.43) and allelic (G vs A, OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.04–1.69, p = 0.0236, I2 = 0%, p = 0.39) models were significantly lower in women with depression than in controls within the Asian subgroup. For rs1256049, risk genotypes were significantly more frequent in depressed subjects than in controls under the dominant model (AA+ GA vs GG, OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.19–2.21, p = 0.0024) and the allelic model (A vs G, OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.07–1.72, p = 0.012) after sensitivity analysis by omitting one study which induce the heterogeneity. Conclusions: The current meta-analysis is the first and most comprehensive investigation of the association between ERs and depression in women, and the findings support the concept that ERs participate in the etiology of sex heterogeneity in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuifen Li
- Department of Gynecology, Songshan Lake Central Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, China
| | - Manli Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qingxi Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Songshan Lake Central Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, China
| | - Dan Liao
- Department of Gynecology, Songshan Lake Central Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, China
| | - Jingwen Yin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jingwen Yin, ; Hao Huang,
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jingwen Yin, ; Hao Huang,
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Sex Steroid Receptors in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Endometriosis: Insights from Laboratory Studies to Clinical Trials. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071705. [PMID: 35885010 PMCID: PMC9312843 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis are reproductive disorders that may cause infertility. The pathology of both diseases has been suggested to be associated with sex steroid hormone receptors, including oestrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PRs) and androgen receptors (ARs). Therefore, with this review, we aim to provide an update on the available knowledge of these receptors and how their interactions contribute to the pathogenesis of PCOS and endometriosis. One of the main PCOS-related medical conditions is abnormal folliculogenesis, which is associated with the downregulation of ER and AR expression in the ovaries. In addition, metabolic disorders in PCOS are caused by dysregulation of sex steroid hormone receptor expression. Furthermore, endometriosis is related to the upregulation of ER and the downregulation of PR expression. These receptors may serve as therapeutic targets for the treatment of PCOS-related disorders and endometriosis, considering their pathophysiological roles. Receptor agonists may be applied to increase the expression of a specific receptor and treat endometriosis or metabolic disorders. In contrast, receptor antagonist functions to reduce receptor expression and can be used to treat endometriosis and induce ovulation. Understanding PCOS and the pathological roles of endometriosis sex steroid receptors is crucial for developing potential therapeutic strategies to treat infertility in both conditions. Therefore, research should be continued to fill the knowledge gap regarding the subject.
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Luo G, Li Q, Yu M, Wang T, Zang Y, Liu Z, Niu Z, Yang H, Lai J. UHRF1 modulates breast cancer cell growth via estrogen signaling. Med Oncol 2022; 39:111. [PMID: 35666346 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitination process, which involves that binding of an ubiquitin protein to certain substrates, regulates several human biological processes and human cancers. Several studies report that the abnormal expression of quite a few E3 ubiquitin ligases could play critical role in carcinogenic process and cancer progression. In our current study, we identify UHRF1 (Ubiquitin Like with PHD And Ring Finger Domain 1) is an important regulator for breast cancer growth. UHRF1 depletion significantly decreases breast cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Clinical data analysis reveals that UHRF1 is dramatically elevated in breast cancer, compared to normal breast tissue. UHRF1 correlates with poor survival in luminal type of breast cancer patients, but not in ER-negative groups. The molecular biological studies show that UHRF1 localizes in the nuclear and interact with ERα via its SRA domain, which subsequently inhibits K48-linked ubiquitination of ERα and enhances ERα stability. Our study provides a novel function of UHRF1 in regulation estrogen signaling in breast cancer and a promising target for breast cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Luo
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Migration and Invasion Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanhui Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianshi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Zang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziping Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Niu
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Migration and Invasion Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijie Yang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Migration and Invasion Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianghua Lai
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Skolariki A, D’Costa J, Little M, Lord S. Role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in mediating endocrine resistance: concept to clinic. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2022; 3:172-199. [PMID: 36046843 PMCID: PMC9400772 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2022.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of breast cancers express the estrogen receptor (ER) and for this group of patients, endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of systemic treatment. However, drug resistance is common and a focus for breast cancer preclinical and clinical research. Over the past 2 decades, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis has emerged as an important driver of treatment failure, and inhibitors of mTOR and PI3K are now licensed for the treatment of women with advanced ER-positive breast cancer who have relapsed on first-line hormonal therapy. This review presents the preclinical and clinical data that led to this new treatment paradigm and discusses future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aglaia Skolariki
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK
| | - Jamie D’Costa
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Little
- Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Lord
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK
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11
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Sex Hormones and Their Effects on Ocular Disorders and Pathophysiology: Current Aspects and Our Experience. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063269. [PMID: 35328690 PMCID: PMC8949880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones are molecules produced by the gonads and to a small extent by the adrenal gland, which not only determine the primary and secondary sexual characteristics of an individual, differentiating man from woman, but also participate in the functioning of the various systems of the body. The evidence that many eye diseases differ in terms of prevalence between men and women has allowed us, in recent years, to carry out several studies that have investigated the association between sex hormones and the pathophysiology of eye tissues. Specific receptors for sex hormones have been found on the lacrimal and meibomian glands, conjunctiva, cornea, lens, retina, and choroid. This work summarizes the current knowledge on the role that sex hormones play in the pathogenesis of the most common ocular disorders and indicates our clinical experience in these situations. The aim is to stimulate an interdisciplinary approach between endocrinology, neurology, molecular biology, and ophthalmology to improve the management of these diseases and to lay the foundations for new therapeutic strategies.
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12
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Harding AT, Heaton NS. The Impact of Estrogens and Their Receptors on Immunity and Inflammation during Infection. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040909. [PMID: 35205657 PMCID: PMC8870346 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Human health is significantly affected by microbial infections. One of the largest determinants of the outcomes of such infections is the host immune response. Too weak of a response can lead to enhanced spread by the pathogen, while an overstimulated response can lead to immune-induced tissue damage. Thus, to effectively treat infected individuals, it is critical to understand the regulators that control inflammatory responses. Recently, it has become widely accepted that estrogens, a class of sex hormones, are capable of dramatically altering the responses of host cells to microbes. In this review, we discuss how estrogens change the host immune response, as well as how these changes can alter the outcome of the infection for the individual. Abstract Sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, are steroid compounds with well-characterized effects on the coordination and development of vertebrate reproductive systems. Since their discovery, however, it has become clear that these “sex hormones” also regulate/influence a broad range of biological functions. In this review, we will summarize some current findings on how estrogens interact with and regulate inflammation and immunity. Specifically, we will focus on describing the mechanisms by which estrogens alter immune pathway activation, the impact of these changes during infection and the development of long-term immunity, and how different types of estrogens and their respective concentrations mediate these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred T. Harding
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
| | - Nicholas S. Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-684-1351; Fax: +1-919-684-2790
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13
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McKay TB, Priyadarsini S, Karamichos D. Sex Hormones, Growth Hormone, and the Cornea. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020224. [PMID: 35053340 PMCID: PMC8773647 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and maintenance of nearly every tissue in the body is influenced by systemic hormones during embryonic development through puberty and into adulthood. Of the ~130 different hormones expressed in the human body, steroid hormones and peptide hormones are highly abundant in circulation and are known to regulate anabolic processes and wound healing in a tissue-dependent manner. Of interest, differential levels of sex hormones have been associated with ocular pathologies, including dry eye disease and keratoconus. In this review, we discuss key studies that have revealed a role for androgens and estrogens in the cornea with focus on ocular surface homeostasis, wound healing, and stromal thickness. We also review studies of human growth hormone and insulin growth factor-1 in influencing ocular growth and epithelial regeneration. While it is unclear if endogenous hormones contribute to differential corneal wound healing in common animal models, the abundance of evidence suggests that systemic hormone levels, as a function of age, should be considered as an experimental variable in studies of corneal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B. McKay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | | | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-817-735-2101
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Xia S, Lin Q. Estrogen Receptor Bio-Activities Determine Clinical Endocrine Treatment Options in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221090351. [PMID: 35450488 PMCID: PMC9036337 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221090351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer therapy, estrogen receptors (ERs) are the major targeting molecules. ER-targeted therapy has provided clinical benefits for approximately 70% of all breast cancer patients through targeting the ERα subtype. In recent years, mechanisms underlying breast cancer occurrence and progression have been extensively studied and largely clarified. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, microRNA regulation, and other ER downstream signaling pathways are found to be the effective therapeutic targets in ER+ BC therapy. A number of the ER+ (ER+) breast cancer biomarkers have been established for diagnosis and prognosis. The ESR1 gene mutations that lead to endocrine therapy resistance in ER+ breast cancer had been identified. Mutations in the ligand-binding domain of ERα which encoded by ESR1 gene occur in most cases. The targeted drugs combined with endocrine therapy have been developed to improve the therapeutic efficacy of ER+ breast cancer, particularly the endocrine therapy resistance ER+ breast cancer. The combination therapy has been demonstrated to be superior to monotherapy in overall clinical evaluation. In this review, we focus on recent progress in studies on ERs and related clinical applications for targeted therapy and provide a perspective view for therapy of ER+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xia
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiong Lin
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Qiong Lin, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, China.
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15
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Chen P, Li B, Ou-Yang L. Role of estrogen receptors in health and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:839005. [PMID: 36060947 PMCID: PMC9433670 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.839005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) regulate multiple complex physiological processes in humans. Abnormal ER signaling may result in various disorders, including reproductive system-related disorders (endometriosis, and breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer), bone-related abnormalities, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disease, urogenital tract disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cutaneous melanoma. ER alpha (ERα), ER beta (ERβ), and novel G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) have been identified as the most prominent ERs. This review provides an overview of ERα, ERβ, and GPER1, as well as their functions in health and disease. Furthermore, the potential clinical applications and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Li
- *Correspondence: Bo Li, libo‐‐
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16
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Alemany M. Estrogens and the regulation of glucose metabolism. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1622-1654. [PMID: 34754368 PMCID: PMC8554369 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i10.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main estrogens: estradiol, estrone, and their acyl-esters have been studied essentially related to their classical estrogenic and pharmacologic functions. However, their main effect in the body is probably the sustained control of core energy metabolism. Estrogen nuclear and membrane receptors show an extraordinary flexibility in the modulation of metabolic responses, and largely explain gender and age differences in energy metabolism: part of these mechanisms is already sufficiently known to justify both. With regard to energy, the estrogen molecular species act essentially through four key functions: (1) Facilitation of insulin secretion and control of glucose availability; (2) Modulation of energy partition, favoring the use of lipid as the main energy substrate when more available than carbohydrates; (3) Functional protection through antioxidant mechanisms; and (4) Central effects (largely through neural modulation) on whole body energy management. Analyzing the different actions of estrone, estradiol and their acyl esters, a tentative classification based on structure/effects has been postulated. Either separately or as a group, estrogens provide a comprehensive explanation that not all their quite diverse actions are related solely to specific molecules. As a group, they constitute a powerful synergic action complex. In consequence, estrogens may be considered wardens of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marià Alemany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain
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17
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Theodoropoulou S, Papadopoulou A, Karapanou O, Priftis K, Papaevangelou V, Papadimitriou A. Study of Xbal and Pvull polymorphisms of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) gene in girls with precocious/early puberty. Endocrine 2021; 73:455-462. [PMID: 33948784 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies examining association of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) polymorphisms with early puberty are scarce and results are controversial; data in Caucasian girls are lacking. Main objective was to determine association of Xbal and Pvull polymorphisms of ERα gene in Greek girls with precocious/early puberty METHODS: We studied 107 girls with idiopathic precocious/early puberty and 81 young women with pubertal maturation within normal age (controls). Pubertal stage, height SDS (HSDS), and BMI z-score were determined in patients. In controls, height was measured and menarcheal age was self-reported. All participants in the study were genotyped for XbaI and PvuII polymorphisms of the ERα gene. RESULTS There was no significant difference in XbaI and PvuII polymorphisms between patients and controls. Homozygous, xx and pp, girls had an earlier onset of puberty, although non-significant, than heterozygous or with no polymorphisms p = 0.9; in girls with pubertal onset <7 years, the association tended to become significant, p = 0.09. Girls with xxpp genotype were significantly taller, HSDS 1.63, p = 0.014. In controls, homozygosity for Xbal (xx) and PvuII (pp) was associated with significantly earlier menarche than in women with no polymorphism, p = 0.013 and p = 0.026, respectively, and xxpp genotype was associated with taller adult height, p = 0.017. CONCLUSION XbaI and PvuII polymorphisms are not related to idiopathic precocious/early puberty. Early pubertal girls homozygous for both polymorphisms presented earlier onset of puberty, although statistically non-significant, and taller height than girls heterozygous or without these polymorphisms. Homozygosity for both polymorphisms is associated with earlier menarche and taller adult height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Theodoropoulou
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Third Department of Pediatrics, "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Papadopoulou
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Third Department of Pediatrics, "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Karapanou
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Third Department of Pediatrics, "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Priftis
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Third Department of Pediatrics, "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Papaevangelou
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Third Department of Pediatrics, "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Papadimitriou
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Third Department of Pediatrics, "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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18
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Hernando C, Ortega-Morillo B, Tapia M, Moragón S, Martínez MT, Eroles P, Garrido-Cano I, Adam-Artigues A, Lluch A, Bermejo B, Cejalvo JM. Oral Selective Estrogen Receptor Degraders (SERDs) as a Novel Breast Cancer Therapy: Present and Future from a Clinical Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157812. [PMID: 34360578 PMCID: PMC8345926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) is the most common subtype of breast cancer. Endocrine therapy is the fundamental treatment against this entity, by directly or indirectly modifying estrogen production. Recent advances in novel compounds, such as cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i), or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors have improved progression-free survival and overall survival in these patients. However, some patients still develop endocrine resistance after or during endocrine treatment. Different underlying mechanisms have been identified as responsible for endocrine treatment resistance, where ESR1 gene mutations are one of the most studied, outstanding from others such as somatic alterations, microenvironment involvement and epigenetic changes. In this scenario, selective estrogen receptor degraders/downregulators (SERD) are one of the weapons currently in research and development against aromatase inhibitor- or tamoxifen-resistance. The first SERD to be developed and approved for ER+ breast cancer was fulvestrant, demonstrating also interesting activity in ESR1 mutated patients in the second line treatment setting. Recent investigational advances have allowed the development of new oral bioavailable SERDs. This review describes the evolution and ongoing studies in SERDs and new molecules against ER, with the hope that these novel drugs may improve our patients’ future landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Hernando
- Hospital Clínico de València, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (B.O.-M.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.T.M.); (I.G.-C.); (A.A.-A.); (A.L.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Belén Ortega-Morillo
- Hospital Clínico de València, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (B.O.-M.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.T.M.); (I.G.-C.); (A.A.-A.); (A.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Marta Tapia
- Hospital Clínico de València, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (B.O.-M.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.T.M.); (I.G.-C.); (A.A.-A.); (A.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Santiago Moragón
- Hospital Clínico de València, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (B.O.-M.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.T.M.); (I.G.-C.); (A.A.-A.); (A.L.); (B.B.)
| | - María Teresa Martínez
- Hospital Clínico de València, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (B.O.-M.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.T.M.); (I.G.-C.); (A.A.-A.); (A.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Pilar Eroles
- Hospital Clínico de València, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (B.O.-M.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.T.M.); (I.G.-C.); (A.A.-A.); (A.L.); (B.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Iris Garrido-Cano
- Hospital Clínico de València, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (B.O.-M.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.T.M.); (I.G.-C.); (A.A.-A.); (A.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Anna Adam-Artigues
- Hospital Clínico de València, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (B.O.-M.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.T.M.); (I.G.-C.); (A.A.-A.); (A.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Ana Lluch
- Hospital Clínico de València, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (B.O.-M.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.T.M.); (I.G.-C.); (A.A.-A.); (A.L.); (B.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bermejo
- Hospital Clínico de València, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (B.O.-M.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.T.M.); (I.G.-C.); (A.A.-A.); (A.L.); (B.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Cejalvo
- Hospital Clínico de València, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (B.O.-M.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.T.M.); (I.G.-C.); (A.A.-A.); (A.L.); (B.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (J.M.C.)
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Talarczyk-Desole J, Andrusiewicz M, Chmielewska M, Berger A, Pawelczyk L, Jędrzejczak P, Kotwicka M. A Potential Relationship Between Estrogen
Receptors Polymorphisms, Sperm Function and
in vitro Fertilization Success: A Preliminary Study*. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.8782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and 2 (ESR2) play an important role in regulating fertility in the
human reproductive system. Polymorphisms of these receptor genes have been implicated in
male infertility in both Chinese and Caucasian populations. However, studies have produced
inconsistent results. Spermatozoa defects that result in conception deficiencies could be related
to estrogens, their receptors, or genes involved in estrogen-related pathways. This study aims
to explore the potential association between the ESR1 and the ESR2 polymorphisms in relation
to semen parameters of Caucasian males as well as fertilization success.
Materials/Methods: A total of 116 males were included in this study. Forty couples underwent conventional in vitro
fertilization, while 76 couples were treated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Standard
semen analyses were performed according to the World Health Organization criteria. Polymerase
chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphisms were used to determine
genotype and allele distributions.
Results: A strong association between the ESR1 rs2234693 recognized by PvuII enzyme, genotype/allele
distribution and fertilization success was shown. The T allele occurrence was significantly
lower in the case of fertilization failure (p = 0.02). Additionally, the TT genotype was absent
in the same group (p=0.02). In the case of the remaining analyzed polymorphisms, little to no
interdependence of genotype/allele distribution and fertilization success was noted.
Conclusions: Apart from ESR1 rs2234693, the study failed to demonstrate that fertilization success was associated
with the selected polymorphisms. In most cases, we did not discover a relationship
between both estrogen receptors polymorphisms and sperm function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Talarczyk-Desole
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mirosław Andrusiewicz
- Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chmielewska
- Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Berger
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Leszek Pawelczyk
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Jędrzejczak
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kotwicka
- Chair and Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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20
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Cataldi M, Citro V, Resnati C, Manco F, Tarantino G. New Avenues for Treatment and Prevention of Drug-Induced Steatosis and Steatohepatitis: Much More Than Antioxidants. Adv Ther 2021; 38:2094-2113. [PMID: 33761100 PMCID: PMC8107075 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced lipid accumulation in the liver may induce two clinically relevant conditions, drug-induced steatosis (DIS) and drug-induced steatohepatitis (DISH). The list of drugs that may cause DIS or DISH is long and heterogeneous and includes therapeutically relevant molecules that cannot be easily replaced by less hepatotoxic medicines, therefore making specific strategies necessary for DIS/DISH prevention or treatment. For years, the only available tools to achieve these goals have been antioxidant drugs and free radical scavengers, which counteract drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction but, unfortunately, have only limited efficacy. In the present review we illustrate how in vitro preclinical research unraveled new key players in the pathogenesis of specific forms of DISH, and how, in a few cases, proof of concept of the beneficial effects of their pharmacological modulation has been obtained in vivo in animal models of this condition. The key issue emerging from these studies is that, in selected cases, liver toxicity depends on mechanisms unrelated to those responsible for the desired, primary pharmacological effects of the toxic drug and, therefore, specific strategies can be designed to overcome steatogenicity without making the drug ineffective. In particular, the hepatotoxic drug could be given in combination with a second molecule intended to selectively antagonize its liver toxicity whilst, ideally, potentiating its desired pharmacological activity. Although most of the evidence that we discuss is from in vitro or animal models and will need to be further explored and validated in humans, it highlights new avenues to be pursued in order to improve the safety of steatogenic drugs.
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21
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Smolarz B, Romanowicz H. Association between single nucleotide polymorphism of the CYP19A1 and ESR2 genes and endometriosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 304:439-445. [PMID: 33825969 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endometriosis is a frequent gynaecological condition, both in Poland and in the world. The development of this disease is supported by hormonal, immunological and environmental factors. During the recent years, a particular attention has been focused on the genetic polymorphisms which may be of particular significance for the increased incidence rates of endometriosis. According to literature data, Oestrogen Receptor 2 (ESR2) and Cytochrome P450 Family 19 Subfamily A Member 1 (CYP19A1) genes may be accounted to the potential risk factors of infertility associated with endometriosis. The reported research was aimed to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs17179740 of ESR2 and rs2899470 of CYP19A1 genes and the incidence of endometriosis. METHODS The study material included blood specimens, collected from patients (n = 200) with endometriosis. Blood samples from age-matched, endometriosis-free women (n = 200) served as control. The High-Resolution Melter (HRM) technique was applied for polymorphism analysis. RESULTS Regarding rs2899470 polymorphism TT homozygotes was significantly more prevalent among the patients with endometriosis than in the controls (OR 2.19; p = 0.04). In case of rs17179740, GG homozygotes, as well as AG-AA genotypes, were significantly more prevalent among the endometriosis patients (OR 2.48, p = 0.04 and OR 2.36, p = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION Summing up, the investigated polymorphisms of ESR2 and CYP19A1 gene are associated with the observed incidence of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Smolarz
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Hanna Romanowicz
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338, Lodz, Poland
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Estrogen receptor β and treatment with a phytoestrogen are associated with inhibition of nuclear translocation of EGFR in the prostate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2011269118. [PMID: 33771918 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011269118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockout of ERβ in the mouse leads to nuclear expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the prostate. To examine whether ERβ plays a similar role in the human prostate, we used four cohorts of men: 1) a Swedish cohort of normal prostates and PCa (prostate cancer) of different Gleason grades; 2) men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treated with the 5α-reductase inhibitor, finasteride, and finasteride together with the ERβ agonists, soy isoflavones; 3) men with PCa above Gleason grade 4 (GG4), treated with ADT (androgen deprivation therapy) and abiraterone (AA), the blocker of androgen synthesis for different durations; and 4) men with GG4 PCa on ADT or ADT with the AR (androgen receptor) blocker, enzalutamide, for 4 mo to 6 mo. In men with BPH, finasteride treatment induced EGFR nuclear expression, but, when finasteride was combined with isoflavones, EGFR remained on the cell membrane. In GG4 patients, blocking of AR for 4 mo to 6 mo resulted in loss of ERβ and PTEN expression and increase in patients with nuclear EGFR from 10 to 40%. In the men with GG4 PCa, blocking of adrenal synthesis of testosterone for 2 mo to 7 mo had the beneficial effect of increasing ERβ expression, but, on treatment longer than 8 mo, ERβ was lost and EGFR moved to the nucleus. Since nuclear EGFR is a predictor of poor outcome in PCa, addition of ERβ agonists together with abiraterone should be considered as a treatment that might sustain expression of ERβ and offer some benefit to patients.
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McGrath IM, Mortlock S, Montgomery GW. Genetic Regulation of Physiological Reproductive Lifespan and Female Fertility. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2556. [PMID: 33806348 PMCID: PMC7961500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial genetic variation for common traits associated with reproductive lifespan and for common diseases influencing female fertility. Progress in high-throughput sequencing and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have transformed our understanding of common genetic risk factors for complex traits and diseases influencing reproductive lifespan and fertility. The data emerging from GWAS demonstrate the utility of genetics to explain epidemiological observations, revealing shared biological pathways linking puberty timing, fertility, reproductive ageing and health outcomes. The observations also identify unique genetic risk factors specific to different reproductive diseases impacting on female fertility. Sequencing in patients with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) have identified mutations in a large number of genes while GWAS have revealed shared genetic risk factors for POI and ovarian ageing. Studies on age at menopause implicate DNA damage/repair genes with implications for follicle health and ageing. In addition to the discovery of individual genes and pathways, the increasingly powerful studies on common genetic risk factors help interpret the underlying relationships and direction of causation in the regulation of reproductive lifespan, fertility and related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (I.M.M.); (S.M.)
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Jurečeková J, Sivoňová MK, Drobková H, Híveš M, Evin D, Kliment J, Dobrota D. Association between estrogen receptor β polymorphisms and prostate cancer in a Slovak population. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:214. [PMID: 33510815 PMCID: PMC7836386 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones have important roles in the function of the prostate; however, they may also serve as factors in the initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. Estrogens, acting through estrogen receptors, may significantly affect prostate cancer development and progression. The main aim of the present study was to analyze the association between the rs3020449, rs4986938 and rs1256049 polymorphisms in the promoter region of the estrogen receptor β (ESR2) gene and prostate cancer risk in the Slovak population. A total of 510 patients with prostate cancer and 184 healthy men were included in the present study. No association between the rs4986938 and rs1256049 polymorphisms and prostate cancer development and progression was revealed; however, there was a statistically significant association between the rs3020449 GG genotype [odds ratio (OR), 2.35; P=0.002] and the G allele (OR, 1.42; P=0.005) and a higher risk of prostate cancer development. The rs3020449 GG genotype was significantly associated with a higher risk of development of carcinoma with a Gleason score >7 (OR, 2.66; P=0.005), as well as with the development of carcinoma with pT3/pT4 (OR, 2.28; P=0.02). According to the results from the present study, the rs3020449 polymorphism, in the promoter region of ESR2, may be considered to have a role in the development and progression of prostate cancer in the Slovak population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jurečeková
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Monika Kmeťová Sivoňová
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Henrieta Drobková
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Márk Híveš
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Evin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.,Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin and University Hospital Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Ján Kliment
- Clinic of Urology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin and University Hospital Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Dobrota
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
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Kobayashi T, Hwang I. Association Between Low Bone Mineral Density Risk Factors and Estrogen Receptor α Gene Polymorphisms in Japanese Female Athletes. WOMEN'S HEALTH REPORTS 2021; 2:11-19. [PMID: 33786525 PMCID: PMC7957950 DOI: 10.1089/whr.2020.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: The relationship between bone metabolism-related gene polymorphisms and low bone mineral density (BMD) risk factors in female athletes is unclear. This study aimed at investigating whether the sensitivity of low BMD risk factors to BMD depends on estrogen receptor α (ERα) gene polymorphisms in Japanese female athletes. Materials and Methods: This study included 280 collegiate female athletes from 12 competitive sports (age, 19.2 ± 1.3 years). Data on sports participation, age at menarche, menstrual cycles, prior stress fractures, and prior eating disorders were obtained through a questionnaire-type survey. Sports types were classified into endurance, esthetic, aquatic, ball, and high load in consideration of exercise load characteristics. ERα gene PvuII (rs2234693) and XbaI (rs9340799) polymorphisms were analyzed by TaqMan® assay. The total body BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: On multiple regression analysis, sports types, body mass index (BMI), menarche, and XbaI polymorphism remained robust independent predictors of BMD. However, prior stress fractures and menstrual cycles were excluded. In athletes carrying the XX+Xx genotype of XbaI polymorphism, sports types and BMI were associated with BMD. However, in athletes carrying the xx genotype of XbaI polymorphism, sports types, BMI, and menarche were associated with BMD. These results indicated that athletes carrying the xx genotype with delayed menarche had low BMD. Conclusions: In collegiate female athletes, participation in endurance, esthetic, and aquatic sports types and a low BMI are associated with low BMD. In addition, delayed menarche may negatively affect BMD in athletes carrying the xx type of ERα gene XbaI polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Faculty of Sports Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Inkwan Hwang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Yokohama, Japan
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26
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Goto T, Miyamoto H. The Role of Estrogen Receptors in Urothelial Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:643870. [PMID: 33796076 PMCID: PMC8008958 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.643870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data have indicated that there are some sex-related differences in bladder cancer. Indeed, the incidence of bladder cancer in men has been substantially higher than that in women throughout the world, while women tend to have higher stage disease and poorer prognosis. These gender disparities have prompted to investigate sex hormones and their cognitive receptors in bladder cancer. Specifically, estrogen receptors, including estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β, have been shown to contribute to urothelial carcinogenesis and cancer progression, as well as to modulating chemosensitivity in bladder cancer, although conflicting findings exist. Meanwhile, immunohistochemical studies in surgical specimens have assessed the expression of estrogen receptors and related proteins as well as its associations with clinicopathologic features of bladder cancer and patient outcomes. This review article summarizes and discusses available data indicating that estrogen receptor signaling plays an important role in urothelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Goto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Hiroshi Miyamoto,
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27
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Ma HY, Chen S, Du Y. Estrogen and estrogen receptors in kidney diseases. Ren Fail 2021; 43:619-642. [PMID: 33784950 PMCID: PMC8018493 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2021.1901739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are posing great threats to global health within this century. Studies have suggested that estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs) play important roles in many physiological processes in the kidney. For instance, they are crucial in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and modulating endothelin-1 (ET-1) system in the kidney. Estrogen takes part in the kidney repair and regeneration via its receptors. Estrogen also participates in the regulation of phosphorus homeostasis via its receptors in the proximal tubule. The ERα polymorphisms have been associated with the susceptibilities and outcomes of several renal diseases. As a consequence, the altered or dysregulated estrogen/ERs signaling pathways may contribute to a variety of kidney diseases, including various causes-induced AKI, diabetic kidney disease (DKD), lupus nephritis (LN), IgA nephropathy (IgAN), CKD complications, etc. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that targeting estrogen/ERs signaling pathways might have protective effects against certain renal disorders. However, many unsolved problems still exist in knowledge regarding the roles of estrogen and ERs in distinct kidney diseases. Further research is needed to shed light on this area and to enable the discovery of pathway-specific therapies for kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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28
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Zattarin E, Leporati R, Ligorio F, Lobefaro R, Vingiani A, Pruneri G, Vernieri C. Hormone Receptor Loss in Breast Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Settings, and Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122644. [PMID: 33316954 PMCID: PMC7764472 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (HR+ BC) accounts for approximately 75% of new BC diagnoses. Despite the undisputable progresses obtained in the treatment of HR+ BC in recent years, primary or acquired resistance to endocrine therapies still represents a clinically relevant issue, and is largely responsible for disease recurrence after curative surgery, as well as for disease progression in the metastatic setting. Among the mechanisms causing primary or acquired resistance to endocrine therapies is the loss of estrogen/progesterone receptor expression, which could make BC cells independent of estrogen stimulation and, consequently, resistant to estrogen deprivation or the pharmacological inhibition of estrogen receptors. This review aims at discussing the molecular mechanisms and the clinical implications of HR loss as a result of the therapies used in the neoadjuvant setting or for the treatment of advanced disease in HR+ BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Zattarin
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.Z.); (R.L.); (F.L.); (R.L.); (A.V.); (G.P.)
| | - Rita Leporati
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.Z.); (R.L.); (F.L.); (R.L.); (A.V.); (G.P.)
| | - Francesca Ligorio
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.Z.); (R.L.); (F.L.); (R.L.); (A.V.); (G.P.)
| | - Riccardo Lobefaro
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.Z.); (R.L.); (F.L.); (R.L.); (A.V.); (G.P.)
| | - Andrea Vingiani
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.Z.); (R.L.); (F.L.); (R.L.); (A.V.); (G.P.)
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.Z.); (R.L.); (F.L.); (R.L.); (A.V.); (G.P.)
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Vernieri
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.Z.); (R.L.); (F.L.); (R.L.); (A.V.); (G.P.)
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-2390-3650
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29
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The Genetic Background of Endometriosis: Can ESR2 and CYP19A1 Genes Be a Potential Risk Factor for Its Development? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218235. [PMID: 33153202 PMCID: PMC7663510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial foci, localized beyond their primary site, i.e., the uterine cavity. The etiology of this disease is rather complex. Its development is supported by hormonal, immunological, and environmental factors. During recent years, particular attention has been focused on the genetic mechanisms that may be of particular significance for the increased incidence rates of endometriosis. According to most recent studies, ESR2 and CYP19A1 genes may account for the potential risk factors of infertility associated with endometriosis. The paper presents a thorough review of the latest reports and data concerning the genetic background of the risk for endometriosis development.
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30
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Mal R, Magner A, David J, Datta J, Vallabhaneni M, Kassem M, Manouchehri J, Willingham N, Stover D, Vandeusen J, Sardesai S, Williams N, Wesolowski R, Lustberg M, Ganju RK, Ramaswamy B, Cherian MA. Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ): A Ligand Activated Tumor Suppressor. Front Oncol 2020; 10:587386. [PMID: 33194742 PMCID: PMC7645238 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.587386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) belong to a superfamily of nuclear receptors called steroid hormone receptors, which, upon binding ligand, dimerize and translocate to the nucleus where they activate or repress the transcription of a large number of genes, thus modulating critical physiologic processes. ERβ has multiple isoforms that show differing association with prognosis. Expression levels of the full length ERβ1 isoform are often lower in aggressive cancers as compared to normal tissue. High ERβ1 expression is associated with improved overall survival in women with breast cancer. The promise of ERβ activation, as a potential targeted therapy, is based on concurrent activation of multiple tumor suppressor pathways with few side effects compared to chemotherapy. Thus, ERβ is a nuclear receptor with broad-spectrum tumor suppressor activity, which could serve as a potential treatment target in a variety of human cancers including breast cancer. Further development of highly selective agonists that lack ERα agonist activity, will be necessary to fully harness the potential of ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mal
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alexa Magner
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joel David
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jharna Datta
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Meghna Vallabhaneni
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mahmoud Kassem
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Stefanie Spielman Comprehensive Breast Cancer, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jasmine Manouchehri
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Natalie Willingham
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Stover
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Stefanie Spielman Comprehensive Breast Cancer, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jeffery Vandeusen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Stefanie Spielman Comprehensive Breast Cancer, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sagar Sardesai
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Stefanie Spielman Comprehensive Breast Cancer, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nicole Williams
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Stefanie Spielman Comprehensive Breast Cancer, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Robert Wesolowski
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Stefanie Spielman Comprehensive Breast Cancer, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Maryam Lustberg
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Stefanie Spielman Comprehensive Breast Cancer, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ramesh K Ganju
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bhuvaneswari Ramaswamy
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Stefanie Spielman Comprehensive Breast Cancer, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mathew A Cherian
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Stefanie Spielman Comprehensive Breast Cancer, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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31
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Dumitrascu MC, Mares C, Petca RC, Sandru F, Popescu RI, Mehedintu C, Petca A. Carcinogenic effects of bisphenol A in breast and ovarian cancers. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:282. [PMID: 33014160 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous chemical compounds ubiquitously found in everyday life of the modern world. EDCs enter the human body where they act similarly to endogenous hormones, altering the functions of the endocrine system and causing adverse effects on human health. Bisphenol A (BPA), the principal representative of this class, is a carbon-based synthetic plastic, and a key element in manufacturing cans, reusable water bottles and medical equipment. BPA mimics the actions of estrogen on multiple levels by activating estrogen receptors α and β. BPA regulates various processes, such as cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis, leading to neoplastic changes. Considering genetic mechanisms, BPA exerts its functions via multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, including the STAT3, PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Furthermore, BPA is associated with various modifications of the reproductive system in both males and females. These alterations include benign lesions, such as endometrial hyperplasia, the development of ovarian cysts, an increase in the ductal density of mammary gland cells and other preneoplastic lesions. These benign lesions may continue to develop to breast or ovarian cancer; the effects of BPA depend on various molecular and epigenetic mechanisms that dictate whether the endocrine or reproductive system is impacted, wherein preexisting benign lesions can become cancerous. The present review supports the need for continuous research on BPA, considering its widespread use and most available data suggesting a carcinogenic effect of BPA on the female reproductive system. Although most studies on BPA have been conducted in vitro with human cells or in vivo with animal models, it can be argued that more studies should be conducted in vivo with humans to further promote understanding of the impact of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Cristian Dumitrascu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Mares
- Department of Urology, 'Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele' Clinical Hospital, 050659 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan-Cosmin Petca
- Department of Urology, 'Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele' Clinical Hospital, 050659 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Urology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florica Sandru
- Department of Dermatology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan-Ionut Popescu
- Department of Urology, 'Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele' Clinical Hospital, 050659 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudia Mehedintu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Malaxa Clinical Hospital, 022441 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aida Petca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
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32
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Jeffreys SA, Powter B, Balakrishnar B, Mok K, Soon P, Franken A, Neubauer H, de Souza P, Becker TM. Endocrine Resistance in Breast Cancer: The Role of Estrogen Receptor Stability. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092077. [PMID: 32932819 PMCID: PMC7564140 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy of hormone receptor positive breast cancer (BCa) generally targets estrogen receptor (ER) function and signaling by reducing estrogen production or by blocking its interaction with the ER. Despite good long-term responses, resistance to treatment remains a significant issue, with approximately 40% of BCa patients developing resistance to ET. Mutations in the gene encoding ERα, ESR1, have been identified in BCa patients and are implicated as drivers of resistance and disease recurrence. Understanding the molecular consequences of these mutations on ER protein levels and its activity, which is tightly regulated, is vital. ER activity is in part controlled via its short protein half-life and therefore changes to its stability, either through mutations or alterations in pathways involved in protein stability, may play a role in therapy resistance. Understanding these connections and how ESR1 alterations could affect protein stability may identify novel biomarkers of resistance. This review explores the current reported data regarding posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of the ER and the potential impact of known resistance associated ESR1 mutations on ER regulation by affecting these PTMs in the context of ET resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Jeffreys
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cells Diagnostics & Research, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool NSW 2170, Australia; (B.P.); (P.S.); (A.F.); (P.d.S.); (T.M.B.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown NSW 2560, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-873-89022
| | - Branka Powter
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cells Diagnostics & Research, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool NSW 2170, Australia; (B.P.); (P.S.); (A.F.); (P.d.S.); (T.M.B.)
| | - Bavanthi Balakrishnar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool NSW 2170, Australia; (B.B.); (K.M.)
| | - Kelly Mok
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool NSW 2170, Australia; (B.B.); (K.M.)
| | - Patsy Soon
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cells Diagnostics & Research, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool NSW 2170, Australia; (B.P.); (P.S.); (A.F.); (P.d.S.); (T.M.B.)
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool NSW 2170, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Bankstown NSW 2200, Australia
| | - André Franken
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cells Diagnostics & Research, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool NSW 2170, Australia; (B.P.); (P.S.); (A.F.); (P.d.S.); (T.M.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Hans Neubauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Paul de Souza
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cells Diagnostics & Research, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool NSW 2170, Australia; (B.P.); (P.S.); (A.F.); (P.d.S.); (T.M.B.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown NSW 2560, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool NSW 2170, Australia; (B.B.); (K.M.)
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Therese M. Becker
- Centre for Circulating Tumour Cells Diagnostics & Research, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool NSW 2170, Australia; (B.P.); (P.S.); (A.F.); (P.d.S.); (T.M.B.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown NSW 2560, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool NSW 2170, Australia
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33
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Cimmino I, Fiory F, Perruolo G, Miele C, Beguinot F, Formisano P, Oriente F. Potential Mechanisms of Bisphenol A (BPA) Contributing to Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5761. [PMID: 32796699 PMCID: PMC7460848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic synthetic compound serving as a monomer to produce polycarbonate plastic, widely used in the packaging for food and drinks, medical devices, thermal paper, and dental materials. BPA can contaminate food, beverage, air, and soil. It accumulates in several human tissues and organs and is potentially harmful to human health through different molecular mechanisms. Due to its hormone-like properties, BPA may bind to estrogen receptors, thereby affecting both body weight and tumorigenesis. BPA may also affect metabolism and cancer progression, by interacting with GPR30, and may impair male reproductive function, by binding to androgen receptors. Several transcription factors, including PPARγ, C/EBP, Nrf2, HOX, and HAND2, are involved in BPA action on fat and liver homeostasis, the cardiovascular system, and cancer. Finally, epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histones modification, and changes in microRNAs expression contribute to BPA pathological effects. This review aims to provide an extensive and comprehensive analysis of the most recent evidence about the potential mechanisms by which BPA affects human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples and URT “Genomic of Diabetes” of Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Council of Research (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (F.F.); (G.P.); (C.M.); (F.B.); (F.O.)
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34
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Abou-Ismail MY, Citla Sridhar D, Nayak L. Estrogen and thrombosis: A bench to bedside review. Thromb Res 2020; 192:40-51. [PMID: 32450447 PMCID: PMC7341440 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen, in the clinical setting is used primarily for contraception and hormone replacement therapy. It has been well established that estrogen increases the risk of both arterial and venous thrombosis. While estrogen is known to induce a prothrombotic milieu through various effects on the hemostatic pathways, the exact molecular mechanism leading to those effects is not known. The most common clinical presentation of estrogen-related thrombosis is venous thromboembolism (VTE) of the deep veins of the legs or pulmonary vessels, usually within the first few months of use. Estrogen has also been associated with increased risk of "unusual site" thromboses, as well as arterial thrombosis. Women at high-risk of thrombosis need careful evaluation and counseling for contraception, pregnancy, menopausal hormonal therapy and other estrogen-related conditions or treatments in order to lower the risk of thromboses. We review the most recent evidence on management of high-estrogen states in women at high-risk of thrombosis, as well as emerging data on unique populations such as transgender women. More studies are needed to better understand the pathophysiology of hormone-related thrombosis, as well as more comprehensive techniques to stratify risks for thrombosis so as to enable tailoring of recommendations for each individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamed Yazan Abou-Ismail
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Divyaswathi Citla Sridhar
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Lalitha Nayak
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.
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35
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Langdon SP, Herrington CS, Hollis RL, Gourley C. Estrogen Signaling and Its Potential as a Target for Therapy in Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061647. [PMID: 32580290 PMCID: PMC7352420 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) has functionality in selected ovarian cancer subtypes and represents a potential target for therapy. The majority (>80%) of high grade serous, low grade serous and endometrioid carcinomas and many granulosa cell tumors express ER-alpha (ERα), and these tumor types have demonstrated responses to endocrine therapy (tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors) in multiple clinical studies. Biomarkers of responses to these drugs are actively being sought to help identify responsive cancers. Evidence for both pro-proliferative and pro-migratory roles for ERα has been obtained in model systems. ER-beta (ERβ) is generally considered to have a tumor suppressor role in ovarian cancer cells, being associated with the repression of cell growth and invasion. The differential expression of the specific ERβ isoforms may determine functionality within ovarian cancer cells. The more recently identified G protein-coupled receptor (GPER1; GPR30) has been shown to mediate both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting action in ovarian cancer cells, suggesting a more complex role. This review will summarize recent findings in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P. Langdon
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Edinburgh Pathology, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)131-651-8694
| | - C. Simon Herrington
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Edinburgh Pathology, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK;
- The Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (R.L.H.); (C.G.)
| | - Robert L. Hollis
- The Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (R.L.H.); (C.G.)
| | - Charlie Gourley
- The Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (R.L.H.); (C.G.)
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Estrogen Receptors and Estrogen-Induced Uterine Vasodilation in Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124349. [PMID: 32570961 PMCID: PMC7352873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal pregnancy is associated with dramatic increases in uterine blood flow to facilitate the bidirectional maternal–fetal exchanges of respiratory gases and to provide sole nutrient support for fetal growth and survival. The mechanism(s) underlying pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation remain incompletely understood, but this is associated with elevated estrogens, which stimulate specific estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent vasodilator production in the uterine artery (UA). The classical ERs (ERα and ERβ) and the plasma-bound G protein-coupled ER (GPR30/GPER) are expressed in UA endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, mediating the vasodilatory effects of estrogens through genomic and/or nongenomic pathways that are likely epigenetically modified. The activation of these three ERs by estrogens enhances the endothelial production of nitric oxide (NO), which has been shown to play a key role in uterine vasodilation during pregnancy. However, the local blockade of NO biosynthesis only partially attenuates estrogen-induced and pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation, suggesting that mechanisms other than NO exist to mediate uterine vasodilation. In this review, we summarize the literature on the role of NO in ER-mediated mechanisms controlling estrogen-induced and pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation and our recent work on a “new” UA vasodilator hydrogen sulfide (H2S) that has dramatically changed our view of how estrogens regulate uterine vasodilation in pregnancy.
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Li D, Tong Y, Li Y. Dietary Fiber Is Inversely Associated With Depressive Symptoms in Premenopausal Women. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:373. [PMID: 32435179 PMCID: PMC7218088 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An inverse association between dietary fiber intake and depressive symptoms was reported in the general population, but this association is unstudied in midlife women. This study was designed to investigate the association of dietary fiber intake with depressive symptoms in midlife women. METHODS Analyses for this cross-sectional study were performed on baseline assessment of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Linear regressions were used to examine the association of fiber intake with Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) score. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline analyses were used to examine the association between fiber intake and depressive symptoms (CES-D score ≥ 16). RESULTS A total of 3054 midlife women in our study were stratified into premenopausal women and early perimenopausal women by menstrual bleeding patterns. In premenopausal women, dietary fiber intake was inversely associated with CES-D scores in unadjusted, age-, education-, race/ethnicity-, total family income-, BMI-, sport-, use of antidepressant-, dietary total caloric intake-, SHBG-, and FSH-adjusted linear regression model. The fully adjusted regression coefficient with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of fiber intakes was -0.146 (-0.235, -0.058) for CES-D score. Fiber intake was inversely associated with depressive symptoms (CES-D score ≥ 16) in crude and fully adjusted logistic regression model. The fully adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CI of depressive symptoms was 0.483 (0.314-0.745) in quartile 4 compared with quartile 1 for fiber intake. However, in early perimenopausal women, dietary fiber intake was not statistically significantly associated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Dietary fiber is inversely associated with depressive symptoms in premenopausal women, but not in early perimenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqing Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Kokane SS, Perrotti LI. Sex Differences and the Role of Estradiol in Mesolimbic Reward Circuits and Vulnerability to Cocaine and Opiate Addiction. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:74. [PMID: 32508605 PMCID: PMC7251038 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although both men and women become addicted to drugs of abuse, women transition to addiction faster, experience greater difficulties remaining abstinent, and relapse more often than men. In both humans and rodents, hormonal cycles are associated with females' faster progression to addiction. Higher concentrations and fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones in females modulate the mesolimbic reward system and influence reward-directed behavior. For example, in female rodents, estradiol (E2) influences dopamine activity within the mesolimbic reward system such that drug-directed behaviors that are normally rewarding and reinforcing become enhanced when circulating levels of E2 are high. Therefore, neuroendocrine interactions, in part, explain sex differences in behaviors motivated by drug reward. Here, we review sex differences in the physiology and function of the mesolimbic reward system in order to explore the notion that sex differences in response to drugs of abuse, specifically cocaine and opiates, are the result of molecular neuroadaptations that differentially develop depending upon the hormonal state of the animal. We also reconsider the notion that ovarian hormones, specifically estrogen/estradiol, sensitize target neurons thereby increasing responsivity when under the influence of either cocaine or opiates or in response to exposure to drug-associated cues. These adaptations may ultimately serve to guide the motivational behaviors that underlie the factors that cause women to be more vulnerable to cocaine and opiate addiction than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Kokane
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Linda I Perrotti
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
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Jin J, Wu P, Zhang X, Li D, Wong WL, Lu YJ, Sun N, Zhang K. Understanding the interaction of estrogenic ligands with estrogen receptors: a survey of the functional and binding kinetic studies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2020; 38:142-168. [PMID: 32500833 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2020.1761204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of estrogen actions and their interaction characteristics with estrogen receptors (ERs) to induce unique functional features inside cells have allowed us to understand better the regulation of many vital physiological and cellular processes in humans. The biological effects of estrogenic ligands or compounds are mediated via estrogen receptors that act as the ligand-activated transcription factors. Therefore, the study on ligand-ER interaction properties and mechanism of ligand-ER complexes binding to specific estrogen response elements located in the promoters of target genes are very critical to realize the complicated biological process regulated by the endogenous estrogens. Several reviews have provided comprehensive and updated information on the influence of estrogen receptors in health and disease. However, the mechanism of estrogen-ERs binding and affinity aspects at molecular level is relatively under-investigated. This review thus aims to shed light on the significance of the binding kinetics of ligand-ER interactions because the information provide great assistance to define how a ligand or a drug can communicate with physiology to produce a desired therapeutic response. In addition, the most frequently used methodologies for the binding kinetic study are highlighted over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Jin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China and International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Panpan Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China and International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China and International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China and International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Wing-Leung Wong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China and International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jing Lu
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ning Sun
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China and International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
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Chantalat E, Valera MC, Vaysse C, Noirrit E, Rusidze M, Weyl A, Vergriete K, Buscail E, Lluel P, Fontaine C, Arnal JF, Lenfant F. Estrogen Receptors and Endometriosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082815. [PMID: 32316608 PMCID: PMC7215544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a frequent and chronic inflammatory disease with impacts on reproduction, health and quality of life. This disorder is highly estrogen-dependent and the purpose of hormonal treatments is to decrease the endogenous ovarian production of estrogens. High estrogen production is a consistently observed endocrine feature of endometriosis. mRNA and protein levels of estrogen receptors (ER) are different between a normal healthy endometrium and ectopic/eutopic endometrial lesions: endometriotic stromal cells express extraordinarily higher ERβ and significantly lower ERα levels compared with endometrial stromal cells. Aberrant epigenetic regulation such as DNA methylation in endometriotic cells is associated with the pathogenesis and development of endometriosis. Although there is a large body of data regarding ERs in endometriosis, our understanding of the roles of ERα and ERβ in the pathogenesis of endometriosis remains incomplete. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the links between endometriosis, ERs and the recent advances of treatment strategies based on ERs modulation. We will also attempt to summarize the current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of ERs and how this could pave the way to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Chantalat
- IUCT Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France
- INSERM-UPS UMR U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, BP 84225, CEDEX 04, 31 432 Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Valera
- INSERM-UPS UMR U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, BP 84225, CEDEX 04, 31 432 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Emmanuelle Noirrit
- INSERM-UPS UMR U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, BP 84225, CEDEX 04, 31 432 Toulouse, France
| | - Mariam Rusidze
- INSERM-UPS UMR U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, BP 84225, CEDEX 04, 31 432 Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Etienne Buscail
- Department of Visceral Surgery, CHU Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Coralie Fontaine
- INSERM-UPS UMR U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, BP 84225, CEDEX 04, 31 432 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- INSERM-UPS UMR U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, BP 84225, CEDEX 04, 31 432 Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- INSERM-UPS UMR U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, BP 84225, CEDEX 04, 31 432 Toulouse, France
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Balthazart J. How technical progress reshaped behavioral neuroendocrinology during the last 50 years… and some methodological remarks. Horm Behav 2020; 118:104682. [PMID: 31927020 PMCID: PMC7019036 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The first issue of Hormones and Behavior was published 50 years ago in 1969, a time when most of the techniques we currently use in Behavioral Endocrinology were not available. Researchers have during the last 5 decades developed techniques that allow measuring hormones in small volumes of biological samples, identify the sites where steroids act in the brain to activate sexual behavior, characterize and quantify gene expression correlated with behavior expression, modify this expression in a specific manner, and manipulate the activity of selected neuronal populations by chemogenetic and optogenetic techniques. This technical progress has considerably transformed the field and has been very beneficial for our understanding of the endocrine controls of behavior in general, but it did also come with some caveats. The facilitation of scientific investigations came with some relaxation of methodological exigency. Some critical controls are no longer performed on a regular basis and complex techniques supplied as ready to use kits are implemented without precise knowledge of their limitations. We present here a selective review of the most important of these new techniques, their potential problems and how they changed our view of the hormonal control of behavior. Fortunately, the scientific endeavor is a self-correcting process. The problems have been identified and corrections have been proposed. The next decades will obviously be filled with exciting discoveries in behavioral neuroendocrinology.
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Pagano MT, Ortona E, Dupuis ML. A Role for Estrogen Receptor alpha36 in Cancer Progression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:506. [PMID: 32849292 PMCID: PMC7411082 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) functions as a ligand dependent transcription factor that directly binds specific estrogen responsive elements, thus regulating the transcription of estrogen sensitive genes. ERα has also been shown to be associated with the plasma membrane (membrane associated ERα, mERα), concentrated in lipid rafts, plasma membrane microdomains with a distinct lipid composition, where it transduces membrane-initiated estrogen-dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway. Two isoforms of ERα have been described: the "traditional" ERα66 (66 kDa) and a lower molecular weight variant: the ERα46 (46 kDa). More recently, a novel ERα variant with a molecular mass of 36 kDa (ERα36) has been discovered. Notably, ERα36 has been found expressed in different human tumor cells, including both ER- positive and ER- negative breast cancer cells. Estrogen signaling at the cell membrane via ERα36 appears as capable of activating multiple pathways of importance for cancer aggressiveness and metastatic potential. The presence of serum autoantibodies reacting with mERα (anti-ERα Abs) in a large percentage of patients with breast cancer has recently been reported by our group. These anti-ERα Abs seem to act as estrogen agonists rapidly triggering MAP kinase pathway activation thus inducing tumor cell proliferation and overcoming cell resistance to anti-estrogen drug tamoxifen. In this review, we describe the involvement of ERα36 in different tumors. We also report the potential pathogenetic activity of anti-ERα Abs and their implication in drug resistance.
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Acharya KD, Gao X, Bless EP, Chen J, Tetel MJ. Estradiol and high fat diet associate with changes in gut microbiota in female ob/ob mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20192. [PMID: 31882890 PMCID: PMC6934844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens protect against diet-induced obesity in women and female rodents. For example, a lack of estrogens in postmenopausal women is associated with an increased risk of weight gain, cardiovascular diseases, low-grade inflammation, and cancer. Estrogens act with leptin to regulate energy homeostasis in females. Leptin-deficient mice (ob/ob) exhibit morbid obesity and insulin resistance. The gut microbiome is also critical in regulating metabolism. The present study investigates whether estrogens and leptin modulate gut microbiota in ovariectomized ob/ob (obese) or heterozygote (lean) mice fed high-fat diet (HFD) that received either 17β-Estradiol (E2) or vehicle implants. E2 attenuated weight gain in both genotypes. Moreover, both obesity (ob/ob mice) and E2 were associated with reduced gut microbial diversity. ob/ob mice exhibited lower species richness than control mice, while E2-treated mice had reduced evenness compared with vehicle mice. Regarding taxa, E2 was associated with an increased abundance of the S24-7 family, while leptin was associated with increases in Coriobacteriaceae, Clostridium and Lactobacillus. Some taxa were affected by both E2 and leptin, suggesting these hormones alter gut microbiota of HFD-fed female mice. Understanding the role of E2 and leptin in regulating gut microbiota will provide important insights into hormone-dependent metabolic disorders in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana D Acharya
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA.
| | - Xing Gao
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Bless
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Health Sciences Research & Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Marc J Tetel
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
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Herichova I, Reis R, Hasakova K, Vician M, Zeman M. Sex-dependent regulation of estrogen receptor beta in human colorectal cancer tissue and its relationship with clock genes and VEGF-A expression. Physiol Res 2019; 68:S297-S305. [PMID: 31928047 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) shows a sex-dependent difference in humans. The aim of this study was to analyze estrogen receptor beta mRNA (ERbeta) expression in patients with CRC with respect to their gender and clinicopathological features. Since cancer progression is accompanied by tumor vascularization, VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A) transcription was analyzed along with ERbeta mRNA. ERbeta mRNA was also correlated with the expression of clock genes, which are known to influence the cell cycle. ERbeta mRNA expression in females with CRC showed an inverse association with increasing tumor staging that was not observed in males. Lower levels of ERbeta mRNA were observed in females with a higher clinical stage compared with those with earlier-stage tumors. ERbeta mRNA expression showed a significant positive correlation with mRNA of clock genes period 2 and cryptochrome 2 in healthy but not in cancerous tissue in males. Expression of VEGF-A mRNA showed a negative correlation with ERbeta mRNA after splitting of the cohort according to gender and nodus involvement. We propose that gender differences in ERbeta mRNA expression in tumors during the early stages of CRC can partially explain the lower occurrence of CRC in females compared with males.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Herichova
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Chen C, Gong X, Yang X, Shang X, Du Q, Liao Q, Xie R, Chen Y, Xu J. The roles of estrogen and estrogen receptors in gastrointestinal disease. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5673-5680. [PMID: 31788039 PMCID: PMC6865762 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is an important sex steroid hormone which serves an important role in the regulation of a number of biological functions, including regulating bone density, brain function, cholesterol mobilization, electrolyte balance, skin physiology, the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system and female reproductive organs. Estrogen exhibits various functions through binding to its specific receptors, estrogen receptor α, estrogen receptor β and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1. In recent years, researchers have demonstrated that estrogen and its receptors serve an important role in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and contribute to the progression of a number of GI diseases, including gastroesophageal reflux, esophageal cancer, peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and colon cancer. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of estrogen and its receptors in GI disease, and highlight potential avenues for the prevention and treatment of GI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Gong
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Xianhui Shang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Qiushi Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Yuanshou Chen
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
- Professor Yuanshou Chen, Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu West Road, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Professor Jingyu Xu, Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Estrogen Receptors in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101418. [PMID: 31548498 PMCID: PMC6826537 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) remains a widespread malignancy in men. Since the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) axis is associated with the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, suppression of AR-dependent signaling by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) still represents the primary intervention for this disease. Despite the initial response, prostate cancer frequently develops resistance to ADT and progresses. As such, the disease becomes metastatic and few therapeutic options are available at this stage. Although the majority of studies are focused on the role of AR signaling, compelling evidence has shown that estrogens and their receptors control prostate cancer initiation and progression through a still debated mechanism. Epithelial versus mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in metastatic spread as well as drug-resistance of human cancers, and many studies on the role of this process in prostate cancer progression have been reported. We discuss here the findings on the role of estrogen/estrogen receptor (ER) axis in epithelial versus mesenchymal transition of prostate cancer cells. The pending questions concerning this issue are presented, together with the impact of the available data in clinical management of prostate cancer patients.
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Sumi MP, Guru SA, Mir R, Masroor M, Bhat MA, Girish MP, Saxena A. Clinical Importance of Estrogen Receptor 1 ( ESR1) Gene Polymorphisms and Their Expression Patterns in Coronary Artery Disease Patients: A Study from India. Indian J Clin Biochem 2019; 34:133-142. [PMID: 31092986 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-019-00827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The influence of Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) gene -397T>C (PvuII) and -351A>G (XbaI) polymorphisms on the risk of development of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the north Indian population was analysed. We hypothesized that ESR1 gene polymorphisms may influence the susceptibility to CAD through variation in Estrogen Receptor α (ERα) expression. To assess this concept, we evaluated ERα mRNA expression in blood plasma of CAD patients. The study included hundred CAD patients who showed presence of greater than 50% luminal stenosis in at least one major coronary artery in angiography along with hundred age and sex matched healthy controls. The ESR1 polymorphisms were investigated by PCR-RFLP. Quantitative Real Time PCR was carried out for the measurement of ERα mRNA expression. The results showed that genotypic frequencies of ESR1 -397T>C and -351A>G gene polymorphisms were significantly higher in CAD patients than control subjects (p < 0.0001). A significantly increased CAD risk was also found in dominant and codominant inheritance model for both of the SNPs. In gender based analysis these findings were replicated only in male subgroup. In case of -397T>C polymorphism, the ERα mRNA expression was highest in CAD patients with wild type homozygous TT genotype (2-∆ct = 0.28). A mutant 'C' allele, dose dependent, significant decrease in trend in ERα mRNA expression was observed, with lowest expression in mutant homozygous CC genotype (2-∆ct = 0.09), and intermediate expression level in heterozygous TC genotype (2-∆ct = 0.14) subgroups of CAD patients. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a significantly heightened risk of CAD associated with the inheritance of mutant genotypes of ESR1 -397T>C and -351A>G gene polymorphisms, in the north Indian population. This is the first report of a lowered ERα mRNA expression in conjunction with the presence of mutant 'C' allele of ESR1 -397T>C polymorphism with consequent increased CAD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta P Sumi
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sameer Ahmad Guru
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashid Mir
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mirza Masroor
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Musadiq A Bhat
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - M P Girish
- 2Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Hospital, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Saxena
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Changes in Gastric Smooth Muscle Cell Contraction during Pregnancy: Effect of Estrogen. J Pregnancy 2019; 2019:4302309. [PMID: 31080672 PMCID: PMC6475543 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4302309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that pregnancy is associated with frequent gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and symptoms. Moreover, previous reports have shown that estrogen, which changes in levels during pregnancy, participates in the regulation of GI motility and is involved in the pathogenesis of various functional disorders in the stomach. The aim of the current study was to explore the changes in the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and examine the effect of estrogen on nitric oxide- (NO-) cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway and thus relaxation in gastric smooth muscle cells (GSMC) during pregnancy. Single GSMC from early-pregnant and late-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Protein and mRNA expression levels of ERs were measured via specifically designed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. NO and cGMP levels were measured via specifically designed ELISA kits. Effect of estrogen on acetylcholine- (ACh-) induced contraction of single GSMC was measured via scanning micrometry in the presence or absence of the NO synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), or guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3,-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). Estrogen increased both NO and cGMP levels and their levels were greater in early compared to late pregnancy. Expression of ERs was greater in early compared to late pregnancy. ACh induced greater contraction of GSMC in late pregnancy compared to early pregnancy. Estrogen inhibited ACh-induced contraction in both periods of pregnancy. Importantly, pretreatment of GSMC with either L-NNA or ODQ abolished estrogen inhibitory action on muscle contraction. In conclusion, GSMC contractile behavior undergoes drastic changes in response to estrogen during pregnancy and this might explain some of the pregnancy-associated gastric disorders.
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Xue Q, Liu X, Liu XC, Pan WX, Fu JJ, Zhang AQ. The Effect of Structural Diversity on Ligand Specificity and Resulting Signaling Differences of Estrogen Receptor α. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1002-1013. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Xiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, P.R. China
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Sarne V, Braunmueller S, Rakob L, Seeboeck R. The Relevance of Gender in Tumor-Influencing Epigenetic Traits. EPIGENOMES 2019; 3:epigenomes3010006. [PMID: 34991275 PMCID: PMC8594720 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes3010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis as well as the molecular orchestration of cancer progression are very complex mechanisms that comprise numerous elements of influence and regulation. Today, many of the major concepts are well described and a basic understanding of a tumor's fine-tuning is given. Throughout the last decade epigenetics has been featured in cancer research and it is now clear that the underlying mechanisms, especially DNA and histone modifications, are important regulators of carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Another key regulator, which is well known but has been neglected in scientific approaches as well as molecular diagnostics and, consequently, treatment conceptualization for a long time, is the subtle influence patient gender has on molecular processes. Naturally, this is greatly based on hormonal differences, but from an epigenetic point of view, the diverse susceptibility to stress and environmental influences is of prime interest. In this review we present the current view on which and how epigenetic modifications, emphasizing DNA methylation, regulate various tumor diseases. It is our aim to elucidate gender and epigenetics and their interconnectedness, which will contribute to understanding of the prospect molecular orchestration of cancer in individual tumors.
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