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De-Marco V, Carvalho LR, Guzzo MF, Oliveira PS, Gomes LG, Mendonca BB. An activating mutation in the CRHR1 gene is rarely associated with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in poodles. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2017; 72:575-581. [PMID: 29069262 PMCID: PMC5629736 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2017(09)09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism is the most common cause of naturally occurring hypercortisolism in dogs. CRHR1 expression in human and dog corticotrophinomas suggested that this gene affects pituitary tumorigenesis. The present study aimed to investigate mutations in the CRHR1 coding region in poodles with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. METHODS Fifty poodles with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and 50 healthy poodles were studied. Genomic DNA was amplified by PCR and analyzed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS The novel CRHR1 p.V97M mutation was identified in one dog. This valine residue, located in the amino-terminal extracellular domain, exhibits high affinity for its corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) ligand. Bioinformatic analysis revealed structural rearrangements in the mutant protein, with a 17% increase in the surface binding affinity between CRHR1 and CRH. In vitro functional studies showed that mutant CRHR1 induced higher ACTH secretion than the wild type after stimulation with human CRH. CONCLUSION These results suggest that germline activating mutations in CRHR1 may be a rare cause of pituitary hyperadrenocorticism in poodles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviani De-Marco
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Curso de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidade de Santo Amaro, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding authors. E-mail: /
| | - Luciani R. Carvalho
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Mariana F. Guzzo
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | | | - Larissa G. Gomes
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Berenice B. Mendonca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding authors. E-mail: /
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Cassarino MF, Sesta A, Pagliardini L, Losa M, Lasio G, Cavagnini F, Pecori Giraldi F. Proopiomelanocortin, glucocorticoid, and CRH receptor expression in human ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Endocrine 2017; 55:853-860. [PMID: 27220856 PMCID: PMC5316398 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ACTH-secreting pituitary tumors are by definition partially autonomous, i.e., secrete ACTH independent of physiological control. However, only few, small-sized studies on proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and its regulation by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) or glucocorticoids are available. Objective of the present study was to report on constitutive and CRH- and dexamethasone-regulated POMC, CRH (CRH-R1), and glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) gene expression in a large series of human corticotrope adenomas. Fifty-three ACTH-secreting adenomas were incubated with 10 nM CRH or 10 nM dexamethasone for 24 h. POMC, CRH-R1, NR3C1, and its alpha and beta isoforms were quantified and medium ACTH measured. Constitutive POMC expression proved extremely variable, with macroadenomas exhibiting higher levels than microadenomas. POMC increased during CRH in most specimens; conversely, changes induced by dexamethasone were varied, ranging from decrease to paradoxical increase. No correlation between POMC and ACTH was detected in any experimental condition. CRH-R1 expression was not linked to the response to CRH while NR3C1 was expressed at greater levels in specimens who failed to inhibit during dexamethasone; glucocorticoid receptor α was the more abundant isoform and subject to down-regulation by dexamethasone. Our results demonstrate a considerable variability in POMC expression among tumors and no correlation between POMC and ACTH, suggesting that POMC peptide processing/transport plays a major role in modulating ACTH secretion. Further, CRH-R1 and NR3C1 expression were not linked to the expected ligand-induced outcome, indicating that receptor signaling rather than abundance determines corticotrope responses. Our findings pave the way to new avenues of research into Cushing's disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Cassarino
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Sesta
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Pagliardini
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Losa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale San Raffaele IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lasio
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Cavagnini
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pecori Giraldi
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.
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Li MJ, Niu JK, Miao YL. Relationship between brain-gut axis and inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:1097-1103. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i7.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The incidence of IBD has increased dramatically year by year in China. Currently, the IBD research is focused on genetically predisposed factors, immune response, environmental triggers and infections. However, the etiology of IBD is still unclear. Recently, more attention has been paid to the research of neural regulation affecting the progression of IBD. Previous research has revealed that psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune modulation through the brain-gut axis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IBD. It is important to explore other psychotherapies applied to adjutant therapy in IBD. This review reviews the recent advances in understanding the relationship between the brain-gut axis and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Hauger RL, Risbrough V, Brauns O, Dautzenberg FM. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor signaling in the central nervous system: new molecular targets. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2006; 5:453-79. [PMID: 16918397 PMCID: PMC1925123 DOI: 10.2174/187152706777950684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and the related urocortin peptides mediate behavioral, cognitive, autonomic, neuroendocrine and immunologic responses to aversive stimuli by activating CRF(1) or CRF(2) receptors in the central nervous system and anterior pituitary. Markers of hyperactive central CRF systems, including CRF hypersecretion and abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, have been identified in subpopulations of patients with anxiety, stress and depressive disorders. Because CRF receptors are rapidly desensitized in the presence of high agonist concentrations, CRF hypersecretion alone may be insufficient to account for the enhanced CRF neurotransmission observed in these patients. Concomitant dysregulation of mechanisms stringently controlling magnitude and duration of CRF receptor signaling also may contribute to this phenomenon. While it is well established that the CRF(1) receptor mediates many anxiety- and depression-like behaviors as well as HPA axis stress responses, CRF(2) receptor functions are not well understood at present. One hypothesis holds that CRF(1) receptor activation initiates fear and anxiety-like responses, while CRF(2) receptor activation re-establishes homeostasis by counteracting the aversive effects of CRF(1) receptor signaling. An alternative hypothesis posits that CRF(1) and CRF(2) receptors contribute to opposite defensive modes, with CRF(1) receptors mediating active defensive responses triggered by escapable stressors, and CRF(2) receptors mediating anxiety- and depression-like responses induced by inescapable, uncontrollable stressors. CRF(1) receptor antagonists are being developed as novel treatments for affective and stress disorders. If it is confirmed that the CRF(2) receptor contributes importantly to anxiety and depression, the development of small molecule CRF(2) receptor antagonists would be therapeutically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Hauger
- San Diego VA Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 929093-0603, USA.
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Abstract
Numerous factors have been shown to govern adenohypophysial cell proliferation. Human and animal models have documented that the hypothalamic trophic hormone growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulates cell proliferation, and prolonged stimulation leads to tumor formation. Similarly, lack of dopaminergic inhibition of lactotrophs and lack of feedback suppression by adrenal, gonadal or thyroid hormones are implicated, perhaps through hypothalamic stimulatory mechanisms, in pituitary adenoma formation superimposed on hyperplasia. However, most pituitary tumors are not associated with underlying hyperplasia. Overexpression of growth factors and their receptors, such as EGF, TGFalpha, EGF-R and VEGF has been identified in pituitary adenomas, and reduction of follistatin expression has been implicated in gonadotroph adenomas. Aberrant expression of members of the FGF family, an FGF antisense gene and FGF receptors have all been described in pituitary adenomas. The clonal composition of pituitary adenomas attests to the molecular basis of pituitary tumorigenesis, however, the evidence suggests that these various hypophysiotropic hormones and growth factors likely play a role as promoters of tumor cell growth in genetically transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ezzat
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and The Freeman Centre for Endocrine Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
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Cantarella G, Lempereur L, Lombardo G, Chiarenza A, Pafumi C, Zappalà G, Bernardini R. Divergent effects of corticotropin releasing hormone on endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase are associated with different expression of CRH type 1 and 2 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:837-44. [PMID: 11606324 PMCID: PMC1573013 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Endothelium is a target for an array of factors involved in inflammation. Endothelial cells express receptors for CRH, a neuropeptide produced during inflammation. We report both the concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of CRH upon cytokine-stimulated nitrite release by H5V murine endothelioma cells, and its stimulatory one in HUVEC cells. 2. Western blot analysis showed that CRH inhibits cytokine-stimulated iNOS protein in H5V cells, and, instead, potentiated it in HUVEC cells. 3. H5V cells expressed both CRH receptors (CRH-R1 and R2) mRNAs, whereas HUVEC cells expressed the CRH-R2 mRNA solely. 4. CRH increased medium nitrites and iNOS protein expression in H5V cells pretreated with the selective CRH-R1 antagonist CP 154,526. However, the selective CRH-R2 antagonist anti-Svg-30 failed to produce similar effects. In fact, anti-Svg-30 inhibited CRH-induced increase of nitrite release and iNOS expression in HUVEC cells. 5. Our results confirm the activating role of CRH on endothelial cells, although it suggests its possible inhibitory role in the late phase of the inflammatory response. NO-mediated effects of CRH on endothelial cells could be exploited in therapeutic strategies related to inflammatory and/or degenerative diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/pharmacology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/drug effects
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- Nitrites/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Time Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Cantarella
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Catania School of Medicine, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Laurence Lempereur
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Catania School of Medicine, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Lombardo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Catania School of Medicine, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Chiarenza
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Catania School of Medicine, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carlo Pafumi
- Microbiological and Gynecological Sciences, University of Catania School of Medicine, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zappalà
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Catania School of Medicine, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Catania School of Medicine, I-95125 Catania, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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