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Obata T, Mizoguchi S, Greaney AM, Adams T, Yuan Y, Edelstein S, Leiby KL, Rivero R, Wang N, Kim H, Yang J, Schupp JC, Stitelman D, Tsuchiya T, Levchenko A, Kaminski N, Niklason LE, Brickman Raredon MS. Organ Boundary Circuits Regulate Sox9+ Alveolar Tuft Cells During Post-Pneumonectomy Lung Regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.07.574469. [PMID: 38260691 PMCID: PMC10802449 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.07.574469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is controlled by cellular circuits governing cell growth, organization, and differentation. In this study we identify previously undescribed cell-to-cell communication that mediates information flow from mechanosensitive pleural mesothelial cells to alveolar-resident stem-like tuft cells in the lung. We find mesothelial cells to express a combination of mechanotransduction genes and lineage-restricted ligands which makes them uniquely capable of responding to tissue tension and producing paracrine cues acting on parenchymal populations. In parallel, we describe a large population of stem-like alveolar tuft cells that express the endodermal stem cell markers Sox9 and Lgr5 and a receptor profile making them uniquely sensitive to cues produced by pleural Mesothelium. We hypothesized that crosstalk from mesothelial cells to alveolar tuft cells might be central to the regulation of post-penumonectomy lung regeneration. Following pneumonectomy, we find that mesothelial cells display radically altered phenotype and ligand expression, in a pattern that closely tracks with parenchymal epithelial proliferation and alveolar tissue growth. During an initial pro-inflammatory stage of tissue regeneration, Mesothelium promotes epithelial proliferation via WNT ligand secretion, orchestrates an increase in microvascular permeability, and encourages immune extravasation via chemokine secretion. This stage is followed first by a tissue remodeling period, characterized by angiogenesis and BMP pathway sensitization, and then a stable return to homeostasis. Coupled with key changes in parenchymal structure and matrix production, the cumulative effect is a now larger organ including newly-grown, fully-functional tissue parenchyma. This study paints Mesothelial cells as a key orchestrating cell type that defines the boundary of the lung and exerts critical influence over the tissue-level signaling state regulating resident stem cell populations. The cellular circuits unearthed here suggest that human lung regeneration might be inducible through well-engineered approaches targeting the induction of tissue regeneration and safe return to homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Obata
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mizoguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Allison M. Greaney
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139
| | - Taylor Adams
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Yifan Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sophie Edelstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Katherine L. Leiby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Rachel Rivero
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Nuoya Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Haram Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Junchen Yang
- Computational Biology and Biomedical Informatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Jonas C. Schupp
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hanover, Germany
| | - David Stitelman
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Tomoshi Tsuchiya
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Toyama, Toyama, 9300194, Japan
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Laura E. Niklason
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Humacyte, Inc., Durham, North Carolina
| | - Micha Sam Brickman Raredon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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Mwaura AN, Riaz MA, Maoga JB, Mecha E, Omwandho COA, Scheiner-Bobis G, Meinhold-Heerlein I, Konrad L. Activin A Modulates Betaglycan Shedding via the ALK4-SMAD3-Dependent Pathway in Endometriotic Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121749. [PMID: 36551177 PMCID: PMC9776114 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β superfamily members, activins and inhibins, are mainly involved in cell proliferation, cell survival, invasion, immune surveillance, and lesion growth in endometriosis. Herein, we investigated the modulation of the TGF-β type III receptor (betaglycan or BG) by activin A and inhibin A in endometriosis in vitro. Often, BG undergoes ectodomain shedding releasing soluble BG (sBG) which frequently antagonizes TGF-β signaling. The effects of activin A on BG shedding and signaling pathways involved were evaluated with the inhibitors LY364947 and SIS3, siRNA knockdown in human endometrial cells (12Z, THESC, Ishikawa, and primary stromal cells) and were quantified with BG ELISAs. The effects of activin A and inhibin A on the secretion of MMP2 and MMP3 were analyzed using ELISAs. The effects of activin A on the BG expression were analyzed using RT-qPCR and western blot. The CCK-8 and BrdU assays were used to evaluate the effects of the recombinant BG on cell viability and proliferation. Activin A stimulation resulted in a significant time- and dose-dependent reduction in BG shedding, which was found to be activin A/ALK-4/SMAD3- but not SMAD2-dependent. Activin A increased the BG mRNA expression but had no effect on the protein expression. Likewise, inhibin A was found to block BG shedding. Activin A, but not inhibin A, significantly enhanced the secretion of MMP2 and MMP3. The recombinant BG had no effect on the viability and proliferation of endometriotic cells. Together, these observations support a novel role for activin A with BG in modulating the TGF-β superfamily ligands in endometrial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes N. Mwaura
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Muhammad A. Riaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jane B. Maoga
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ezekiel Mecha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197-00100, Kenya
| | - Charles O. A. Omwandho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197-00100, Kenya
- Department of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kerugoya P.O. Box 143-10300, Kenya
| | - Georgios Scheiner-Bobis
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ivo Meinhold-Heerlein
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lutz Konrad
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-985-45282; Fax: +49-641-985-45258
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Brûlé E, Wang Y, Li Y, Lin YF, Zhou X, Ongaro L, Alonso CAI, Buddle ERS, Schneyer AL, Byeon CH, Hinck CS, Mendelev N, Russell JP, Cowan M, Boehm U, Ruf-Zamojski F, Zamojski M, Andoniadou CL, Sealfon SC, Harrison CA, Walton KL, Hinck AP, Bernard DJ. TGFBR3L is an inhibin B co-receptor that regulates female fertility. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl4391. [PMID: 34910520 PMCID: PMC8673766 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl4391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a key regulator of ovarian function, is often used in infertility treatment. Gonadal inhibins suppress FSH synthesis by pituitary gonadotrope cells. The TGFβ type III receptor, betaglycan, is required for inhibin A suppression of FSH. The inhibin B co-receptor was previously unknown. Here, we report that the gonadotrope-restricted transmembrane protein, TGFBR3L, is the elusive inhibin B co-receptor. TGFBR3L binds inhibin B but not other TGFβ family ligands. TGFBR3L knockdown or overexpression abrogates or confers inhibin B activity in cells. Female Tgfbr3l knockout mice exhibit increased FSH levels, ovarian follicle development, and litter sizes. In contrast, female mice lacking both TGFBR3L and betaglycan are infertile. TGFBR3L’s function and cell-specific expression make it an attractive new target for the regulation of FSH and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Brûlé
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yining Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yeu-Farn Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Luisina Ongaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Carlos A. I. Alonso
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Evan R. S. Buddle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Chang-Hyeock Byeon
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia S. Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Natalia Mendelev
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John P. Russell
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Mitra Cowan
- McGill Integrated Core for Animal Modeling (MICAM), McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frederique Ruf-Zamojski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michel Zamojski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia L. Andoniadou
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stuart C. Sealfon
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig A. Harrison
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly L. Walton
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew P. Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Bernard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Hammer GD, Basham KJ. Stem cell function and plasticity in the normal physiology of the adrenal cortex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 519:111043. [PMID: 33058950 PMCID: PMC7736543 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex functions to produce steroid hormones necessary for life. To maintain its functional capacity throughout life, the adrenal cortex must be continually replenished and rapidly repaired following injury. Moreover, the adrenal responds to endocrine-mediated organismal needs, which are highly dynamic and necessitate a precise steroidogenic response. To meet these diverse needs, the adrenal employs multiple cell populations with stem cell function. Here, we discuss the literature on adrenocortical stem cells using hematopoietic stem cells as a benchmark to examine the functional capacity of particular cell populations, including those located in the capsule and peripheral cortex. These populations are coordinately regulated by paracrine and endocrine signaling mechanisms, and display remarkable plasticity to adapt to different physiological and pathological conditions. Some populations also exhibit sex-specific activity, which contributes to highly divergent proliferation rates between sexes. Understanding mechanisms that govern adrenocortical renewal has broad implications for both regenerative medicine and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Hammer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kaitlin J Basham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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5
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Xu H, Khan A, Zhao S, Wang H, Zou H, Pang Y, Zhu H. Effects of Inhibin A on Apoptosis and Proliferation of Bovine Granulosa Cells. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020367. [PMID: 32102430 PMCID: PMC7071129 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibin A is well known for its inhibitory properties against follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), released through a pituitary-gonadal negative feedback loop to regulate follicular development. Ovarian folliculogenesis, hormonal biosynthesis, and gametogenesis are dependent on inhibins, playing vital roles in promoting or inhibiting cell proliferation. The present study explored the physiological and molecular response of bovine granulosa cells (GCs) to different concentrations of inhibin A in vitro. We treated the primary GCs isolated from ovarian follicles (3-6 mm) with different levels of inhibin A (20, 50, and 100 ng/mL) along with the control (0 ng/mL) for 24 h. To evaluate the impact of inhibin A on GCs, several in vitro cellular parameters, including cell apoptosis, viability, cell cycle, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were detected. Besides, the transcriptional regulation of pro-apoptotic (BAX, Caspase-3) and cell proliferation (PCNA, CyclinB1) genes were also quantified. The results indicated a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the cell viability in a dose-dependent manner of inhibin A. Likewise, MMP was significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced when GCs were treated with high doses (50, 100 ng/mL) of inhibin A. Furthermore, inhibin A dose (100 ng/mL) markedly improved the progression of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and increased the cell number in the S phase, which was supported by the up-regulation of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen PCNA (20, 50, and 100ng/mL) and CyclinB (100 ng/mL) genes. In addition, higher doses of inhibin A (50 and 100 ng/mL) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the apoptotic rate in GCs, which was manifested by down regulating BAX and Caspase-3 genes. Conclusively, our study presented a worthy strategy for the first time to characterize the cellular adaptation of bovine GCs under different concentrations of inhibin A. Our results conclude that inhibin A is a broad regulatory marker in GCs by regulating apoptosis and cellular progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitao Xu
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.X.); (S.Z.); (H.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Adnan Khan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Shanjiang Zhao
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.X.); (S.Z.); (H.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Huan Wang
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.X.); (S.Z.); (H.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Huiying Zou
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.X.); (S.Z.); (H.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yunwei Pang
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.X.); (S.Z.); (H.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Huabin Zhu
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.X.); (S.Z.); (H.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-62895971
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Matiller V, Hein GJ, Stassi AF, Angeli E, Belotti EM, Ortega HH, Rey F, Salvetti NR. Expression of TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TGFBR3, ACVR1B and ACVR2B is altered in ovaries of cows with cystic ovarian disease. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:46-54. [PMID: 30120850 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the expression of transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGFBR)1, TGFBR2, TGFBR3, activin receptor (ACVR)1B and ACVR2B in ovaries of cows with cystic ovarian disease (COD). The expression of the selected receptors was determined by immunohistochemistry in sections of ovaries from cows with ACTH-induced and spontaneous COD. Expression of TGFBR1 and TGFBR3 was higher in granulosa cells of cysts from cows with spontaneous COD than in tertiary follicles from the control group. Additionally, TGFBR3 expression was higher in granulosa cells of cysts from cows with ACTH-induced COD than in those from the control group and lower in theca cells of spontaneous and ACTH-induced cysts than in tertiary control follicles. There were no changes in the expression of TGFBR2. ACVR1B expression was higher in granulosa cells of tertiary follicles of cows with spontaneous COD than in the control group, whereas ACVR2B expression was higher in cysts of the spontaneous COD group than in tertiary follicles from the control group. The alterations here detected, together with the altered expression of the ligands previously reported, indicate alterations in the response of the ligands in the target cells, modifying their actions at cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Matiller
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, UNL, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gustavo J Hein
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Centro Universitario Gálvez, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Gálvez, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Antonela F Stassi
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Emmanuel Angeli
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, UNL, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Eduardo M Belotti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, UNL, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hugo H Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, UNL, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Florencia Rey
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, UNL, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Natalia R Salvetti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, UNL, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
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7
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Li W, Li C, Chen S, Sun L, Li H, Chen L, Zhou X. Effect of inhibin A on proliferation of porcine granulosa cells in vitro. Theriogenology 2018; 114:136-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Singh P, Jenkins LM, Horst B, Alers V, Pradhan S, Kaur P, Srivastava T, Hempel N, Győrffy B, Broude EV, Lee NY, Mythreye K. Inhibin Is a Novel Paracrine Factor for Tumor Angiogenesis and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2978-2989. [PMID: 29535220 PMCID: PMC6510404 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inhibin is a heterodimeric TGFβ family ligand that is expressed in many cancers and is a selective biomarker for ovarian cancers; however, its tumor-specific functions remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the α subunit of inhibin (INHA), which is critical for the functionality of dimeric inhibin A/B, correlates with microvessel density in human ovarian tissues and is predictive of poor clinical outcomes in multiple cancers. We demonstrate that inhibin-regulated angiogenesis is necessary for metastasis. Although inhibin had no direct impact on tumor cell signaling, both tumor cell-derived and recombinant inhibin elicit a strong paracrine response from endothelial cells by triggering SMAD1/5 activation and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo Inhibin-induced angiogenesis was abrogated via anti-inhibin α antibodies. The endothelial-specific TGFβ receptor complex comprising ALK1 and endoglin was a crucial mediator of inhibin signaling, offering a molecular mechanism for inhibin-mediated angiogenesis. These results are the first to define a role for inhibin in tumor metastasis and vascularization and offer an antibody-based approach for targeting inhibin therapeutically.Significance: Inhibin is a predictor of poor patient survival in multiple cancers and is a potential target for antiangiogenic therapies. Cancer Res; 78(11); 2978-89. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Laura M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Ben Horst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Victoria Alers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Shrikant Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Prabhjot Kaur
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, South Campus, India
| | | | - Nadine Hempel
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, and Semmelweis University 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eugenia V Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nam Y Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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9
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Li J, Bao R, Peng S, Zhang C. The molecular mechanism of ovarian granulosa cell tumors. J Ovarian Res 2018; 11:13. [PMID: 29409506 PMCID: PMC5802052 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-018-0384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over these years, more and more sex cord-stromal tumors have been reported. Granulosa cell tumor (GCT) is a rare tumor in ovaries, accounts for 2% to 5% of ovarian cancers. The main different feature of GCTs from other ovarian cancers is that GCTs can lead to abnormally secreted hormones (estrogen, inhibin and Müllerian inhibiting substance). The GCT is divided into two categories according to the age of patients, namely AGCT (adult granulosa cell tumor) and JGCT (Juvenile granulosa cell tumor). AGCT patients accounts for 95%. Although the pathogenesis is not clear, FOXL2 (Forkhead box L2) mutation was considered as the most critical factor in AGCT development. The current treatment is dominated by surgery. Target therapy remains in the adjuvant therapy stage, such as hormone therapy. During these years, other pathogenic factors were also explored, such as PI3K/AKT (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; serine/threonine kinase), TGF-β (Transforming growth factor beta) signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, GATA4 and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor). These factors and signaling pathway play important roles in GCT cell proliferation, apoptosis, or angiogenesis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the possible pathogenic factors and signaling pathways, which may shed lights on developing potential therapeutic targets for GCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Li
- Joint programme of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang, China
| | - Riqiang Bao
- Joint programme of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang, China
| | - Shiwei Peng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Wang Y, Chen Q, Zhao M, Walton K, Harrison C, Nie G. Multiple Soluble TGF-β Receptors in Addition to Soluble Endoglin Are Elevated in Preeclamptic Serum and They Synergistically Inhibit TGF-β Signaling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102. [PMID: 28633389 PMCID: PMC5546862 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Preeclampsia (PE) can be classified into early-onset (<34 weeks of gestation) and late-onset (>34 weeks of gestation) subtypes. Soluble endoglin, an auxiliary receptor for transforming growth factor (TGF)-β ligands, is increased in PE circulation and believed to inhibit TGF-β action by sequestering the ligands. However, soluble endoglin, with a low affinity to TGF-β ligands, has been demonstrated to have little effect by itself on TGF-β action. OBJECTIVES We examined whether multiple soluble TGF-β receptors are elevated in PE circulation and whether they synergistically block TGF-β signaling. DESIGN TGF-β receptors were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sera collected from preeclamptic pregnancies and gestation-age-matched controls. TGF-β signaling was assessed using an in vitro bioassay and a tube formation assay. RESULTS TGF-β type I, II, and III receptors were all identified in pregnant serum; all were substantially elevated in early-onset but not late-onset PE. Endoglin was increased in both subtypes. At the greatest concentrations detected in PE, none of these soluble TGF-β receptors alone, including endoglin, inhibited TGF-β signaling. However, when all four soluble receptors were present, signaling of both TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 was substantially reduced. Removal of any one of these soluble receptors alleviated TGF-β1 inhibition; however, removal of soluble TGFβRIII was necessary to relieve TGF-β2 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Multiple soluble TGF-β receptors are present in pregnant circulation and elevated in early-onset PE; they synergistically inhibit TGF-β signaling, which might be more likely to occur in early-onset than late-onset PE. Reducing soluble TGFβRIII, rather than endoglin, would be more effective in alleviating the inhibition of both TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 signaling in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Qi Chen
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Min Zhao
- Wuxi Maternity and Children’s Health Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 214002, China
| | - Kelly Walton
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Craig Harrison
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Guiying Nie
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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11
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Wang Y, Bilandzic M, Ooi GT, Findlay JK, Stenvers KL. Endogenous inhibins regulate steroidogenesis in mouse TM3 Leydig cells by altering SMAD2 signalling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 436:68-77. [PMID: 27465829 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that inhibins act in an autocrine manner on Leydig cells using a pre-pubertal Leydig cell line, TM3, as a model of immature Leydig cells. The expression of Inha, Inhba, and Inhbb in TM3 cells was determined by RT-PCR and the production of the inhibin-alpha subunit was confirmed by western blot. Knockdown of Inha expression resulted in significant decreases in the expression of Leydig cell markers Cyp17a1, Cyp11a1, Nr5a1, and Insl3. Western blot showed that activin A, TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 activated SMAD2, and that knockdown of Inha expression in TM3 cells enhanced both activin A- and TGFβ-induced SMAD2 activation. SB431542, a chemical inhibitor of the TGFβ/activin type I receptors, blocked ligand-induced SMAD2 activation and the downregulation of Cyp17a1 expression. Our findings demonstrate that TGFβs and activin A negatively regulate steroidogenic gene expression in TM3 cells via ALK4/5 and SMAD2 and endogenous inhibins can counter this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.
| | - Maree Bilandzic
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Guck T Ooi
- Sun BioMedical Technologies, 209 W. Ridgecrest Blvd, Suite A, Ridgecrest, CA, 93555, USA
| | - Jock K Findlay
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Kaye L Stenvers
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
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12
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Zeng J, Kelbauskas L, Rezaie A, Lee K, Ueberroth B, Gao W, Derkach D, Tran T, Smith D, Bussey KJ, Meldrum DR. Transcriptional regulation by normal epithelium of premalignant to malignant progression in Barrett's esophagus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35227. [PMID: 27731371 PMCID: PMC5059688 DOI: 10.1038/srep35227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In carcinogenesis, intercellular interactions within and between cell types are critical but remain poorly understood. We present a study on intercellular interactions between normal and premalignant epithelial cells and their functional relevance in the context of premalignant to malignant progression in Barrett's esophagus. Using whole transcriptome profiling we found that in the presence of normal epithelial cells, dysplastic cells but not normal cells, exhibit marked down-regulation of a number of key signaling pathways, including the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and epithelial growth factor (EGF). Functional assays revealed both cell types showed repressed proliferation and significant changes in motility (speed, displacement and directionality) as a result of interactions between the two cell types. Cellular interactions appear to be mediated through both direct cell-cell contact and secreted ligands. The findings of this study are important in that they reveal, for the first time, the effects of cellular communication on gene expression and cellular function between premalignant (dysplastic) epithelial cells and their normal counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zeng
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 876501, Tempe, AZ 85287-6501, United States
| | - Laimonas Kelbauskas
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 876501, Tempe, AZ 85287-6501, United States
| | - Aida Rezaie
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 876501, Tempe, AZ 85287-6501, United States
| | - Kristen Lee
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 876501, Tempe, AZ 85287-6501, United States
| | - Benjamin Ueberroth
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 876501, Tempe, AZ 85287-6501, United States
| | - Weimin Gao
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 876501, Tempe, AZ 85287-6501, United States
| | - Dmitry Derkach
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 876501, Tempe, AZ 85287-6501, United States
| | - Thai Tran
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 876501, Tempe, AZ 85287-6501, United States
| | - Dean Smith
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 876501, Tempe, AZ 85287-6501, United States
| | - Kimberly J. Bussey
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 876501, Tempe, AZ 85287-6501, United States
| | - Deirdre R. Meldrum
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 876501, Tempe, AZ 85287-6501, United States
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13
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Basham KJ, Hung HA, Lerario AM, Hammer GD. Mouse models of adrenocortical tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 421:82-97. [PMID: 26678830 PMCID: PMC4720156 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of the organogenesis, homeostasis, and tumorigenesis of the adrenal cortex has been the subject of intense study for many decades. Specifically, characterization of tumor predisposition syndromes with adrenocortical manifestations and molecular profiling of sporadic adrenocortical tumors have led to the discovery of key molecular pathways that promote pathological adrenal growth. However, given the observational nature of such studies, several important questions regarding the molecular pathogenesis of adrenocortical tumors have remained. This review will summarize naturally occurring and genetically engineered mouse models that have provided novel tools to explore the molecular and cellular underpinnings of adrenocortical tumors. New paradigms of cancer initiation, maintenance, and progression that have emerged from this work will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin J Basham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Holly A Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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14
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Kadariya I, Wang J, ur Rehman Z, Ali H, Riaz H, He J, Bhattarai D, Liu JJ, Zhang SJ. RNAi-mediated knockdown of inhibin α subunit increased apoptosis in granulosa cells and decreased fertility in mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 152:161-70. [PMID: 25998417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibin α (INHα), a member of TGFβ superfamily, is an important modulator of reproductive function that plays a vital role in follicular changes, cell differentiation, oocyte development, and ultimately in mammalian reproduction. However, the role of inhibin α in female fertility and ovarian function remains largely unknown. To define its role in reproduction, transgenic mice of RNAi-INHα that knock down the INHα expression by shRNAi were used. Inhibin α subunit gene was knocked down successfully at both transcriptional and translational levels by RNAi PiggyBac transposon (Pbi) mediated recombinant pshRNA vectors and purified DNA fragments were microinjected into mouse zygotes. Results showed that transgenic female mice were sub-fertile and exhibited 35.28% reduction in litter size in F1 generation relative to wild type. The decreased litter size associated with the reduction in the number of oocytes ovulated after puberty. Serum INHα level was significantly decreased in both 3 and 6 weeks; whereas, FSH was significantly increased in 3 weeks but not in 6 weeks. Furthermore, suppression of INHα expression significantly promoted apoptosis by up-regulating Caspase-3, bcl2, INHβB and GDF9 and down regulated Kitl and TGFβRIII genes both at transcriptional and translational levels. Moreover, it also dramatically reduced the progression of G1 phase of cell cycle and the number of cells in S phase as determined by flow cytometer. These results indicate that suppression of INHα expression in RNAi-transgenic mice leads to disruption of normal ovarian regulatory mechanism and causes reproductive deficiencies by promoting cellular apoptosis, arresting cellular progression and altering hormonal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwari Kadariya
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zia ur Rehman
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hamid Ali
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hasan Riaz
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - JiuYa He
- MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Dinesh Bhattarai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Marino FE, Risbridger G, Gold E. Activin-βC modulates gonadal, but not adrenal tumorigenesis in the inhibin deficient mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 409:41-50. [PMID: 25869398 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Activins and inhibins are involved in the regulation of several biological processes, including reproduction, development and fertility. Deregulation of the inhibin/activin signaling pathway has been implicated in the progression of reproductive and adrenal cancers. Deletion of the inhibin α-subunit results in up-regulation of the circulating levels of activins and this leads to the development of sex-cord stromal tumors followed by a cancer associated-cachexia in mice. When gonadectomy is performed, development of adrenocortical carcinomas is observed. We previously showed that overexpression of activin-βC modulates the development of sex-cord stromal tumors and reduces cancer-cachexia in the inhibin-deficient mice by antagonizing the activin signaling pathway. The adrenal cortex and gonads share in common a large subset of genes, consistent with their common embryonic lineage. Additionally, it has been shown that adrenocortical carcinomas adopt an altered cellular identity resembling the ovary. Therefore, a study to assess the impact of overexpression of activin-βC on the onset of adrenocortical carcinoma in gonadectomized inhibin-deficient mice was warranted. Within the current study we evaluated markers of apoptosis, proliferation, tumor burden, survival analysis and serum levels of activin-A in gonadectomized mice versus sham operated controls. Results showed that overexpression of activin-βC modulated the development of reproductive tumors but had no effect on adrenal tumorigenesis. Our data reinforces the importance of activin-βC in reproductive biology and suggest that activin-βC is a tumor modulator with gonadal specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gail Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria
| | - Elspeth Gold
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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16
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Röhrig T, Pihlajoki M, Ziegler R, Cochran RS, Schrade A, Schillebeeckx M, Mitra RD, Heikinheimo M, Wilson DB. Toying with fate: Redirecting the differentiation of adrenocortical progenitor cells into gonadal-like tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 408:165-77. [PMID: 25498963 PMCID: PMC4417465 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate decisions are integral to zonation and remodeling of the adrenal cortex. Animal models exhibiting ectopic differentiation of gonadal-like cells in the adrenal cortex can shed light on the molecular mechanisms regulating steroidogenic cell fate. In one such model, prepubertal gonadectomy (GDX) of mice triggers the formation of adrenocortical neoplasms that resemble luteinized ovarian stroma. Transcriptomic analysis and genome-wide DNA methylation mapping have identified genetic and epigenetic markers of GDX-induced adrenocortical neoplasia. Members of the GATA transcription factor family have emerged as key regulators of cell fate in this model. Expression of Gata4 is pivotal for the accumulation of gonadal-like cells in the adrenal glands of gonadectomized mice, whereas expression of Gata6 limits the spontaneous and GDX-induced differentiation of gonadal-like cells in the adrenal cortex. Additionally, Gata6 is essential for proper development of the adrenal X-zone, a layer analogous to the fetal zone of the human adrenal cortex. The relevance of these observations to developmental signaling pathways in the adrenal cortex, to other animal models of altered adrenocortical cell fate, and to human diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Röhrig
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hochschule Mannheim - University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim 68163, Germany
| | - Marjut Pihlajoki
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Ricarda Ziegler
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hochschule Mannheim - University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim 68163, Germany
| | - Rebecca S Cochran
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anja Schrade
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Maximiliaan Schillebeeckx
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robi D Mitra
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - David B Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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17
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Pihlajoki M, Dörner J, Cochran RS, Heikinheimo M, Wilson DB. Adrenocortical zonation, renewal, and remodeling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:27. [PMID: 25798129 PMCID: PMC4350438 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenal cortex is divided into concentric zones. In humans the major cortical zones are the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis. The adrenal cortex is a dynamic organ in which senescent cells are replaced by newly differentiated ones. This constant renewal facilitates organ remodeling in response to physiological demand for steroids. Cortical zones can reversibly expand, contract, or alter their biochemical profiles to accommodate needs. Pools of stem/progenitor cells in the adrenal capsule, subcapsular region, and juxtamedullary region can differentiate to repopulate or expand zones. Some of these pools appear to be activated only during specific developmental windows or in response to extreme physiological demand. Senescent cells can also be replenished through direct lineage conversion; for example, cells in the zona glomerulosa can transform into cells of the zona fasciculata. Adrenocortical cell differentiation, renewal, and function are regulated by a variety of endocrine/paracrine factors including adrenocorticotropin, angiotensin II, insulin-related growth hormones, luteinizing hormone, activin, and inhibin. Additionally, zonation and regeneration of the adrenal cortex are controlled by developmental signaling pathways, such as the sonic hedgehog, delta-like homolog 1, fibroblast growth factor, and WNT/β-catenin pathways. The mechanisms involved in adrenocortical remodeling are complex and redundant so as to fulfill the offsetting goals of organ homeostasis and stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjut Pihlajoki
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Dörner
- Hochschule Mannheim – University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
- St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Cochran
- St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David B. Wilson
- St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: David B. Wilson, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA e-mail:
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Makanji Y, Zhu J, Mishra R, Holmquist C, Wong WPS, Schwartz NB, Mayo KE, Woodruff TK. Inhibin at 90: from discovery to clinical application, a historical review. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:747-94. [PMID: 25051334 PMCID: PMC4167436 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
When it was initially discovered in 1923, inhibin was characterized as a hypophysiotropic hormone that acts on pituitary cells to regulate pituitary hormone secretion. Ninety years later, what we know about inhibin stretches far beyond its well-established capacity to inhibit activin signaling and suppress pituitary FSH production. Inhibin is one of the major reproductive hormones involved in the regulation of folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. Although the physiological role of inhibin as an activin antagonist in other organ systems is not as well defined as it is in the pituitary-gonadal axis, inhibin also modulates biological processes in other organs through paracrine, autocrine, and/or endocrine mechanisms. Inhibin and components of its signaling pathway are expressed in many organs. Diagnostically, inhibin is used for prenatal screening of Down syndrome as part of the quadruple test and as a biochemical marker in the assessment of ovarian reserve. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of our current understanding of the biological role of inhibin, its relationship with activin, its signaling mechanisms, and its potential value as a diagnostic marker for reproductive function and pregnancy-associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeshwar Makanji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.M., J.Z., C.H., W.P.S.W., T.K.W.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60610; Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery (R.M., C.H.), Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208; and Department of Molecular Biosciences (N.B.S., K.E.M., T.K.W.), Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Hofland J, Steenbergen J, Voorsluijs JM, Verbiest MMPJ, de Krijger RR, Hofland LJ, de Herder WW, Uitterlinden AG, Feelders RA, de Jong FH. Inhibin alpha-subunit (INHA) expression in adrenocortical cancer is linked to genetic and epigenetic INHA promoter variation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104944. [PMID: 25111790 PMCID: PMC4128726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, but highly malignant tumor of unknown origin. Inhibin α-subunit (Inha) knockout mice develop ACCs following gonadectomy. In man, INHA expression varies widely within ACC tissues and its circulating peptide inhibin pro-αC has been described as a novel tumor marker for ACC. We investigated whether genetic and epigenetic changes of the INHA gene in human ACC cause loss or variation of INHA expression. To this end, analyses of INHA sequence, promoter methylation and mRNA expression were performed in human adrenocortical tissues. Serum inhibin pro-αC levels were also measured in ACC patients. INHA genetic analysis in 37 unique ACCs revealed 10 novel, heterozygous rare variants. Of the 3 coding bases affected, one variant was synonymous and two were missense variants: S72F and S184F. The minor allele of rs11893842 at -124 bp was observed at a low frequency (24%) in ACC samples and was associated with decreased INHA mRNA levels: 4.7±1.9 arbitrary units for AA, compared to 26±11 for AG/GG genotypes (P = 0.034). The methylation of four proximal INHA promoter CpGs was aberrantly increased in five ACCs (47.7±3.9%), compared to normal adrenals (18.4±0.6%, P = 0.0052), whereas the other 14 ACCs studied showed diminished promoter methylation (9.8±1.1%, P = 0.020). CpG methylation was inversely correlated to INHA mRNA levels in ACCs (r = -0.701, p = 0.0036), but not associated with serum inhibin pro-αC levels. In conclusion, aberrant methylation and common genetic variation in the INHA promoter occur in human ACCs and are associated with decreased INHA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Leo J. Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Frank H. de Jong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Computational designing of a poly-epitope fecundity vaccine for multiple species of livestock. Vaccine 2013; 32:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Pihlajoki M, Gretzinger E, Cochran R, Kyrönlahti A, Schrade A, Hiller T, Sullivan L, Shoykhet M, Schoeller EL, Brooks MD, Heikinheimo M, Wilson DB. Conditional mutagenesis of Gata6 in SF1-positive cells causes gonadal-like differentiation in the adrenal cortex of mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1754-67. [PMID: 23471215 PMCID: PMC3628026 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor GATA6 is expressed in the fetal and adult adrenal cortex and has been implicated in steroidogenesis. To characterize the role of transcription factor GATA6 in adrenocortical development and function, we generated mice in which Gata6 was conditionally deleted using Cre-LoxP recombination with Sf1-cre. The adrenal glands of adult Gata6 conditional knockout (cKO) mice were small and had a thin cortex. Cytomegalic changes were evident in fetal and adult cKO adrenal glands, and chromaffin cells were ectopically located at the periphery of the glands. Corticosterone secretion in response to exogenous ACTH was blunted in cKO mice. Spindle-shaped cells expressing Gata4, a marker of gonadal stroma, accumulated in the adrenal subcapsule of Gata6 cKO mice. RNA analysis demonstrated the concomitant upregulation of other gonadal-like markers, including Amhr2, in the cKO adrenal glands, suggesting that GATA6 inhibits the spontaneous differentiation of adrenocortical stem/progenitor cells into gonadal-like cells. Lhcgr and Cyp17 were overexpressed in the adrenal glands of gonadectomized cKO vs control mice, implying that GATA6 also limits sex steroidogenic cell differentiation in response to the hormonal changes that accompany gonadectomy. Nulliparous female and orchiectomized male Gata6 cKO mice lacked an adrenal X-zone. Microarray hybridization identified Pik3c2g as a novel X-zone marker that is downregulated in the adrenal glands of these mice. Our findings offer genetic proof that GATA6 regulates the differentiation of steroidogenic progenitors into adrenocortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjut Pihlajoki
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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22
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Chrusciel M, Vuorenoja S, Mohanty B, Rivero-Müller A, Li X, Toppari J, Huhtaniemi I, Rahman NA. Transgenic GATA-4 expression induces adrenocortical tumorigenesis in C57Bl/6 mice. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1845-57. [PMID: 23444372 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.119347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A link between elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, GATA-4 and LH receptor (LHCGR) expression and gonadotropin-dependent adrenocortical tumorigenesis in humans and mice has been shown. To assess the mechanistic tumorigenic interrelationships between these factors, we transgenically expressed Gata4 under the 21-hydroxylase promoter (Cyp21a1, 21-OH) in C57Bl/6N mice. There was a gradual age-dependent increase of GATA-4 expression only in 21-OH-GATA-4 (TG) female adrenals, in association with slowly progressing neoplasia of non-steroidogenic spindle-shaped A cells in the subcapsular cortex. Gonadectomy (GDX), apparently through direct action of elevated serum LH, markedly enhanced the adrenocortical neoplasia, which now also appeared in GDX TG males. The neoplastic areas of the post-GDX TG adrenals contained, besides A cells, larger lipid-laden, steroidogenically active and LHCGR-positive B cells. Prolonged (>10 months) exposure to elevated post-GDX LH levels resulted in formation of adrenocortical adenomas in the TG mice. Intact and GDX TG mouse adrenals displayed elevated FOG-2 and decreased GATA-6 expression. Additionally, increased expression/activation of components of the Inhbb-Acvr2a-Acvr1c-Smad2/3 signaling system was observed in 12-month-old GDX TG adrenals. Our findings show that two distinct GATA-4-dependent populations of neoplastic adrenocortical cells form: non-steroidogenic LH-independent A cells and steroidogenic LH-dependent B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Chrusciel
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FIN-20520, Finland
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23
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Aleman-Muench GR, Mendoza V, Stenvers K, Garcia-Zepeda EA, Lopez-Casillas F, Raman C, Soldevila G. Betaglycan (TβRIII) is expressed in the thymus and regulates T cell development by protecting thymocytes from apoptosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44217. [PMID: 22952931 PMCID: PMC3430661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β type III receptor (TβRIII) is a coreceptor for TGFβ family members required for high-affinity binding of these ligands to their receptors, potentiating their cellular functions. TGF-β [1]–[3], bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP2/4) and inhibins regulate different checkpoints during T cell differentiation. Although TβRIII is expressed on hematopoietic cells, the role of this receptor in the immune system remains elusive. Here, we provide the first evidence that TβRIII is developmentally expressed during T cell ontogeny, and plays a crucial role in thymocyte differentiation. Blocking of endogenous TβRIII in fetal thymic organ cultures led to a delay in DN-DP transition. In addition, in vitro development of TβRIII−/− thymic lobes also showed a significant reduction in absolute thymocyte numbers, which correlated with increased thymocyte apoptosis, resembling the phenotype reported in Inhibin α −/− thymic lobes. These data suggest that Inhibins and TβRIII may function as a molecular pair regulating T cell development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cytoprotection
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Fetus/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Proteoglycans/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proteoglycans/deficiency
- Proteoglycans/genetics
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymocytes/cytology
- Thymocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/embryology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- German R. Aleman-Muench
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
| | - Valentin Mendoza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
| | - Kaye Stenvers
- Reproductive Development and Cancer laboratory, Prince Henry′s Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eduardo A. Garcia-Zepeda
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
| | - Fernando Lopez-Casillas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
| | - Chander Raman
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gloria Soldevila
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
- * E-mail:
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Bilandzic M, Stenvers KL. Reprint of: Betaglycan: a multifunctional accessory. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 359:13-22. [PMID: 22521265 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Betaglycan is a co-receptor for the TGFβ superfamily, particularly important in establishing the potency of its ligands on their target cells. In recent years, new insights have been gained into the structure and function of betaglycan, expanding its role from that of a simple co-receptor to include additional ligand-dependent and ligand-independent roles. This review focuses on recent advances in the betaglycan field, with a particular emphasis on its newly discovered actions in mediating the trafficking of TGFβ superfamily receptors and as a determinant of the functional output of TGFβ superfamily signalling. In addition, this review encompasses a discussion of the emerging roles of the betaglycan/inhibin pathway in reproductive cancers and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maree Bilandzic
- Prince Henry's Institute, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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25
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Hofland J, de Jong FH. Inhibins and activins: their roles in the adrenal gland and the development of adrenocortical tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 359:92-100. [PMID: 21722704 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal gland is composed of two separate endocrine tissues that control a multitude of bodily functions in their adaptation to external and internal stressors through hormone secretion. The functions of the adrenal gland are regulated by circulating, neural and local factors that ensure proper cell growth and hormone production. Activins and inhibins are among the locally expressed growth factors affecting adrenal cell function. They have been found to influence several aspects of adrenal cell development, adrenocortical steroidogenesis, adrenocortical tumor formation and adrenomedullary cell differentiation. Especially the finding that inhibin α-subunit knockout mice develop adrenocortical carcinomas after gonadectomy has prompted research on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of activin and inhibin in the adrenal cortex. It is now clear that both peptides control adrenocortical physiology and are involved in adrenocortical tumorigenesis at multiple levels, both in murine models as well as in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Robertson DM. Inhibins and activins in blood: predictors of female reproductive health? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 359:78-84. [PMID: 21664246 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Inhibins A and B are gonadal factors which are important in fertility. Their use as predictors of female reproductive health has centred on their application to ovarian cancer, Anorexia Nervosa, Down Syndrome and preeclampsia. Inhibin B also provides an index of the endocrine feedback relationship between the ovary and pituitary particularly when the ovarian follicle reserve is low. These applications are relevant in monitoring the onset of the menopause transition, ovarian recovery following chemotherapy and disturbances in pubertal development. Currently, these applications have only found widespread use in Down Syndrome and ovarian cancer. Activins, on the other hand, appear to have a limited application.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Robertson
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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27
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Bilezikjian LM, Justice NJ, Blackler AN, Wiater E, Vale WW. Cell-type specific modulation of pituitary cells by activin, inhibin and follistatin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 359:43-52. [PMID: 22330643 PMCID: PMC3367026 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Activins are multifunctional proteins and members of the TGF-β superfamily. Activins are expressed locally in most tissues and, analogous to the actions of other members of this large family of pleiotropic factors, play prominent roles in the regulation of diverse biological processes in both differentiated and embryonic stem cells. They have an essential role in maintaining tissue homeostasis in the adult and are known to contribute to the developmental programs in the embryo. Activins are further implicated in the growth and metastasis of tumor cells. Through distinct modes of action, inhibins and follistatins function as antagonists of activin and several other TGF-β family members, including a subset of BMPs/GDFs, and modulate cellular responses and the signaling cascades downstream of these ligands. In the pituitary, the activin pathway is known to regulate key aspects of gonadotrope functions and also exert effects on other pituitary cell types. As in other tissues, activin is produced locally by pituitary cells and acts locally by exerting cell-type specific actions on gonadotropes. These local actions of activin on gonadotropes are modulated by the autocrine/paracrine actions of locally secreted follistatin and by the feedback actions of gonadal inhibin. Knowledge about the mechanism of activin, inhibin and follistatin actions is providing information about their importance for pituitary function as well as their contribution to the pathophysiology of pituitary adenomas. The aim of this review is to highlight recent findings and summarize the evidence that supports the important functions of activin, inhibin and follistatin in the pituitary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Bilezikjian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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28
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Knight PG, Satchell L, Glister C. Intra-ovarian roles of activins and inhibins. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 359:53-65. [PMID: 21664422 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Granulosa cells are the main ovarian source of inhibins, activins and activin-binding protein (follistatin) while germ (oogonia, oocytes) and somatic (theca, granulosa, luteal) cells express activin receptors, signaling components and inhibin co-receptor (betaglycan). Activins are implicated in various intra-ovarian roles including germ cell survival and primordial follicle assembly; follicle growth from preantral to mid-antral stages; suppression of thecal androgen production; promotion of granulosa cell proliferation, FSHR and CYP19A1 expression; enhancement of oocyte developmental competence; retardation of follicle luteinization and/or atresia and involvement in luteolysis. Inhibins (primarily inhibin A) are produced in greatest amounts by preovulatory follicles (and corpus luteum in primates) and suppress FSH secretion through endocrine negative feedback. Together with follistatin, inhibins act locally to oppose auto-/paracrine activin (and BMP) signaling thus modulating many of the above processes. The balance between activin-inhibin shifts during follicle development with activin signalling prevailing at earlier stages but declining as inhibin and betaglycan expression rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil G Knight
- School of Biological Sciences, Hopkins Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6UB, UK.
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29
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Simon DP, Hammer GD. Adrenocortical stem and progenitor cells: implications for adrenocortical carcinoma. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 351:2-11. [PMID: 22266195 PMCID: PMC3288146 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The continuous centripetal repopulation of the adrenal cortex is consistent with a population of cells endowed with the stem/progenitor cell properties of self-renewal and pluripotency. The adrenocortical capsule and underlying undifferentiated cortical cells are emerging as critical components of the stem/progenitor cell niche. Recent genetic analysis has identified various signaling pathways including Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and Wnt as crucial mediators of adrenocortical lineage and organ homeostasis. Shh expression is restricted to the peripheral cortical cells that express a paucity of steroidogenic genes but give rise to the underlying differentiated cells of the cortex. Wnt/β-catenin signaling maintains the undifferentiated state and adrenal fate of adrenocortical stem/progenitor cells, in part through induction of its target genes Dax1 and inhibin-α, respectively. The pathogenesis of ACC, a rare yet highly aggressive cancer with an extremely poor prognosis, is slowly emerging from studies of the stem/progenitor cells of the adrenal cortex coupled with the genetics of familial syndromes in which ACC occurs. The frequent observation of constitutive activation of Wnt signaling due to loss-of-function mutations in the tumor suppressor gene APC or gain-of-function mutation in β-catenin in both adenomas and carcinomas, suggests perhaps that the Wnt pathway serves an early or initiating insult in the oncogenic process. Loss of p53 might be predicted to cooperate with additional genetic insults such as IGF2 as both are the most common genetic abnormalities in malignant versus benign adrenocortical neoplasms. It is unclear whether other factors such as Pod1 and Pref1, which are implicated in stem/progenitor cell biology in the adrenal and/or other organs, are also implicated in the etiology of adrenocortical carcinoma. The rarity and heterogeneous presentation of ACC makes it difficult to identify the cellular origin and the molecular progression to cancer. A more complete understanding of adrenocortical stem/progenitor cell biology will invariably aid in characterization of the molecular details of ACC tumorigenesis and may offer new options for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek P. Simon
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Training Program, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Gary D. Hammer
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Training Program, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Endocrine Oncology Program – Comprehensive Cancer Center 1528 BSRB 109 Zina Pitcher, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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30
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Cai K, Hua G, Ahmad S, Liang A, Han L, Wu C, Yang F, Yang L. Action mechanism of inhibin α-subunit on the development of Sertoli cells and first wave of spermatogenesis in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25585. [PMID: 21998670 PMCID: PMC3187785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibin is an important marker of Sertoli cell (SC) activity in animals with impaired spermatogenesis. However, the precise relationship between inhibin and SC activity is unknown. To investigate this relationship, we partially silenced both the transcription and translation of the gene for the α-subunit of inhibin, Inha, using recombinant pshRNA vectors developed with RNAi-Ready pSIREN-RetroQ-ZsGreen Vector (Clontech Laboratories, Mountain View, Calif). We found that Inha silencing suppresses the cell-cycle regulators Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E and up-regulates the cell-cycle inhibitor P21 (as detected by Western blot analysis), thereby increasing the number of SCs in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and decreasing the amount in the S-phase of the cell cycle (as detected by flow cytometry). Inha silencing also suppressed Pdgfa, Igf1, and Kitl mRNA levels and up-regulated Tgfbrs, Inhba, Inhbb, Cyp11a1, Dhh, and Tjp1 mRNA levels (as indicated by real-time polymerase chain reaction [PCR] analysis). These findings indicate that Inha has the potential to influence the availability of the ligand inhibin and its antagonist activin in the SC in an autocrine manner and inhibit the progression of SC from G1 to S. It may also participate in the development of the blood–testis barrier, Leydig cells, and spermatogenesis through its effect on Dhh, Tjp1, Kitl, and Pdgfa. Real-time PCR and Western blot analyses of Inha, Inhba, and Inhbb mRNA and Inha levels over time show that Inha plays an important role in the formation of round spermatid during the first wave of spermatogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailai Cai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Hua
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sibtain Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Livestock Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aaixin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Canjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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31
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Bilandzic M, Stenvers KL. Betaglycan: a multifunctional accessory. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 339:180-9. [PMID: 21550381 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Betaglycan is a co-receptor for the TGFβ superfamily, particularly important in establishing the potency of its ligands on their target cells. In recent years, new insights have been gained into the structure and function of betaglycan, expanding its role from that of a simple co-receptor to include additional ligand-dependent and ligand-independent roles. This review focuses on recent advances in the betaglycan field, with a particular emphasis on its newly discovered actions in mediating the trafficking of TGFβ superfamily receptors and as a determinant of the functional output of TGFβ superfamily signalling. In addition, this review encompasses a discussion of the emerging roles of the betaglycan/inhibin pathway in reproductive cancers and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maree Bilandzic
- Prince Henry's Institute, P.O. Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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32
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Wood MA, Hammer GD. Adrenocortical stem and progenitor cells: unifying model of two proposed origins. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 336:206-12. [PMID: 21094677 PMCID: PMC3397472 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The origins of our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which signaling pathways and downstream transcription factors coordinate the specification of adrenocortical cells within the adrenal gland have arisen from studies on the role of Sf1 in steroidogenesis and adrenal development initiated 20 years ago in the laboratory of Dr. Keith Parker. Adrenocortical stem/progenitor cells have been predicted to be undifferentiated and quiescent cells that remain at the periphery of the cortex until needed to replenish the organ, at which time they undergo proliferation and terminal differentiation. Identification of these stem/progenitor cells has only recently been explored. Recent efforts have examined signaling molecules, including Wnt, Shh, and Dax1, which may coordinate intricate lineage and signaling relationships between the adrenal capsule (stem cell niche) and underlying cortex (progenitor cell pool) to maintain organ homeostasis in the adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary D. Hammer
- Corresponding author: University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 1528 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Telephone: (734) 615-2421 Fax: (734) 647-9559,
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33
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Bilezikjian LM, Vale WW. The Local Control of the Pituitary by Activin Signaling and Modulation. OPEN NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY JOURNAL (ONLINE) 2011; 4:90-101. [PMID: 21927629 PMCID: PMC3173763 DOI: 10.2174/1876528901104010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gland plays a prominent role in the control of many physiological processes. This control is achieved through the actions and interactions of hormones and growth factors that are produced and secreted by the endocrine cell types and the non-endocrine constituents that collectively and functionally define this complex organ. The five endocrine cell types of the anterior lobe of the pituitary, somatotropes, lactotropes, corticotropes, thyrotropes and gonadotropes, are defined by their primary product, growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)/luteinizing hormone (LH). They are further distinguishable by the presence of cell surface receptors that display high affinity and selectivity for specific hypothalamic hormones and couple to appropriate downstream signaling pathways involved in the control of cell type specific responses, including the release and/or synthesis of pituitary hormones. Central control of the pituitary via the hypothalamus is further fine-tuned by the positive or negative actions of peripheral feedback signals and of a variety of factors that originate from sources within the pituitary. The focus of this review is the latter category of intrinsic factors that exert local control. Special emphasis is given to the TGF-β family of growth factors, in particular activin effects on the gonadotrope population, because a considerable body of evidence supports their contribution to the local modulation of the embryonic and postnatal pituitary as well as pituitary pathogenesis. A number of other substances, including members of the cytokine and FGF families, VEGF, IGF1, PACAP, Ghrelin, adenosine and nitric oxide have also been shown or implicated to function as autocrine/paracrine factors, though, definitive proof remains lacking in some cases. The ever-growing list of putative autocrine/paracrine factors of the pituitary nevertheless has highlighted the complexity of the local network and its impact on pituitary functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Bilezikjian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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Sahut-Barnola I, de Joussineau C, Val P, Lambert-Langlais S, Damon C, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Pointud JC, Marceau G, Sapin V, Tissier F, Ragazzon B, Bertherat J, Kirschner LS, Stratakis CA, Martinez A. Cushing's syndrome and fetal features resurgence in adrenal cortex-specific Prkar1a knockout mice. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000980. [PMID: 20548949 PMCID: PMC2883593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carney complex (CNC) is an inherited neoplasia syndrome with endocrine overactivity. Its most frequent endocrine manifestation is primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD), a bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia causing pituitary-independent Cushing's syndrome. Inactivating mutations in PRKAR1A, a gene encoding the type 1 α-regulatory subunit (R1α) of the cAMP–dependent protein kinase (PKA) have been found in 80% of CNC patients with Cushing's syndrome. To demonstrate the implication of R1α loss in the initiation and development of PPNAD, we generated mice lacking Prkar1a specifically in the adrenal cortex (AdKO). AdKO mice develop pituitary-independent Cushing's syndrome with increased PKA activity. This leads to autonomous steroidogenic genes expression and deregulated adreno-cortical cells differentiation, increased proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Unexpectedly, R1α loss results in improper maintenance and centrifugal expansion of cortisol-producing fetal adrenocortical cells with concomitant regression of adult cortex. Our data provide the first in vivo evidence that loss of R1α is sufficient to induce autonomous adrenal hyper-activity and bilateral hyperplasia, both observed in human PPNAD. Furthermore, this model demonstrates that deregulated PKA activity favors the emergence of a new cell population potentially arising from the fetal adrenal, giving new insight into the mechanisms leading to PPNAD. Carney complex is a rare familial disease characterized by a predisposition to develop multiple endocrine tumors and highly morbid syndromes due to endocrine overactivities. Its most frequent endocrine manifestation, hypersecretion of glucocorticoids i.e. Cushing's syndrome, is caused by micronodular adrenal gland hyperplasia, an unusual neoplasia which combines both hyperplastic and atrophic areas. Inactivating mutations of the gene encoding the regulatory subunit 1α (R1α) of the cAMP–dependent protein kinase were frequently found in these patients, but the causal link between loss of R1α and onset of this adrenal disorder had not yet been established. Here, we describe the first mouse model mimicking this disease and provide mechanistic insights into endocrine overactivity and neoplastic transformation. Indeed, we show that lack of R1α induces autonomous expression of genes involved in steroid biosynthesis and resurgence of hyperplastic fetal-like cells with concomitant defects in cell renewal of the adult cortex. Our data therefore represent a substantial conceptual advance on the cellular dynamics involved in adrenal gland homeostasis. They suggest that regression of fetal structures may be important to establish normal endocrine functions and to allow cell renewal in the definitive cortex. Failure to clear out cells of fetal features in R1α-deficient adrenals leads to morbid hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Sahut-Barnola
- CNRS UMR6247, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Cyrille de Joussineau
- CNRS UMR6247, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Pierre Val
- CNRS UMR6247, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Sarah Lambert-Langlais
- CNRS UMR6247, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Christelle Damon
- CNRS UMR6247, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Pointud
- CNRS UMR6247, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Geoffroy Marceau
- CNRS UMR6247, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Clermont Université, Aubière, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre de Biologie, CHU G. Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- CNRS UMR6247, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Clermont Université, Aubière, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre de Biologie, CHU G. Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédérique Tissier
- INSERM U567, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Department of Endocrinologie, Métabolisme, et Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, AP-HP Hôpital Cochin, France
| | - Bruno Ragazzon
- INSERM U567, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Department of Endocrinologie, Métabolisme, et Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, AP-HP Hôpital Cochin, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- INSERM U567, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Department of Endocrinologie, Métabolisme, et Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, AP-HP Hôpital Cochin, France
| | - Lawrence S. Kirschner
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Antoine Martinez
- CNRS UMR6247, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Clermont Université, Aubière, France
- * E-mail:
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