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Montoya-Novoa I, Gardeazábal-Torbado JL, Alegre-Martí A, Fuentes-Prior P, Estébanez-Perpiñá E. Androgen receptor post-translational modifications and their implications for pathology. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1673-1694. [PMID: 38958586 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A major mechanism to modulate the biological activities of the androgen receptor (AR) involves a growing number of post-translational modifications (PTMs). In this review we summarise the current knowledge on the structural and functional impact of PTMs that affect this major transcription factor. Next, we discuss the cross-talk between these different PTMs and the presence of clusters of modified residues in the AR protein. Finally, we discuss the implications of these covalent modifications for the aetiology of diseases such as spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy's disease) and prostate cancer, and the perspectives for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Montoya-Novoa
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Gardeazábal-Torbado
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Alegre-Martí
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Fuentes-Prior
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Estébanez-Perpiñá
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Li J, Hong Z, Zhang J, Zheng S, Wan F, Liu Z, Dai B. Lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 enhances androgen receptor signaling to modulate CRPC cell resistance to enzalutamide. Oncogene 2024; 43:744-757. [PMID: 38243079 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Androgen receptors (ARs) play key roles in prostate cancer (PCa) progression and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) resistance to drug therapy. SET and MYND domain containing protein 2 (SMYD2), a lysine methyltransferase, has been reported to promote tumors by transcriptionally methylating important oncogenes or tumor repressor genes. However, the role of SMYD2 in CRPC drug resistance remains unclear. In this study, we found that SMYD2 expression was significantly upregulated in PCa tissues and cell lines. High SMYD2 expression indicated poor CRPC-free survival and overall survival in patients. SMYD2 knockdown dramatically inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) potential of 22Rv1 and C4-2 cells. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of SMYD2 promoted these effects in 22Rv1 and C4-2 cells. Mechanistically, SMYD2 methylated and phosphorylated ARs to affect AR ubiquitination and proteasome degradation, which further alters the AR transcriptome in CRPC cells. Importantly, the SMYD2 inhibitor AZ505 had a synergistic therapeutic effect with enzalutamide in CRPC cells and mouse models; however, it could also re-sensitize resistant CRPC cells to enzalutamide. Our findings demonstrated that SMYD2 enhances the methylation and phosphorylation of ARs and affects AR ubiquitination and proteasome degradation to modulate CRPC cell resistance to enzalutamide, indicating that SMYD2 serves as a crucial oncogene in PCa and is an ideal therapeutic target for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Li
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Hong
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengfeng Zheng
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangning Wan
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Dai
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Lumahan LEV, Arif M, Whitener AE, Yi P. Regulating Androgen Receptor Function in Prostate Cancer: Exploring the Diversity of Post-Translational Modifications. Cells 2024; 13:191. [PMID: 38275816 PMCID: PMC10814774 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity significantly influences prostate cancer (PCa) progression. In addition to ligand stimulation, AR transcriptional activity is also influenced by a variety of post-translational modifications (PTMs). A number of oncogenes and tumor suppressors have been observed leveraging PTMs to influence AR activity. Subjectively targeting these post-translational modifiers based on their impact on PCa cell proliferation is a rapidly developing area of research. This review elucidates the modifiers, contextualizes the effects of these PTMs on AR activity, and connects these cellular interactions to the progression of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Edward V. Lumahan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Mazia Arif
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77205, USA
| | - Amy E. Whitener
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77205, USA
| | - Ping Yi
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77205, USA
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4
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Ashton AW, Dhanjal HK, Rossner B, Mahmood H, Patel VI, Nadim M, Lota M, Shahid F, Li Z, Joyce D, Pajkos M, Dosztányi Z, Jiao X, Pestell RG. Acetylation of nuclear receptors in health and disease: an update. FEBS J 2024; 291:217-236. [PMID: 36471658 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a common reversible post-translational modification of proteins that plays a key role in regulating gene expression. Nuclear receptors (NRs) include ligand-inducible transcription factors and orphan receptors for which the ligand is undetermined, which together regulate the expression of genes involved in development, metabolism, homeostasis, reproduction and human diseases including cancer. Since the original finding that the ERα, AR and HNF4 are acetylated, we now understand that the vast majority of NRs are acetylated and that this modification has profound effects on NR function. Acetylation sites are often conserved and involve both ordered and disordered regions of NRs. The acetylated residues function as part of an intramolecular signalling platform intersecting phosphorylation, methylation and other modifications. Acetylation of NR has been shown to impact recruitment into chromatin, co-repressor and coactivator complex formation, sensitivity and specificity of regulation by ligand and ligand antagonists, DNA binding, subcellular distribution and transcriptional activity. A growing body of evidence in mice indicates a vital role for NR acetylation in metabolism. Additionally, mutations of the NR acetylation site occur in human disease. This review focuses on the role of NR acetylation in coordinating signalling in normal physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Ashton
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Rossner
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Huma Mahmood
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Vivek I Patel
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Mohammad Nadim
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Manpreet Lota
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Farhan Shahid
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Zhiping Li
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - David Joyce
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Matyas Pajkos
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Dosztányi
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xuanmao Jiao
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- The Wistar Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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5
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Gu R, Kim TD, Jiang H, Shin S, Oh S, Janknecht R. Methylation of the epigenetic JMJD2D protein by SET7/9 promotes prostate tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1295613. [PMID: 38045004 PMCID: PMC10690936 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1295613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
How the function of the JMJD2D epigenetic regulator is regulated or whether it plays a role in prostate cancer has remained elusive. We found that JMJD2D was overexpressed in prostate tumors, stimulated prostate cancer cell growth and became methylated by SET7/9 on K427. Mutation of this lysine residue in JMJD2D reduced the ability of DU145 prostate cancer cells to grow, invade and form tumors and elicited extensive transcriptomic changes. This included downregulation of CBLC, a ubiquitin ligase gene with hitherto unknown functions in prostate cancer, and upregulation of PLAGL1, a transcription factor with reported tumor suppressive characteristics in the prostate. Bioinformatic analyses indicated that CBLC expression was elevated in prostate tumors. Further, downregulation of CBLC largely phenocopied the effects of the K427 mutation on DU145 cells. In sum, these data have unveiled a novel mode of regulation of JMJD2D through lysine methylation, illustrated how this can affect oncogenic properties by influencing expression of the CBLC gene, and established a pro-tumorigenic role for CBLC in the prostate. A corollary is that JMJD2D and CBLC inhibitors could have therapeutic benefits in the treatment of prostate and possibly other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicai Gu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Tae-Dong Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Hanlin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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6
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Gu R, Kim TD, Song H, Sui Y, Shin S, Oh S, Janknecht R. SET7/9-mediated methylation affects oncogenic functions of histone demethylase JMJD2A. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164990. [PMID: 37870957 PMCID: PMC10619491 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The histone demethylase JMJD2A/KDM4A facilitates prostate cancer development, yet how JMJD2A function is regulated has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that SET7/9-mediated methylation on 6 lysine residues modulated JMJD2A. Joint mutation of these lysine residues suppressed JMJD2A's ability to stimulate the MMP1 matrix metallopeptidase promoter upon recruitment by the ETV1 transcription factor. Mutation of just 3 methylation sites (K505, K506, and K507) to arginine residues (3xR mutation) was sufficient to maximally reduce JMJD2A transcriptional activity and also decreased its binding to ETV1. Introduction of the 3xR mutation into DU145 prostate cancer cells reduced in vitro growth and invasion and also severely compromised tumorigenesis. Consistently, the 3xR genotype caused transcriptome changes related to cell proliferation and invasion pathways, including downregulation of MMP1 and the NPM3 nucleophosmin/nucleoplasmin gene. NPM3 downregulation phenocopied and its overexpression rescued, to a large degree, the 3xR mutation in DU145 cells, suggesting that NPM3 was a seminal downstream effector of methylated JMJD2A. Moreover, we found that NPM3 was overexpressed in prostate cancer and might be indicative of disease aggressiveness. SET7/9-mediated lysine methylation of JMJD2A may aggravate prostate tumorigenesis in a manner dependent on NPM3, implying that the SET7/9→JMJD2A→NPM3 axis could be targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology
- Department of Pathology, and
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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7
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Wang Z, Petricca J, Liu M, Zhang S, Chen S, Li M, Besschetnova A, Patalano S, Venkataramani K, Siegfried KR, Macoska JA, Han D, Gao S, Vedadi M, Arrowsmith CH, He HH, Cai C. SETD7 functions as a transcription repressor in prostate cancer via methylating FOXA1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220472120. [PMID: 37549269 PMCID: PMC10438836 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220472120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of histone lysine methyltransferases and demethylases is one of the major mechanisms driving the epigenetic reprogramming of transcriptional networks in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In addition to their canonical histone targets, some of these factors can modify critical transcription factors, further impacting oncogenic transcription programs. Our recent report demonstrated that LSD1 can demethylate the lysine 270 of FOXA1 in prostate cancer (PCa) cells, leading to the stabilization of FOXA1 chromatin binding. This process enhances the activities of the androgen receptor and other transcription factors that rely on FOXA1 as a pioneer factor. However, the identity of the methyltransferase responsible for FOXA1 methylation and negative regulation of the FOXA1-LSD1 oncogenic axis remains unknown. SETD7 was initially identified as a transcriptional activator through its methylation of histone 3 lysine 4, but its function as a methyltransferase on nonhistone substrates remains poorly understood, particularly in the context of PCa progression. In this study, we reveal that SETD7 primarily acts as a transcriptional repressor in CRPC cells by functioning as the major methyltransferase targeting FOXA1-K270. This methylation disrupts FOXA1-mediated transcription. Consistent with its molecular function, we found that SETD7 confers tumor suppressor activity in PCa cells. Moreover, loss of SETD7 expression is significantly associated with PCa progression and tumor aggressiveness. Overall, our study provides mechanistic insights into the tumor-suppressive and transcriptional repression activities of SETD7 in mediating PCa progression and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Wang
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
| | - Jessica Petricca
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5G1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G1L7, Canada
| | - Mingyu Liu
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
| | - Songqi Zhang
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
| | - Sujun Chen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5G1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G1L7, Canada
- West China School of Public Health, West China Fourth Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, China
| | - Muqing Li
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
| | - Anna Besschetnova
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
| | - Susan Patalano
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
| | | | | | - Jill A. Macoska
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
| | - Dong Han
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
| | - Shuai Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY10595
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY10595
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Cheryl H. Arrowsmith
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5G1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G1L7, Canada
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5G1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G1L7, Canada
| | - Changmeng Cai
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA02125
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8
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Bonnici J, Oueini R, Salah E, Johansson C, Schofield CJ, Kawamura A. The catalytic domains of all human KDM5 JmjC demethylases catalyse N-methyl arginine demethylation. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:933-946. [PMID: 36700827 PMCID: PMC10952680 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The demethylation of Nε -methyllysine residues on histones by Jumonji-C lysine demethylases (JmjC-KDMs) has been established. A subset of JmjC-KDMs has also been reported to have Nω -methylarginine residue demethylase (RDM) activity. Here, we describe biochemical screening studies, showing that the catalytic domains of all human KDM5s (KDM5A-KDM5D), KDM4E and, to a lesser extent, KDM4A/D, have both KDM and RDM activities with histone peptides. Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1 peptides were shown to be RDM substrates for KDM5C/D. No RDM activity was observed with KDM1A and the other JmjC-KDMs tested. The results highlight the potential of JmjC-KDMs to catalyse reactions other than Nε -methyllysine demethylation. Although our study is limited to peptide fragments, the results should help guide biological studies investigating JmjC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bonnici
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial ResearchUniversity of OxfordUK
- Chemistry – School of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityUK
| | - Razanne Oueini
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial ResearchUniversity of OxfordUK
| | - Eidarus Salah
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial ResearchUniversity of OxfordUK
| | - Catrine Johansson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial ResearchUniversity of OxfordUK
- Botnar Research Centre, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research UnitUniversity of OxfordUK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial ResearchUniversity of OxfordUK
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial ResearchUniversity of OxfordUK
- Chemistry – School of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityUK
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9
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Monteiro FL, Stepanauskaite L, Williams C, Helguero LA. SETD7 Expression Is Associated with Breast Cancer Survival Outcomes for Specific Molecular Subtypes: A Systematic Analysis of Publicly Available Datasets. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246029. [PMID: 36551516 PMCID: PMC9775934 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SETD7 is a lysine N-methyltransferase that targets many proteins important in breast cancer (BC). However, its role and clinical significance remain unclear. Here, we used online tools and multiple public datasets to explore the predictive potential of SETD7 expression (high or low quartile) considering BC subtype, grade, stage, and therapy. We also investigated overrepresented biological processes associated with its expression using TCGA-BRCA data. SETD7 expression was highest in the Her2 (ERBB2)-enriched molecular subtype and lowest in the basal-like subtype. For the basal-like subtype specifically, higher SETD7 was consistently correlated with worse recurrence-free survival (p < 0.009). High SETD7-expressing tumours further exhibited a higher rate of ERBB2 mutation (20% vs. 5%) along with a poorer response to anti-Her2 therapy. Overall, high SETD7-expressing tumours showed higher stromal and lower immune scores. This was specifically related to higher counts of cancer-associated fibroblasts and endothelial cells, but lower B and T cell signatures, especially in the luminal A subtype. Genes significantly associated with SETD7 expression were accordingly overrepresented in immune response processes, with distinct subtype characteristics. We conclude that the prognostic value of SETD7 depends on the BC subtype and that SETD7 may be further explored as a potential treatment-predictive marker for immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Liliana Monteiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lina Stepanauskaite
- SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Williams
- SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luisa A. Helguero
- SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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10
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Hong J, Tang Y, Zhou M, Deng J, Hu H, Xu D. Polyethylene glycol-modified mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles co-loaded with dimethylcurcumin and indocyanine green for combination therapy of castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Christenson M, Song CS, Liu YG, Chatterjee B. Precision Targets for Intercepting the Lethal Progression of Prostate Cancer: Potential Avenues for Personalized Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:892. [PMID: 35205640 PMCID: PMC8870390 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ-confined prostate cancer of low-grade histopathology is managed with radiation, surgery, active surveillance, or watchful waiting and exhibits a 5-year overall survival (OS) of 95%, while metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) is incurable, holding a 5-year OS of 30%. Treatment options for advanced PCa-metastatic and non-metastatic-include hormone therapy that inactivates androgen receptor (AR) signaling, chemotherapy and genome-targeted therapy entailing synthetic lethality of tumor cells exhibiting aberrant DNA damage response, and immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), which suppresses tumors with genomic microsatellite instability and/or deficient mismatch repair. Cancer genome sequencing uncovered novel somatic and germline mutations, while mechanistic studies are revealing their pathological consequences. A microRNA has shown biomarker potential for stratifying patients who may benefit from angiogenesis inhibition prior to ICI. A 22-gene expression signature may select high-risk localized PCa, which would not additionally benefit from post-radiation hormone therapy. We present an up-to-date review of the molecular and therapeutic aspects of PCa, highlight genomic alterations leading to AR upregulation and discuss AR-degrading molecules as promising anti-AR therapeutics. New biomarkers and druggable targets are shaping innovative intervention strategies against high-risk localized and metastatic PCa, including AR-independent small cell-neuroendocrine carcinoma, while presenting individualized treatment opportunities through improved design and precision targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bandana Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (M.C.); (C.-S.S.); (Y.-G.L.)
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12
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Malbeteau L, Pham HT, Eve L, Stallcup MR, Poulard C, Le Romancer M. How Protein Methylation Regulates Steroid Receptor Function. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:160-197. [PMID: 33955470 PMCID: PMC8755998 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Steroid receptors (SRs) are members of the nuclear hormonal receptor family, many of which are transcription factors regulated by ligand binding. SRs regulate various human physiological functions essential for maintenance of vital biological pathways, including development, reproduction, and metabolic homeostasis. In addition, aberrant expression of SRs or dysregulation of their signaling has been observed in a wide variety of pathologies. SR activity is tightly and finely controlled by post-translational modifications (PTMs) targeting the receptors and/or their coregulators. Whereas major attention has been focused on phosphorylation, growing evidence shows that methylation is also an important regulator of SRs. Interestingly, the protein methyltransferases depositing methyl marks are involved in many functions, from development to adult life. They have also been associated with pathologies such as inflammation, as well as cardiovascular and neuronal disorders, and cancer. This article provides an overview of SR methylation/demethylation events, along with their functional effects and biological consequences. An in-depth understanding of the landscape of these methylation events could provide new information on SR regulation in physiology, as well as promising perspectives for the development of new therapeutic strategies, illustrated by the specific inhibitors of protein methyltransferases that are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Malbeteau
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Ha Thuy Pham
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Louisane Eve
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Michael R Stallcup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Coralie Poulard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
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13
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Abstract
Protein degradation is a fundamental feature of cellular life, and malfunction of this process is implicated in human disease. Ubiquitin tagging is the best characterized mechanism of targeting a protein for degradation; however, there are a growing number of distinct mechanisms which have also been identified that carry out this essential function. For example, covalent tagging of proteins with sequestosome-1 targets them for selective autophagy. Degradation signals are not exclusively polypeptides such as ubiquitin, NEDD8, and sequestosome-1. Phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation are small covalent additions that can also direct protein degradation. The diversity of substrate sequences and overlap with other pleotrophic functions for these smaller signaling moieties has made their characterization more challenging. However, these small signals might be responsible for orchestrating a large portion of the protein degradation activity in the cell. As such, there has been increasing interest in lysine methylation and associated lysine methyltransferases (KMTs), beyond canonical histone protein modification, in mediating protein degradation in a variety of contexts. This review focuses on the current evidence for lysine methylation as a protein degradation signal with a detailed discussion of the class of enzymes responsible for this phenomenon.
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14
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Epigenetic Coregulation of Androgen Receptor Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:277-293. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Pacheco MB, Camilo V, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Epigenetic Editing in Prostate Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities. Epigenetics 2021; 17:564-588. [PMID: 34130596 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1939477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenome editing consists of fusing a predesigned DNA recognition unit to the catalytic domain of a chromatin modifying enzyme leading to the introduction or removal of an epigenetic mark at a specific locus. These platforms enabled the study of the mechanisms and roles of epigenetic changes in several research domains such as those addressing pathogenesis and progression of cancer. Despite the continued efforts required to overcome some limitations, which include specificity, off-target effects, efficacy, and longevity, these tools have been rapidly progressing and improving.Since prostate cancer is characterized by multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations that affect different signalling pathways, epigenetic editing constitutes a promising strategy to hamper cancer progression. Therefore, by modulating chromatin structure through epigenome editing, its conformation might be better understood and events that drive prostate carcinogenesis might be further unveiled.This review describes the different epigenome engineering tools, their mechanisms concerning gene's expression and regulation, highlighting the challenges and opportunities concerning prostate cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Brütt Pacheco
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vânia Camilo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. DR. António Bernardino De Almeida, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Isoform-Specific Lysine Methylation of RORα2 by SETD7 Is Required for Association of the TIP60 Coactivator Complex in Prostate Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051622. [PMID: 32120841 PMCID: PMC7084544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoid acid-related orphan receptor α (RORα), a member of the orphan nuclear receptor superfamily, functions as an unknown ligand-dependent transcription factor. RORα was shown to regulate a broad array of physiological processes such as Purkinje cell development in the cerebellum, circadian rhythm, lipid and bone metabolism, inhibition of inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. The human RORα gene encodes at least four distinct isoforms (RORα1, -2, -3, -4), which differ only in their N-terminal domain (NTD). Two isoforms, RORα2 and 3, are not expressed in mice, whereas RORα1 and 4 are expressed both in mice and humans. In the present study, we identified the specific NTD of RORα2 that enhances prostate tumor progression and proliferation via lysine methylation-mediated recruitment of coactivator complex pontin/Tip60. Upregulation of the RORα2 isoform in prostate cancers putatively promotes tumor formation and progression. Furthermore, binding between coactivator complex and RORα2 is increased by lysine methylation of RORα2 because methylation permits subsequent interaction with binding partners. This methylation-dependent activation is performed by SET domain containing 7 (SETD7) methyltransferase, inducing the oncogenic potential of RORα2. Thus, post-translational lysine methylation of RORα2 modulates oncogenic function of RORα2 in prostate cancer. Exploration of the post-translational modifications of RORα2 provides new avenues for the development of tumor-suppressive therapeutic agents through modulating the human isoform-specific tumorigenic role of RORα2.
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Mahesh A, Khan MIK, Govindaraju G, Verma M, Awasthi S, Chavali PL, Chavali S, Rajavelu A, Dhayalan A. SET7/9 interacts and methylates the ribosomal protein, eL42 and regulates protein synthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Hadziselimovic F, Verkauskas G, Vincel B, Stadler MB. Testicular expression of long non-coding RNAs is affected by curative GnRHa treatment of cryptorchidism. Basic Clin Androl 2019; 29:18. [PMID: 31890219 PMCID: PMC6933710 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-019-0097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptorchidism is a frequent endocrinopathy in boys that has been associated with an increased risk of developing testicular cancer and infertility. The condition is curable by combined surgery and hormonal treatment during early pre-pubertal stages using gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa). However, whether the treatment also alters the expression of testicular long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is unknown. To gain insight into the effect of GnRHa on testicular lncRNA levels, we re-analyzed an expression dataset generated from testicular biopsies obtained during orchidopexy for bilateral cryptorchidism. Results We identified EGFR-AS1, Linc-ROR, LINC00221, LINC00261, LINC00282, LINC00293, LINC00303, LINC00898, LINC00994, LINC01121, LINC01553, and MTOR-AS1 as potentially relevant for the stimulation of cell proliferation mediated by GnRHa based on their direct or indirect association with rapidly dividing cells in normal and pathological tissues. Surgery alone failed to alter the expression of these transcripts. Conclusion Given that lncRNAs can cooperate with chromatin-modifying enzymes to promote epigenetic regulation of genes, GnRHa treatment may act as a surrogate for mini-puberty by triggering the differentiation of Ad spermatogonia via lncRNA-mediated epigenetic effects. Our work provides additional molecular evidence that infertility and azoospermia in cryptorchidism, resulting from defective mini-puberty cannot be cured with successful orchidopexy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Hadziselimovic
- Cryptorchidism Research Institute, Children's Day Care Center, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Gilvydas Verkauskas
- 2Children's Surgery Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Beata Vincel
- 3Children's Surgery Centre, Clinic of Gastroenterology, Nephrourology and Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Michael B Stadler
- 4Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,5Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Wen S, Niu Y, Huang H. Posttranslational regulation of androgen dependent and independent androgen receptor activities in prostate cancer. Asian J Urol 2019; 7:203-218. [PMID: 33024699 PMCID: PMC7525085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in western countries. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays key roles in the development of PCa. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the standard therapy for advanced PCa. In addition to its ligand androgen, accumulating evidence indicates that posttranscriptional modification is another important mechanism to regulate AR activities during the progression of PCa, especially in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). To date, a number of posttranscriptional modifications of AR have been identified, including phosphorylation (e.g. by CDK1), acetylation (e.g. by p300 and recognized by BRD4), methylation (e.g. by EZH2), ubiquitination (e.g. by SPOP), and SUMOylation (e.g. by PIAS1). These modifications are essential for the maintenance of protein stability, nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of AR. This review summarizes posttranslational modifications that influence androgen-dependent and -independent activities of AR, PCa progression and therapy resistance. We further emphasize that in addition to androgen, posttranslational modification is another important way to regulate AR activity, suggesting that targeting AR posttranslational modifications, such as proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) of AR, represents a potential and promising alternate for effective treatment of CRPC. Potential areas to be investigated in the future in the field of AR posttranslational modifications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA.,Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA
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20
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Levy D. Lysine methylation signaling of non-histone proteins in the nucleus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2873-2883. [PMID: 31123776 PMCID: PMC11105312 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysine methylation, catalyzed by protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs), is a central post-translational modification regulating many signaling pathways. It has direct and indirect effects on chromatin structure and transcription. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulation of PKMT activity has a fundamental impact on the development of many pathologies. While most of these works involve in-depth analysis of methylation events in the context of histones, in recent years, it has become evident that methylation of non-histone proteins also plays a pivotal role in cell processes. This review highlights the importance of non-histone methylation, with focus on methylation events taking place in the nucleus. Known experimental platforms which were developed to identify new methylation events, as well as examples of specific lysine methylation signaling events which regulate key transcription factors, are presented. In addition, the role of these methylation events in normal and disease states is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Levy
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beersheba, Israel.
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beersheba, Israel.
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21
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Han D, Huang M, Wang T, Li Z, Chen Y, Liu C, Lei Z, Chu X. Lysine methylation of transcription factors in cancer. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:290. [PMID: 30926778 PMCID: PMC6441099 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein lysine methylation is a critical and dynamic post-translational modification that can regulate protein stability and function. This post-translational modification is regulated by lysine methyltransferases and lysine demethylases. Recent studies using mass-spectrometric techniques have revealed that in addition to histones, a great number of transcription factors are also methylated, often at multiple sites and to different degrees (mono-, di-, trimethyl lysine). The biomedical significance of transcription factor methylation in human diseases, including cancer, has been explored recently. Some studies have demonstrated that interfering with transcription factor lysine methylation both in vitro and in vivo can inhibit cancer cell proliferation, thereby reversing tumor progression. The inhibitors targeting lysine methyltransferases and lysine demethylases have been under development for the past two decades, and may be used as potential anticancer agents in the clinic. In this review, we focus on the current findings of transcription factor lysine methylation, and the effects on both transcriptional activity and target gene expression. We outlined the biological significance of transcription factor lysine methylation on tumor progression and highlighted its clinical value in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengxi Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zengjie Lei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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22
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Milite C, Feoli A, Horton JR, Rescigno D, Cipriano A, Pisapia V, Viviano M, Pepe G, Amendola G, Novellino E, Cosconati S, Cheng X, Castellano S, Sbardella G. Discovery of a Novel Chemotype of Histone Lysine Methyltransferase EHMT1/2 (GLP/G9a) Inhibitors: Rational Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Co-crystal Structure. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2666-2689. [PMID: 30753076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of compound BIX01294 over 10 years ago, only a very limited number of nonquinazoline inhibitors of H3K9-specific methyltransferases G9a and G9a-like protein (GLP) have been reported. Herein, we report the identification of a novel chemotype for G9a/GLP inhibitors, based on the underinvestigated 2-alkyl-5-amino- and 2-aryl-5-amino-substituted 3 H-benzo[ e][1,4]diazepine scaffold. Our research efforts resulted in the identification 12a (EML741), which not only maintained the high in vitro and cellular potency of its quinazoline counterpart, but also displayed improved inhibitory potency against DNA methyltransferase 1, improved selectivity against other methyltransferases, low cell toxicity, and improved apparent permeability values in both parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) and blood-brain barrier-specific PAMPA, and therefore might potentially be a better candidate for animal studies. Finally, the co-crystal structure of GLP in complex with 12a provides the basis for the further development of benzodiazepine-based G9a/GLP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John R Horton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Giorgio Amendola
- DiSTABiF , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Via Vivaldi 43 , 81100 Caserta , Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy , University Federico II of Naples , Via D. Montesano 49 , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Via Vivaldi 43 , 81100 Caserta , Italy
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
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Wang C, Shu L, Zhang C, Li W, Wu R, Guo Y, Yang Y, Kong AN. Histone Methyltransferase Setd7 Regulates Nrf2 Signaling Pathway by Phenethyl Isothiocyanate and Ursolic Acid in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700840. [PMID: 29383876 PMCID: PMC6226019 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE This study aims to investigate the role of the epigenetic regulator SET domain-containing lysine methyltransferase 7 (Setd7) in regulating the antioxidant Nrf2 pathway in prostate cancer (PCa) cells and examines the effects of two phytochemicals, phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and ursolic acid (UA). METHODS AND RESULTS Lentivirus-mediated shRNA knockdown of Setd7 in LNCaP and PC-3 cells decreases the expression of downstream Nrf2 targets, such as NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1) and glutathione S-transferase theta 2 (Gstt2). Downregulation of Setd7 decreases soft agar colony formation ability of PCa cells. Knockdown of Setd7 increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Furthermore, Setd7 knockdown attenuates Nqo1 and Gstt2 expression in response to H2 O2 challenge, whereas increased DNA damage is observed in Setd7 knockdown cells in comet assay. Interestingly, Setd7 expression could be induced by the dietary phytochemicals PEITC and UA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays show that Setd7 knockdown decreased H3K4me1 enrichment in the Nrf2 and Gstt2 promoter regions, while PEITC and UA treatments elevated the enrichment. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicate that Setd7 knockdown decreases Nrf2 and Nrf2-target genes expression and that PEITC and UA induce Setd7 expression, which activates the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway and protects DNA from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | - Limin Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | - Chengyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | - Wenji Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | - Renyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | - Yuqing Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
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24
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Biological processes and signal transduction pathways regulated by the protein methyltransferase SETD7 and their significance in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:19. [PMID: 30013796 PMCID: PMC6043541 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein methyltransferases have been shown to methylate histone and non-histone proteins, leading to regulation of several biological processes that control cell homeostasis. Over the past few years, the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD7 (SETD7; also known as SET7/9, KIAA1717, KMT7, SET7, SET9) has emerged as an important regulator of at least 30 non-histone proteins and a potential target for the treatment of several human diseases. This review discusses current knowledge of the structure and subcellular localization of SETD7, as well as its function as a histone and non-histone methyltransferase. This work also underlines the putative contribution of SETD7 to the regulation of gene expression, control of cell proliferation, differentiation and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which indicate that SETD7 is a candidate for novel targeted therapies with the aim of either stimulating or inhibiting its activity, depending on the cell signaling context.
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25
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Portelli M, Baron B. Clinical Presentation of Preeclampsia and the Diagnostic Value of Proteins and Their Methylation Products as Biomarkers in Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia and Their Newborns. J Pregnancy 2018; 2018:2632637. [PMID: 30050697 PMCID: PMC6046127 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2632637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a disorder which affects 1-10% of pregnant women worldwide. It is characterised by hypertension and proteinuria in the later stages of gestation and can lead to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Other than the delivery of the foetus and the removal of the placenta, to date there are no therapeutic approaches to treat or prevent PE. It is thus only possible to reduce PE-related mortality through early detection, careful monitoring, and treatment of the symptoms. For these reasons the search for noninvasive, blood-borne, or urinary biochemical markers that could be used for the screening, presymptomatic diagnosis, and prediction of the development of PE is of great urgency. So far, a number of biomarkers have been proposed for predicting PE, based on pathophysiological observations, but these have mostly proven to be unreliable and inconsistent between different studies. The clinical presentation of PE and data gathered for the biochemical markers placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble Feline McDonough Sarcoma- (fms-) like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and methyl-lysine is being reviewed with the aim of providing both a clinical and biochemical understanding of how these biomarkers might assist in the diagnosis of PE or indicate its severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Portelli
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida MSD2080, Malta
| | - Byron Baron
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida MSD2080, Malta
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26
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Abstract
Protein lysine methylation is a distinct posttranslational modification that causes minimal changes in the size and electrostatic status of lysine residues. Lysine methylation plays essential roles in regulating fates and functions of target proteins in an epigenetic manner. As a result, substrates and degrees (free versus mono/di/tri) of protein lysine methylation are orchestrated within cells by balanced activities of protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) and demethylases (KDMs). Their dysregulation is often associated with neurological disorders, developmental abnormalities, or cancer. Methyllysine-containing proteins can be recognized by downstream effector proteins, which contain methyllysine reader domains, to relay their biological functions. While numerous efforts have been made to annotate biological roles of protein lysine methylation, limited work has been done to uncover mechanisms associated with this modification at a molecular or atomic level. Given distinct biophysical and biochemical properties of methyllysine, this review will focus on chemical and biochemical aspects in addition, recognition, and removal of this posttranslational mark. Chemical and biophysical methods to profile PKMT substrates will be discussed along with classification of PKMT inhibitors for accurate perturbation of methyltransferase activities. Semisynthesis of methyllysine-containing proteins will also be covered given the critical need for these reagents to unambiguously define functional roles of protein lysine methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkui Luo
- Chemical Biology Program , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States.,Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Science , Cornell University , New York , New York 10021 , United States
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27
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28
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Lee JY, Park JH, Choi HJ, Won HY, Joo HS, Shin DH, Park MK, Han B, Kim KP, Lee TJ, Croce CM, Kong G. LSD1 demethylates HIF1α to inhibit hydroxylation and ubiquitin-mediated degradation in tumor angiogenesis. Oncogene 2017; 36:5512-5521. [PMID: 28534506 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), which has been considered as a potential therapeutic target in human cancer, has been known to regulate many biological functions through its non-histone substrates. Although LSD1-induced hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF1α) demethylation has recently been proposed, the effect of LSD1 on the relationship between HIF1α post-translational modifications (PTMs) and HIF1α-induced tumor angiogenesis remains to be elucidated. Here, we identify a new methylation site of the HIF1α protein antagonized by LSD1 and the interplay between HIF1α protein methylation and other PTMs in regulating tumor angiogenesis. LSD1 demethylates HIF1α at lysine (K) 391, which protects HIF1α against ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. LSD1 also directly suppresses PHD2-induced HIF1α hydroxylation, which has a mutually dependent interplay with Set9-mediated HIF1α methylation. Moreover, the HIF1α acetylation that occurs in a HIF1α methylation-dependent manner is inhibited by the LSD1/NuRD complex. HIF1α stabilized by LSD1 cooperates with CBP and MTA1 to enhance vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced tumor angiogenesis. Thus, LSD1 is a key regulator of HIF1α/VEGF-mediated tumor angiogenesis by antagonizing the crosstalk between PTMs involving HIF1α protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Lee
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research (IBBR), Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J-H Park
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research (IBBR), Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H-J Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H-Y Won
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H-S Joo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - D-H Shin
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M K Park
- National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - B Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - K P Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - T J Lee
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, OH, USA
| | - C M Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, OH, USA
| | - G Kong
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research (IBBR), Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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29
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Askew EB, Bai S, Parris AB, Minges JT, Wilson EM. Androgen receptor regulation by histone methyltransferase Suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 2 and Melanoma antigen-A11. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 443:42-51. [PMID: 28042025 PMCID: PMC5303141 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity depends on interactions between the AR NH2-terminal region and transcriptional coregulators. A yeast two-hybrid screen of a human testis library using predicted α-helical NH2-terminal fragment AR-(370-420) as bait identified suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 2 (SUV39H2) histone methyltransferase as an AR interacting protein. SUV39H2 interaction with AR and the AR coregulator, melanoma antigen-A11 (MAGE-A11), was verified in two-hybrid, in vitro glutathione S-transferase affinity matrix and coimmunoprecipitation assays. Fluorescent immunocytochemistry colocalized SUV39H2 and AR in the cytoplasm without androgen, in the nucleus with androgen, and with MAGE-A11 in the nucleus independent of androgen. Chromatin immunoprecipitation using antibodies raised against SUV39H2 demonstrated androgen-dependent recruitment of AR and SUV39H2 to the androgen-responsive upstream enhancer of the prostate-specific antigen gene. SUV39H2 functioned cooperatively with MAGE-A11 to increase androgen-dependent AR transcriptional activity. SUV39H2 histone methyltransferase is an AR coactivator that increases androgen-dependent transcriptional activity through interactions with AR and MAGE-A11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Askew
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Suxia Bai
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Amanda B Parris
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - John T Minges
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Wilson
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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30
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Epigenomic Regulation of Androgen Receptor Signaling: Potential Role in Prostate Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9010009. [PMID: 28275218 PMCID: PMC5295780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling remains the major oncogenic pathway in prostate cancer (PCa). Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is the principle treatment for locally advanced and metastatic disease. However, a significant number of patients acquire treatment resistance leading to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Epigenetics, the study of heritable and reversible changes in gene expression without alterations in DNA sequences, is a crucial regulatory step in AR signaling. We and others, recently described the technological advance Chem-seq, a method to identify the interaction between a drug and the genome. This has permitted better understanding of the underlying regulatory mechanisms of AR during carcinogenesis and revealed the importance of epigenetic modifiers. In screening for new epigenomic modifiying drugs, we identified SD-70, and found that this demethylase inhibitor is effective in CRPC cells in combination with current therapies. The aim of this review is to explore the role of epigenetic modifications as biomarkers for detection, prognosis, and risk evaluation of PCa. Furthermore, we also provide an update of the recent findings on the epigenetic key processes (DNA methylation, chromatin modifications and alterations in noncoding RNA profiles) involved in AR expression and their possible role as therapeutic targets.
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31
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32
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Milite C, Feoli A, Viviano M, Rescigno D, Cianciulli A, Balzano AL, Mai A, Castellano S, Sbardella G. The emerging role of lysine methyltransferase SETD8 in human diseases. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:102. [PMID: 27688818 PMCID: PMC5034662 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SETD8/SET8/Pr-SET7/KMT5A is the only known lysine methyltransferase (KMT) that monomethylates lysine 20 of histone H4 (H4K20) in vivo. Lysine residues of non-histone proteins including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and p53 are also monomethylated. As a consequence, the methyltransferase activity of the enzyme is implicated in many essential cellular processes including DNA replication, DNA damage response, transcription modulation, and cell cycle regulation. This review aims to provide an overview of the roles of SETD8 in physiological and pathological pathways and to discuss the progress made to date in inhibiting the activity of SETD8 by small molecules, with an emphasis on their discovery, selectivity over other methyltransferases and cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Milite
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy ; Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessandra Feoli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy ; Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy ; Programma di Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Monica Viviano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy ; Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Donatella Rescigno
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy ; Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy ; Programma di Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Agostino Cianciulli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy ; Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy ; Programma di Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Amodio Luca Balzano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy ; Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy ; Programma di Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy ; Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy ; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, Baronissi, I-84081 Salerno, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy ; Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
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33
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Lezina L, Aksenova V, Fedorova O, Malikova D, Shuvalov O, Antonov AV, Tentler D, Garabadgiu AV, Melino G, Barlev NA. KMT Set7/9 affects genotoxic stress response via the Mdm2 axis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25843-55. [PMID: 26317544 PMCID: PMC4694870 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic stress inflicted by anti-cancer drugs causes DNA breaks and genome instability. DNA double strand breaks induced by irradiation or pharmacological inhibition of Topoisomerase II activate ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated) kinase signalling pathway that in turn triggers cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. ATM-dependent gamma-phosphorylation of histone H2Ax and other histone modifications, including ubiquitnylation, promote exchange of histones and recruitment of DNA damage response (DDR) and repair proteins. Signal transduction pathways, besides DDR itself, also control expression of genes whose products cause cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis thus ultimately affecting the sensitivity of cells to genotoxic stress. In this study, using a number of experimental approaches we provide evidence that lysine-specific methyltransferase (KMT) Set7/9 affects DDR and DNA repair, at least in part, by regulating the expression of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, Mdm2. Furthermore, we show that Set7/9 physically interacts with Mdm2. Several cancer cell lines with inverse expression of Set7/9 and Mdm2 displayed diminished survival in response to genotoxic stress. These findings are signified by our bioinformatics studies suggesting that the unleashed expression of Mdm2 in cancer patients with diminished expression of Set7/9 is associated with poor survival outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Lezina
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Vasilisa Aksenova
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Daria Malikova
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Oleg Shuvalov
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | | | - Dmitri Tentler
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Alexander V Garabadgiu
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Institute of Technology, Saint-Petersburg, 190013, Russia
| | - Gerry Melino
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.,Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Institute of Technology, Saint-Petersburg, 190013, Russia
| | - Nikolai A Barlev
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia.,Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Institute of Technology, Saint-Petersburg, 190013, Russia
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34
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Milite C, Feoli A, Viviano M, Rescigno D, Mai A, Castellano S, Sbardella G. Progress in the Development of Lysine Methyltransferase SETD8 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1680-5. [PMID: 27411844 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SETD8/SET8/Pr-SET7/KMT5A is the only known lysine methyltransferase that monomethylates lysine 20 of histone H4 (H4K20) in vivo. The methyltransferase activity of SETD8 has been implicated in many essential cellular processes, including DNA replication, DNA damage response, transcription modulation, and cell cycle regulation. In addition to H4K20, SETD8 monomethylates non-histone substrates including proliferating cell nuclear antigen and p53. During the past decade, different structural classes of inhibitors targeting various lysine methyltransferases have been designed and developed. However, the development of SETD8 inhibitors is still in its infancy. This review covers the progress made to date in inhibiting the activity of SETD8 by small molecules, with an emphasis on their discovery, selectivity over other methyltransferases, and cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Milite
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.,Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Alessandra Feoli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.,Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.,Programma di Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Monica Viviano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.,Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Donatella Rescigno
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.,Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.,Programma di Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.,Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy. .,Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
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35
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Metzger E, Willmann D, McMillan J, Forne I, Metzger P, Gerhardt S, Petroll K, von Maessenhausen A, Urban S, Schott AK, Espejo A, Eberlin A, Wohlwend D, Schüle KM, Schleicher M, Perner S, Bedford MT, Jung M, Dengjel J, Flaig R, Imhof A, Einsle O, Schüle R. Assembly of methylated KDM1A and CHD1 drives androgen receptor-dependent transcription and translocation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:132-9. [PMID: 26751641 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer evolution is driven by a combination of epigenetic and genetic alterations such as coordinated chromosomal rearrangements, termed chromoplexy. TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions found in human prostate tumors are a hallmark of chromoplexy. TMPRSS2-ERG fusions have been linked to androgen signaling and depend on androgen receptor (AR)-coupled gene transcription. Here, we show that dimethylation of KDM1A at K114 (to form K114me2) by the histone methyltransferase EHMT2 is a key event controlling androgen-dependent gene transcription and TMPRSS2-ERG fusion. We identified CHD1 as a KDM1A K114me2 reader and characterized the KDM1A K114me2-CHD1 recognition mode by solving the cocrystal structure. Genome-wide analyses revealed chromatin colocalization of KDM1A K114me2, CHD1 and AR in prostate tumor cells. Together, our data link the assembly of methylated KDM1A and CHD1 with AR-dependent transcription and genomic translocations, thereby providing mechanistic insight into the formation of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions during prostate-tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Metzger
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominica Willmann
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joel McMillan
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK
| | - Ignasi Forne
- Adolf-Butenandt Institut, University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Philipp Metzger
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gerhardt
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Petroll
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne von Maessenhausen
- Pathology Network of the University Hospital of Luebeck and Leibniz Research Center Borstel, Luebeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Sylvia Urban
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Schott
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexsandra Espejo
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | - Adrien Eberlin
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Wohlwend
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin M Schüle
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schleicher
- Department of New Therapeutic Concept Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Perner
- Pathology Network of the University Hospital of Luebeck and Leibniz Research Center Borstel, Luebeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Axel Imhof
- Adolf-Butenandt Institut, University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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36
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Zhang X, Huang Y, Shi X. Emerging roles of lysine methylation on non-histone proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4257-72. [PMID: 26227335 PMCID: PMC11114002 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lysine methylation is a common posttranslational modification (PTM) of histones that is important for the epigenetic regulation of transcription and chromatin in eukaryotes. Increasing evidence demonstrates that in addition to histones, lysine methylation also occurs on various non-histone proteins, especially transcription- and chromatin-regulating proteins. In this review, we will briefly describe the histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) that have a broad spectrum of non-histone substrates. We will use p53 and nuclear receptors, especially estrogen receptor alpha, as examples to discuss the dynamic nature of non-histone protein lysine methylation, the writers, erasers, and readers of these modifications, and the crosstalk between lysine methylation and other PTMs in regulating the functions of the modified proteins. Understanding the roles of lysine methylation in normal cells and during development will shed light on the complex biology of diseases associated with the dysregulation of lysine methylation on both histones and non-histone proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yaling Huang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaobing Shi
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- The Genes and Development and the Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis Graduate Programs, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Pihlajamaa P, Sahu B, Jänne OA. Determinants of Receptor- and Tissue-Specific Actions in Androgen Signaling. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:357-84. [PMID: 26052734 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The physiological androgens testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone regulate the development and maintenance of primary and secondary male sexual characteristics through binding to the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor. In addition, a number of nonreproductive tissues of both genders are subject to androgen regulation. AR is also a central target in the treatment of prostate cancer. A large number of studies over the last decade have characterized many regulatory aspects of the AR pathway, such as androgen-dependent transcription programs, AR cistromes, and coregulatory proteins, mostly in cultured cells of prostate cancer origin. Moreover, recent work has revealed the presence of pioneer/licensing factors and chromatin modifications that are important to guide receptor recruitment onto appropriate chromatin loci in cell lines and in tissues under physiological conditions. Despite these advances, current knowledge related to the mechanisms responsible for receptor- and tissue-specific actions of androgens is still relatively limited. Here, we review topics that pertain to these specificity issues at different levels, both in cultured cells and tissues in vivo, with a particular emphasis on the nature of the steroid, the response element sequence, the AR cistromes, pioneer/licensing factors, and coregulatory proteins. We conclude that liganded AR and its DNA-response elements are required but are not sufficient for establishment of tissue-specific transcription programs in vivo, and that AR-selective actions over other steroid receptors rely on relaxed rather than increased stringency of cis-elements on chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Pihlajamaa
- Department of Physiology (P.P., B.S., O.A.J.), and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology (P.P., B.S.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Biswajyoti Sahu
- Department of Physiology (P.P., B.S., O.A.J.), and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology (P.P., B.S.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli A Jänne
- Department of Physiology (P.P., B.S., O.A.J.), and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology (P.P., B.S.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Fujimaki K, Ogihara T, Morris DL, Oda H, Iida H, Fujitani Y, Mirmira RG, Evans-Molina C, Watada H. SET7/9 Enzyme Regulates Cytokine-induced Expression of Inducible Nitric-oxide Synthase through Methylation of Lysine 4 at Histone 3 in the Islet β Cell. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16607-18. [PMID: 25995453 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.661777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SET7/9 is an enzyme that methylates histone 3 at lysine 4 (H3K4) to maintain euchromatin architecture. Although SET7/9 is enriched in islets and contributes to the transactivation of β cell-specific genes, including Ins1 and Slc2a, SET7/9 has also been reported to bind the p65 subunit of nuclear factor κB in non-β cells and modify its transcriptional activity. Given that inflammation is a central component of β cell dysfunction in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, the aim of this study was to elucidate the role of SET7/9 in proinflammatory cytokine signaling in β cells. To induce inflammation, βTC3 insulinoma cells were treated with IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Cytokine treatment led to increased expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase, which was attenuated by the diminution of SET7/9 using RNA interference. Consistent with previous reports, SET7/9 was co-immunoprecipitated with p65 and underwent cytosolic to nuclear translocation in response to cytokines. ChIP analysis demonstrated augmented H3K4 mono- and dimethylation of the proximal Nos2 promoter with cytokine exposure. SET7/9 was found to occupy this same region, whereas SET7/9 knockdown attenuated cytokine-induced histone methylation of the Nos2 gene. To test this relationship further, islets were isolated from SET7/9-deficient and wild-type mice and treated with IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Cytokine-induced Nos2 expression was reduced in the islets from SET7/9 knock-out mice. Together, our findings suggest that SET7/9 contributes to Nos2 transcription and proinflammatory cytokine signaling in the pancreatic β cell through activating histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hisanobu Oda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Medical Oncology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka 811-1395, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iida
- From the Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology
| | - Yoshio Fujitani
- From the Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, and Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology Program, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Medicine, and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cellular and Integrative Physiology and the Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, and
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Medicine, and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cellular and Integrative Physiology and the Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, and
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- From the Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, and Centers for Molecular Diabetology and
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Liu X, Chen Z, Xu C, Leng X, Cao H, Ouyang G, Xiao W. Repression of hypoxia-inducible factor α signaling by Set7-mediated methylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:5081-98. [PMID: 25897119 PMCID: PMC4446437 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-2α are the main regulators of cellular responses to hypoxia. Post-translational modifications of HIF-1α and 2α are necessary to modulate their functions. The methylation of non-histone proteins by Set7, an SET domain-containing lysine methyltransferase, is a novel regulatory mechanism to control cell protein function in response to various cellular stresses. In this study, we show that Set7 methylates HIF-1α at lysine 32 and HIF-2α at lysine K29; this methylation inhibits the expression of HIF-1α/2α targets by impairing the occupancy of HIF-α on hypoxia response element of HIF target gene promoter. Set7-null fibroblasts and the cells with shRNA-knocked down Set7 exhibit upregulated HIF target genes. Set7 inhibitor blocks HIF-1α/2α methylation to enhance HIF target gene expression. Set7-null fibroblasts and the cells with shRNA-knocked down Set7 or inhibition of Set7 by the inhibitor subjected to hypoxia display an increased glucose uptake and intracellular adenosine triphosphate levels. These findings define a novel modification of HIF-1α/2α and demonstrate that Set7-medited lysine methylation negatively regulates HIF-α transcriptional activity and HIF-1α-mediated glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China Department of Reproduction, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Gang Ouyang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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Cai C, He HH, Gao S, Chen S, Yu Z, Gao Y, Chen S, Chen MW, Zhang J, Ahmed M, Wang Y, Metzger E, Schüle R, Liu XS, Brown M, Balk SP. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 has dual functions as a major regulator of androgen receptor transcriptional activity. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1618-1627. [PMID: 25482560 PMCID: PMC4268354 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1, KDM1A) functions as a transcriptional corepressor through demethylation of histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) but has a coactivator function on some genes through mechanisms that are unclear. We show that LSD1, interacting with CoREST, associates with and coactivates androgen receptor (AR) on a large fraction of androgen-stimulated genes. A subset of these AR/LSD1-associated enhancer sites have histone 3 threonine 6 phosphorylation (H3T6ph), and these sites are further enriched for androgen-stimulated genes. Significantly, despite its coactivator activity, LSD1 still mediates H3K4me2 demethylation at these androgen-stimulated enhancers. FOXA1 is also associated with LSD1 at AR-regulated enhancer sites, and a FOXA1 interaction with LSD1 enhances binding of both proteins at these sites. These findings show that LSD1 functions broadly as a regulator of AR function, that it maintains a transcriptional repression function at AR-regulated enhancers through H3K4 demethylation, and that it has a distinct AR-linked coactivator function mediated by demethylation of other substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmeng Cai
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G2M9, Canada.
| | - Shuai Gao
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sen Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ziyang Yu
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yanfei Gao
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shaoyong Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mei Wei Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jesse Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Musaddeque Ahmed
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Yang Wang
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Eric Metzger
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, and BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University and Deutsche Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Standort Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, and BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University and Deutsche Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Standort Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Steven P Balk
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Keating ST, Ziemann M, Okabe J, Khan AW, Balcerczyk A, El-Osta A. Deep sequencing reveals novel Set7 networks. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4471-86. [PMID: 24875254 PMCID: PMC11113315 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methyl-dependent regulation of transcription has expanded from a traditional focus on histones to encompass transcription factor modulation. While the Set7 lysine methyltransferase is associated with pro-inflammatory gene expression in vascular endothelial cells, genome-wide regulatory roles remain to be investigated. From initial characterization of Set7 as specific for methyl-lysine 4 of H3 histones (H3K4m1), biochemical activity toward non-histone substrates has revealed additional mechanisms of gene regulation. RESULTS mRNA-Seq revealed transcriptional deregulation of over 8,000 genes in an endothelial model of Set7 knockdown. Gene ontology identified up-regulated pathways involved in developmental processes and extracellular matrix remodeling, whereas pathways regulating the inflammatory response as well as nitric oxide signaling were down-regulated. Chromatin maps derived from ChIP-Seq profiling of H3K4m1 identified several hundred loci with loss of H3K4m1 at gene regulatory elements associated with an unexpectedly subtle effect on gene expression. Transcription factor network analysis implicated six previously described Set7 substrates in mRNA-Seq changes, and we predict that Set7 post-translationally regulates other transcription factors associated with vascular endothelial gene expression through the presence of Set7 amino acid methylation motifs. CONCLUSION We describe a role for Set7 in regulating developmental pathways and response to stimuli (inflammation/immune response) in human endothelial cells of vascular origin. Set7-dependent gene expression changes that occurred independent of H3K4m1 may involve transcription factor lysine methylation events. The method of mapping measured transcriptional changes to transcription factors to identify putative substrates with strong associations to functional changes is applicable to substrate prediction for other broad-substrate histone modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T. Keating
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Mark Ziemann
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- Epigenomics Profiling Facility, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Jun Okabe
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Abdul Waheed Khan
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Aneta Balcerczyk
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- Epigenomics Profiling Facility, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
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Yuan X, Cai C, Chen S, Chen S, Yu Z, Balk SP. Androgen receptor functions in castration-resistant prostate cancer and mechanisms of resistance to new agents targeting the androgen axis. Oncogene 2014; 33:2815-25. [PMID: 23752196 PMCID: PMC4890635 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic functions of androgen receptor (AR) in normal prostate are circumvented in prostate cancer (PCa) to drive tumor growth, and the AR also can acquire new growth-promoting functions during PCa development and progression through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT, surgical or medical castration) is the standard treatment for metastatic PCa, but patients invariably relapse despite castrate androgen levels (castration-resistant PCa, CRPC). Early studies from many groups had shown that AR was highly expressed and transcriptionally active in CRPC, and indicated that steroids from the adrenal glands were contributing to this AR activity. More recent studies showed that CRPC cells had increased expression of enzymes mediating androgen synthesis from adrenal steroids, and could synthesize androgens de novo from cholesterol. Phase III clinical trials showing a survival advantage in CRPC for treatment with abiraterone (inhibitor of the enzyme CYP17A1 required for androgen synthesis that markedly reduces androgens and precursor steroids) and for enzalutamide (new AR antagonist) have now confirmed that AR activity driven by residual androgens makes a major contribution to CRPC, and led to the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of both agents. Unfortunately, patients treated with these agents for advanced CRPC generally relapse within a year and AR appears to be active in the relapsed tumors, but the molecular mechanisms mediating intrinsic or acquired resistance to these AR-targeted therapies remain to be defined. This review outlines AR functions that contribute to PCa development and progression, the roles of intratumoral androgen synthesis and AR structural alterations in driving AR activity in CRPC, mechanisms of action for abiraterone and enzalutamide, and possible mechanisms of resistance to these agents.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Androgens/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yuan
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Cai
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Yu
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S P Balk
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
The nuclear receptor (NR) family comprises 48 transcription factors (TFs) with essential and diverse roles in development, metabolism and disease. Differently from other TFs, NRs engage with well-defined DNA-regulatory elements, mostly after ligand-induced structural changes. However, NR binding is not stochastic, and only a fraction of the cognate regulatory elements within the genome actively engage with NRs. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the interactions between NRs and DNA. We discuss how chromatin accessibility and epigenetic modifications contribute to the recruitment and transactivation of NRs. Lastly, we present novel evidence of the interplay between non-coding RNA and NRs in the mediation of the assembly of the transcriptional machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Maria Gadaleta
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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44
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Kadiyala V, Smith CL. Minireview: The versatile roles of lysine deacetylases in steroid receptor signaling. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:607-21. [PMID: 24645680 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine deacetylases have been known to regulate nuclear receptor function for many years. In the unliganded state, nuclear receptors that form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors, such as the retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors, associate with deacetylases to repress target genes. In the case of steroid receptors, binding of an antagonist ligand was initially reported to induce association of deacetylases to prevent activation of target genes. Since then, deacetylases have been shown to have diverse functions in steroid receptor signaling, from regulating interactions with molecular chaperones to facilitating their ability to activate transcription. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies on the role of deacetylases in steroid receptor signaling, which show deacetylases to be highly versatile regulators of steroid receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineela Kadiyala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (V.K., C.L.S.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science (V.K.), University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona 85721
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Chung HH, Sze SK, Woo ARE, Sun Y, Sim KH, Dong XM, Lin VCL. Lysine methylation of progesterone receptor at activation function 1 regulates both ligand-independent activity and ligand sensitivity of the receptor. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:5704-22. [PMID: 24415758 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.522839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptor (PR) exists in two isoforms, PRA and PRB, and both contain activation functions AF-1 and AF-2. It is believed that AF-1 is primarily responsible for the ligand-independent activity, whereas AF-2 mediates ligand-dependent PR activation. Although more than a dozen post-translational modifications of PR have been reported, no post-translational modification on AF-1 or AF-2 has been reported. Using LC-MS/MS-based proteomic analysis, this study revealed AF-1 monomethylation at Lys-464. Mutational analysis revealed the remarkable importance of Lys-464 in regulating PR activity. Single point mutation K464Q or K464A led to ligand-independent PR gel upshift similar to the ligand-induced gel upshift. This upshift was associated with increases in both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent PR phosphorylation and PR activity due to the hyperactivation of AF-1. In contrast, mutation of Lys-464 to the bulkier phenylalanine to mimic the effect of methylation caused a drastic decrease in PR activity. Importantly, PR-K464Q also showed heightened ligand sensitivity, and this was associated with increases in its functional interaction with transcription co-regulators NCoR1 and SRC-1. These results suggest that monomethylation of PR at Lys-464 probably has a repressive effect on AF-1 activity and ligand sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Hwa Chung
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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Herz HM, Garruss A, Shilatifard A. SET for life: biochemical activities and biological functions of SET domain-containing proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2013; 38:621-39. [PMID: 24148750 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Martin Herz
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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Green T, Chen X, Ryan S, Asch AS, Ruiz-Echevarría MJ. TMEFF2 and SARDH cooperate to modulate one-carbon metabolism and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2013; 73:1561-75. [PMID: 23824605 PMCID: PMC3878307 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transmembrane protein with epidermal growth factor and two follistatin motifs, TMEFF2, has been implicated in prostate cancer but its role in this disease is unclear. We recently demonstrated that the tumor suppressor role of TMEFF2 correlates, in part, with its ability to interact with sarcosine dehydrogenase (SARDH) and modulate sarcosine level. TMEFF2 overexpression inhibits sarcosine-induced invasion. Here, we further characterize the functional interaction between TMEFF2 and SARDH and their link with one-carbon (1-C) metabolism and invasion. METHODS RNA interference was used to study the effect of SARDH and/or TMEFF2 knockdown (KD) in invasion, evaluated using Boyden chambers. The dependence of invasion on 1-C metabolism was determined by examining sensitivity to methotrexate. Real-time PCR and Western blot of subcellular fractions were used to study the effect of SARDH KD or TMEFF2 KD on expression of enzymes involved in one-carbon (1-C) metabolism and on TMEFF2 expression and localization. Protein interactions were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Cell viability and proliferation were measured by cell counting and MTT analysis. RESULTS While knocking down SARDH affects TMEFF2 subcellular localization, this effect is not responsible for the increased invasion observed in SARDH KD cells. Importantly, SARDH and/or TMEFF2 KD promote increased cellular invasion, sensitize the cell to methotrexate, render the cell resistant to invasion induced by sarcosine, a metabolite from the folate-mediated 1-C metabolism pathway, and affect the expression level of enzymes involved in that pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our findings define a role for TMEFF2 and the folate-mediated 1-C metabolism pathway in modulating cellular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Green
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, USA
| | - Stephen Ryan
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Adam S. Asch
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maria J. Ruiz-Echevarría
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Correspondence: , Phone: 252-744.2856, Fax: 252-744.3418
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48
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy and second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in US males. Clinically, locally confined disease is treated surgically and/or with radiation therapy. Invasive disease, however, must be treated with pharmacological inhibitors of androgen receptor (AR) activity, since disease progression is fundamentally reliant on AR activation. However, despite initially effective treatment options, recurrent castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) often occurs due to aberrant reactivation of AR. Additionally, it is appreciated that many other signaling molecules, such as transcription factors, oncogenes, and tumor suppressors, are often perturbed and significantly contribute to PCa initiation and progression to incurable disease. Understanding the interplay between AR signaling and other signaling networks altered in PCa will advance therapeutic approaches. Overall, comprehension of the molecular composition promoting neoplastic growth and formation of CRPC is paramount for developing durable treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Schrecengost
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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49
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Deb G, Thakur VS, Gupta S. Multifaceted role of EZH2 in breast and prostate tumorigenesis: epigenetics and beyond. Epigenetics 2013; 8:464-76. [PMID: 23644490 DOI: 10.4161/epi.24532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of EZH2 and other PRC2 subunits, such as SUZ12, is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in several human malignancies. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms driving aberrant EZH2 expression are poorly understood. This review provides molecular insights into the essential role of EZH2 in breast and prostate tumorigenesis. We addressed the current understanding on the oncogenic role of EZH2, with an emphasis on: (1) the less known PRC2-independent role of EZH2 in gene activation, in addition to its canonical role in transcriptional silencing as a histone methyltransferase catalyzing the trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27; (2) causes and consequences of its deregulation in tumor cells and; (3) collaboration of EZH2 with other epigenetic and hormone receptor-mediated oncogenic signaling pathways. We also summarize how EZH2 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in hormone-refractory cancers and the prospects for integrating EZH2 blockade with available pharmacological inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Deb
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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50
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Coffey K, Rogerson L, Ryan-Munden C, Alkharaif D, Stockley J, Heer R, Sahadevan K, O’Neill D, Jones D, Darby S, Staller P, Mantilla A, Gaughan L, Robson CN. The lysine demethylase, KDM4B, is a key molecule in androgen receptor signalling and turnover. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:4433-46. [PMID: 23435229 PMCID: PMC3632104 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a key molecule involved in prostate cancer (PC) development and progression. Post-translational modification of the AR by co-regulator proteins can modulate its transcriptional activity. To identify which demethylases might be involved in AR regulation, an siRNA screen was performed to reveal that the demethylase, KDM4B, may be an important co-regulator protein. KDM4B enzymatic activity is required to enhance AR transcriptional activity; however, independently of this activity, KDM4B can enhance AR protein stability via inhibition of AR ubiquitination. Importantly, knockdown of KDM4B in multiple cell lines results in almost complete depletion of AR protein levels. For the first time, we have identified KDM4B to be an androgen-regulated demethylase enzyme, which can influence AR transcriptional activity not only via demethylation activity but also via modulation of ubiquitination. Together, these findings demonstrate the close functional relationship between AR and KDM4B, which work together to amplify the androgen response. Furthermore, KDM4B expression in clinical PC specimens positively correlates with increasing cancer grade (P < 0.001). Consequently, KDM4B is a viable therapeutic target in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Coffey
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lynsey Rogerson
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia Ryan-Munden
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dhuha Alkharaif
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacqueline Stockley
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kanagasabai Sahadevan
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel O’Neill
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dominic Jones
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Darby
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Staller
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alejandra Mantilla
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luke Gaughan
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Craig N. Robson
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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