1
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Primary squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid gland: 11 case reports and a population-based study. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:352. [PMID: 36329478 PMCID: PMC9632099 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid gland (PSCCT) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor associated with a poor prognosis. Due to the rare case, there is a knowledge gap on the features of PSCCT. There is limited understanding of the treatment and molecular biology of this tumor. More genomic work and relevant perspective work need to be done. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical information of patients with PSCCT diagnosed from December 2009 to December 2020 at The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. In addition, we conducted an electronic search of the paper in CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases by recently updated articles. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results There were only 11 patients met the study’s inclusion criteria in our institution. The patients ranged in age from 25 to 68 years old and female preponderance (M:F = 1:1.7). The median survival time was 6 months, and 1-year survival rate was 33.3%. Fifty-three patients’ individual data from 45 articles were selected for analysis. The median age at diagnosis was 63 years and female preponderance (M:F = 1:2.5). The commonest complaint was the anterior neck mass (77.3%), followed by hoarseness (32.1%). The median survival time was 9 months, and the overall 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rate was 39.8%, 33.7%, and 26.9%, respectively. The log-rank method shows that age, tumor size, lymph node status, M stage, surgical range, and tracheal status were the relevant factors affecting the prognosis. In contrast, gender, treatment modality, and resection margin were not prognostic factors. On multivariable analysis, age and M stage were associated with overall survival. Conclusion The median overall survival was 6–9 months of PSCCT. Age and M stage are predictors of PSSCT. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-022-02814-9.
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2
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Jing L, Zhang Q. Intrathyroidal feedforward and feedback network regulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:992883. [PMID: 36187113 PMCID: PMC9519864 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.992883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs), including T4 and T3, are produced and released by the thyroid gland under the stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The homeostasis of THs is regulated via the coordination of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, plasma binding proteins, and local metabolism in tissues. TH synthesis and secretion in the thyrocytes-containing thyroid follicles are exquisitely regulated by an elaborate molecular network comprising enzymes, transporters, signal transduction machineries, and transcription factors. In this article, we synthesized the relevant literature, organized and dissected the complex intrathyroidal regulatory network into structures amenable to functional interpretation and systems-level modeling. Multiple intertwined feedforward and feedback motifs were identified and described, centering around the transcriptional and posttranslational regulations involved in TH synthesis and secretion, including those underpinning the Wolff-Chaikoff and Plummer effects and thyroglobulin-mediated feedback regulation. A more thorough characterization of the intrathyroidal network from a systems biology perspective, including its topology, constituent network motifs, and nonlinear quantitative properties, can help us to better understand and predict the thyroidal dynamics in response to physiological signals, therapeutic interventions, and environmental disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jing
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Jing, ; Qiang Zhang,
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Li Jing, ; Qiang Zhang,
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3
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Tanimura Y, Kiriya M, Kawashima A, Mori H, Luo Y, Kondo T, Suzuki K. Regulation of solute carrier family 26 member 7 (Slc26a7) by thyroid stimulating hormone in thyrocytes. Endocr J 2021; 68:691-699. [PMID: 33583874 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine transportation is an important step in thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Uptake of iodine into the thyroid follicle is mediated mainly by the basolateral sodium-iodide symporter (NIS or solute carrier family 5 member 5: SLC5A5), and iodine efflux across the apical membrane into the follicular lumen is mediated by pendrin (SLC26A4). In addition to these transporters, SLC26A7, which has recently been identified as a causative gene for congenital hypothyroidism, was found to encode a novel apical iodine transporter in the thyroid. Although SLC5A5 and SLC26A4 have been well-characterized, little is known about SLC26A7, including its regulation by TSH, the central hormone regulator of thyroid function. Using rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells, we showed that the mRNA levels of Slc26a7 and Slc26a4, two apical iodine transporters responsible for iodine efflux, were suppressed by TSH, whereas the mRNA level of Slc5a5 was induced. Forskolin and dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) had the same effect as that of TSH on the mRNA levels of these transporters. TSH, forskolin and dbcAMP also had suppressive effects on SLC26A7 promoter activity, as assessed by luciferase reporter gene assays, and protein levels, as determined by Western blot analysis. TSH, forskolin and dbcAMP also induced strong localization of Slc26a7 to the cell membrane according to immunofluorescence staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Together, these results suggest that TSH suppresses the expression level of Slc26a7 but induces its accumulation at the cell membrane, where it functions as an iodine transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tanimura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kiriya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hitomi Mori
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yuqian Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Tetsuo Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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4
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Wen G, Eder K, Ringseis R. Resveratrol Alleviates the Inhibitory Effect of Tunicamycin-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress on Expression of Genes Involved in Thyroid Hormone Synthesis in FRTL-5 Thyrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094373. [PMID: 33922129 PMCID: PMC8122728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, ER stress induced by tunicamycin (TM) was reported to inhibit the expression of key genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis, such as sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG), and their regulators such as thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), thyroid transcription factor-2 (TTF-2) and paired box gene 8 (PAX-8), in FRTL-5 thyrocytes. The present study tested the hypothesis that resveratrol (RSV) alleviates this effect of TM in FRTL-5 cells. While treatment of FRTL-5 cells with TM alone (0.1 µg/mL) for 48 h strongly induced the ER stress-sensitive genes heat shock protein family A member 5 (HSPA5) and DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3) and repressed NIS, TPO, TG, TSHR, TTF-1, TTF-2 and PAX-8, combined treatment with TM (0.1 µg/mL) and RSV (10 µM) for 48 h attenuated this effect of TM. In conclusion, RSV alleviates TM-induced ER stress and attenuates the strong impairment of expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis and their regulators in FRTL-5 thyrocytes exposed to TM-induced ER stress. Thus, RSV may be useful for the treatment of specific thyroid disorders, provided that strategies with improved oral bioavailability of RSV are applied.
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5
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Waugh DT. Fluoride Exposure Induces Inhibition of Sodium/Iodide Symporter (NIS) Contributing to Impaired Iodine Absorption and Iodine Deficiency: Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition and Implications for Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1086. [PMID: 30917615 PMCID: PMC6466022 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is the plasma membrane glycoprotein that mediates active iodide transport in the thyroid and other tissues, such as the salivary, gastric mucosa, rectal mucosa, bronchial mucosa, placenta and mammary glands. In the thyroid, NIS mediates the uptake and accumulation of iodine and its activity is crucial for the development of the central nervous system and disease prevention. Since the discovery of NIS in 1996, research has further shown that NIS functionality and iodine transport is dependent on the activity of the sodium potassium activated adenosine 5'-triphosphatase pump (Na+, K+-ATPase). In this article, I review the molecular mechanisms by which F inhibits NIS expression and functionality which in turn contributes to impaired iodide absorption, diminished iodide-concentrating ability and iodine deficiency disorders. I discuss how NIS expression and activity is inhibited by thyroglobulin (Tg), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and how fluoride upregulates expression and activity of these biomarkers. I further describe the crucial role of prolactin and megalin in regulation of NIS expression and iodine homeostasis and the effect of fluoride in down regulating prolactin and megalin expression. Among many other issues, I discuss the potential conflict between public health policies such as water fluoridation and its contribution to iodine deficiency, neurodevelopmental and pathological disorders. Further studies are warranted to examine these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan Timothy Waugh
- EnviroManagement Services, 11 Riverview, Doherty's Rd, Bandon, Co. Cork, P72 YF10, Ireland.
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6
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Wen G, Ringseis R, Eder K. Endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibits expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis and their key transcriptional regulators in FRTL-5 thyrocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187561. [PMID: 29095946 PMCID: PMC5667865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins due to an impairment of ER quality control pathways leading to the activation of a defense system, called unfolded protein response (UPR). While thyrocytes are supposed to be highly susceptible to environmental conditions that cause ER stress due to the synthesis of large amounts of secretory proteins required for thyroid hormone synthesis, systematic investigations on the effect of ER stress on expression of key genes of thyroid hormone synthesis and their transcriptional regulators are lacking. Since the aim of the ER stress-induced UPR is to restore ER homeostasis and to facilitate cell survival through transient shutdown of ribosomal protein translation, we hypothesized that the expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis and their transcriptional regulators, all of which are not essential for cell survival, are down-regulated in thyrocytes during ER stress, while sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are activated during ER stress in thyrocytes. Treatment of FRTL-5 thyrocytes with the ER stress inducer tunicamycin (TM) dose-dependently increased the mRNA and/or protein levels of known UPR target genes, stimulated phosphorylation of the ER stress sensor protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) and of the PERK target protein eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) and caused splicing of the ER stress-sensitive transcription factor X-box binding protein (XBP-1) (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels and/or protein levels of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis, sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG), their transcriptional regulators and thyrotropin (TSH) receptor and the uptake of Na125I were reduced at the highest concentration of TM tested (0.1 μg/mL; P < 0.05). Proteolytic activation of the SREBP-1c pathway was not observed in FRTL-5 cells treated with TM, whereas TM reduced proteolytic activation of the SREBP-2 pathway at 0.1 μg TM/mL (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the expression of key genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis and their critical regulators and of the TSH receptor as well as the uptake of iodide is attenuated in thyrocytes during mild ER stress. Down-regulation of NIS, TPO and TG during ER stress is likely the consequence of impaired TSH/TSHR signaling in concert with reduced expression of critical transcriptional regulators of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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7
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Alotaibi H, Tuzlakoğlu-Öztürk M, Tazebay UH. The Thyroid Na+/I- Symporter: Molecular Characterization and Genomic Regulation. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther 2017; 26:92-101. [PMID: 28117294 PMCID: PMC5283716 DOI: 10.4274/2017.26.suppl.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodide (I-) is an essential constituent of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), and the iodide concentrating mechanism of the thyroid gland is essential for the synthesis of these hormones. In addition, differential uptake of iodine isotopes (radioiodine) is a key modality for the diagnosis and therapy of thyroid cancer. The sodium dependent iodide transport activity of the thyroid gland is mainly attributed to the functional expression of the Na+/I- Symporter (NIS) localized at the basolateral membrane of thyrocytes. In this paper, we review and summarize current data on molecular characterization, on structure and function of NIS protein, as well as on the transcriptional regulation of NIS encoding gene in the thyroid gland. We also propose that a better and more precise understanding of NIS gene regulation at the molecular level in both healthy and malignant thyroid cells may lead to the identification of small molecule candidates. These could then be translated into clinical practice for better induction and more effective modulation of radioiodine uptake in dedifferentiated thyroid cancer cells and in their distant metastatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Uygar Halis Tazebay
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kocaeli, Turkey, Phone: +90 262 605 25 22, E-mail:
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8
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Malt EA, Juhasz K, Malt UF, Naumann T. A Role for the Transcription Factor Nk2 Homeobox 1 in Schizophrenia: Convergent Evidence from Animal and Human Studies. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:59. [PMID: 27064909 PMCID: PMC4811959 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder with diverse mental and somatic symptoms. The molecular mechanisms leading from genes to disease pathology in schizophrenia remain largely unknown. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that common single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with specific diseases are enriched in the recognition sequences of transcription factors that regulate physiological processes relevant to the disease. We have used a “bottom-up” approach and tracked a developmental trajectory from embryology to physiological processes and behavior and recognized that the transcription factor NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1) possesses properties of particular interest for schizophrenia. NKX2-1 is selectively expressed from prenatal development to adulthood in the brain, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, lungs, skin, and enteric ganglia, and has key functions at the interface of the brain, the endocrine-, and the immune system. In the developing brain, NKX2-1-expressing progenitor cells differentiate into distinct subclasses of forebrain GABAergic and cholinergic neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The transcription factor is highly expressed in mature limbic circuits related to context-dependent goal-directed patterns of behavior, social interaction and reproduction, fear responses, responses to light, and other homeostatic processes. It is essential for development and mature function of the thyroid gland and the respiratory system, and is involved in calcium metabolism and immune responses. NKX2-1 interacts with a number of genes identified as susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. We suggest that NKX2-1 may lie at the core of several dose dependent pathways that are dysregulated in schizophrenia. We correlate the symptoms seen in schizophrenia with the temporal and spatial activities of NKX2-1 in order to highlight promising future research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Malt
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University HospitalLørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Ahus Campus University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Katalin Juhasz
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ulrik F Malt
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway; Department of Research and Education, Institution of Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Naumann
- Centre of Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
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9
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Wang HJ, Yao JM, Zhang ZW, Zhao JY, Shang HX, Liao L, Dong JJ. Expression of Pax8 is decreased and bortezomib does not increase the iodine uptake in thyroid carcinoma cells. Thorac Cancer 2015; 6:792-6. [PMID: 26557920 PMCID: PMC4632934 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental treatment for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) involves total or subtotal thyroidectomy. Iodine-131 ((131)I) is routinely utilized to target remnant thyroid cancer and metastasis after thyroidectomy. The effectiveness of other therapeutic modalities remains unsatisfactory; thus, these patients have a poor prognosis. The manner in which the ability of (131)I uptake can be improved is vital for their prognosis. Bortezomib has been used as a re-differentiation agent for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma; however, little is reported about the role of bortezomib in thyroid cancer. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of bortezomib in a human PTC cell line, expression of paired-box 8 (Pax8) protein was determined using Western blot in PTC, normal thyroid, and anaplastic/undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma (ATC) cells. The expression of Pax8 protein in PTC cells pretreated with bortezomib was determined using the same method. Iodine uptake was determined using (131)I radioactivity assay. The level of Pax8 protein in normal thyroid cells was significantly higher than in PTC (P < 0.05) and ATC cells (P < 0.05); its expression in PTC cells was also significantly higher than in ATC cells (P < 0.05). The PTC cells in the bortezomib-treated group showed a higher expression of Pax8 protein than the control group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that bortezomib can increase the expression of Pax8, but does not significantly increase the iodine uptake of PTC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Jun Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Ming Yao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhong-Wen Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jun-Yu Zhao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Xia Shang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Liao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian-Jun Dong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University Jinan, Shandong, China
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10
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Lakshmanan A, Scarberry D, Shen DH, Jhiang SM. Modulation of sodium iodide symporter in thyroid cancer. Discov Oncol 2014; 5:363-73. [PMID: 25234361 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioactive iodine (RAI) is a key therapeutic modality for thyroid cancer. Loss of RAI uptake in thyroid cancer inversely correlates with patient's survival. In this review, we focus on the challenges encountered in delivering sufficient doses of I-131 to eradicate metastatic lesions without increasing the risk of unwanted side effects. Sodium iodide symporter (NIS) mediates iodide influx, and NIS expression and function can be selectively enhanced in thyroid cells by thyroid-stimulating hormone. We summarize our current knowledge of NIS modulation in normal and cancer thyroid cells, and we propose that several reagents evaluated in clinical trials for other diseases can be used to restore or further increase RAI accumulation in thyroid cancer. Once validated in preclinical mouse models and clinical trials, these reagents, mostly small-molecule inhibitors, can be readily translated into clinical practice. We review available genetically engineered mouse models of thyroid cancer in terms of their tumor development and progression as well as their thyroid function. These mice will not only provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying the loss of RAI uptake in thyroid tumors but will also serve as preclinical animal models to evaluate the efficacy of candidate reagents to selectively increase RAI uptake in thyroid cancers. Taken together, we anticipate that the optimal use of RAI in the clinical management of thyroid cancer is yet to come in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Lakshmanan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, 1645 Neil Avenue, 304 Hamilton Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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11
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Patel PN, Yu XM, Jaskula-Sztul R, Chen H. Hesperetin activates the Notch1 signaling cascade, causes apoptosis, and induces cellular differentiation in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21 Suppl 4:S497-504. [PMID: 24419754 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is characterized by very aggressive growth with undifferentiated features. Recently, it has been reported that the Notch1 signaling pathway, which affects thyrocyte proliferation and differentiation, is inactivated in ATC. However, it remains largely unknown whether using Notch1 activating compounds can be an effective therapeutic strategy in ATC. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the drug effects of a potential Notch activator hesperetin on ATC cell. METHODS A unique ATC cell line HTh7 was used to evaluate the drug effects of hesperetin. The Notch1 activating function and cell proliferation were evaluated. The mechanism of growth regulation was investigated by the detection of apoptotic markers. The expression levels of thyrocyte-specific genes were quantified for ATC redifferentiation. RESULTS Upregulated expression of Notch1 and its downstream effectors hairy and enhancer of split 1 (Hes1) and Hes1 related with YRPW motif was observed in hesperetin-treated ATC cells. The enhanced luciferase signal also confirmed the functional activity of hesperetin-induced Notch1 signaling. Hesperetin led to a time- and dose-dependent decrease in ATC cell proliferation. The cell-growth inhibition was mainly caused by apoptosis as evidenced by increased levels of cleaved poly ADP ribose polymerase and cleaved caspase-3 as well as decreased survivin. Additionally, hesperetin induced the expression levels of thyrocyte-specific genes including thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1), TTF2, paired box gene 8, thyroid stimulating hormone receptor, and sodium/iodide symporter. CONCLUSIONS Hesperetin activates the Notch1 signaling cascade and suppresses ATC cell proliferation mainly via apoptosis. Hesperetin also induces cell redifferentiation of ATC, which could be useful clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyesh N Patel
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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12
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Abstract
Many tissues if not all are thought to contain stem cells that are responsible for regeneration and repair of the tissue after injury. Dysregulation of tissue regeneration may result in various pathological conditions, among which cancer is the most extensively studied. Notably, the so-called cancer stem cells or tumor-initiating cells, have been studied in order to understand the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and/or metastasis. However, the nature of cancer stem cells, let alone normal stem/progenitor cells, particularly those of the thyroid remains elusive. There remains a gap in knowledge between adult thyroid stem/progenitor cells and cancer stem cells of the thyroid, and if and/or how they are related to each other. Understanding of the mechanism for thyroid regeneration and mode of participation of normal adult thyroid stem/progenitor cells in this process will hopefully yield a more complete understanding of the nature of thyroid cancer stem cells, and/or help understand the pathogenesis of other thyroid diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of adult thyroid stem/progenitor cells, with particular emphasis on how they contribute to thyroid regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- *Correspondence: Shioko Kimura, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 3106, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA e-mail:
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13
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Abstract
A variant located on 14q13.3 nearest to thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF1) predisposes individuals to thyroid cancer, but whether this variant is related to the RET/PTC rearrangement associated with human papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) is unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of RET/PTC1 on the expression of thyroid-specific genes in thyrocytes and their relationship with malignant transformation of the thyrocytes. In the absence or presence of TSH, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase was phosphorylated in FRTL5 cells that stably expressed RET/PTC1, and these cells grew independently of TSH. FRTL (RET/PTC1) cells produced 566% more thyroglobulin mRNA and 474% more Na+/I- symporter mRNA than did the control FRTL (pcDNA) cells. FRTL (RET/PTC1) cells expressed 468% more Ttf1 mRNA than did FRTL (pcDNA) cells, but these two cell types did not differ significantly with respect to Pax8 or Ttf2 mRNA levels. When FRTL (RET/PTC1) cells and FRTL (pcDNA), cells were injected into each of nine nude mice, each mouse developed a single tumor at the site of FRTL (RET/PTC1) cell injection; in contrast, tumor formation never occurred at sites of FRTL (cDNA) cells injection. Tumors resulting from FRTL (RET/PTC1) cells retained (125)I-uptake activity; moreover, the cells invaded into surrounding skeletal muscle. When overexpression of Ttf1 in FRTL (RET/PTC1) cells was silenced, the cells completely lost their tumorigenic potential. Exogenous TTF1 cDNA enhanced the tumorigenicity of BHP18-21v cells, human PTC cells that express RET/PTC1, in nude mice. These results indicated that concurrent overexpression of RET/PTC1 and TTF1 confers tumorigenicity to FRTL5 and BHP18-21v cells in nude mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Transcription Factors
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14
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Wei W, Wang Y, Dong J, Wang Y, Min H, Song B, Shan Z, Teng W, Xi Q, Chen J. Hypothyroxinemia induced by mild iodine deficiency deregulats thyroid proteins during gestation and lactation in dams. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:3233-45. [PMID: 23917811 PMCID: PMC3774435 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10083233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main object of the present study was to explore the effect on thyroidal proteins following mild iodine deficiency (ID)-induced maternal hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy and lactation. In the present study, we established a maternal hypothyroxinemia model in female Wistar rats by using a mild ID diet. Maternal thyroid iodine content and thyroid weight were measured. Expressions of thyroid-associated proteins were analyzed. The results showed that the mild ID diet increased thyroid weight, decreased thyroid iodine content and increased expressions of thyroid transcription factor 1, paired box gene 8 and Na+/I- symporter on gestational day (GD) 19 and postpartum days (PN) 21 in the maternal thyroid. Moreover, the up-regulated expressions of type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO1) and type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2) were detected in the mild ID group on GD19 and PN21. Taken together, our data indicates that during pregnancy and lactation, a maternal mild ID could induce hypothyroxinemia and increase the thyroidal DIO1 and DIO2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (Z.S.); (W.T.)
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (Z.S.); (W.T.)
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (Z.S.); (W.T.)
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
| | - Hui Min
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
| | - Binbin Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (Z.S.); (W.T.)
| | - Weiping Teng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (Z.S.); (W.T.)
| | - Qi Xi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
- Department of Physiology, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (W.W.); (Y.W.); (J.D.); (Y.W.); (H.M.); (B.S.); (Q.X.)
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; E-Mails: (Z.S.); (W.T.)
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15
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Ringseis R, Rauer C, Rothe S, Gessner DK, Schütz LM, Luci S, Wen G, Eder K. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins are regulators of the NIS gene in thyroid cells. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:781-800. [PMID: 23542164 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of iodide into the thyroid, an essential step in thyroid hormone synthesis, is an active process mediated by the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). Despite its strong dependence on TSH, the master regulator of the thyroid, the NIS gene was also reported to be regulated by non-TSH signaling pathways. In the present study we provide evidence that the rat NIS gene is subject to regulation by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), which were initially identified as master transcriptional regulators of lipid biosynthesis and uptake. Studies in FRTL-5 thyrocytes revealed that TSH stimulates expression and maturation of SREBPs and expression of classical SREBP target genes involved in lipid biosynthesis and uptake. Almost identical effects were observed when the cAMP agonist forskolin was used instead of TSH. In TSH receptor-deficient mice, in which TSH/cAMP-dependent gene regulation is blocked, the expression of SREBP isoforms in the thyroid was markedly reduced when compared with wild-type mice. Sterol-mediated inhibition of SREBP maturation and/or RNA interference-mediated knockdown of SREBPs reduced expression of NIS and NIS-specific iodide uptake in FRTL-5 cells. Conversely, overexpression of active SREBPs caused a strong activation of the 5'-flanking region of the rat NIS gene mediated by binding to a functional SREBP binding site located in the 5'-untranslated region of the rat NIS gene. These findings show that TSH acts as a regulator of SREBP expression and maturation in thyroid epithelial cells and that SREBPs are novel transcriptional regulators of NIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany.
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16
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Nicola JP, Nazar M, Mascanfroni ID, Pellizas CG, Masini-Repiso AM. NF-kappaB p65 subunit mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced Na(+)/I(-) symporter gene expression by involving functional interaction with the paired domain transcription factor Pax8. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:1846-62. [PMID: 20667985 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elicits a variety of biological responses. Na(+)/I(-) symporter (NIS)-mediated iodide uptake is the main rate-limiting step in thyroid hormonogenesis. We have recently reported that LPS stimulates TSH-induced iodide uptake. Here, we further analyzed the molecular mechanism involved in the LPS-induced NIS expression in Fisher rat thyroid cell line 5 (FRTL-5) thyroid cells. We observed an increase in TSH-induced NIS mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner upon LPS treatment. LPS enhanced the TSH-stimulated NIS promoter activity denoting the NIS-upstream enhancer region (NUE) as responsible for the stimulatory effects. We characterized a novel putative conserved kappaB site for the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) within the NUE region. NUE contains two binding sites for the transcription factor paired box 8 (Pax8), main regulator of NIS transcription. A physical interaction was observed between the NF-kappaB p65 subunit and paired box 8 (Pax8), which appears to be responsible for the synergic effect displayed by these transcription factors on NIS gene transcription. Moreover, functional blockage of NF-kappaB signaling and site-directed mutagenesis of the kappaB cis-acting element abrogated LPS stimulation. Silencing expression of p65 confirmed its participation as an effector of LPS-induced NIS stimulation. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation corroborated that NIS is a novel target gene for p65 transactivation in response to LPS. Moreover, we were able to corroborate the LPS-stimulatory effect on thyroid cells in vivo in LPS-treated rats, supporting that thyrocytes are capable of responding to systemic infections. In conclusion, our results reveal a new mechanism involving p65 in the LPS-induced NIS expression, denoting a novel aspect in thyroid cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Nicola
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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17
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Hingorani M, Spitzweg C, Vassaux G, Newbold K, Melcher A, Pandha H, Vile R, Harrington K. The biology of the sodium iodide symporter and its potential for targeted gene delivery. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2010; 10:242-67. [PMID: 20201784 DOI: 10.2174/156800910791054194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is responsible for thyroidal, salivary, gastric, intestinal and mammary iodide uptake. It was first cloned from the rat in 1996 and shortly thereafter from human and mouse tissue. In the intervening years, we have learned a great deal about the biology of NIS. Detailed knowledge of its genomic structure, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation and pharmacological modulation has underpinned the selection of NIS as an exciting approach for targeted gene delivery. A number of in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the potential of using NIS gene therapy as a means of delivering highly conformal radiation doses selectively to tumours. This strategy is particularly attractive because it can be used with both diagnostic (99mTc, 125I, 124I)) and therapeutic (131I, 186Re, 188Re, 211At) radioisotopes and it lends itself to incorporation with standard treatment modalities, such as radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. In this article, we review the biology of NIS and discuss its development for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Hingorani
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW36JB, UK
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18
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Harun-Or-Rashid, Asai M, Sun XY, Hayashi Y, Sakamoto J, Murata Y. Effect of thyroid statuses on sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) gene expression in the extrathyroidal tissues in mice. Thyroid Res 2010; 3:3. [PMID: 20529371 PMCID: PMC2901223 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6614-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iodide that is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis is actively transported into the thyroid follicular cells via sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) protein in vertebrates. It is well known that NIS expression in thyroid is regulated by the thyroid statuses mainly through thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Although NIS mRNA expressions in extrathyroidal tissues have been qualitatively reported, their regulation by thyroid statuses has not been well clarified. METHODS Male ICR mice aged four weeks were assigned into three groups (control, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid). Hypothyroid group of mice were treated with 0.02% methimazole in drinking water and hyperthyroid group of mice received intraperitoneal injection (4 mug L-T4 twice a week) for four weeks. NIS mRNA expression levels in the tissues were evaluated using Northern blot hybridization and quantitative real-time RTPCR (qPCR). Additionally, end-point RTPCR for the thyroid follicular cell-characteristic genes (TSH receptor, TSHR; thyroid transcription factor-1, TTF1; and paired box gene 8, Pax8) was carried out. RESULTS By Northern blot analysis, NIS mRNA was detected in thyroid and stomach. In addition to these organs, qPCR revealed the expression also in the submandibular gland, colon, testis, and lung. Expression of NIS mRNA in thyroid was significantly increased in hypothyroid and decreased in hyperthyroid group. Trends of NIS mRNA expression in extrathyroidal tissues were not in line with that in the thyroid gland in different thyroid statuses. Only in lung, NIS mRNA was regulated by thyroid statuses but in opposite way compared to the manner in the thyroid gland. There were no extrathyroidal tissues that expressed all three characteristic genes of thyroid follicular cells. CONCLUSIONS NIS mRNA expression in the thyroid gland was up-regulated in hypothyroid mice and was down-regulated in hyperthyroid mice, suggesting that NIS mRNA in the thyroid gland is regulated by thyroid statuses. In contrast, NIS mRNA expression in extrathyroidal tissues was not altered by thyroid statuses although it was widely expressed. Lack of responsiveness of NIS mRNA expressions in extrathyroidal tissues reemphasizes additional functions of NIS protein in extrathyroidal tissues other than iodide trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun-Or-Rashid
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Asai
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xiao-yang Sun
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junichi Sakamoto
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Murata
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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19
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Endo T, Kobayashi T. Runx2 deficiency in mice causes decreased thyroglobulin expression and hypothyroidism. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:1267-73. [PMID: 20375239 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported on the overexpression of Runx2 (Cbfa1/AML3), an osteoblast-specific transcription factor, in human papillary thyroid cancer tissues. We report here that normal thyrocytes also express Runx2 and that Runx2(+/-) mice are in a hypothyroid state. To clarify the mechanism, we studied the effects of small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of Runx2 on thyroid-specific gene expression in FRTL-5 cells. Lowering the levels of Runx2 had no effect on the amount of Na(+)/I(-) symporter mRNA but markedly decreased the amount of thyroglobulin (Tg) mRNA. A Runx2 binding consensus sequence is present on the Tg gene promoter, and gel-shift assay revealed that Runx2 binds to this region. Reporter assay showed that deletion of the region or introduction of a mutation into the binding site significantly impairs promoter function. These results indicate that Runx2 deficiency in mice causes decreased Tg expression and a novel type of hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoshi Endo
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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20
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Alotaibi H, Yaman E, Salvatore D, Di Dato V, Telkoparan P, Di Lauro R, Tazebay UH. Intronic elements in the Na+/I- symporter gene (NIS) interact with retinoic acid receptors and mediate initiation of transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:3172-85. [PMID: 20123735 PMCID: PMC2879507 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity of the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) in lactating breast is essential for iodide (I(-)) accumulation in milk. Significant NIS upregulation was also reported in breast cancer, indicating a potential use of radioiodide treatment. All-trans-retinoic acid (tRA) is a potent ligand that enhances NIS expression in a subset of breast cancer cell lines and in experimental breast cancer models. Indirect tRA stimulation of NIS in breast cancer cells is very well documented; however, direct upregulation by tRA-activated nuclear receptors has not been identified yet. Aiming to uncover cis-acting elements directly regulating NIS expression, we screened evolutionary-conserved non-coding genomic sequences for responsiveness to tRA in MCF-7. Here, we report that a potent enhancer in the first intron of NIS mediates direct regulation by tRA-stimulated nuclear receptors. In vitro as well as in vivo DNA-protein interaction assays revealed direct association between retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RARalpha) and retinoid-X-receptor (RXR) with this enhancer. Moreover, using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) we uncovered early events of NIS transcription in response to tRA, which require the interaction of several novel intronic tRA responsive elements. These findings indicate a complex interplay between nuclear receptors, RNA Pol-II and multiple intronic RAREs in NIS gene, and they establish a novel mechanistic model for tRA-induced gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Alotaibi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
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21
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Hoshi S, Hoshi N, Okamoto M, Paiz J, Kusakabe T, Ward JM, Kimura S. Role of NKX2-1 in N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-nitrosamine-induced thyroid adenoma in mice. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1614-9. [PMID: 19581346 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
NKX2-1 is a homeodomain transcription factor that is critical for genesis of the thyroid and transcription of the thyroid-specific genes. Nkx2-1-thyroid-conditional hypomorphic mice were previously developed in which Nkx2-1 gene expression is lost in 50% of the thyroid cells. Using this mouse line as compared with wild-type and Nkx2-1 heterozygous mice, a thyroid carcinogenesis study was carried out using the genotoxic carcinogen N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-nitrosamine (DHPN), followed by sulfadimethoxine (SDM) or the non-genotoxic carcinogen amitrole (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole). A significantly higher incidence of adenomas was obtained in Nkx2-1-thyroid-conditional hypomorphic mice as compared with the other two groups of mice only when they were treated with DHPN + SDM, but not amitrole. A bromodeoxyuridine incorporation study revealed that thyroids of the Nkx2-1-thyroid-conditional hypomorphic mice had >2-fold higher constitutive cell proliferation rate than the other two groups of mice, suggesting that this may be at least partially responsible for the increased incidence of adenoma in this mouse line after genotoxic carcinogen exposure. Thus, NKX2-1 may function to control the proliferation of thyroid follicular cells following damage by a genotoxic carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Hoshi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Fenton MS, Marion KM, Hershman JM. Identification of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response element modulator as an activator of the human sodium/iodide symporter upstream enhancer. Endocrinology 2008; 149:2592-606. [PMID: 18202121 PMCID: PMC2329265 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The lack of Na(+)/I(-) symporter (NIS) gene expression in some thyroid cancer patients has been a major hurdle that limits the efficacy of standard radioactive iodide therapy. The molecular mechanism that contributes to low NIS expression is not well understood. Activated NIS gene expression is stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone-mediated cAMP/protein kinase A signaling through a NIS upstream enhancer (NUE). The cAMP pathway is also stimulated by forskolin. In the current work, we studied the mechanism of transcriptional activation of NIS in normal thyroid cells and thyroid cancer cells. We identified the cAMP response element modulator (CREM) activator as a new component of the transcription complex that is important for NIS gene expression. The CREM complex is seen in the normal thyroid cells and BRAF (V600E) thyroid cancer cells (BHP 17-10) but is missing in rearranged in transformation/papillary thyroid carcinoma-1 rearrangement thyroid cancer cells (BHP 2-7). This complex is believed to be responsible for the loss of NUE activity and reduced NIS expression in the BHP 2-7 cell line. In BHP 2-7 cells, forskolin stimulated the thyroid-specific transcription factor Pax 8, but CREM activator mRNA did not increase, and this produced a small increase in NUE activity. Ectopic expression of CREM activator enhanced activity of the NUE, indicating that CREM is an essential regulator of NIS gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike S Fenton
- Endocrinology Division, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
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23
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Jo YS, Hwang ES, Lee JH, Lee Y, Kim SY, Choi YS, Bai YS, Hong JH, Kim YJ, Lee IS, Rha SY, Ro HK, Shong M. Regulation of inhibitors of differentiation family proteins by thyroid-stimulating hormone in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. J Korean Med Sci 2008; 23:262-9. [PMID: 18437010 PMCID: PMC2526440 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2008.23.2.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the inhibitors of differentiation (Id) family of helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins are known to play important roles in the proliferation and differentiation of many cell types. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates proliferation and differentiation by activating TSH receptor (TSHR) in thyrocytes. In this study, we found that Id2, one of the Id family proteins, is a major target for regulation by TSH in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. TSH rapidly increases the Id2 mRNA level in FRTL-5 thyroid cells but the Id2 protein showed biphasic regulatory patterns, being transiently reduced and subsequently induced by TSH treatment. Transient reduction of Id2 protein was noted within 2 hr of TSH treatment and was mediated by proteasomal degradation. Moreover, reduced Id2 expression correlated with the activity of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase pathway, which is activated by TSH. Although TSH increases the activity of the Id2 promoter, TSH-induced activation of this promoter was independent of c-Myc. Id2 did not alter TTF-1- and Pax-8-mediated effects on the regulation of the Tg promoter. Thus, in summary, we found that TSH regulates Id2 expression, but that Id2 does not alter the expression of thyroid-specific genes, such as Tg, in FRTL-5 thyroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Suk Jo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun Suk Hwang
- Laboratory of Endocrine Cell Biology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Laboratory of Endocrine Cell Biology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yunhyeong Lee
- Laboratory of Endocrine Cell Biology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seul Young Kim
- Laboratory of Endocrine Cell Biology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yun-Sun Choi
- Laboratory of Endocrine Cell Biology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Youn-Sun Bai
- Laboratory of Endocrine Cell Biology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jun Hwa Hong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yun-Jeung Kim
- Laboratory of Endocrine Cell Biology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ihn-Suk Lee
- Laboratory of Endocrine Cell Biology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - So Young Rha
- Laboratory of Endocrine Cell Biology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Heung-kyu Ro
- Laboratory of Endocrine Cell Biology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Laboratory of Endocrine Cell Biology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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24
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Kusakabe T, Kawaguchi A, Hoshi N, Kawaguchi R, Hoshi S, Kimura S. Thyroid-specific enhancer-binding protein/NKX2.1 is required for the maintenance of ordered architecture and function of the differentiated thyroid. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:1796-809. [PMID: 16601074 PMCID: PMC2588428 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid-specific enhancer-binding protein (T/ebp)/Nkx2.1-null mouse thyroids degenerate by embryonic day (E) 12-13 through apoptosis whereas T/ebp/Nkx2.1-heterogyzgous mice exhibit hypothyroidism with elevated TSH levels. To understand the role of T/ebp/Nkx2.1 in the adult thyroid, a thyroid follicular cell-specific conditional knockout (KO) mouse line, T/ebp(fl/fl);TPO-Cre, was established that expresses Cre recombinase under the human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) gene promoter. These mice appeared to be healthy and exhibited loss of T/ebp/Nkx2.1 expression in many, but not all, thyroid follicular cells as determined by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR, thus presenting a T/ebp-thyroid-conditional hypomorphic mice. Detailed analysis of the thyroids from T/ebp(fl/fl), T/ebp(fl/fl);TPO-Cre, and T/ebp(fl/ko) mice, where the latter mouse line is derived from crosses with the original T/ebp/Nkx2.1-heterozygous mice, revealed that T/ebp(fl/fl);TPO-Cre mice can be classified into two groups with different phenotypes: one having atrophic/degenerative thyroid follicles with frequent presence of adenomas and extremely high serum TSH levels, and the other having an altered thyroid structure with reduced numbers of extraordinary dilated follicles consisting of excessive numbers of follicular cells as compared with those usually found in the normal thyroid. The latter phenotype was also observed in aged T/ebp(fl/ko) mouse thyroids. In vitro three-dimensional thyroid primary cultures using thyroids from T/ebp(fl/fl);TPO-Cre, T/ebp(fl/ko), and T/ebp(fl/fl) mice, and the latter treated with recombinant adenovirus with and without Cre expression, demonstrated that only cells from T/ebp(fl/fl) mice without adeno-Cre treatment formed follicular structures. Taken together, these results suggest that T/ebp/Nkx2.1 is required for maintenance of the normal architecture and function of differentiated thyroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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25
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Dentice M, Luongo C, Elefante A, Romino R, Ambrosio R, Vitale M, Rossi G, Fenzi G, Salvatore D. Transcription factor Nkx-2.5 induces sodium/iodide symporter gene expression and participates in retinoic acid- and lactation-induced transcription in mammary cells. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:7863-77. [PMID: 15340050 PMCID: PMC515029 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.18.7863-7877.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) is a plasma membrane protein that mediates active iodide transport in thyroid and mammary cells. It is a prerequisite for radioiodide treatment of thyroid cancer and a promising diagnostic and therapeutic tool for breast cancer. We investigated the molecular mechanisms governing NIS expression in mammary cells. Here we report that Nkx-2.5, a cardiac homeobox transcription factor that is also expressed in the thyroid primordium, is a potent inducer of the NIS promoter. By binding to two specific promoter sites (N2 and W), Nkx-2.5 induced the rNIS promoter (about 50-fold over the basal level). Interestingly, coincident with NIS expression, Nkx-2.5 mRNA and protein were present in lactating, but not virgin, mammary glands in two human breast cancer samples and in all-trans retinoic acid (tRA)-stimulated MCF-7 breast cancer cells. A cotransfected dominant-negative Nkx-2.5 mutant abolished tRA-induced endogenous NIS induction, which shows that Nkx-2.5 activity is critical for this process. Remarkably, in MCF-7 cells, Nkx-2.5 overexpression alone was sufficient to induce NIS and iodide uptake. In conclusion, Nkx-2.5 is a novel relevant transcriptional regulator of mammary NIS and could thus be exploited to manipulate NIS expression in breast cancer treatment strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- HeLa Cells
- Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Lactation/genetics
- Lactation/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Pregnancy
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Rats
- Symporters/genetics
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transfection
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Dentice
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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26
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Wang LH, Chmelik R, Nirenberg M. Sequence-specific DNA binding by the vnd/NK-2 homeodomain of Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:12721-6. [PMID: 12232052 PMCID: PMC130527 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.202461199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2002] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventral nervous system defective (vnd)/NK-2 homeodomain and some flanking amino acid residues were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, and the protein was covalently coupled to Sepharose. Oligodeoxynucleotides that contained 16-bp random sequences were purified by vnd/NK-2 affinity column chromatography, cloned, and sequenced. The consensus nucleotide sequence of the vnd/NK-2 homeodomain binding site was shown to be T(T/C)AAGTG(G/C). The apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (K(D)) of the vnd/NK-2 homeodomain for the consensus sequence is 1.9 x 10(-10) M. In addition, results of competition between oligodeoxynucleotides for binding to the vnd/NK-2 homeodomain and determination of the apparent K(D) values of oligodeoxynucleotides that differ from the consensus sequence by only a single base pair demonstrate that the four central nucleotides, AAGT, in this sequence play a major role in determining the affinity of binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Hsiang Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1654, USA
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27
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Niimi T, Nagashima K, Ward JM, Minoo P, Zimonjic DB, Popescu NC, Kimura S. claudin-18, a novel downstream target gene for the T/EBP/NKX2.1 homeodomain transcription factor, encodes lung- and stomach-specific isoforms through alternative splicing. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:7380-90. [PMID: 11585919 PMCID: PMC99911 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.21.7380-7390.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T/EBP/NKX2.1, a member of the NKX family of homeodomain-containing transcription factors, regulates the expression of a number of genes in lung and thyroid. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a novel target gene, termed claudin-18, that is down-regulated in the lungs of T/ebp/Nkx2.1-null mouse embryos. The gene product exhibits an amino acid sequence similar to those of the claudin multigene family of proteins that constitute tight junction strands in epithelial cells. The gene was localized by fluorescence in situ hybridization to mouse chromosome 9 at region 9E3-F1 and to human chromosome 3 at region 3q21-23. The claudin-18 gene has two promoters, each with its own unique exon 1 that is spliced to common exons 2 through 5. Alternative usage of these promoters leads to production of lung and stomach-specific transcripts. The downstream lung-specific promoter contains two T/EBP/NKX2.1 binding sites responsible for trans activation of the gene by T/EBP/NKX2.1 in lung cells. Only claudin-18 was down-regulated in T/ebp/Nkx2.1-null embryo lungs among 11 claudin transcripts examined. Furthermore, the claudin-18 transcript has an alternative 12-bp insertion derived from the 5' end of intron 4, which produces a C-terminally truncated isoform in lung and stomach. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated complete membrane localization of claudin-18 with small focal dots in the lung and stomach epithelial cells. Immunogold electron microscopy analysis revealed that claudin-18 is concentrated at the cell-cell borders of epithelial cells. These unique features suggest a potentially important role for claudin-18 in the structure and function of tight junctions in lung and stomach.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Claudins
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Exons
- Gastric Mucosa/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Library
- HeLa Cells
- Homeodomain Proteins/chemistry
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Lung/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- T Niimi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Nakazato M, Chung HK, Ulianich L, Grassadonia A, Suzuki K, Kohn LD. Thyroglobulin repression of thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) gene expression is mediated by decreased DNA binding of nuclear factor I proteins which control constitutive TTF-1 expression. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:8499-512. [PMID: 11046146 PMCID: PMC102156 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.22.8499-8512.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular thyroglobulin (TG) selectively suppresses the expression of thyroid-restricted transcription factors, thereby altering the expression of thyroid-specific proteins. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which TG suppresses the prototypic thyroid-restricted transcription factor, thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), in rat FRTL-5 thyrocytes. We show that the region between bp -264 and -153 on the TTF-1 promoter contains two nuclear factor I (NFI) elements whose function is involved in TG-mediated suppression. Thus, NFI binding to these elements is critical for constitutive expression of TTF-1; TG decreases NFI binding to the NFI elements in association with TG repression. NFI is a family of transcription factors that is ubiquitously expressed and contributes to constitutive and cell-specific gene expression. In contrast to the contribution of NFI proteins to constitutive gene expression in other systems, we demonstrate that follicular TG transcriptionally represses all NFI RNAs (NFI-A, -B, -C, and -X) in association with decreased NFI binding and that the RNA levels decrease as early as 4 h after TG treatment. Although TG treatment for 48 h results in a decrease in NFI protein-DNA complexes measured in DNA mobility shift assays, NFI proteins are still detectable by Western analysis. We show, however, that the binding of all NFI proteins is redox regulated. Thus, diamide treatment of nuclear extracts strongly reduces the binding of NFI proteins, and the addition of higher concentrations of dithiothreitol to nuclear extracts from TG-treated cells restores NFI-DNA binding to levels in extracts from untreated cells. We conclude that NFI binding to two NFI elements, at bp -264 to -153, positively regulates TTF-1 expression and controls constitutive TTF-1 levels. TG mediates the repression of TTF-1 gene expression by decreasing NFI RNA and protein levels, as well as by altering the binding activity of NFI, which is redox controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakazato
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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29
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Kogai T, Schultz JJ, Johnson LS, Huang M, Brent GA. Retinoic acid induces sodium/iodide symporter gene expression and radioiodide uptake in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:8519-24. [PMID: 10890895 PMCID: PMC26980 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.140217197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) stimulates iodide uptake in normal lactating breast, but is not known to be active in nonlactating breast or breast cancer. We studied NIS gene regulation and iodide uptake in MCF-7 cells, an estrogen receptor (ER)-positive human breast cancer cell line. All-trans retinoic acid (tRA) treatment stimulated iodide uptake in a time- and dose-dependent fashion up to approximately 9.4-fold above baseline. Stimulation with selective retinoid compounds indicated that the induction of iodide uptake was mediated by retinoic acid receptor. Treatment with tRA markedly stimulated NIS mRNA and immunoreactive protein ( approximately 68 kDa). tRA stimulated NIS gene transcription approximately 4-fold, as shown by nuclear run-on assay. No induction of iodide uptake was observed with RA treatment of an ER-negative human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB 231, or a normal human breast cell line, MCF-12A. The iodide efflux rate of tRA-treated MCF-7 cells was slow (t(1/2) = 24 min), compared with that in FRTL-5 thyroid cells (t(1/2) = 3.9 min), favoring iodide retention in MCF-7 cells. An in vitro clonogenic assay demonstrated selective cytotoxicity with (131)I after tRA stimulation of MCF-7 cells. tRA up-regulates NIS gene expression and iodide uptake in an ER-positive breast cancer cell line. Stimulation of radioiodide uptake after systemic retinoid treatment may be useful for diagnosis and treatment of some differentiated breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kogai
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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30
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Missero C, Pirro MT, Di Lauro R. Multiple ras downstream pathways mediate functional repression of the homeobox gene product TTF-1. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:2783-93. [PMID: 10733581 PMCID: PMC85494 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.8.2783-2793.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of oncogenic Ras in thyroid cells results in loss of expression of several thyroid-specific genes and inactivation of TTF-1, a homeodomain-containing transcription factor required for normal development of the thyroid gland. In an effort to understand how signal transduction pathways downstream of Ras may be involved in suppression of the differentiated phenotype, we have tested mutants of the Ras effector region for their ability to affect TTF-1 transcriptional activity in a transient-transfection assay. We find that V12S35 Ras, a mutant known to interact specifically with Raf but not with RalGDS or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase) inhibits TTF-1 activity. Expression of an activated form of Raf (Raf-BXB) also inhibits TTF-1 function to a similar extent, while the MEK inhibitors U0126 and PD98059 partially relieve Ras-mediated inactivation of TTF-1, suggesting that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is involved in this process. Indeed, ERK directly phosphorylates TTF-1 at three serine residues, and concomitant mutation of these serines to alanines completely abolishes ERK-mediated phosphorylation both in vitro and in vivo. Since activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway accounts for only part of the activity elicited by oncogenic Ras on TTF-1, other downstream pathways are likely to be involved in this process. We find that activation of PI3 kinase, Rho, Rac, and RalGDS has no effect on TTF-1 transcriptional activity. However, a poorly characterized Ras mutant, V12N38 Ras, can partially repress TTF-1 transcriptional activity through an ERK-independent pathway. Importantly, concomitant expression of constitutive activated Raf and V12N38 Ras results in almost complete loss of TTF-1 activity. Our data indicate that the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade may act in concert with an as-yet-uncharacterized signaling pathway activated by V12N38 Ras to repress TTF-1 function and ultimately to inhibit thyroid cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Missero
- Stazione Zoologica "A. Dohrn" Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Jhiang
- Departments of Physiology and Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, 302 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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32
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Ohno M, Zannini M, Levy O, Carrasco N, di Lauro R. The paired-domain transcription factor Pax8 binds to the upstream enhancer of the rat sodium/iodide symporter gene and participates in both thyroid-specific and cyclic-AMP-dependent transcription. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:2051-60. [PMID: 10022892 PMCID: PMC83998 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.3.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the Na/I symporter (NIS) is expressed at high levels only in thyroid follicular cells, where its expression is regulated by the thyroid-stimulating hormone via the second messenger, cyclic AMP (cAMP). In this study, we demonstrate the presence of an enhancer that is located between nucleotides -2264 and -2495 in the 5'-flanking region of the NIS gene and that recapitulates the most relevant aspects of NIS regulation. When fused to either its own or a heterologous promoter, the NIS upstream enhancer, which we call NUE, stimulates transcription in a thyroid-specific and cAMP-dependent manner. The activity of NUE depends on the four most relevant sites, identified by mutational analysis. The thyroid-specific transcription factor Pax8 binds at two of these sites. Mutations that interfere with Pax8 binding also decrease transcriptional activity of the NUE. Furthermore, expression of Pax8 in nonthyroid cells results in transcriptional activation of NUE, strongly suggesting that the paired-domain protein Pax8 plays an important role in NUE activity. The NUE responds to cAMP in both protein kinase A-dependent and -independent manners, indicating that this enhancer could represent a novel type of cAMP responsive element. Such a cAMP response requires Pax8 but also depends on the integrity of a cAMP responsive element (CRE)-like sequence, thus suggesting a functional interaction between Pax8 and factors binding at the CRE-like site.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ohno
- Stazione Zoologica 'Anton Dohrn', 80121 Naples, Italy
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33
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Suzuki K, Lavaroni S, Mori A, Okajima F, Kimura S, Katoh R, Kawaoi A, Kohn LD. Thyroid transcription factor 1 is calcium modulated and coordinately regulates genes involved in calcium homeostasis in C cells. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:7410-22. [PMID: 9819427 PMCID: PMC109322 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.12.7410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/1998] [Accepted: 08/27/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) was identified for its critical role in thyroid-specific gene expression; its level in the thyroid is regulated by thyrotropin-increased cyclic AMP levels. TTF-1 was subsequently found in lung tissue, where it regulates surfactant expression, and in certain neural tissues, where its function is unknown. Ligands or signals regulating TTF-1 levels in lung or neural tissue are unknown. We recently identified TTF-1 in rat parafollicular C cells and parathyroid cells. In this report, we show that TTF-1 is present in the parafollicular C cells of multiple species and that it interacts with specific elements on the 5'-flanking regions of the extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR), calmodulin, and calcitonin genes in C cells. When intracellular Ca2+ levels are increased or decreased in C cells, by the calcium ionophore A23187, by physiologic concentrations of the P2 purinergic receptor ligand ATP, or by changes in extracellular Ca2+ levels, the promoter activity, RNA levels, and binding of TTF-1 to these genes are, respectively, decreased or increased. The changes in TTF-1 inversely alter CaSR gene and calcitonin gene expression. We show, therefore, that TTF-1 is a Ca2+-modulated transcription factor that coordinately regulates the activity of genes critical for Ca2+ homeostasis by parafollicular C cells. We hypothesize that TTF-1 similarly coordinates Ca2+-dependent gene expression in all cells in which TTF-1 and the CaSR are expressed, i. e., parathyroid cells, neural cells in the anterior pituitary or hippocampus, and keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzuki
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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34
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Suzuki K, Lavaroni S, Mori A, Ohta M, Saito J, Pietrarelli M, Singer DS, Kimura S, Katoh R, Kawaoi A, Kohn LD. Autoregulation of thyroid-specific gene transcription by thyroglobulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:8251-6. [PMID: 9653173 PMCID: PMC20962 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.14.8251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (TG), the primary synthetic product of the thyroid, is the macromolecular precursor of thyroid hormones. TG synthesis, iodination, storage in follicles, and degradation control thyroid hormone formation and secretion into the circulation. Thyrotropin (TSH), via its receptor (TSHR), increases thyroid hormone levels by up-regulating expression of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and TG genes. TSH does this by modulating the expression and activity of several thyroid-specific transcription factors, thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1, TTF-2, and Pax-8, which coordinately regulate NIS, TPO, TG, and the TSHR. Major histocompatibility complex class I gene expression, which also is regulated by TTF-1 and Pax-8 in the thyroid, is decreased simultaneously. This helps maintain self-tolerance in the face of TSH-increased gene products necessary for thyroid hormone formation. In this report we show that follicular TG counter-regulates TSH-increased, thyroid-specific gene transcription by suppressing expression of the TTF-1, TTF-2, and Pax-8 genes. This decreases expression of the TG, TPO, NIS, and TSHR genes, but increases class I expression. TG acts transcriptionally, targeting, for example, a sequence within 1.15 kb of the 5' flanking region of TTF-1. TG does not affect ubiquitous transcription factors regulating TG, TPO, NIS, and/or TSHR gene expression. The inhibitory effect of TG on gene expression is not duplicated by thyroid hormones or iodide and may be mediated by a TG-binding protein on the apical membrane. We hypothesize that TG-initiated, transcriptional regulation of thyroid-restricted genes is a normal, feedback, compensatory mechanism that limits follicular function and contributes to follicular heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzuki
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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35
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Behr M, Schmitt TL, Espinoza CR, Loos U. Cloning of a functional promoter of the human sodium/iodide-symporter gene. Biochem J 1998; 331 ( Pt 2):359-63. [PMID: 9531470 PMCID: PMC1219361 DOI: 10.1042/bj3310359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned and sequenced genomic DNA from a human library extending 1300 bp upstream the 5'-untranslated sequence of the cDNA coding for the sodium/iodide symporter. In transient transfection assays this sequence exhibited promoter activity, which could be confined to nucleotides -443 to -395 relative to the ATG start codon. This minimal promoter, including a putative GC- and TATA- box, was preferentially activated in the rat thyroid cell line FRTL-5, but was also active in non-thyroidal cells, such as COS-7 and Chinese-hamster ovary, albeit to a markedly lower extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Behr
- Abteilung Innere Medizin I, University of Ulm, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 89081 Ulm, Federal Republic of Germany
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36
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Abstract
The Na+/I- symporter (NIS) catalyzes the accumulation of iodide into thyroid cells, an essential step in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. As a result of the isolation of the rat NIS cDNA, steadfast advances in the study of NIS at the molecular level have resulted in the following accomplishments: generation of high-affinity anti-NIS antibodies, elucidation of NIS stoichiometry and specificity by electrophysiological analysis, biochemical and immunological experimental testing of the proposed NIS secondary structure model, monitoring the regulation of NIS protein expression by thyroid stimulating hormone and iodide, characterization of the rat NIS gene promoter, isolation of the cDNA clone encoding human NIS and subsequent determination of human NIS genomic organization, description of NIS mutations in patients with congenital lack of iodide transport, and the molecular identification of NIS in extrathyroidal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Levy
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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