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Burassakarn A, Phusingha P, Yugawa T, Noguchi K, Ekalaksananan T, Vatanasapt P, Kiyono T, Pientong C. Human Papillomavirus 16 E6 Suppresses Transporter Associated with Antigen-Processing Complex in Human Tongue Keratinocyte Cells by Activating Lymphotoxin Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081944. [PMID: 35454851 PMCID: PMC9028769 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is still limited knowledge of the critical pathogenic processes by which HPV16 induces oral carcinogenesis. Therefore, we aimed to illuminate the oncogenic role of HPV16 in the context of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). Using human tongue keratinocyte cells, we demonstrated that HPV16 E6 promotes LTα1β2 and LTβR expression, thus promoting the lymphotoxin signaling pathway and leading to suppression of the transporter associated with the antigen-processing complex (TAPs; TAP1 and TAP2). Additionally, in vitro, we also demonstrated regulation of the antigenic peptide-loaded machinery in HPV-infected OSCC tissues through analysis of the transcriptomic profiles of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cohort from the TCGA database, which was validated using fresh biopsied specimens. Thus, our study enhances the proposed functional role of HPV16 E6-associated immune-evasive properties in oral epithelial cells, revealing a possible mechanism underlying the development of HPV-mediated OSCCs. Abstract Infection by high-risk human papillomaviruses (hrHPVs), including HPV type 16 (HPV16), is a major risk factor for oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). However, the pathogenic mechanism by which hrHPVs promote oral carcinogenesis remains to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that the suppression of a transporter associated with the antigen-processing complex (TAPs; TAP1 and TAP2), which is a key molecule in the transportation of viral antigenic peptides into MHC class-I cells, is affected by the E6 protein of HPV16. Mechanistically, HPV-mediated immune evasion is principally mediated via the signal-transduction network of a lymphotoxin (LT) pathway, in particular LTα1β2 and LTβR. Our analysis of transcriptomic data from an HNSCC cohort from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) indicated that expression of TAP genes, particularly TAP2, was downregulated in HPV-infected cases. We further demonstrated that LTα1β2 and LTβR were upregulated, which was negatively correlated with TAP1 and TAP2 expression in HPV-positive clinical OSCC samples. Taken together, our findings imply that HPV16 E6 regulates the machinery of the antigenic peptide-loading system and helps to clarify the role of oncogenic viruses in the context of oral carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ati Burassakarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.B.); (T.E.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Pensiri Phusingha
- Center of Excellence for Antibody Research (CEAR), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Takashi Yugawa
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
| | - Kazuma Noguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo Medical University, Mukogawa-Cho 1-1, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan;
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.B.); (T.E.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Patravoot Vatanasapt
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Project for Prevention of HPV-Related Cancer, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (C.P.); Tel./Fax: +66-4334-8385 (C.P.)
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.B.); (T.E.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (C.P.); Tel./Fax: +66-4334-8385 (C.P.)
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Giuliani C, Verrocchio S, Verginelli F, Bucci I, Grassadonia A, Napolitano G. Hormonal Regulation of the MHC Class I Gene in Thyroid Cells: Role of the Promoter "Tissue-Specific" Region. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:749609. [PMID: 34938270 PMCID: PMC8685237 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.749609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies we have demonstrated that the expression of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I gene in thyrocytes is controlled by several hormones, growth factors, and drugs. These substances mainly act on two regions of the MHC class I promoter a "tissue-specific" region (-800 to -676 bp) and a "hormone/cytokines-sensitive" region (-500 to -68 bp). In a previous study, we have shown that the role of the "tissue-specific" region in the MHC class I gene expression is dominant compared to that of the "hormone/cytokines-sensitive" region. In the present report we further investigate the dominant role of the "tissue-specific" region evaluating the effect of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), methimazole (MMI), phenylmethimazole (C10), glucose and thymosin-α1. By performing experiments of electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) we show that TSH, MMI and C10, which inhibit MHC class I expression, act on the "tissue-specific" region increasing the formation of a silencer complex. Glucose and thymosin-α1, which stimulate MHC class I expression, act decreasing the formation of this complex. We further show that the silencer complex is formed by two distinct members of the transcription factors families activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), c-jun and p65, respectively. These observations are important in order to understand the regulation of MHC class I gene expression in thyroid cells and its involvement in the development of thyroid autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesidio Giuliani
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- *Correspondence: Cesidio Giuliani,
| | - Sara Verrocchio
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabio Verginelli
- Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ines Bucci
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonino Grassadonia
- Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Oral, Medical and Biotechnological Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giorgio Napolitano
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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The Flavonoid Quercetin Induces AP-1 Activation in FRTL-5 Thyroid Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8050112. [PMID: 31035637 PMCID: PMC6562732 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8050112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that quercetin inhibits thyroid function both in vitro and in vivo. An attempt to evaluate the effect of quercetin at the promoter level of the thyroid-specific genes led to the observation that this compound induces the basal activity of the reporter vector. Therefore, the action of quercetin has been evaluated on the basal activity of several reporter vectors: The PGL3 basic, promoter and control vectors from Promega, and a pSV-based chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter vector. In the Fisher Rat Thyroid cell Line FRTL-5 thyroid cells transiently transfected, quercetin 10 μM increased the basal activity of all the reporter vectors evaluated, although the degree of the effect was significantly different among them. The analysis of the difference among the regulatory regions of these vectors identified the activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding site as one of the potential sites involved in the quercetin effect. Electromobility shift assay experiments showed that the treatment with quercetin induced the binding of a protein complex to an oligonucleotide containing the AP-1 consensus binding site. This is the first study showing an effect of quercetin on AP-1 activity in thyroid cells. Further studies are in progress to understand the role of AP-1 activation in the effects of quercetin on thyroid function.
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Giuliani C, Bucci I, Napolitano G. The Role of the Transcription Factor Nuclear Factor-kappa B in Thyroid Autoimmunity and Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:471. [PMID: 30186235 PMCID: PMC6110821 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor that is involved in inflammatory and immune responses, as well as in regulation of expression of many other genes related to cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. In mammals, NF-κB comprises five subunits that can bind to promoter regions of target genes as homodimers or heterodimers. The most common dimer is the p50/p65 heterodimer. The several combinations of dimers that can be formed contribute to the heterogeneous regulation of NF-κB target genes, and this heterogeneity is further increased by interactions of the NF-κB dimers with other transcription factors, such as steroid hormone receptors, activator protein-1 (AP-1), and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). In the thyroid, several studies have demonstrated the involvement of NF-κB in thyroid autoimmunity, thyroid cancer, and thyroid-specific gene regulation. The role of NF-κB in thyroid autoimmunity was hypothesized more than 20 years ago, after the finding that the binding of distinct NF-κB heterodimers to the major histocompatibility complex class I gene is hormonally regulated. Further studies have shown increased activity of NF-κB in thyroid autoimmune diseases and in thyroid orbitopathy. Increased activity of NF-κB has also been observed in thyroid cancer, where it correlates with a more aggressive pattern. Of particular interest, mutation of some oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes involved in thyroid carcinogenesis results in constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway. More recently, it has been shown that NF-κB also has a role in thyroid physiology, as it is fundamental for the expression of the main thyroid-specific genes, such as sodium iodide symporter, thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, Pax8, and TTF-1 (NKX2-1).
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Serrano-Nascimento C, Nicola JP, Teixeira SDS, Poyares LL, Lellis-Santos C, Bordin S, Masini-Repiso AM, Nunes MT. Excess iodide downregulates Na(+)/I(-) symporter gene transcription through activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 426:73-90. [PMID: 26872612 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional mechanisms associated with iodide-induced downregulation of NIS expression remain uncertain. Here, we further analyzed the transcriptional regulation of NIS gene expression by excess iodide using PCCl3 cells. NIS promoter activity was reduced in cells treated for 12-24 h with 10(-5) to 10(-3) M NaI. Site-directed mutagenesis of Pax8 and NF-κB cis-acting elements abrogated the iodide-induced NIS transcription repression. Indeed, excess iodide (10(-3) M) excluded Pax8 from the nucleus, decreased p65 total expression and reduced their transcriptional activity. Importantly, p65-Pax8 physical interaction and binding to NIS upstream enhancer were reduced upon iodide treatment. PI3K/Akt pathway activation by iodide-induced ROS production is involved in the transcriptional repression of NIS expression. In conclusion, the results indicated that excess iodide transcriptionally represses NIS gene expression through the impairment of Pax8 and p65 transcriptional activity. Furthermore, the data presented herein described novel roles for PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and oxidative status in the thyroid autoregulatory phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Serrano-Nascimento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Juan Pablo Nicola
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Silvania da Silva Teixeira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Leonice Lourenço Poyares
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Camilo Lellis-Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Bordin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Maria Masini-Repiso
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Maria Tereza Nunes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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René C, Lozano C, Eliaou JF. Expression of classical HLA class I molecules: regulation and clinical impacts: Julia Bodmer Award Review 2015. HLA 2016; 87:338-49. [PMID: 27060357 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I genes are ubiquitously expressed, but in a tissue specific-manner. Their expression is primarily regulated at the transcriptional level and can be modulated both positively and negatively by different stimuli. Advances in sequencing technologies led to the identification of new regulatory variants located in the untranslated regions (UTRs), which could influence the expression. After a brief description of the mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation of HLA class I genes expression, we will review how the expression levels of HLA class I genes could affect biological and pathological processes. Then, we will discuss on the differential expression of HLA class I genes according to the locus, allele and UTR polymorphisms and its clinical impact. This interesting field of study led to a new dimension of HLA typing, going beyond a qualitative aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C René
- Department of Immunology, CHRU de Montpellier, University Hospital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France.,Faculté de Médecine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1183, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - C Lozano
- Department of Immunology, CHRU de Montpellier, University Hospital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - J-F Eliaou
- Department of Immunology, CHRU de Montpellier, University Hospital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France.,Faculté de Médecine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, IRCM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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7
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Kim DH, Kim EM, Lee EH, Ji KY, Yi J, Park M, Kim KD, Cho YY, Kang HS. Human papillomavirus 16E6 suppresses major histocompatibility complex class I by upregulating lymphotoxin expression in human cervical cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:792-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Suzuki K, Kimura H, Wu H, Kudo N, Kim WB, Suzuki S, Yoshida A, Caturegli P, Kohn LD. Excess iodide decreases transcription of NIS and VEGF genes in rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 393:286-90. [PMID: 20132794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well known that an excess of iodide suppresses thyroid function and blood flow in vivo, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully known. The functional effect of iodide occurs at multiple steps, which include inhibition of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) expression, transient block of organification, and inhibition of hormonal release. The vascular effect likely involves suppression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene. In this report, we show that excess iodide coordinately suppresses the expression of the NIS and VEGF genes in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. We also demonstrate that the mechanism of iodide suppression of NIS gene expression is transcriptional, which is synergized by the addition of thyroglobulin. Based on the findings of reporter gene assays and electrophoretic gel mobility shift analysis, we also report two novel DNA binding proteins that responded specifically to iodide and modulated NIS promoter activity. The results suggest that excess iodide affects thyroid vascular function in addition to iodide uptake. This study provides additional insights into the mechanism of action of excess iodide on thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Suzuki
- Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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Kotekar AS, Weissman JD, Gegonne A, Cohen H, Singer DS. Histone modifications, but not nucleosomal positioning, correlate with major histocompatibility complex class I promoter activity in different tissues in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:7323-36. [PMID: 18809568 PMCID: PMC2593446 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00889-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the role of chromatin in transcriptional regulation of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene, we determined nucleosome occupancy and positioning, histone modifications, and H2A.Z occupancy across its regulatory region in murine tissues that have widely different expression levels. Surprisingly, nucleosome occupancy and positioning were indistinguishable between the spleen, kidney, and brain. In all three tissues, the 200 bp upstream of the transcription start site had low nucleosome occupancy. In contrast, nuclease hypersensitivity, histone modifications, and H2A.Z occupancy showed tissue-specific differences. Thus, tissue-specific differences in MHC class I transcription correlate with histone modifications and not nucleosomal organization. Further, activation of class I transcription by gamma interferon or its inhibition by alpha-amanitin did not alter nucleosome occupancy, positioning, nuclease hypersensitivity, histone modifications, or H2A.Z occupancy in any of the tissues examined. Thus, chromatin remodeling was not required to dynamically modulate transcriptional levels. These findings suggest that the MHC class I promoter remains poised and accessible to rapidly respond to infection and environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna S Kotekar
- Molecular Regulation Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Napolitano G, Bucci I, Giuliani C, Massafra C, Di Petta C, Devangelio E, Singer DS, Monaco F, Kohn LD. High glucose levels increase major histocompatibility complex class I gene expression in thyroid cells and amplify interferon-gamma action. Endocrinology 2002; 143:1008-17. [PMID: 11861526 DOI: 10.1210/endo.143.3.8674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene expression in target tissues may be relevant to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In this study, we questioned whether high glucose levels might increase MHC class I levels and thereby contribute to autoimmune complications. We used thyrocytes in continuous culture, because there is an increased incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis in type 2 diabetics and because transcriptional regulation of MHC class I is well studied in these cells. Northern analysis and flow cytometry showed that 20 and 30 mM D-glucose up-regulated MHC class I expression and that the glucose effect was additive to and independent of interferon-gamma. The effect was specific, because L-glucose did not modify class I expression. The glucose acted transcriptionally, requiring both enhancer A and a cAMP-response element-like element located in the hormone-sensitive region of the MHC class I 5'flanking region. These elements are different from those activated by interferon-gamma. High glucose levels increase formation of the MOD-1 complex with enhancer A; MOD-1 is a heterodimer of fra-2 and the p50 subunit of NF-kappaB. Both TSH and insulin are required for full expression of the glucose activity in thyrocytes. The glucose effect is partially blocked by wortmannin, suggesting involvement of the PI3K signal system. The data support the possibility that high serum glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients may increase MHC class I levels in target tissues and contribute to autoimmune complications of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Napolitano
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti 66100, Italy
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Suzuki K, Yanagi M, Mori-Aoki A, Moriyama E, Ishii KJ, Kohn LD. Transfection of single-stranded hepatitis A virus RNA activates MHC class I pathway. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 127:234-42. [PMID: 11876745 PMCID: PMC1906343 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although infection of single-stranded RNA viruses can enhance expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes, the mechanism underlying this process remains unclear. Recent studies have indicated that exposure of non-immune cells to double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) of viral origin can directly increase the expression of MHC class I and related molecules without immune cell interaction. In this report, we show that transfection of single-stranded hepatitis A virus RNA into cultured hepatocytes results in the induction of genes for MHC class I, LMP2 and transporter for antigen processing (TAP1), in addition to the generation of viral proteins. We suggest that this stimulatory effect is due to the double-stranded RNA formed during replication of single-stranded viral RNA, and involves both double-stranded, RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR and the secretion of IFNbeta.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Cells, Cultured/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genes, MHC Class I
- Hepatitis A virus/genetics
- Hepatitis A virus/physiology
- Hepatoblastoma/pathology
- Hepatocytes/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Humans
- I-kappa B Proteins
- Interferon-beta/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- RNA, Double-Stranded/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/physiology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Virus Replication
- eIF-2 Kinase/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzuki
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA.
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Kimura T, Van Keymeulen A, Golstein J, Fusco A, Dumont JE, Roger PP. Regulation of thyroid cell proliferation by TSH and other factors: a critical evaluation of in vitro models. Endocr Rev 2001; 22:631-56. [PMID: 11588145 DOI: 10.1210/edrv.22.5.0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
TSH via cAMP, and various growth factors, in cooperation with insulin or IGF-I stimulate cell cycle progression and proliferation in various thyrocyte culture systems, including rat thyroid cell lines (FRTL-5, WRT, PC Cl3) and primary cultures of rat, dog, sheep and human thyroid. The available data on cell signaling cascades, cell cycle kinetics, and cell cycle-regulatory proteins are thoroughly and critically reviewed in these experimental systems. In most FRTL-5 cells, TSH (cAMP) merely acts as a priming/competence factor amplifying PI3K and MAPK pathway activation and DNA synthesis elicited by insulin/IGF-I. In WRT cells, TSH and insulin/IGF-I can independently activate Ras and PI3K pathways and DNA synthesis. In dog thyroid primary cultures, TSH (cAMP) does not activate Ras and PI3K, and cAMP must be continuously elevated by TSH to directly control the progression through G(1) phase. This effect is exerted, at least in part, via the cAMP-dependent activation of the required cyclin D3, itself synthesized in response to insulin/IGF-I. This and other discrepancies show that the mechanistic logics of cell cycle stimulation by cAMP profoundly diverge in these different in vitro models of the same cell. Therefore, although these different thyrocyte systems constitute interesting models of the wide diversity of possible mechanisms of cAMP-dependent proliferation in various cell types, extrapolation of in vitro mechanistic data to TSH-dependent goitrogenesis in man can only be accepted in the cases where independent validation is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kimura
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHN), School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Kikumori T, Kambe F, Nagaya T, Funahashi H, Seo H. Thyrotropin modifies activation of nuclear factor kappaB by tumour necrosis factor alpha in rat thyroid cell line. Biochem J 2001; 354:573-9. [PMID: 11237861 PMCID: PMC1221688 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3540573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) mediates the tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-dependent expression of the gene encoding interleukin 6 (IL-6) in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells cultured in the presence of thyrotropin (TSH). In the present study we investigated how TSH is involved in the activation of NF-kappaB by TNF-alpha in the cells. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assay revealed that, in the absence of TSH, TNF-alpha activated a single protein-DNA complex containing the p50 subunit but not other NF-kappaB subunits such as p65. In contrast, two distinct protein-DNA complexes were activated in the presence of TSH: the faster-migrating complex contained only p50 subunit; the slower-migrating complex consisted of p65-p50 heterodimer. This TSH effect was mimicked by forskolin and thyroid-stimulating antibodies obtained from patients with Graves's disease, suggesting that an increase in intracellular cAMP is responsible for the induction of different NF-kappaBs by TNF-alpha. A transient transfection study with a luciferase reporter gene driven by multimerized NF-kappaB sites demonstrated that TNF-alpha increased the luciferase activities only in the presence of TSH, and that this increase was inhibited by the co-transfection of mutant p65, which prevented the function of wild-type p65 in a dominant-negative manner. Accordingly, TNF-alpha activated the expression of the IL-6 gene in the presence of TSH but not in its absence. Although the expression of the p105 gene, another known target for NF-kappaB, was increased by TNF-alpha in the absence of TSH, the presence of TSH further increased the mRNA level. Taken together, these observations indicate that the presence of TSH is crucial for the NF-kappaB-mediated actions of TNF-alpha on thyroid follicular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kikumori
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Molecular and Cellular Adaptation, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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14
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Kohn LD, Napolitano G, Singer DS, Molteni M, Scorza R, Shimojo N, Kohno Y, Mozes E, Nakazato M, Ulianich L, Chung HK, Matoba H, Saunier B, Suzuki K, Schuppert F, Saji M. Graves' disease: a host defense mechanism gone awry. Int Rev Immunol 2001; 19:633-64. [PMID: 11129119 DOI: 10.3109/08830180009088516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this report we summarize evidence to support a model for the development of Graves' disease. The model suggests that Graves' disease is initiated by an insult to the thyrocyte in an individual with a normal immune system. The insult, infectious or otherwise, causes double strand DNA or RNA to enter the cytoplasm of the cell. This causes abnormal expression of major histocompatibility (MHC) class I as a dominant feature, but also aberrant expression of MHC class II, as well as changes in genes or gene products needed for the thyrocyte to become an antigen presenting cell (APC). These include increased expression of proteasome processing proteins (LMP2), transporters of antigen peptides (TAP), invariant chain (Ii), HLA-DM, and the co-stimulatory molecule, B7, as well as STAT and NF-kappaB activation. A critical factor in these changes is the loss of normal negative regulation of MHC class I, class II, and thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) gene expression, which is necessary to maintain self-tolerance during the normal changes in gene expression involved in hormonally-increased growth and function of the cell. Self-tolerance to the TSHR is maintained in normals because there is a population of CD8- cells which normally suppresses a population of CD4+ cells that can interact with the TSHR if thyrocytes become APCs. This is a host self-defense mechanism that we hypothesize leads to autoimmune disease in persons, for example, with a specific viral infection, a genetic predisposition, or even, possibly, a TSHR polymorphism. The model is suggested to be important to explain the development of other autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Kohn
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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15
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Abstract
In recent years several studies have shown that NF-kappaB might be a very important therapeutic target in the treatment ot various chronic inflammatory, degenerative and tumour diseases. Trace elements play essential roles in the regulation ot cell signaling mechanisms via transcription tactors and a large number of genes. An important aspect of the present review is the description ot the mechanisms by which trace elements might influence transcription factor NF-kappaB. DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB is regulated by the redox state of the cysteine residue (Gys-62) in the DNA binding domain of the p50 subunit and impaired by different metals (Go, Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb). It has been hypothesised that the broad speciticity of interrelationships between NF-kappaB. AP-1 and various metals results from interactions of metals with specific moieties of transcription factors and IkappaB-kinases, as well as trom the existence of a metal-governed redox system. The hypothetical targets in the NF-kappaB signaling pathway affected by metals are: IkappaB-kinases, IkappaBs, NF-kappaB, proteasome degradation of NF-kappaB, kappaB-sites in DNA. Possibly, this system is required by the cell for adequate regulation ot the transcription machinery in response to changes in intracellular and intranuclear fluxes of metals and radicals and is very ancient evolutionary mechanism of stress adaptation. The role of the NF-kappaB-mediated mechanism in induction or prevention of chronic intlammatory, allergic, degenerative and tumor diseases by zinc, vanadium, manganese, copper, silica, iodine and other trace elements is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kudrin
- Bloelement Center, Laboratory of Trace Elements, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Kim H, Lee TH, Park ES, Suh JM, Park SJ, Chung HK, Kwon OY, Kim YK, Ro HK, Shong M. Role of peroxiredoxins in regulating intracellular hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in thyroid cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:18266-70. [PMID: 10849441 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.24.18266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) play an important role in regulating cellular differentiation and proliferation in several types of mammalian cells. One mechanism for this action involves modulation of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-mediated cellular responses. This report examines the expression of Prx I and Prx II in thyroid cells and their roles in eliminating H(2)O(2) produced in response to thyrotropin (TSH). Prx I and Prx II are constitutively expressed in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. Prx I expression, but not Prx II expression, is stimulated by exposure to TSH and H(2)O(2). In addition, methimazole induces a high level of Prx I mRNA and protein in these cells. Overexpression of Prx I and Prx II enhances the elimination of H(2)O(2) produced by TSH in FRTL-5 cells. Treatment with 500 micrometer H(2)O(2) causes apoptosis in FRTL-5 cells as evidenced by standard assays of apoptosis (i.e. terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling, BAX expression, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Overexpression of Prx I and Prx II reduces the amount of H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis measured by these assays. These results suggest that Prx I and Prx II are involved in the removal of H(2)O(2) in thyroid cells and can protect these cells from undergoing apoptosis. These proteins are likely to be involved in the normal physiological response to TSH-induced production of H(2)O(2) in thyroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kim
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Anatomy, Chungnam National University, 640 Daesadong Chungku Taejon 301-721, South Korea
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17
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Napolitano G, Montani V, Giuliani C, Di Vincenzo S, Bucci I, Todisco V, Laglia G, Coppa A, Singer DS, Nakazato M, Kohn LD, Colletta G, Monaco F. Transforming growth factor-beta1 down-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I in thyrocytes: coordinate regulation of two separate elements by thyroid-specific as well as ubiquitous transcription factors. Mol Endocrinol 2000; 14:486-505. [PMID: 10770487 DOI: 10.1210/mend.14.4.0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-decreased major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene expression in thyrocytes is transcriptional; it involves trans factors and cis elements important for hormone- as well as iodide-regulated thyroid growth and function. Thus, in rat FRTL-5 thyrocytes, TGF-beta1 regulates two elements within -203 bp of the transcription start site of the MHC class I 5'-flanking region: Enhancer A, -180 to -170 bp, and a downstream regulatory element (DRE), -127 to -90 bp, that contains a cAMP response element (CRE)-like sequence. TGF-beta1 reduces the interaction of a NF-kappaB p50/fra-2 heterodimer (MOD-1) with Enhancer A while increasing its interaction with a NF-kappaB p50/p65 heterodimer. Both reduced MOD-1 and increased p50/p65 suppresses class I expression. Decreased MOD-1 and increased p50/p65 have been separately associated with the ability of autoregulatory (high) concentrations of iodide to suppress thyrocyte growth and function, as well as MHC class I expression. TGF-beta1 has two effects on the downstream regulatory element (DRE). It increases DRE binding of a ubiquitously expressed Y-box protein, termed TSEP-1 (TSHR suppressor element binding protein-1) in rat thyroid cells; TSEP-1 has been shown separately to be an important suppressor of the TSH receptor (TSHR) in addition to MHC class I and class II expression. It also decreases the binding of a thyroid-specific trans factor, thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), to the DRE, reflecting the ability of TGF-beta1 to decrease TTF-1 RNA levels. TGF-beta1-decreased TTF-1 expression accounts in part for TGF-beta1-decreased thyroid growth and function, since decreased TTF-1 has been shown to decrease thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase, sodium iodide symporter, and TSHR gene expression, coincident with decreased MHC class I. Finally, we show that TGF-beta1 increases c-jun RNA levels and induces the formation of new complexes involving c-jun, fra-2, ATF-1, and c-fos, which react with Enhancer A and the DRE. TGF-beta1 effects on c-jun may be a pivotal fulcrum in the hitherto unrecognized coordinate regulation of Enhancer A and the DRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Napolitano
- Department of Medicine, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
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Ohe K, Ikuyama S, Takayanagi R, Kohn LD, Nawata H. Nicotinamide potentiates TSHR and MHC class II promoter activity in FRTL-5 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1999; 149:141-51. [PMID: 10375026 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(98)00249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we show that nicotinamide modulates the promoter activity of rat thyrotropin (TSHR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes in rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells, and have identified a novel mechanism for its action. TSHR and MHC class II, are potentiated through reduced expression of a common repressor of these two genes, TSEP-1 (TSHR suppressor element binding protein-1)/YB-1. Thus we show that TSHR mRNA is increased and TSHR promoter activity was concentration-dependently activated from 0 to 40 mM nicotinamide. The promoter lengths of TSHR and MHC class II containing TSEP/YB-1 binding sites were enhanced by 40 mM nicotinamide, but not the ones deleted of these binding sites. TSEP-1/YB-1 binding to the recognition sites in both TSHR and MHC class II promoters was reduced in nicotinamide-treated FRTL-5 nuclear extracts. Nicotinamide reduced the expression of TSEP-1/YB-1 mRNA and TSEP-1/YB-1 protein in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohe
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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