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Astaneh ME, Fereydouni N. A focused review on hyaluronic acid contained nanofiber formulations for diabetic wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127607. [PMID: 37871723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The significant clinical challenge presented by diabetic wounds is due to their impaired healing process and increased risk of complications. It is estimated that a foot ulcer will develop at some point in the lives of 15-25 % of diabetic patients. Serious complications, including infection and amputation, are often led to by these wounds. In the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, nanofiber-based wound dressings have emerged in recent years as promising therapeutic strategies for diabetic wound healing. Hyaluronic acid (HA), among various nanofiber materials, has gained considerable attention due to its unique properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and excellent moisture retention capacity. By promoting skin hydration and controlling inflammation, a crucial role in wound healing is played by HA. Wounds are also helped to heal faster by HA through the regulation of inflammation levels and signaling the body to build more blood vessels in the damaged area. Great potential in various applications, including wound healing, has been shown by the development and use of nanofiber formulations in medicine. However, challenges and limitations associated with nanofibers in medicine exist, such as reproducibility, proper characterization, and biological evaluation. By providing a biomimetic environment that enhances re-epithelialization and facilitates the delivery of active substances, nanofibers promote wound healing. In accelerating wound healing, promising results have been shown by HA-contained nanofiber formulations in diabetic wounds. Key strategies employed by these formulations include revascularization, modulation of the inflammation microenvironment, delivery of active substances, photothermal nanofibers, and nanoparticle-loaded fabrics. Particularly crucial is revascularization as it restores blood flow to the wound area, promoting healing. Wound healing can also be enhanced by modulating the inflammation microenvironment through controlling inflammation levels. Future perspectives in this field involve addressing the current challenges and limitations of nanofiber technology and further optimizing HA-contained nanofiber formulations for improved efficacy in diabetic wound healing. This includes exploring new fabrication techniques, enhancing the biocompatibility and biodegradability of nanofibers, and developing multifunctional nanofibers for targeted drug delivery. Not only does writing a review in the field of nanofiber-based wound dressings, particularly those containing hyaluronic acid, allow us to consolidate our current knowledge and understanding but also broadens our horizons. An opportunity is provided to delve deeper into the intricacies of this innovative therapeutic strategy, explore its potential and limitations, and envision future directions. By doing so, a contribution can be made to the ongoing advancements in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, ultimately improving the quality of life for patients with diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ebrahim Astaneh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran; Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Narges Fereydouni
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran; Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran; Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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2
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Barnes HW, Demirdjian S, Haddock NL, Kaber G, Martinez HA, Nagy N, Karmouty-Quintana H, Bollyky PL. Hyaluronan in the pathogenesis of acute and post-acute COVID-19 infection. Matrix Biol 2023; 116:49-66. [PMID: 36750167 PMCID: PMC9899355 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recently emerged as the cause of a global pandemic. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can result in COVID-19 with both acute and chronic disease manifestations that continue to impact many patients long after the resolution of viral replication. There is therefore great interest in understanding the host factors that contribute to COVID-19 pathogenesis. In this review, we address the role of hyaluronan (HA), an extracellular matrix polymer with roles in inflammation and cellular metabolism, in COVID-19 and critically evaluate the hypothesis that HA promotes COVID-19 pathogenesis. We first provide a brief overview of COVID-19 infection. Then we briefly summarize the known roles of HA in airway inflammation and immunity. We then address what is known about HA and the pathogenesis of COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (COVID-19 ARDS). Next, we examine potential roles for HA in post-acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), also known as "long COVID" as well as in COVID-associated fibrosis. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutics that target HA as a means to treat COVID-19, including the repurposed drug hymecromone (4-methylumbelliferone). We conclude that HA is a promising potential therapeutic target for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry W Barnes
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sally Demirdjian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Naomi L Haddock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hunter A Martinez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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3
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Buckley C, Murphy EJ, Montgomery TR, Major I. Hyaluronic Acid: A Review of the Drug Delivery Capabilities of This Naturally Occurring Polysaccharide. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173442. [PMID: 36080515 PMCID: PMC9460006 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of physiologically active molecules into a naturally occurring polymer matrix can improve the degradation, absorption, and release profile of the drug, thus boosting the therapeutic impact and potentially even reducing the frequency of administration. The human body produces significant amounts of polysaccharide hyaluronic acid, which boasts exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability, and one-of-a-kind physicochemical features. In this review, we will examine the clinical trials currently utilizing hyaluronic acid and address the bright future of this versatile polymer, as well as summarize the numerous applications of hyaluronic acid in drug delivery and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Buckley
- PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
- Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, V94 EC5T Limerick, Ireland
| | - Emma J. Murphy
- PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
- LIFE Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, V94 EC5T Limerick, Ireland
| | - Therese R. Montgomery
- School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland
| | - Ian Major
- PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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Neuenschwander HM, Moreira JJ, Vendruscolo CP, Fülber J, Seidel SRT, Michelacci YM, Baccarin RYA. Hyaluronic acid has chondroprotective and joint-preserving effects on LPS-induced synovitis in horses. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e67. [PMID: 31775194 PMCID: PMC6883190 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intra-articular use of hyaluronic acid (HA) for the treatment of synovitis and osteoarthritis is still controversial. As a consequence, corticosteroids remain the most frequently employed therapeutic agents, despite their potential systemic and local deleterious effects. This study examined the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chondroprotective activities of low and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (LMW-HA and HMW-HA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synovitis in horses compared to triamcinolone acetonide (TA). LPS was injected in the metacarpophalangeal joints, which were treated intra-articularly with either TA (as control) or LMW-HA or HMW-HA. Joint clinical evaluation and synovial fluid (SF) analysis were performed at 0, 8, 24, and 48 h. The white blood cell counts (WBC), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and HA concentrations, oxidative burst, and HA molecular weights were measured. TA reduced the lameness, swelling, and PGE2 release but increased the SF CS concentrations enormously at 24h and 48h, and decreased the SF HA modal molecular weight. These results indicate the breakdown of articular cartilage aggrecan and SF HA. In contrast, LMW-HA and HMW-HA were less effective in reducing the inflammation symptoms, but preserved the joints because only a modest increase in CS occurred at 24 h, decreasing at 48 h, and the SF HA was maintained. The HA-treatment also had anti-inflammatory actions, and LMW-HA was the most effective in reducing the release of cytokine. In summary, the HA treatment inhibited efficiently the digestion of cartilage proteoglycans and SF HA breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique M Neuenschwander
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Juliana J Moreira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Cynthia P Vendruscolo
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Joice Fülber
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Sarah R T Seidel
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Yara M Michelacci
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Raquel Y A Baccarin
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil.
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Dovedytis M, Liu ZJ, Bartlett S. Hyaluronic acid and its biomedical applications: A review. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Altman R, Bedi A, Manjoo A, Niazi F, Shaw P, Mease P. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid: A Systematic Review. Cartilage 2019; 10:43-52. [PMID: 29429372 PMCID: PMC6376563 DOI: 10.1177/1947603517749919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of disability in the adult population. Common nonoperative treatment options include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), intra-articular corticosteroids, and intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid (HA). HA is found intrinsically within the knee joint providing viscoelastic properties to the synovial fluid. HA therapy provides anti-inflammatory relief through a number of different pathways, including the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. METHODS We conducted a systematic review to summarize the published literature on the anti-inflammatory properties of hyaluronic acid in osteoarthritis. Included articles were categorized based on the primary anti-inflammatory responses described within them, by the immediate cell surface receptor protein assessed within the article, or based on the primary theme of the article. Key findings aimed to describe the macromolecules and inflammatory-mediated responses associated with the cell transmembrane receptors. RESULTS Forty-eight articles were included in this systematic review that focused on the general anti-inflammatory effects of HA in knee OA, mediated through receptor-binding relationships with cluster determinant 44 (CD44), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) and 4 (TLR-4), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and layilin (LAYN) cell surface receptors. Higher molecular weight HA (HMWHA) promotes anti-inflammatory responses, whereas short HA oligosaccharides produce inflammatory reactions. CONCLUSIONS Intra-articular HA is a viable therapeutic option in treating knee OA and suppressing inflammatory responses. HMWHA is effective in suppressing the key macromolecules that elicit the inflammatory response by short HA oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Altman
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Roy Altman, 9854 West Bald Mountain Court, Santa Clarita, CA 91390, USA.
| | - Asheesh Bedi
- Chief of Sports Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ajay Manjoo
- Department of Orthopedics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faizan Niazi
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc., Parsippany, NJ, USA
| | - Peter Shaw
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc., Parsippany, NJ, USA
| | - Philip Mease
- Swedish-Providence-St. Joseph’s Health Systems, Seattle, WA, USA,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Olsson M, Bremer L, Aulin C, Harris HE. Fragmented hyaluronan has no alarmin function assessed in arthritis synovial fibroblast and chondrocyte cultures. Innate Immun 2018; 24:131-141. [PMID: 29495940 PMCID: PMC6830895 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918759590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a large polymer and an important component of the extracellular matrix. During homeostasis, high molecular mass HA is the predominant form, but upon inflammation, degradation products of HA accumulate. These HA fragments (HA-fs) have been reported to possess pro-inflammatory activities and thus act as alarmins, notifying immune cells of danger via TLR4 and CD44. HA is found in large quantities in synovial joint fluid. In order to reveal a potential role of HA-fs in arthritis pathogenesis, the in vitro effects of HA of various molecular masses (from 1680 kDa to oligosaccharide HA) on synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes from rheumatoid arthritis patients, and on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors, were investigated. TLR4 and CD44 surface expression was confirmed by immunocytochemistry, and cell activation was determined based on cytokine and chemokine production. While the cell types investigated expressed TLR4 and CD44, no increased release of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 or TNF-α was detected after HA stimulation. Similarly, HA did not enhance activation after priming cells with low doses of LPS or by forming complexes with LPS. Hence, this study does not support the common view of HA-fs being pro-inflammatory mediators and it is not likely that HA-fs generated during arthritis contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Olsson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Sweden
| | - Lisa Bremer
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Sweden
| | - Cecilia Aulin
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Sweden
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8
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Turino GM, Ma S, Lin YY, Cantor JO. The Therapeutic Potential of Hyaluronan in COPD. Chest 2017; 153:792-798. [PMID: 29289686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insights into the clinical course of COPD indicate the need for new therapies for this condition. The discovery of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) led to the protease-antiprotease imbalance hypothesis, which was applied to COPD related to AATD as well as COPD not related to AATD. The discovery of AATD brought recognition to the importance of elastin fibers in maintaining lung matrix structure. Two cross-linking amino acids, desmosine and isodesmosine (DI), are unique to mature elastin and can serve as biomarkers of the degradation of elastin. The intravenous augmentation treatment and lung density in severe alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (RAPID) study shows a correlation of an anatomic index of COPD (on CT imaging) correlating with a chemical indicator of matrix injury in COPD, DI. The results suggest that preservation of lung elastin structure may slow the progression of COPD. Hyaluronan aerosol decreases the severity of elastase-induced emphysema in animals and has induced reductions in DI levels in preliminary human studies. Hyaluronan deserves further development as a therapy for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard M Turino
- Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai-St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY.
| | - Shuren Ma
- Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai-St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yong Y Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai-St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jerome O Cantor
- Department of Medicine, St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, New York, NY
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Bohaumilitzky L, Huber AK, Stork EM, Wengert S, Woelfl F, Boehm H. A Trickster in Disguise: Hyaluronan's Ambivalent Roles in the Matrix. Front Oncol 2017; 7:242. [PMID: 29062810 PMCID: PMC5640889 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a simple but diverse glycosaminoglycan. It plays a major role in aging, cellular senescence, cancer, and tissue homeostasis. In which way HA affects the surrounding tissues greatly depends on the molecular weight of HA. Whereas high molecular weight HA is associated with homeostasis and protective effects, HA fragments tend to be linked to the pathologic state. Furthermore, the interaction of HA with its binding partners, the hyaladherins, such as CD44, is essential for sustaining tissue integrity and is likewise related to cancer. The naked mole rat, a rodent species, possesses a special form of very high molecular weight (vHMW) HA, which is associated with the extraordinary cancer resistance and longevity of those animals. This review addresses HA and its diverse facets: from HA synthesis to degradation, from oligomeric HA to vHMW-HA and from its beneficial properties to the involvement in pathologies. We further discuss the functions of HA in the naked mole rat and compare them to human conditions. Though intensively researched, this simple polymer bears some secrets that may hold the key for a better understanding of cellular processes and the development of diseases, such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Bohaumilitzky
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Huber
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Stork
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Wengert
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Woelfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Boehm
- CSF Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Li S, Wang S, Fu X, Liu XW, Wang PG, Fang J. Sequential one-pot multienzyme synthesis of hyaluronan and its derivative. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 178:221-227. [PMID: 29050588 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a linear polysaccharide composed of repeating disaccharide units. It has been well documented to play an array of biological functions in cancer events. Here, we reported a sequential one-pot multienzyme (OPME) strategy for in vitro synthesis of HA and its derivatives. The strategy, which combined in situ sugar nucleotides generation with HA chain polymerization, could convert cheap monosaccharides into HA polymers without consuming exogenous sugar nucleotide donors. HA polymers (number-average molecular weight ranged from 1.5×104 to 5.5×105Da) with over 70% yields were efficiently synthesized and purified from this one-pot system. More importantly, partial labeled HA derivative was further synthesized by metabolic incorporation of unnatural monosaccharide analogues into the sequential OPME system. Cross-linked HA hydrogel was achieved via copper (I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition and exhibited novel networks consisting of both inter- and intra-connected HA chains, which could facilitate the potential applications of this unique polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycochemistry Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
| | - Xuan Fu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycochemistry Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Wei Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycochemistry Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng George Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycochemistry Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
| | - Junqiang Fang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycochemistry Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China.
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Alcântara CEP, Noronha MS, Cunha JF, Flores IL, Mesquita RA. Granulomatous reaction to hyaluronic acid filler material in oral and perioral region: A case report and review of literature. J Cosmet Dermatol 2017; 17:578-583. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana S Noronha
- Faculdade de Odontologia; Departamento de Clínica, Patologia e Cirurgia Odontológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Joanna F Cunha
- Faculdade de Odontologia; Departamento de Clínica, Patologia e Cirurgia Odontológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Isadora L Flores
- Departamento de Odontologia; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Governador Valadares MG Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Mesquita
- Faculdade de Odontologia; Departamento de Clínica, Patologia e Cirurgia Odontológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
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12
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Dong Y, Arif A, Olsson M, Cali V, Hardman B, Dosanjh M, Lauer M, Midura RJ, Hascall VC, Brown KL, Johnson P. Endotoxin free hyaluronan and hyaluronan fragments do not stimulate TNF-α, interleukin-12 or upregulate co-stimulatory molecules in dendritic cells or macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36928. [PMID: 27869206 PMCID: PMC5116629 DOI: 10.1038/srep36928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan, has been described as a regulator of tissue inflammation, with hyaluronan fragments reported to stimulate innate immune cells. High molecular mass hyaluronan is normally present in tissues, but upon inflammation lower molecular mass fragments are generated. It is unclear if these hyaluronan fragments induce an inflammatory response or are a consequence of inflammation. In this study, mouse bone marrow derived macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) were stimulated with various sizes of hyaluronan from different sources, fragmented hyaluronan, hyaluronidases and heavy chain modified-hyaluronan (HA-HC). Key pro-inflammatory molecules, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-12, CCL3, and the co-stimulatory molecules, CD40 and CD86 were measured. Only human umbilical cord hyaluronan, bovine testes and Streptomyces hyaluronlyticus hyaluronidase stimulated macrophages and DCs, however, these reagents were found to be contaminated with endotoxin, which was not fully removed by polymyxin B treatment. In contrast, pharmaceutical grade hyaluronan and hyaluronan fragments failed to stimulate in vitro-derived or ex vivo macrophages and DCs, and did not induce leukocyte recruitment after intratracheal instillation into mouse lungs. Hence, endotoxin-free pharmaceutical grade hyaluronan does not stimulate macrophages and DCs in our inflammatory models. These results emphasize the importance of ensuring hyaluronan preparations are endotoxin free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Arif Arif
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mia Olsson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, B.C. Canada
| | - Valbona Cali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, U.S.A
| | - Blair Hardman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Manisha Dosanjh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mark Lauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, U.S.A
| | - Ronald J Midura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, U.S.A
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, U.S.A
| | - Kelly L Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, B.C. Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Seok J, Hong JY, Park KY, Kim BJ, Seo SJ, Kim MN, Hong CK. Delayed immunologic complications due to injectable fillers by unlicensed practitioners: our experiences and a review of the literature. Dermatol Ther 2015; 29:41-4. [PMID: 26814449 DOI: 10.1111/dth.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For a number of years, there have been unauthorized practitioners who have been illegally injecting substances. In this series of cases, delayed type hypersensitivity reactions occurred after having unknown material fillers injected by unlicensed practitioners. When injecting an unknown material, there can be a severe immune reaction due to the unknown number of antigens in the material, and therefore may act as a much stronger superantigen than conventional filler materials. It appears that the adverse effects in these cases are more severe and have tendency to break out after a longer period of time in comparison with those caused by approved fillers, likely due to operative technique and use of unverified materials. It is important to recognize the danger of such illegal procedures and to increase awareness of the public, as this has evolved into a significant public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Seok
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Hong
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kui Young Park
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Jun Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeung Nam Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Kwun Hong
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Henrotin Y, Raman R, Richette P, Bard H, Jerosch J, Conrozier T, Chevalier X, Migliore A. Consensus statement on viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid for the management of osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2015; 45:140-9. [PMID: 26094903 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Viscosupplementation (VS) with hyaluronic acid is currently used by physicians to treat osteoarthritis. However, many aspects of this treatment remain questionable and subject of controversy. A group of 8 experts in this field, from European countries, met to debate on 24 statements previously listed by the group members. Based on an extensive research of the literature and expert opinion, a consensus position has been proposed for each statement. Agreement was achieved on some recommendations. In particular, the expert achieved unanimous agreement in favor of the following statements: VS is an effective treatment for mild to moderate knee OA; VS is not an alternative to surgery in advanced hip OA; VS is a well-tolerated treatment of knee and other joints OA; VS should not be used only in patients who have failed to respond adequately to analgesics and NSAIDs; VS is a "positive" indication but not a "lack of anything better" indication; the dosing regimen must be supported by evidence-based medicine; cross-linking is a proven means for prolonging IA residence time of HA; the best approach to inject accurately knee joint is the lateral mid-patellar one; when VS is performed under fluoroscopy, the amount of radiopaque contrast agent must be as low as possible to avoid viscosupplement dilution. These clear recommendations have been established to help practitioners in the use of viscosupplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilageesearch Unit, Université de Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium; Princess Paola Hospital, Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium
| | - Raghu Raman
- Academic Department of Orthopaedics, Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Trust Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, UK
| | - Pascal Richette
- UFR médicale, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Hôpital Lariboisière, Fédération de Rhumatologie, Inserm 1132, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bard
- Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Jörg Jerosch
- Orthopedic Department, Johanna-Etienne-Hospital, Neuss, Germany
| | - Thierry Conrozier
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté, 14 rue de mulhouse, 90000 Belfort, France.
| | - Xavier Chevalier
- Paris XII University, UPEC, Department of Rheumatology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Creteil, France
| | - Alberto Migliore
- U.O.S. of Rheumatology, Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy
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Lee-Sayer SSM, Dong Y, Arif AA, Olsson M, Brown KL, Johnson P. The where, when, how, and why of hyaluronan binding by immune cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:150. [PMID: 25926830 PMCID: PMC4396519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is made and extruded from cells to form a pericellular or extracellular matrix (ECM) and is present in virtually all tissues in the body. The size and form of hyaluronan present in tissues are indicative of a healthy or inflamed tissue, and the interactions of hyaluronan with immune cells can influence their response. Thus, in order to understand how inflammation is regulated, it is necessary to understand these interactions and their consequences. Although there is a large turnover of hyaluronan in our bodies, the large molecular mass form of hyaluronan predominates in healthy tissues. Upon tissue damage and/or infection, the ECM and hyaluronan are broken down and an inflammatory response ensues. As inflammation is resolved, the ECM is restored, and high molecular mass hyaluronan predominates again. Immune cells encounter hyaluronan in the tissues and lymphoid organs and respond differently to high and low molecular mass forms. Immune cells differ in their ability to bind hyaluronan and this can vary with the cell type and their activation state. For example, peritoneal macrophages do not bind soluble hyaluronan but can be induced to bind after exposure to inflammatory stimuli. Likewise, naïve T cells, which typically express low levels of the hyaluronan receptor, CD44, do not bind hyaluronan until they undergo antigen-stimulated T cell proliferation and upregulate CD44. Despite substantial knowledge of where and when immune cells bind hyaluronan, why immune cells bind hyaluronan remains a major outstanding question. Here, we review what is currently known about the interactions of hyaluronan with immune cells in both healthy and inflamed tissues and discuss how hyaluronan binding by immune cells influences the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally S M Lee-Sayer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Arif A Arif
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Mia Olsson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Kelly L Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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Sorbitol-modified hyaluronic acid reduces oxidative stress, apoptosis and mediators of inflammation and catabolism in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:691-701. [PMID: 24858301 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Our study was designed to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms by which sorbitol-modified hyaluronic acid (HA/sorbitol) exerts beneficial effects in osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Human OA chondrocytes were treated with increasing doses of HA/sorbitol ± anti-CD44 antibody or with sorbitol alone and thereafter with or without interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Signal transduction pathways and parameters related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and catabolism were investigated. RESULTS HA/sorbitol prevented IL-1β-induced oxidative stress, as measured by reactive oxygen species, p47-NADPH oxidase phosphorylation, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) production and HNE-metabolizing glutathione-S-transferase A4-4 expression. Moreover, HA/sorbitol stifled IL-1β-induced metalloproteinase-13, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 release as well as inducible NO synthase expression. Study of the apoptosis process revealed that this gel significantly attenuated cell death, caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation elicited by exposure to a cytotoxic H2O2 dose. Examination of signaling pathway components disclosed that HA/sorbitol prevented IL-1β-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B activation, but not that of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. Interestingly, the antioxidant as well as the anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic effects of HA/sorbitol were attributed to sorbitol and HA, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our findings support a beneficial effect of HA/sorbitol in OA through the restoration of redox status and reduction of apoptosis, inflammation and catabolism involved in cartilage damage.
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BAČÁKOVÁ L, NOVOTNÁ K, PAŘÍZEK M. Polysaccharides as Cell Carriers for Tissue Engineering: the Use of Cellulose in Vascular Wall Reconstruction. Physiol Res 2014; 63:S29-47. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate molecules of monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds. These biological polymers have emerged as promising materials for tissue engineering due to their biocompatibility, mostly good availability and tailorable properties. This complex group of biomolecules can be classified using several criteria, such as chemical composition (homo- and heteropolysaccharides), structure (linear and branched), function in the organism (structural, storage and secreted polysaccharides), or source (animals, plants, microorganisms). Polysaccharides most widely used in tissue engineering include starch, cellulose, chitosan, pectins, alginate, agar, dextran, pullulan, gellan, xanthan and glycosaminoglycans. Polysaccharides have been applied for engineering and regeneration of practically all tissues, though mostly at the experimental level. Polysaccharides have been tested for engineering of blood vessels, myocardium, heart valves, bone, articular and tracheal cartilage, intervertebral discs, menisci, skin, liver, skeletal muscle, neural tissue, urinary bladder, and also for encapsulation and delivery of pancreatic islets and ovarian follicles. For these purposes, polysaccharides have been applied in various forms, such as injectable hydrogels or porous and fibrous scaffolds, and often in combination with other natural or synthetic polymers or inorganic nanoparticles. The immune response evoked by polysaccharides is usually mild, and can be reduced by purifying the material or by choosing appropriate crosslinking agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. BAČÁKOVÁ
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Baeva LF, Lyle DB, Rios M, Langone JJ, Lightfoote MM. Different molecular weight hyaluronic acid effects on human macrophage interleukin 1β production. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:305-14. [PMID: 23533059 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of hyaluronan (HA) molecular weight on immune response. HA with molecular weights ranging from the unitary disaccharide unit (400 Da) up to 1.7 × 10(6) Da and with very low endotoxin contamination level (less than 0.03 EU/mg) was used. Primary human monocyte/macrophage cultures were assayed for IL-1β production under a variety of inflammatory conditions with or without HA. Under the highest inflammatory states, production of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) was suppressed in the presence of high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMW-HA) and in the presence of low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMW-HA) at mg/mL concentrations. There was variability in the sensitivity of the response to HA fragments with MW below 5000 Da at micromolar concentrations. There was variability in IL-1β cytokine productions from donor to donor in unstimulated human cell cultures. This study supplements our previous published study that investigated the immunogenic effect of HA molecular weights using murine cell line RAW264.6, rat splenocytes, and rat adherent differentiated primary macrophages. These data support the hypothesis that if the amount of endotoxin is reduced to an extremely low level, LMW-HA may not directly provoke normal tissue macrophage-mediated inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa F Baeva
- Division of Biology, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993-002
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Abstract
The development of carbohydrate based anti-cancer vaccines is of high current interests. Herein, the latest development in this exciting field is reviewed. After a general introduction about tumor associated carbohydrate antigens and immune responses, the review is focused on the various strategies that have been developed to enhance the immunogenecity of these antigens. The results from animal studies and clinical trials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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20
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Alijotas-Reig J, Garcia-Gimenez V, Vilardell-Tarrés M. Tacrolimus in the Treatment of Chronic and Refractory Late-Onset Immune-Mediated Adverse Effects Related to Silicone Injections. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38:38-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Maharjan AS, Pilling D, Gomer RH. High and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid differentially regulate human fibrocyte differentiation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26078. [PMID: 22022512 PMCID: PMC3191166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following tissue injury, monocytes can enter the tissue and differentiate into fibroblast-like cells called fibrocytes, but little is known about what regulates this differentiation. Extracellular matrix contains high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HMWHA; ∼2×106 Da). During injury, HMWHA breaks down to low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (LMWHA; ∼0.8–8×105 Da). Methods and Findings In this report, we show that HMWHA potentiates the differentiation of human monocytes into fibrocytes, while LMWHA inhibits fibrocyte differentiation. Digestion of HMWHA with hyaluronidase produces small hyaluronic acid fragments, and these fragments inhibit fibrocyte differentiation. Monocytes internalize HMWHA and LMWHA equally well, suggesting that the opposing effects on fibrocyte differentiation are not due to differential internalization of HMWHA or LMWHA. Adding HMWHA to PBMC does not appear to affect the levels of the hyaluronic acid receptor CD44, whereas adding LMWHA decreases CD44 levels. The addition of anti-CD44 antibodies potentiates fibrocyte differentiation, suggesting that CD44 mediates at least some of the effect of hyaluronic acid on fibrocyte differentiation. The fibrocyte differentiation-inhibiting factor serum amyloid P (SAP) inhibits HMWHA-induced fibrocyte differentiation and potentiates LMWHA-induced inhibition. Conversely, LMWHA inhibits the ability of HMWHA, interleukin-4 (IL-4), or interleukin-13 (IL-13) to promote fibrocyte differentiation. Conclusions We hypothesize that hyaluronic acid signals at least in part through CD44 to regulate fibrocyte differentiation, with a dominance hierarchy of SAP>LMWHA≥HMWHA>IL-4 or IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu S. Maharjan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MS-140, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, MS-3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Darrell Pilling
- Department of Biology, MS-3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard H. Gomer
- Department of Biology, MS-3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Adverse reactions to injectable soft tissue fillers. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64:1-34; quiz 35-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Lyle DB, Breger JC, Baeva LF, Shallcross JC, Durfor CN, Wang NS, Langone JJ. Low molecular weight hyaluronic acid effects on murine macrophage nitric oxide production. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:893-904. [PMID: 20336750 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is increasingly used for a number of medical device applications. Since the chemical structure of HA is identical no matter its bacterial or animal origin, it should be the ideal biomaterial. However, short term transient inflammatory reactions are common, while rare long-term adverse events may correlate with subclinical chronic inflammation. Concern has been raised that low molecular weight components or degradation fragments from implanted HA may directly stimulate inflammatory reactions. This study examined a panel of HA molecular weights from the unitary disaccharide up to 1.7 x 10(6) Dalton lengths, in which endotoxin was assayed at a very low level (less than 0.03 EU/mg). The murine cell line RAW 264.7, rat splenocytes, and rat adherent differentiated primary macrophages were assayed for nitric oxide production under a variety of inflammatory conditions plus or minus HA. Under the highest inflammatory states, nitric oxide production was mildly suppressed by HMW-HA while slightly augmented by LMW-HA at mg/mL concentrations. However, at micromolar concentrations fragments below 5000 Daltons, thought to have drug-like qualities, were without effect. These data support the hypothesis that if endotoxin is reduced to an extremely low level, LMW-HA may not directly provoke normal tissue macrophage-mediated inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Lyle
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-002, USA
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24
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Becker LC, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Klaassen CD, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Final report of the safety assessment of hyaluronic acid, potassium hyaluronate, and sodium hyaluronate. Int J Toxicol 2009; 28:5-67. [PMID: 19636067 DOI: 10.1177/1091581809337738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid, sodium hyaluronate, and potassium hyaluronate function in cosmetics as skin conditioning agents at concentrations up to 2%. Hyaluronic acid, primarily obtained from bacterial fermentation and rooster combs, does penetrate to the dermis. Hyaluronic acid was not toxic in a wide range of acute animal toxicity studies, over several species and with different exposure routes. Hyaluronic acid was not immunogenic, nor was it a sensitizer in animal studies. Hyaluronic acid was not a reproductive or developmental toxicant. Hyaluronic acid was not genotoxic. Hyaluronic acid likely does not play a causal role in cancer metastasis; rather, increased expression of hyaluronic acid genes may be a consequence of metastatic growth. Widespread clinical use of hyaluronic acid, primarily by injection, has been free of significant adverse reactions. Hyaluronic acid and its sodium and potassium salts are considered safe for use in cosmetics as described in the safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian C Becker
- MS, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 1101 17th Street, NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
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Alijotas-Reig J, Garcia-Gimenez V, Miró-Mur F, Vilardell-Tarrés M. Delayed Immune-Mediated Adverse Effects Related to Polyacrylamide Dermal Fillers. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35 Suppl 1:360-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu YY, Lee CH, Dedaj R, Zhao H, Mrabat H, Sheidlin A, Syrkina O, Huang PM, Garg HG, Hales CA, Quinn DA. High-molecular-weight hyaluronan--a possible new treatment for sepsis-induced lung injury: a preclinical study in mechanically ventilated rats. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2008; 12:R102. [PMID: 18691420 PMCID: PMC2575591 DOI: 10.1186/cc6982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2008] [Revised: 06/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Mechanical ventilation with even moderate-sized tidal volumes synergistically increases lung injury in sepsis and has been associated with proinflammatory low-molecular-weight hyaluronan production. High-molecular-weight hyaluronan (HMW HA), in contrast, has been found to be anti-inflammatory. We hypothesized that HMW HA would inhibit lung injury associated with sepsis and mechanical ventilation. Methods Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: nonventilated control rats; mechanical ventilation plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion as a model of sepsis; mechanical ventilation plus LPS with HMW HA (1,600 kDa) pretreatment; and mechanical ventilation plus LPS with low-molecular-weight hyaluronan (35 kDa) pretreatment. Rats were mechanically ventilated with low (7 ml/kg) tidal volumes. LPS (1 or 3 mg/kg) or normal saline was infused 1 hour prior to mechanical ventilation. Animals received HMW HA or low-molecular-weight hyaluronan via the intraperitoneal route 18 hours prior to the study or received HMW HA (0.025%, 0.05% or 0.1%) intravenously 1 hour after injection of LPS. After 4 hours of ventilation, animals were sacrificed and the lung neutrophil and monocyte infiltration, the cytokine production, and the lung pathology score were measured. Results LPS induced lung neutrophil infiltration, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and TNFα mRNA and protein, which were decreased in the presence of both 1,600 kDa and 35 kDa hyaluronan pretreatment. Only 1,600 kDa hyaluronan completely blocked both monocyte and neutrophil infiltration and decreased the lung injury. When infused intravenously 1 hour after LPS, 1,600 kDa hyaluronan inhibited lung neutrophil infiltration, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 mRNA expression and lung injury in a dose-dependent manner. The beneficial effects of hyaluronan were partially dependent on the positive charge of the compound. Conclusions HMW HA may prove to be an effective treatment strategy for sepsis-induced lung injury with mechanical ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Yang Liu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street Boston, MA 02114, USA
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27
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Alijotas-Reig J, Garcia-Gimenez V. Delayed immune-mediated adverse effects related to hyaluronic acid and acrylic hydrogel dermal fillers: clinical findings, long-term follow-up and review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22:150-61. [PMID: 18211407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Implantation of dermal filler for cosmetic purposes is becoming increasingly common worldwide. It is thought that hyaluronic acid (HA) alone or combined with acrylic hydrogels (HA-AH) does not have severe nor persistent side-effects. However, recent evidence may show that major, local and/or systemic, immediate or delayed adverse effects may appear in relation with its use. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical complaints, laboratory data, treatment and follow-up of patients with delayed adverse effects related to HA and HA-AH implant fillers. DESIGN Prospective, case-series study of patients filled with HA and HA-AH compounds. SETTING The study has been done in a tertiary, teaching university hospital. PATIENTS We report on a series of 25 patients, 15 of them in prospective manner, with severe, delayed side-effects related to HA-AH. Inclusion criteria have been drawn up. Patients with immediate side-effects were excluded. Patients were submitted to a clinical follow-up, battery of blood tests and thorax X-ray films. Besides, a review of the literature was made. We undertook a computed-assisted (MEDLINE), National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA, search of the literature from 1996 up to December 2005. MAIN OUTCOME Clinical evaluation of granulomas, skin manifestations and other local and systemic immune-mediated disorders possibly related to HA and HA-AH fillers or their cumulative interaction with previously administered fillers. RESULTS Of 25 cases, 16 were filled with HA alone and 9 with a HA-AH compounds. Of 15 cases analysed and with long-term follow-up, 10 were filled with HA alone, and the remaining five were filled with a HA-AH. Time latency average up to beginning of symptoms was 13.7 months. Three of these 15 cases had been filled before with silicone and another one with Artecoll. Tender nodules were seen in 14 patients. Systemic manifestations appeared in three cases. Laboratory abnormalities were noted in all studied cases. After 16-month average follow-up, seven patients seem to be cured, and six have recurrent bouts. Two cases were lost during follow-up. CONCLUSION Although in some cases, these clinical complications might have been associated with previous fillers or with other unknown foreign bodies, we feel that, although infrequently, delayed and recurrent chronic inflammatory and granulomatous reactions may complicate HA and HA-AH implant fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alijotas-Reig
- Ageing Research and Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
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Tolg C, Hamilton SR, Nakrieko KA, Kooshesh F, Walton P, McCarthy JB, Bissell MJ, Turley EA. Rhamm-/- fibroblasts are defective in CD44-mediated ERK1,2 motogenic signaling, leading to defective skin wound repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 175:1017-28. [PMID: 17158951 PMCID: PMC2064710 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200511027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rhamm (receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility) is an hyaluronan binding protein with limited expression in normal tissues and high expression in advanced cancers. To understand its physiological functions and identify the molecular mechanisms underlying these functions, we created mice with a genetic deletion of Rhamm. We show that Rhamm−/− fibroblasts fail to resurface scratch wounds >3 mm or invade hyaluronan-supplemented collagen gels in culture. We identify a requirement for Rhamm in the localization of CD44 to the cell surface, formation of CD44–ERK1,2 (extracellular-regulated kinase 1,2) complexes, and activation/subcellular targeting of ERK1,2 to the cell nucleus. We also show that cell surface Rhamm, restricted to the extracellular compartment by linking recombinant protein to beads, and expression of mutant active mitogen-activated kinase kinase 1 (Mek1) are sufficient to rescue aberrant signaling through CD44–ERK1,2 complexes in Rh−/− fibroblasts. ERK1,2 activation and fibroblast migration/differentiation is also defective during repair of Rh−/− excisional skin wounds and results in aberrant granulation tissue in vivo. These results identify Rhamm as an essential regulator of CD44–ERK1,2 fibroblast motogenic signaling required for wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Tolg
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario N6A 4L6, Canada
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29
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Stern R, Asari AA, Sugahara KN. Hyaluronan fragments: an information-rich system. Eur J Cell Biol 2006; 85:699-715. [PMID: 16822580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 798] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a straight chain, glycosaminoglycan polymer of the extracellular matrix composed of repeating units of the disaccharide [-D-glucuronic acid-beta1,3-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-beta1,4-]n. Hyaluronan is synthesized in mammals by at least three synthases with products of varying chain lengths. It has an extraordinary high rate of turnover with polymers being funneled through three catabolic pathways. At the cellular level, it is degraded progressively by a series of enzymatic reactions that generate polymers of decreasing sizes. Despite their exceedingly simple primary structure, hyaluronan fragments have extraordinarily wide-ranging and often opposing biological functions. There are large hyaluronan polymers that are space-filling, anti-angiogenic, immunosuppressive, and that impede differentiation, possibly by suppressing cell-cell interactions, or ligand access to cell surface receptors. Hyaluronan chains, which can reach 2 x 10(4) kDa in size, are involved in ovulation, embryogenesis, protection of epithelial layer integrity, wound repair, and regeneration. Smaller polysaccharide fragments are inflammatory, immuno-stimulatory and angiogenic. They can also compete with larger hyaluronan polymers for receptors. Low-molecular-size polymers appear to function as endogenous "danger signals", while even smaller fragments can ameliorate these effects. Tetrasaccharides, for example, are anti-apoptotic and inducers of heat shock proteins. Various fragments trigger different signal transduction pathways. Particular hyaluronan polysaccharides are also generated by malignant cells in order to co-opt normal cellular functions. How the small hyaluronan fragments are generated is unknown, nor is it established whether the enzymes of hyaluronan synthesis and degradation are involved in maintaining proper polymer sizes and concentration. The vast range of activities of hyaluronan polymers is reviewed here, in order to determine if patterns can be detected that would provide insight into their production and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stern
- Department of Pathology and UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-564, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA.
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Bookbinder LH, Hofer A, Haller MF, Zepeda ML, Keller GA, Lim JE, Edgington TS, Shepard HM, Patton JS, Frost GI. A recombinant human enzyme for enhanced interstitial transport of therapeutics. J Control Release 2006; 114:230-41. [PMID: 16876899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Subcutaneously injected therapeutics must pass through the interstitial matrix of the skin in order to reach their intended targets. This complex, three-dimensional structure limits the type and quantity of drugs that can be administered by local injection. Here we found that depolymerization of the viscoelastic component of the interstitial matrix in animal models with a highly purified recombinant human hyaluronidase enzyme (rHuPH20) increased the dispersion of locally injected drugs, across a broad range of molecular weights without tissue distortion. rHuPH20 increased infusion rates and the pattern and extent of appearance of locally injected drugs in systemic blood. In particular, rHuPH20 changed the pharmacokinetic profiles and significantly augmented the absolute bioavailability of locally injected large protein therapeutics. Importantly, within 24 h of injection, the interstitial viscoelastic barriers were restored without histologic alterations or signs of inflammation. rHuPH20 may function as an interstitial delivery enhancing agent capable of increasing the dispersion and bioavailability of coinjected drugs that may enable subcutaneous administration of therapeutics and replace intravenous delivery.
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Bourguignon LYW, Gilad E, Brightman A, Diedrich F, Singleton P. Hyaluronan-CD44 interaction with leukemia-associated RhoGEF and epidermal growth factor receptor promotes Rho/Ras co-activation, phospholipase C epsilon-Ca2+ signaling, and cytoskeleton modification in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:14026-40. [PMID: 16565089 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507734200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have examined the interaction of CD44 (a major hyaluronan (HA) receptor) with a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (leukemia-associated RhoGEF (LARG)) in human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells (HNSCC-HSC-3 cell line). Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analyses indicate that CD44 and the LARG protein are expressed in HSC-3 cells and that these two proteins are physically associated as a complex. HA-CD44 binding induces LARG-specific RhoA signaling and phospholipase C epsilon (PLC epsilon) activity. In particular, the activation of RhoA-PLC epsilon by HA stimulates inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate production, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, and the up-regulation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), leading to phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein, filamin. The phosphorylation of filamin reduces its interaction with filamentous actin, promoting tumor cell migration. The CD44-LARG complex also interacts with the EGF receptor (EGFR). Most importantly, the binding of HA to the CD44-LARG-EGFR complex activates the EGFR receptor kinase, which in turn promotes Ras-mediated stimulation of a downstream kinase cascade including the Raf-1 and ERK pathways leading to HNSCC cell growth. Using a recombinant fragment of LARG (the LARG-PDZ domain) and a binding assay, we have determined that the LARG-PDZ domain serves as a direct linker between CD44 and EGFR. Transfection of the HSC-3 cells with LARG-PDZcDNA significantly reduces LARG association with CD44 and EGFR. Overexpression of the LARG-PDZ domain also functions as a dominant-negative mutant (similar to the PLC/Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and EGFR/MAPK inhibitor effects) to block HA/CD44-mediated signaling events (e.g. EGFR kinase activation, Ras/RhoA co-activation, Raf-ERK signaling, PLC epsilon-mediated inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate production, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, CaMKII activity, filamin phosphorylation, and filamin-actin binding) and to abrogate tumor cell growth/migration. Taken together, our findings suggest that CD44 interaction with LARG and EGFR plays a pivotal role in Rho/Ras co-activation, PLC epsilon-Ca2+ signaling, and Raf/ERK up-regulation required for CaMKII-mediated cytoskeleton function and in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Y W Bourguignon
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco and Endocrine Unit (111N), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
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Tzircotis G, Thorne RF, Isacke CM. Chemotaxis towards hyaluronan is dependent on CD44 expression and modulated by cell type variation in CD44-hyaluronan binding. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:5119-28. [PMID: 16234326 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of the extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan by tumours and tumour-associated stroma promotes cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Using the Dunn chamber chemotaxis assay, we demonstrate for the first time that high molecular mass hyaluronan acts as a soluble chemoattractant promoting the directional migration of MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Moreover, chemotaxis towards hyaluronan, but not foetal bovine serum, can be abrogated following treatment of the cells with siRNA oligonucleotides to downregulate CD44 expression. These data indicate that CD44 is the principal receptor mediating this response and that CD44 expression is not a general requirement for cell migration and gradient sensing, rather it elicits a ligand-specific response. However, expression of CD44 alone is not sufficient to drive chemotaxis towards hyaluronan, as NIH-3T3 fibroblasts were unable to respond to a hyaluronan gradient even when transfected with high levels of human CD44. For NIH-3T3 cells to bind exogenous hyaluronan, it was necessary to both increase the level of receptor expression and remove a hyaluronan pericellular matrix. Together, these studies reveal a direct mechanism for promoting cell invasion into the hyaluronan-rich matrix and predict that in the complex multicellular environment in vivo, multiple mechanisms exist to regulate the ability of a cell to respond to a chemotactic hyaluronan gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Tzircotis
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
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Weindl G, Schaller M, Schäfer-Korting M, Korting HC. Hyaluronic acid in the treatment and prevention of skin diseases: molecular biological, pharmaceutical and clinical aspects. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 17:207-13. [PMID: 15452406 DOI: 10.1159/000080213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid (HA), or hyaluronan, is a major component of the extracellular matrix of skin, joints, eye and many other tissues and organs. In spite of its simple structure, HA demonstrates remarkable rheological, viscoelastic and hygroscopic properties which are relevant for dermal tissue function. Biological activities in skin, however, are also due to its interaction with various binding proteins (hyaladherins). Due to an influence on signaling pathways, HA is involved in the wound-healing process and scarless fetal healing. Increased HA concentrations have been associated with inflammatory skin diseases. In clinical trials, topical application of HA improved wound healing; in particular, acute radioepithelitis, venous leg ulcers or diabetic foot lesions responded to HA treatment. Moreover, as a topical drug delivery system for diclofenac, an HA gel has recently been approved for the treatment of actinic keratoses. Finally, chemical modifications led to new HA derivates and biomaterials, which may be introduced into therapy in the future. Therefore, ongoing research offers new horizons for the therapeutic use of this glycosaminoglycan which has been regarded as an inert structural component until recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weindl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
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Mascarenhas MM, Day RM, Ochoa CD, Choi WI, Yu L, Ouyang B, Garg HG, Hales CA, Quinn DA. Low molecular weight hyaluronan from stretched lung enhances interleukin-8 expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 30:51-60. [PMID: 12738686 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0167oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation has been shown to cause ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), probably by overdistending or stretching the lung. Hyaluronan (HA), a component of the extracellular matrix, in low molecular weight (LMW) forms has been shown to induce cytokine production. LMW HA is produced by hyaluronan synthase 3 (HAS 3). We found that HAS 3 mRNA expression was upregulated and that LMW HA accumulated in an animal model of VILI. We hypothesized that stretch-induced LMW HA production that causes cytokine release in VILI was dependent on HAS 3 mRNA expression. We explored this hypothesis with in vitro lung cell stretch. Cell stretch induced HAS 3 mRNA expression and LMW HA in fibroblasts. Nonspecific inhibitors of HAS 3 (cyclohexamide and dexamethasone), a nonspecific inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases (genistein), and a janus kinase 2 inhibitor (AG490) blocked stretch-induced HAS 3 expression and synthesis of LMW HA. Stretch-induced LMW HA from fibroblasts caused a significant dose-dependent increase in interleukin-8 production both in static and stretched epithelial cells. These results indicated that de novo synthesis of LMW HA was induced in lung fibroblasts by stretch via tyrosine kinase signaling pathways, and may play a role in augmenting induction of proinflammatory cytokines in VILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella M Mascarenhas
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Bulfinch-148, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard M Turino
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, 1000 Tenth Avenue, New York, NY 10019, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku I Tammi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Turley
- London Regional Cancer Center, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 4L6, Canada.
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Abstract
Hyaluronan is an unbiquitous glycosaminoglycan present in most tissues. Under homeostatic conditions hyaluronan exists as a high molecular mass polymer that has important roles in tissue structural integrity. Under conditions of stress such as following tissue injury, hyaluronan becomes depolymerized and lower molecular mass polymers are generated. The biological properties of these hyaluronan fragments appear to be distinct from the larger precursor molecules. This review examines the biological role of hyaluronan fragments in tissue injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Noble
- Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, LCI 105, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Mahoney DJ, Aplin RT, Calabro A, Hascall VC, Day AJ. Novel methods for the preparation and characterization of hyaluronan oligosaccharides of defined length. Glycobiology 2001; 11:1025-33. [PMID: 11805075 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.12.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan of high molecular weight that acts as a structural component of extracellular matrices and mediates cell adhesion. There have been numerous recent reports that fragments of hyaluronan have different properties compared to the intact molecule. Though many of these results may be genuine, it is possible that some activities are due to minor components in the preparations used. Therefore, it is important that well-characterized and highly purified oligosaccharides are used in cell biological and structural studies so that erroneous results are avoided. We present methods for the purification of hyaluronan oligomers of defined size using size exclusion and anion-exchange chromatography following digestion of hyaluronan with testicular hyaluronidase. These preparations were characterized by a combination of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry with time-of-flight analysis, and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Hyaluronan oligomers ranging from tetrasaccharides to 34-mers were separated. The 4- to 16-mers were shown to be homogeneous with regard to length but did contain varying amounts of chondroitin sulfate. This contaminant could have been minimized if digestion had been performed with medical-grade hyaluronan rather than the relatively impure starting material used here. The 18- to 34-mer preparations were mixtures of oligosaccharides of different lengths (e.g., the latter contained 87% 34-mer, 10% 32-mer, and 3% 30-mer) but were free of detectable chondroitin sulfate. In addition to oligomers with even numbers of sugar rings, novel 5- and 7-mers with terminal glucuronic acid residues were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Mahoney
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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