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Giacomini JJ, Torres-Morales J, Tang J, Dewhirst FE, Borisy GG, Mark Welch JL. Spatial ecology of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter in the human oral cavity. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0401723. [PMID: 38488280 PMCID: PMC10986600 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04017-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter are two of the most common bacterial genera in the human oral cavity, encompassing both commensals and pathogens of substantial ecological and medical significance. In this study, we conducted a metapangenomic analysis of oral Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species to uncover genomic diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and habitat specialization within the human oral cavity. Using three metrics-pangenomic gene content, phylogenomics, and average nucleotide identity (ANI)-we first identified distinct species and sub-species groups among these genera. Mapping of metagenomic reads then revealed clear patterns of habitat specialization, such as Aggregatibacter species predominantly in dental plaque, a distinctive Haemophilus parainfluenzae sub-species group on the tongue dorsum, and H. sp. HMT-036 predominantly in keratinized gingiva and buccal mucosa. In addition, we found that supragingival plaque samples contained predominantly only one out of the three taxa, H. parainfluenzae, Aggregatibacter aphrophilus, and A. sp. HMT-458, suggesting independent niches or a competitive relationship. Functional analyses revealed the presence of key metabolic genes, such as oxaloacetate decarboxylase, correlated with habitat specialization, suggesting metabolic versatility as a driving force. Additionally, heme synthesis distinguishes H. sp. HMT-036 from closely related Haemophilus haemolyticus, suggesting that the availability of micronutrients, particularly iron, was important in the evolutionary ecology of these species. Overall, our study exemplifies the power of metapangenomics to identify factors that may affect ecological interactions within microbial communities, including genomic diversity, habitat specialization, and metabolic versatility. IMPORTANCE Understanding the microbial ecology of the mouth is essential for comprehending human physiology. This study employs metapangenomics to reveal that various Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species exhibit distinct ecological preferences within the oral cavity of healthy individuals, thereby supporting the site-specialist hypothesis. Additionally, it was observed that the gene pool of different Haemophilus species correlates with their ecological niches. These findings shed light on the significance of key metabolic functions in shaping microbial distribution patterns and interspecies interactions in the oral ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Tang
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Floyd E. Dewhirst
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jessica L. Mark Welch
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
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Eker F, Akdaşçi E, Duman H, Yalçıntaş YM, Canbolat AA, Kalkan AE, Karav S, Šamec D. Antimicrobial Properties of Colostrum and Milk. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:251. [PMID: 38534686 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing number of antibiotic resistance genes is putting a strain on the ecosystem and harming human health. In addition, consumers have developed a cautious attitude towards chemical preservatives. Colostrum and milk are excellent sources of antibacterial components that help to strengthen the immunity of the offspring and accelerate the maturation of the immune system. It is possible to study these important defenses of milk and colostrum, such as lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulins, oligosaccharides, etc., as biotherapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of numerous infections caused by microbes. Each of these components has different mechanisms and interactions in various places. The compound's mechanisms of action determine where the antibacterial activity appears. The activation of the antibacterial activity of milk and colostrum compounds can start in the infant's mouth during lactation and continue in the gastrointestinal regions. These antibacterial properties possess potential for therapeutic uses. In order to discover new perspectives and methods for the treatment of bacterial infections, additional investigations of the mechanisms of action and potential complexes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Eker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Emir Akdaşçi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Yalçın Mert Yalçıntaş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Alperen Canbolat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Arda Erkan Kalkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Turkey
| | - Dunja Šamec
- Department of Food Technology, University North, Trg Dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
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Peña-Juárez MC, Guadarrama-Escobar OR, Serrano-Castañeda P, Méndez-Albores A, Vázquez-Durán A, Vera-Graziano R, Rodríguez-Pérez B, Salgado-Machuca M, Anguiano-Almazán E, Morales-Florido MI, Rodríguez-Cruz IM, Escobar-Chávez JJ. Synergistic Effect of Retinoic Acid and Lactoferrin in the Maintenance of Gut Homeostasis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:78. [PMID: 38254678 PMCID: PMC10813542 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a glycoprotein that binds to iron ions (Fe2+) and other metallic ions, such as Mg2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+, and has antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties. The antibacterial properties of LF are due to its ability to sequester iron. The immunomodulatory capability of LF promotes homeostasis in the enteric environment, acting directly on the beneficial microbiota. LF can modulate antigen-presenting cell (APC) biology, including migration and cell activation. Nonetheless, some gut microbiota strains produce toxic metabolites, and APCs are responsible for initiating the process that inhibits the inflammatory response against them. Thus, eliminating harmful strains lowers the risk of inducing chronic inflammation, and consequently, metabolic disease, which can progress to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). LF and retinoic acid (RA) exhibit immunomodulatory properties such as decreasing cytokine production, thus modifying the inflammatory response. Their activities have been observed both in vitro and in vivo. The combined, simultaneous effect of these molecules has not been studied; however, the synergistic effect of LF and RA may be employed for enhancing the secretion of humoral factors, such as IgA. We speculate that the combination of LF and RA could be a potential prophylactic alternative for the treatment of metabolic dysregulations such as T2DM. The present review focuses on the importance of a healthy diet for a balanced gut and describes how probiotics and prebiotics with immunomodulatory activity as well as inductors of differentiation and cell proliferation could be acquired directly from the diet or indirectly through the oral administration of formulations aimed to maintain gut health or restore a eubiotic state in an intestinal environment that has been dysregulated by external factors such as stress and a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma. Concepción Peña-Juárez
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria Lab-12 (Sistemas Transdérmicos y Materiales Nanoestructurados), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán Teoloyucan, Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (M.C.P.-J.); (O.R.G.-E.); (P.S.-C.); (M.S.-M.); (E.A.-A.); (M.I.M.-F.)
| | - Omar Rodrigo Guadarrama-Escobar
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria Lab-12 (Sistemas Transdérmicos y Materiales Nanoestructurados), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán Teoloyucan, Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (M.C.P.-J.); (O.R.G.-E.); (P.S.-C.); (M.S.-M.); (E.A.-A.); (M.I.M.-F.)
| | - Pablo Serrano-Castañeda
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria Lab-12 (Sistemas Transdérmicos y Materiales Nanoestructurados), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán Teoloyucan, Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (M.C.P.-J.); (O.R.G.-E.); (P.S.-C.); (M.S.-M.); (E.A.-A.); (M.I.M.-F.)
| | - Abraham Méndez-Albores
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria Lab-14 (Ciencia y Tecnología de los Materiales), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán Teoloyucan, Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (A.M.-A.); (A.V.-D.)
| | - Alma Vázquez-Durán
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria Lab-14 (Ciencia y Tecnología de los Materiales), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán Teoloyucan, Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (A.M.-A.); (A.V.-D.)
| | - Ricardo Vera-Graziano
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-360, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Betsabé Rodríguez-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Servicio de Análisis de Propóleos (LASAP), Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria (UIM), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico;
| | - Mariana Salgado-Machuca
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria Lab-12 (Sistemas Transdérmicos y Materiales Nanoestructurados), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán Teoloyucan, Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (M.C.P.-J.); (O.R.G.-E.); (P.S.-C.); (M.S.-M.); (E.A.-A.); (M.I.M.-F.)
| | - Ericka Anguiano-Almazán
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria Lab-12 (Sistemas Transdérmicos y Materiales Nanoestructurados), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán Teoloyucan, Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (M.C.P.-J.); (O.R.G.-E.); (P.S.-C.); (M.S.-M.); (E.A.-A.); (M.I.M.-F.)
| | - Miriam Isabel Morales-Florido
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria Lab-12 (Sistemas Transdérmicos y Materiales Nanoestructurados), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán Teoloyucan, Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (M.C.P.-J.); (O.R.G.-E.); (P.S.-C.); (M.S.-M.); (E.A.-A.); (M.I.M.-F.)
- Laboratorio de Farmacia Molecular y Liberación Controlada, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Isabel Marlene Rodríguez-Cruz
- Unidad de Enseñanza e Investigación, Hospital Regional e Alta Especialidad de Sumpango, Carretera Zumpango-Jilotzingo #400, Barrio de Santiago, 2ª Sección, Zumpango 55600, Mexico;
| | - José Juan Escobar-Chávez
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria Lab-12 (Sistemas Transdérmicos y Materiales Nanoestructurados), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Cuautitlán Teoloyucan, Km 2.5, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico; (M.C.P.-J.); (O.R.G.-E.); (P.S.-C.); (M.S.-M.); (E.A.-A.); (M.I.M.-F.)
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Jakop U, Hensel B, Czirják GÁ, Quirino M, Schröter F, Jung M, Schulze M. Bacterial killing activity and lysozymes: A stable defence mechanism in stallion seminal plasma? Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:73-80. [PMID: 36107117 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During insemination, bacterial contamination of the ejaculate can lead to reduced sperm quality and transmission of pathogens to the female, thus should be avoided. The semen of a variety of animal taxa possess antimicrobial properties against a wide range of bacterial species through antimicrobial molecules, such as lysozyme, but their variance and the factors influencing it are unknown for most species. In this study, the antibacterial defence (bacterial killing activity (BKA) against Escherichia (E.) coli and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus as well as lysozyme concentration) was studied in seminal fluid from two consecutive ejaculates of 18 stallions. All ejaculates showed BKA against the tested bacteria, which correlated between the two consecutive ejaculates (rS = 0.526, p = .025 for E. coli and rS = 0.656, p = .003 for S. aureus) and appeared to be stable over the tested period. The lysozyme concentration (LC) showed no significant correlation between the consecutive ejaculates (rS = 0.161, p = .681). However, LC had a positive correlation to the ratio of apoptotic spermatozoa within the ejaculates (rS = 0.426, p = .019). In contrast to other livestock (e.g., boar, bull), the BKA in stallion semen did not correlate significantly with the age of the animal nor sperm quality characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Jakop
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernau, Germany
| | - Britta Hensel
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernau, Germany
| | - Gábor Á Czirják
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monike Quirino
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Filip Schröter
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, Bernau, Germany
| | - Markus Jung
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernau, Germany
| | - Martin Schulze
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernau, Germany
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5
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Oberčkal J, Liaqat H, Matijašić BB, Rozman V, Treven P. Quantification of lactoferrin in human milk using monolithic cation exchange HPLC. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1214:123548. [PMID: 36476358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human lactoferrin (hLF) is one of the most important whey proteins in human milk, known for its ability to modulate innate host immunity and multifunctional activities for neonatal growth. The objective of this study was to validate an efficient method for the detection and quantification of hLF using a unique technology of cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on CIM® monolithic columns. Human milk samples were collected using manual expression or a breast pump, at different weeks of lactation. After sample preparation, hLF was detected and measured by HPLC method and further confirmed by SDS-PAGE. Selected fractions were analysed also by LC-MS/MS. Presumably, due to the high density of positive charge on the surface of the N-terminal domain, hLF binds strongly to the column and elutes last, enabling the high specificity of this method. The LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that hLF eluted in two clearly separated peaks, presumably representing two different molecular species of hLF. hLF concentration in the human milk samples ranged from 2.03 mg/mL to 5.79 mg/mL and was not significantly affected by the sample collection method whereas it was negatively correlated with the stage of lactation. These results suggest that cation exchange chromatography is an accurate, efficient, and robust method for the detection and quantification of hLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Oberčkal
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia.
| | - Humna Liaqat
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia.
| | - Bojana Bogovič Matijašić
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia.
| | - Vita Rozman
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia.
| | - Primož Treven
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia.
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Avalos-Gómez C, Ramírez-Rico G, Ruiz-Mazón L, Sicairos NL, Serrano-Luna J, de la Garza M. Lactoferrin: An Effective Weapon in the Battle Against Bacterial Infections. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3243-3260. [PMID: 36284379 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221025153216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains with respect to commercially available antimicrobial drugs has marked a watershed in treatment therapies to fight pathogens and has stimulated research on alternative remedies. Proteins of the innate immune system of mammals have been highlighted as potentially yielding possible treatment options for infections. Lactoferrin (Lf) is one of these proteins; interestingly, no resistance to it has been found. Lf is a conserved cationic nonheme glycoprotein that is abundant in milk and is also present in low quantities in mucosal secretions. Moreover, Lf is produced and secreted by the secondary granules of neutrophils at infection sites. Lf is a molecule of approximately 80 kDa that displays multiple functions, such as antimicrobial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer actions. Lf can synergize with antibiotics, increasing its potency against bacteria. Lactoferricins (Lfcins) are peptides resulting from the N-terminal end of Lf by proteolytic cleavage with pepsin. They exhibit several anti-bacterial effects similar to those of the parental glycoprotein. Synthetic analog peptides exhibiting potent antimicrobial properties have been designed. The aim of this review is to update understanding of the structure and effects of Lf and Lfcins as anti-bacterial compounds, focusing on the mechanisms of action in bacteria and the use of Lf in treatment of infections in patients, including those studies where no significant differences were found. Lf could be an excellent option for prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases, mainly in combined therapies with antibiotics or other antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Avalos-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Ramírez-Rico
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán- Teoloyucan, Cuautitlán Izcalli, 54714, Mexico
| | - Lucero Ruiz-Mazón
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Nidia León Sicairos
- Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa, Unidad de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Jesús Serrano-Luna
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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Contact Lens Wear Induces Alterations of Lactoferrin Functionality in Human Tears. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102188. [PMID: 36297623 PMCID: PMC9612143 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The tear film is a complex matrix composed of several molecular classes, from small metal ions to macromolecules. Contact lens (CL) wear can affect the protein homeostasis of the tear film, by accumulating deposits on the CL surface and/or altering their structural and functional properties. This work investigates the effect of CL wear on lactoferrin (Lf), one of the most abundant tear proteins, known as an unspecific biomarker of inflammation. Tears from eight volunteers were collected and analyzed after alternated periods of CL wear and without CL. The experimental approach is to probe Lf into unprocessed human tears by the peculiar fluorescence emission originating from complex formation of Lf with terbium (Tb3+) at the iron-binding sites. The experimental data indicate that CL wear does not significantly affect the total amount of Lf. On the other hand, Lf affinity for Tb3+ is reduced upon CL wear, suggesting relevant changes in Lf structure and possible alterations of protein functionality. Future studies based on this approach will help define CL features (material, lens-care solution, wearing time, etc.) with minimal effects on tear protein activity, in order to obtain more biocompatible and comfortable devices.
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Spahr A, Divnic‐Resnik T. Impact of health and lifestyle food supplements on periodontal tissues and health. Periodontol 2000 2022; 90:146-175. [PMID: 35916868 PMCID: PMC9804634 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
According to the new classification, periodontitis is defined as a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease associated with dysbiotic biofilms and characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. This definition, based on the current scientific evidence, clearly indicates and emphasizes, beside the microbial component dental biofilm, the importance of the inflammatory reaction in the progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. The idea to modulate this inflammatory reaction in order to decrease or even cease the progressive destruction was, therefore, a logical consequence. Attempts to achieve this goal involve various kinds of anti-inflammatory drugs or medications. However, there is also an increasing effort in using food supplements or so-called natural food ingredients to modulate patients' immune responses and maybe even improve the healing of periodontal tissues. The aim of this chapter of Periodontology 2000 is to review the evidence of various food supplements and ingredients regarding their possible effects on periodontal inflammation and wound healing. This review may help researchers and clinicians to evaluate the current evidence and to stimulate further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Spahr
- Discipline of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Tihana Divnic‐Resnik
- Discipline of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Managlia E, Yan X, De Plaen IG. Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function and Necrotizing Enterocolitis. NEWBORN 2022; 1:32-43. [PMID: 35846894 PMCID: PMC9286028 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. NEC is characterized by intestinal tissue inflammation and necrosis. The intestinal barrier is altered in NEC, which potentially contributes to its pathogenesis by promoting intestinal bacterial translocation and stimulating the inflammatory response. In premature infants, many components of the intestinal barrier are immature. This article reviews the different components of the intestinal barrier and how their immaturity contributes to intestinal barrier dysfunction and NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Managlia
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States; Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Xiaocai Yan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States; Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Isabelle G De Plaen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States; Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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10
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Barabino S. Is dry eye disease the same in young and old patients? A narrative review of the literature. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:85. [PMID: 35193524 PMCID: PMC8861619 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced age is one of the most evident risk factors for dry eye disease (DED), with male/female sex, chronic drug consumption, and prolonged device use. This article aims to review the literature about the changes of the ocular surface associated with DED in the elderly and patients < 40 years. The pathophysiologic changes of the ocular surface responsible for eye dryness are linked with inflammation and neurosensory abnormalities and may occur with a different feature in young patients compared with elders. Peculiar treatment strategies may be needed for young and older subjects with DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Barabino
- Ocular Surface & Dry Eye Center, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Ospedale L. Sacco, Università di Milano, via GB Grassi, 57, 20157, Milan, Italy.
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TdfH selectively binds metal-loaded tetrameric calprotectin for zinc import. Commun Biol 2022; 5:103. [PMID: 35102276 PMCID: PMC8803948 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To combat nutritional immunity, N. gonorrhoeae has evolved systems to hijack zinc and other metals directly from host metal-binding proteins such as calprotectin (CP). Here, we report the 6.1 Å cryoEM structure of the gonococcal surface receptor TdfH in complex with a zinc-bound CP tetramer. We further show that TdfH can also interact with CP in the presence of copper and manganese, but not with cobalt. The human defense mechanism against pathogens involves limiting essential nutrients, such as zinc which is countered by surface receptor TdfH pirating zinc from human calprotectin. The TdfH cryo-EM structure from N. gonorrhoeae in complex with a calprotectin tetramer provides insights into the protein-protein interaction and the role of metal ions.
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12
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Glycoprotein 340's scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain promotes adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to contact lens polymers. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0033921. [PMID: 34662210 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00339-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact lenses are biomaterials worn on the eye to correct refractive errors. Bacterial adhesion and colonization of these lenses results in adverse events such as microbial keratitis. The adsorption of tear proteins to contact lens materials enhances bacterial adhesion. Glycoprotein 340 (Gp340), a tear component, is known to promote microbial colonization in the oral cavity, however, it has not been investigated in any contact lens-related adverse event. Therefore, this study examined the adsorption of Gp340 and its recombinantly expressed scavenger receptor cysteine rich (iSRCR1Gp340) domain on two common contact lens materials, etafilcon A and lotrafilcon B, and the concomitant effects on the adherence of clinical isolates of microbial keratitis causative agents, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA6206, PA6294), and Staphylococcus aureus (SA38, USA300). Across all strains and materials, iSRCR1Gp340 enhanced adherence of bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. However, iSRCR1Gp340 did not modulate lysozyme's and lactoferrin's effects on bacterial adhesion to the contact lens. The Gp340 binding surface protein SraP significantly enhanced USA300 binding to iSRCR1Gp340-coated lenses. In addition, iSRCR1Gp340-coated surfaces had significantly diminished biofilms with the SraP mutant (ΔSraP), and with the Sortase A mutant (ΔSrtA), there was a further reduction in biofilms, indicating the likely involvement of additional surface proteins. Finally, the binding affinities between iSRCR1Gp340 and SraP were determined using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), where the complete SraP binding region displayed nanomolar affinity, whereas its smaller fragments adhered with micromolar affinities. This study concludes that Gp340 and its SRCR domains play an important role in bacterial adhesion to the contact lens.
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LeBlanc JF, Segal JP, de Campos Braz LM, Hart AL. The Microbiome as a Therapy in Pouchitis and Ulcerative Colitis. Nutrients 2021; 13:1780. [PMID: 34071065 PMCID: PMC8224581 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has been implicated in a range of diseases and there is a rapidly growing understanding of this ecosystem's importance in inflammatory bowel disease. We are yet to identify a single microbe that causes either ulcerative colitis (UC) or pouchitis, however, reduced microbiome diversity is increasingly recognised in active UC. Manipulating the gut microbiome through dietary interventions, prebiotic and probiotic compounds and faecal microbiota transplantation may expand the therapeutic landscape in UC. Specific diets, such as the Mediterranean diet or diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, may reduce intestinal inflammation or potentially reduce the risk of incident UC. This review summarises our knowledge of gut microbiome therapies in UC and pouchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Frédéric LeBlanc
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, St. Mark’s Hospital, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK; (L.M.d.C.B.); (A.L.H.)
| | - Jonathan P. Segal
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Hillingdon Hospital, Uxbridge UB8 3NN, UK;
| | - Lucia Maria de Campos Braz
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, St. Mark’s Hospital, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK; (L.M.d.C.B.); (A.L.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ailsa L. Hart
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, St. Mark’s Hospital, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK; (L.M.d.C.B.); (A.L.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Zarzosa-Moreno D, Avalos-Gómez C, Ramírez-Texcalco LS, Torres-López E, Ramírez-Mondragón R, Hernández-Ramírez JO, Serrano-Luna J, de la Garza M. Lactoferrin and Its Derived Peptides: An Alternative for Combating Virulence Mechanisms Developed by Pathogens. Molecules 2020; 25:E5763. [PMID: 33302377 PMCID: PMC7762604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens, it is necessary to develop options to fight infections caused by these agents. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a cationic nonheme multifunctional glycoprotein of the innate immune system of mammals that provides numerous benefits. Lf is bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal, can stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation, facilitate iron absorption, improve neural development and cognition, promote bone growth, prevent cancer and exert anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects. Lactoferrin is present in colostrum and milk and is also produced by the secondary granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which store this glycoprotein and release it at sites of infection. Lf is also present in many fluids and exocrine secretions, on the surfaces of the digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems that are commonly exposed to pathogens. Apo-Lf (an iron-free molecule) can be microbiostatic due to its ability to capture ferric iron, blocking the availability of host iron to pathogens. However, apo-Lf is mostly microbicidal via its interaction with the microbial surface, causing membrane damage and altering its permeability function. Lf can inhibit viral entry by binding to cell receptors or viral particles. Lf is also able to counter different important mechanisms evolved by microbial pathogens to infect and invade the host, such as adherence, colonization, invasion, production of biofilms and production of virulence factors such as proteases and toxins. Lf can also cause mitochondrial and caspase-dependent regulated cell death and apoptosis-like in pathogenic yeasts. All of these mechanisms are important targets for treatment with Lf. Holo-Lf (the iron-saturated molecule) can contain up to two ferric ions and can also be microbicidal against some pathogens. On the other hand, lactoferricins (Lfcins) are peptides derived from the N-terminus of Lf that are produced by proteolysis with pepsin under acidic conditions, and they cause similar effects on pathogens to those caused by the parental Lf. Synthetic analog peptides comprising the N-terminus Lf region similarly exhibit potent antimicrobial properties. Importantly, there are no reported pathogens that are resistant to Lf and Lfcins; in addition, Lf and Lfcins have shown a synergistic effect with antimicrobial and antiviral drugs. Due to the Lf properties being microbiostatic, microbicidal, anti-inflammatory and an immune modulator, it represents an excellent natural alternative either alone or as adjuvant in the combat to antibiotic multidrug-resistant bacteria and other pathogens. This review aimed to evaluate the data that appeared in the literature about the effects of Lf and its derived peptides on pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses and how Lf and Lfcins inhibit the mechanisms developed by these pathogens to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zarzosa-Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Zacatenco 07360, CdMx, Mexico; (D.Z.-M.); (C.A.-G.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Christian Avalos-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Zacatenco 07360, CdMx, Mexico; (D.Z.-M.); (C.A.-G.); (J.S.-L.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Coyoacán 04510, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Luisa Sofía Ramírez-Texcalco
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Estado de México, Mexico; (L.S.R.-T.); (E.T.-L.); (R.R.-M.); (J.O.H.-R.)
| | - Erick Torres-López
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Estado de México, Mexico; (L.S.R.-T.); (E.T.-L.); (R.R.-M.); (J.O.H.-R.)
| | - Ricardo Ramírez-Mondragón
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Estado de México, Mexico; (L.S.R.-T.); (E.T.-L.); (R.R.-M.); (J.O.H.-R.)
| | - Juan Omar Hernández-Ramírez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Estado de México, Mexico; (L.S.R.-T.); (E.T.-L.); (R.R.-M.); (J.O.H.-R.)
| | - Jesús Serrano-Luna
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Zacatenco 07360, CdMx, Mexico; (D.Z.-M.); (C.A.-G.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Zacatenco 07360, CdMx, Mexico; (D.Z.-M.); (C.A.-G.); (J.S.-L.)
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15
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Isobe N, Matsukawa S, Kubo K, Ueno K, Sugino T, Nii T, Yoshimura Y. Effects of oral administration of colostrum whey in peripartum goat on antimicrobial peptides in postpartum milk. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13365. [PMID: 32285581 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to examine whether colostrum supplementation in peripartum goats increases the antimicrobial peptides in their milk. Goats were orally administered 2 ml of colostrum whey products (colostrum group) or water (control group) daily, from 2 weeks before until 2 weeks after kidding. Body weights of mothers and kids were measured. Blood, milk, and fecal samples were collected from the mothers, and blood samples were collected from the kids. Concentrations of milk antimicrobial peptides (beta-defensin, cathelicidin, lactoferrin, S100A7, lactoperoxidase, and immunoglobulin A [IgA]) were determined. IgA and nutritional parameters (glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, ketone bodies, and non-esterified fatty acids) were also determined in the blood of mothers and kids. Milk IgA and lactoferrin concentrations were higher in the colostrum group than in the control group. Conversely, lower milk concentrations of S100A7 were observed in the colostrum group than that in the control group. Plasma IgA concentrations were higher for kids from the colostrum group than for those from the control group. These results suggest that oral administration of colostrum in pregnant goats increases IgA concentration in postpartum milk, which can subsequently improve the health of their kids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Isobe
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shoko Matsukawa
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kota Kubo
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Toshihisa Sugino
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nii
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukinori Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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16
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Zuanazzi D, Xiao Y, Siqueira WL. Evaluating protein binding specificity of titanium surfaces through mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:2281-2296. [PMID: 32870391 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether surface characteristics of different titanium modifications may influence the composition of the salivary pellicle on each surface by analyzing the salivary proteome through mass spectrometry-based proteomics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Titanium discs with three surfaces modifications (PT (machined titanium), SLA (sandblasted/large-grit/acid-etched), and SLActive (modified SLA)) were characterized (topography, chemistry, and energy) prior to being exposed to saliva for 2 h to form a protein pellicle. The resultant protein layer was retrieved and analyzed through mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-MS/MS) to examine the surface specificity for protein binding, while the proteome profile of each surface was classified. RESULTS The proteome analysis showed that the salivary pellicle composition was more complex on rough surfaces (SLA and SLActive). Although variability in protein composition was observed between surfaces, most proteins were detected on more than one surface, indicating a limited surface specificity for protein binding. Additionally, the salivary pellicle formed on the SLActive presented a larger number of proteins associated with immune response, biological adhesion, and biomineralization. CONCLUSIONS Although topography, chemistry, and energy differed between the surfaces, they were not determinant to produce a salivary pellicle with high surface specificity. Also, we showed that several salivary proteins adsorbed on Ti surfaces are involved in biological functions important to the biointegration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study sheds light on the necessity for the development of bioactive surfaces that favors the formation of a specific protein layer that can enhance tissue response to assist the biointegration of dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zuanazzi
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Walter L Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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17
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Yadav R, Noinaj N, Ostan N, Moraes T, Stoudenmire J, Maurakis S, Cornelissen CN. Structural Basis for Evasion of Nutritional Immunity by the Pathogenic Neisseriae. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2981. [PMID: 31998268 PMCID: PMC6965322 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic Neisseria species are human-adapted pathogens that cause quite distinct diseases. Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the common sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, while Neisseria meningitidis causes a potentially lethal form of bacterial meningitis. During infection, both pathogens deploy a number of virulence factors in order to thrive in the host. The focus of this review is on the outer membrane transport systems that enable the Neisseriae to utilize host-specific nutrients, including metal-binding proteins such as transferrin and calprotectin. Because acquisition of these critical metals is essential for growth and survival, understanding the structures of receptor-ligand complexes may be an important step in developing preventative or therapeutic strategies focused on thwarting these pathogens. Much can also be learned by comparing structures with antigenic diversity among the transporter sequences, as conserved functional domains in these essential transporters could represent the pathogens' "Achilles heel." Toward this goal, we present known or modeled structures for the transport systems produced by the pathogenic Neisseria species, overlapped with sequence diversity derived by comparing hundreds of neisserial protein sequences. Given the concerning increase in N. gonorrhoeae incidence and antibiotic resistance, these outer membrane transport systems appear to be excellent targets for new therapies and preventative vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Yadav
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nicholas Noinaj
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nicholas Ostan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor Moraes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Stoudenmire
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stavros Maurakis
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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18
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Experimental Evidence of the Healing Properties of Lactobionic Acid for Ocular Surface Disease. Cornea 2018; 37:1058-1063. [PMID: 29634672 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000001594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the properties of lactobionic acid (LA) as a possible supplement in artificial tears in in vitro and in vivo experimental model systems. LA is a bionic derivative of a polyhydroxy acid, which consists of one galactose attached by an ether link to a gluconic acid. It is a molecule endowed with several properties that make it an ideal supplement in artificial tears: it is highly hygroscopic and a powerful antioxidant, it is an iron chelator and inhibits matrix metalloprotease activity; it favors wound healing (WH); and it inhibits bacterial growth. METHODS Promotion of WH by LA, alone or in combination with hyaluronic acid (HA), was investigated in vitro on monolayers of rabbit corneal cells (Statens Seruminstitut) and in vivo after epithelium debridement of rabbit corneas. TGF-β expression and MMP-9 activity in wounded corneas were detected in tears and cornea extracts by western blot or by Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). Bacterial growth inhibition by LA was checked on Staphylococcus aureus isolates in liquid culture. RESULTS LA, with or without HA, favors WH in vitro and in vivo. The WH assay on the rabbit cornea showed that 4% LA in association with 0.15% HA also resulted in a blunted increase of MMP-9 and TGF-β in tears and corneal tissue. Finally, the presence of 4% LA resulted in slower growth of cultured bacterial isolates. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that LA could be a useful supplement to artificial tears to treat ocular surface dysfunction such as dry eye.
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19
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Ciregia F, Giacomelli C, Giusti L, Boldrini C, Piga I, Pepe P, Consensi A, Gori S, Lucacchini A, Mazzoni MR, Bazzichi L. Putative salivary biomarkers useful to differentiate patients with fibromyalgia. J Proteomics 2018; 190:44-54. [PMID: 29654921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain disorder characterized by widespread pain and associated with unspecific symptoms. So far, no laboratory tests have been validated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence in saliva of potential diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers which could be useful for the management of FM patients. Specifically, the salivary profile of FM patients was compared with those of healthy subjects, subjects suffering migraine (model of non-inflammatory chronic pain), and patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis (model of inflammatory chronic pain). For proteomics analysis 2-DE and SELDI-TOF-MS were applied. From 2-DE serotransferrin and alpha-enolase were found differentially expressed in FM. Hence, their expression was validated by ELISA together with phosphoglycerate-mutase-I and transaldolase, which were found in a previous work. Moreover, ROC curve was calculated by comparing FM patients versus control subjects (healthy plus migraine) to investigate the discriminative power of biomarkers. The best performance was obtained by combining alpha-enolase, phosphoglycerate-mutase-I and serotransferrin. On the other hand, none of the candidate proteins showed a statistical correlation with clinical features. Finally, preliminary SELDI analysis highlighted two peaks whose identification need to be validated. Overall, these results could be useful in supporting the clinical diagnosis of FM. SIGNIFICANCE: FM is one of the most common chronic pain condition which is associated with significant disability. The fibromyalgic pain is a peculiar characteristic of this disease and FM patients suffer from reduced quality of life, daily functioning and productivity. Considering the deep complexity of FM, the discovery of more objective markers is crucial for supporting clinical diagnosis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the selection of biomarkers effectively associated with fibromyalgic pain which will enable clinicians to achieve an unambiguous diagnosis, and to improve approaches to patients' management. We defined a panel of 3 salivary proteins which could be one of the criteria to be taken into account. Consequently, the identification of disease salivary biomarkers could be helpful in detecting FM clusters and targeted treatment. Actually, our future perspective foresees to develop a simple, rapid and not invasive point-of-care testing which will be of use during the diagnostic process. In addition, the present results can offer a clue for shedding light upon the complex entity of such a disease like FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ciregia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Camillo Giacomelli
- Rheumatology Operative Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Giusti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Boldrini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Isabella Piga
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pepe
- Rheumatology Operative Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Arianna Consensi
- Rheumatology Operative Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Gori
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maria R Mazzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Bazzichi
- Rheumatology Operative Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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20
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Cornelissen CN. Subversion of nutritional immunity by the pathogenic Neisseriae. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4553517. [PMID: 29045638 PMCID: PMC6251569 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic Neisseria species, including Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, are obligate human pathogens that cause significant morbidity and mortality. The success of these pathogens, with regard to causing disease in humans, is inextricably linked to their ability to acquire necessary nutrients in the hostile environment of the host. Humans deploy a significant arsenal of weaponry to defend against bacterial pathogens, not least of which are the metal-sequestering proteins that entrap and withhold transition metals, including iron, zinc and manganese, from invaders. This review will discuss the general strategies that bacteria employ to overcome these metal-sequestering attempts by the host, and then will focus on the relatively uncommon 'metal piracy' approaches utilized by the pathogenic Neisseria for this purpose. Because acquiring metals from the environment is critical to microbial survival, interfering with this process could impede growth and therefore disease initiation or progression. This review will also discuss how interfering with metal uptake by the pathogenic Neisseriae could be deployed in the development of novel or improved preventative or therapeutic measures against these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Nau Cornelissen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Box 980678, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, USA
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21
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Habing G, Harris K, Schuenemann GM, Piñeiro JM, Lakritz J, Clavijo XA. Lactoferrin reduces mortality in preweaned calves with diarrhea. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3940-3948. [PMID: 28318585 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calf diarrhea is the most common reason for mortality and antimicrobial therapy in preweaned calves on dairy farms in the United States. Conventional and organic livestock producers require alternative therapies for calf diarrhea to reduce the necessity of conventional antimicrobials. Alternatives administered for mild cases or early in the disease course may be useful to mitigate disease progression and reduce the likelihood of septicemia and negative sequelae. Lactoferrin is a bioactive protein naturally found in colostrum that has been shown to prevent septicemia in high-risk infants. Among organic producers, garlic extract is widely used for the treatment of disease and perceived to be efficacious. The objectives of the study were to determine the effectiveness of lactoferrin and garlic extract to reduce mortality and culling, improve weight gain, and reduce the duration of disease in preweaned calves with the first diagnosis of diarrhea. In total, 628 calves with diarrhea from a single commercial dairy were enrolled in a blinded, randomized field trial. Calves diagnosed with diarrhea (fecal score ≥3), were randomized to 3 consecutive days of oral garlic extract, lactoferrin, or water (control). Calves were clinically evaluated for up to 10 d. Body weight was measured at enrollment and 10 d later. For calves receiving garlic extract, the risk of death or culling was not significantly different than calves in the control group; however, calves that received lactoferrin had approximately half the risk of death or culling in the 120 d following diagnosis. Additionally, the relative risk of death or culling in the 60 d following diagnosis was significantly lower for the subset of calves with severe diarrhea at enrollment. Neither garlic nor lactoferrin had a significant effect on disease duration or average weight gain during the 10-d period. Lactoferrin significantly reduced mortality and culling when administered to preweaned calves with the first diagnosis of diarrhea; however, additional studies conducted across multiple farms are necessary to corroborate the observed reduction in mortality and culling. If the results are confirmed, lactoferrin may become an important tool to improve treatment outcomes and reduce the necessity of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Habing
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
| | - K Harris
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - G M Schuenemann
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - J M Piñeiro
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - J Lakritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Giansanti F, Panella G, Leboffe L, Antonini G. Lactoferrin from Milk: Nutraceutical and Pharmacological Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:E61. [PMID: 27690059 PMCID: PMC5198036 DOI: 10.3390/ph9040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein present in large quantities in colostrum and in breast milk, in external secretions and in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lactoferrin's main function is non-immune protection. Among several protective activities shown by lactoferrin, those displayed by orally administered lactoferrin are: (i) antimicrobial activity, which has been presumed due to iron deprivation, but more recently attributed also to a specific interaction with the bacterial cell wall and extended to viruses and parasites; (ii) immunomodulatory activity, with a direct effect on the development of the immune system in the newborn, together with a specific antinflammatory effects; (iii) a more recently discovered anticancer activity. It is worth noting that most of the protective activities of lactoferrin have been found, sometimes to a greater extent, also in peptides derived from limited proteolysis of lactoferrin that could be generated after lactoferrin ingestion. Lactoferrin could therefore be considered an ideal nutraceutic product because of its relatively cheap production from bovine milk and of its widely recognized tolerance after ingestion, along with its well demonstrated protective activities. The most important protective activities shown by orally administered bovine lactoferrin are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giansanti
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila I-67100, Italy.
- Interuniversity Consortium on Biostructures and Biosystems INBB, Rome I-00136, Italy.
| | - Gloria Panella
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila I-67100, Italy.
| | - Loris Leboffe
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome I-00146, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Interuniversity Consortium on Biostructures and Biosystems INBB, Rome I-00136, Italy.
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome I-00146, Italy.
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Kim WS, Kim PH, Shimazaki KI. Sensitivity of Pseudomonas syringae to Bovine Lactoferrin Hydrolysates and Identification of a Novel Inhibitory Peptide. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2016; 36:487-93. [PMID: 27621689 PMCID: PMC5018508 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.4.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysates (bLFH) was measured against Pseudomonas strains (P. syringae and P. fluorescens) in vitro. To compare susceptibility to bLFH, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using chemiluminescence assays and paper disc plate assays. Antimicrobial effect against P. fluorescens was not observed by either assay, suggesting that bLFH did not exhibit antimicrobial activity against P. fluorescens. However, a significant inhibition of P. syringae growth was observed in the presence of bLFH. The addition of bLFH in liquid or solid medium inhibited growth of P. syringae in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, a bLFH peptide with antimicrobial activity toward P. syringae was isolated and identified. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of thus obtained antimicrobial bLFH peptides were analyzed by a protein sequencer and were found to be Leu-Arg-Ile-Pro-Ser-Lys-Val-Asp-Ser-Ala and Phe-Lys-Cys-Arg-Arg-Trp-Gln-Trp-Arg-Met. The latter peptide sequence is known to be characteristic of lactoferricin. Therefore, in the present study, we identified a new antimicrobial peptide against P. syringae, present within the N-terminus and possessing the amino acid sequence of Leu-Arg-Ile-Pro-Ser-Lys-Val-Asp-Ser-Ala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Sub Kim
- Department of Animal Life and Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Pyeung-Hyeun Kim
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Kei-Ichi Shimazaki
- Dairy Food Science Laboratory, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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Mirza S, Benjamin WH, Coan PA, Hwang SA, Winslett AK, Yother J, Hollingshead SK, Fujihashi K, Briles DE. The effects of differences in pspA alleles and capsular types on the resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to killing by apolactoferrin. Microb Pathog 2016; 99:209-219. [PMID: 27569531 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is the only pneumococcal surface protein known to strongly bind lactoferrin on the bacterial surface. In the absence of PspA Streptococcus pneumoniae becomes more susceptible to killing by human apolactoferrin (apo-hLf), the iron-free form of lactoferrin. In the present study we examined diverse strains of S. pneumoniae that differed by 2 logs in their susceptibility to apo-hLf. Among these strains, the amount of apo-hLf that bound to cell surface PspA correlated directly with the resistance of the strain to killing by apo-hLf. Moreover examination of different pspA alleles on shared genetic backgrounds revealed that those PspAs that bound more lactoferrin conferred greater resistance to killing by apo-hLf. The effects of capsule on killing of pneumococci by apo-hLf were generally small, but on one genetic background, however, the lack of capsule was associated with 4-times as much apo-hLf binding and 30-times more resistance to killing by apo-hLf. Overall these finding strongly support the hypothesis that most of the variation in the ability of apo-hLf is dependent on the variation in the binding of apo-hLf to surface PspA and this binding is dependent on variation in PspA as well as variation in capsule which may enhance killing by reducing the binding of apo-hLf to PspA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaper Mirza
- Department of Biology, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Pakistan; Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Health Science Center, Brownsville Regional Campus, TX, USA.
| | - William H Benjamin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Patricia A Coan
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical School University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne-Kathryn Winslett
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Janet Yother
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Susan K Hollingshead
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Department of Pediatrics Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - David E Briles
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Sadekuzzaman M, Yang S, Mizan M, Ha S. Current and Recent Advanced Strategies for Combating Biofilms. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sadekuzzaman
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang Univ; 72-1 Nae-Ri Daedeok-Myun, Anseong Gyunggido 456-756 South Korea Dept. of Livestock Services, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - S. Yang
- Chung-Ang Univ; 72-1 Nae-Ri Daedeok-Myun, Anseong Gyunggido 456-756 South Korea
| | - M.F.R. Mizan
- Chung-Ang Univ; 72-1 Nae-Ri Daedeok-Myun, Anseong Gyunggido 456-756 South Korea
| | - S.D. Ha
- Chung-Ang Univ; 72-1 Nae-Ri Daedeok-Myun, Anseong Gyunggido 456-756 South Korea
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Cavalcanti YW, Soare RV, Leite Assis MA, Zenóbio EG, Girundi FMDS. Titanium Surface Roughing Treatments contribute to Higher Interaction with Salivary Proteins MG2 and Lactoferrin. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:141-6. [PMID: 25906806 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Some surface treatments performed on titanium can alter the composition of salivary pellicle formed on this abiotic surface. Such treatments modify the titanium's surface properties and can promote higher adsorption of proteins, which allow better integration of titanium to the biotic system. PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the interactions between salivary proteins and titanium disks with different surface treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Machined titanium disks (n = 48) were divided into four experimental groups (n = 12), according to their surface treatments: surface polishing (SP); acid etching (A); spot-blasting plus acid etching (SB-A); spot-blasting followed by acid etching and nano-functionalization (SB-A-NF). Titanium surfaces were characterized by surface roughness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specimens were incubated with human saliva extracted from submandibular and sublingual glands. Total salivary protein adsorbed to titanium was quantified and samples were submitted to western blotting for mucin glycoprotein 2 (MG2) and lactoferrin identification. RESULTS Surface roughness was statistically higher for SB-A and SB-A-NF groups. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed that titanium surface treatments increased surface roughness with higher number of porous and scratches for SB-A and SB-A-NF groups. Total protein adsorption was significantly higher for SB-A and SB-A-NF groups (p < 0.05), which also presented higher interactions with MG2 and lactoferrin proteins. CONCLUSION The roughing of titanium surface by spot-blasting plus acid etching treatments contribute to higher interaction with salivary proteins, such as MG2 and lactoferrin. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Titanium surface roughing increases the interactions of the substratum with salivary proteins, which can influence the integration of dental implants and their components to the oral environment. However, those treatments should be used carefully intraorally, avoiding increase biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti
- PhD Student, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, Phone: 551983909920, e-mail:
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Crespo-Facorro B, Prieto C, Sainz J. Schizophrenia gene expression profile reverted to normal levels by antipsychotics. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu066. [PMID: 25522406 PMCID: PMC4360232 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the widespread use of antipsychotics, little is known of the molecular bases behind the action of antipsychotic drugs. A genome-wide study is needed to characterize the genes that affect the clinical response and their adverse effects. METHODS Here we show the analysis of the blood transcriptome of 22 schizophrenia patients before and after medication with atypical antipsychotics by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS We found that 17 genes, among the 21 495 genes analyzed, have significantly-altered expression after medication (p-value adjusted [Padj] <0.05). Six genes (ADAMTS2, CD177, CNTNAP3, ENTPD2, RFX2, and UNC45B) out of the 17 are among the 200 genes that we characterized with differential expression in a previous study between antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia patients and controls (Sainz et al., 2013). This number of schizophrenia-altered expression genes is significantly higher than expected by chance (Chi-test, Padj 1.19E-50), suggesting that at least part of the antipsychotic beneficial effects is exerted by modulating the expression of these genes. Interestingly, all six of these genes were overexpressed in patients and reverted to control levels of expression after treatment. We also found a significant enrichment of genes related to obesity and diabetes, known adverse affects of antipsychotics. CONCLUSIONS These results may facilitate understanding of unknown molecular mechanisms behind schizophrenia symptoms and the molecular mechanisms of antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesus Sainz
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla. Department of Medicine & Psychiatry. School of Medicine University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain (Dr Crespo-Facorro); CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain (Dr Crespo-Facorro); Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria, Santander, Spain (Drs Prieto and Sainz).
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Görmez U, Kürkcü M, E. Benlidayi M, Ulubayram K, Sertdemir Y, Dağlioğlu K. Effects of bovine lactoferrin in surgically created bone defects on bone regeneration around implants. J Oral Sci 2015; 57:7-15. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.57.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulaş Görmez
- Private Practice in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
| | - Mehmet Kürkcü
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Çukurova University
| | - Mehmet E. Benlidayi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Çukurova University
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University
| | - Yaşar Sertdemir
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University
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Hajishengallis G, Russell MW. Innate Humoral Defense Factors. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [PMCID: PMC7149745 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although innate immunity came into the research spotlight in the late 1990s when its instructive role in the adaptive immune response was recognized, innate humoral defense factors have a much older history. The exocrine secretions of the body contain a plethora of distinct soluble factors (lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidases, proline-rich proteins, histatins, etc.) that protect the body from mucosal microbial pathogens. More recent studies have established that the humoral arm of innate immunity contains a heterogeneous group of pattern-recognition molecules (e.g., pentraxins, collectins, and ficolins), which perform diverse host-defense functions, such as agglutination and neutralization, opsonization, control of inflammation, and complement activation and regulation. These pattern-recognition molecules, which act as functional predecessors of antibodies (“ante-antibodies”), and the classic soluble innate defense factors form an integrated system with complementary specificity, action, and tissue distribution, and they are the subject of this chapter.
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Ferreira SMS, Gonçalves LS, Torres SR, Nogueira SA, Meiller TF. Lactoferrin levels in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of HIV-infected patients with chronic periodontitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 6:16-24. [PMID: 25331852 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study compared lactoferrin (LF) levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva between HIV-infected and noninfected patients with chronic periodontitis. METHODS For each subject, LF levels were analyzed in one shallow site (SS; PD ≤3 mm), one deep site (DS; PD >5 mm) and in resting whole saliva. Two groups, 28 HIV-infected and 10 noninfected, were selected. RESULTS Although the salivary LF levels were higher in HIV-infected than in noninfected individuals, especially in AIDS patients, this was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Subgingival LF levels for SS and DS were lower among HIV-infected individuals, although AIDS patients showed the lowest levels. Age, smoking, gender, T CD4 lymphocytes levels and viral load did not influence subgingival LF levels, neither for SS nor for DP. Positive fungal culture was observed in 24 HIV-infected patients, but only observed in one in the control group. Overall, LF concentration was significantly higher in DS than SS, both in HIV-infected and noninfected individuals (P < 0.05) and salivary LF levels were always higher than GCF levels. CONCLUSION The data indicate that LF levels in the GCF and saliva are not different between HIV-infected and noninfected patients with chronic periodontitis.
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Yamada K, Takaki S, Komuro N, Suzuki K, Citterio D. An antibody-free microfluidic paper-based analytical device for the determination of tear fluid lactoferrin by fluorescence sensitization of Tb3+. Analyst 2014; 139:1637-43. [PMID: 24482793 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01926h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An inkjet-printed microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for the detection of lactoferrin has been developed. The analyte concentration dependent fluorescence emission, caused by the sensitization of pre-deposited terbium (Tb(3+)) upon complexation with lactoferrin on the paper device, is captured using a digital camera. The dynamic response range (0.5-3 mg mL(-1)) and the limit of detection (0.30 mg mL(-1)) of the μPAD are suitable for the analysis of normal human tears and the detection of eye disorders. Finally, lactoferrin concentrations in human tear samples were analyzed by the μPADs and the assay results corresponded within 6% error to those obtained by an immunoassay (ELISA). The μPADs provide a simple, rapid and accurate method for lactoferrin detection in tear fluid. Results are obtained within 15 min of a single application of 2.5 μL of sample. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a device for lactoferrin quantification relying neither on an immunoassay nor on high cost analytical instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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Tear proteomic analysis of Sjögren syndrome patients with dry eye syndrome by two-dimensional-nano-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5772. [PMID: 25159733 PMCID: PMC4145314 DOI: 10.1038/srep05772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the tear film proteome of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and dry eye syndrome (group A), patients with dry eye symptoms (group B) and normal volunteers (group C). Tear samples were pooled from 8 subjects from each group and were subjected to two-dimensional-nano-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (2D-nano-LC-MS/MS). The tear breakup time for group A was significantly reduced compared with group B and C (P < 0.001). Group A (Schirmer I test, 2.13 ± 2.38 mm/5 min) had markedly lower tear volume than group B (5.94 ± 4.75 mm/5 min) and C (14.44 ± 6.57 mm/5 min) (P < 0.001). Group A had significantly higher normalized tear protein content (1.8291 ± 0.2241 μg/mm) than group B (1.0839 ± 0.1120 μg/mm) (P = 0.001) and C (0.2028 ± 0.0177 μg/mm) (P = 0.001). The 2D-nano-LC-MS/MS analysis identified a total of 435 proteins, including 182 (54.8%), 247 (74.4%) and 278 (83.7%) in group A, B, and C, respectively, with 56 (16.7%) proteins including defensin α1, clusterin and lactotransferrin unique to group A. In conclusion, dry eye syndrome in SS patients is associated with an altered proteomic profile with dysregulated expression of proteins involved in a variety of important cellular process including inflammation, immunity, and oxidative stress.
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Lactoferrin promote primary rat osteoblast proliferation and differentiation via up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 expression. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5019-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Khaldi N, Holton TA, Shields DC. Amino acid enrichment and compositional changes among mammalian milk proteins and the resulting nutritional consequences. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:1248-58. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pastorelli L, De Salvo C, Mercado JR, Vecchi M, Pizarro TT. Central role of the gut epithelial barrier in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation: lessons learned from animal models and human genetics. Front Immunol 2013; 4:280. [PMID: 24062746 PMCID: PMC3775315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut mucosa is constantly challenged by a bombardment of foreign antigens and environmental microorganisms. As such, the precise regulation of the intestinal barrier allows the maintenance of mucosal immune homeostasis and prevents the onset of uncontrolled inflammation. In support of this concept, emerging evidence points to defects in components of the epithelial barrier as etiologic factors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). In fact, the integrity of the intestinal barrier relies on different elements, including robust innate immune responses, epithelial paracellular permeability, epithelial cell integrity, as well as the production of mucus. The purpose of this review is to systematically evaluate how alterations in the aforementioned epithelial components can lead to the disruption of intestinal immune homeostasis, and subsequent inflammation. In this regard, the wealth of data from mouse models of intestinal inflammation and human genetics are pivotal in understanding pathogenic pathways, for example, that are initiated from the specific loss of function of a single protein leading to the onset of intestinal disease. On the other hand, several recently proposed therapeutic approaches to treat human IBD are targeted at enhancing different elements of gut barrier function, further supporting a primary role of the epithelium in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation and emphasizing the importance of maintaining a healthy and effective intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pastorelli
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH , USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan , Milan , Italy ; Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato , San Donato Milanese , Italy
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Velusamy SK, Ganeshnarayan K, Markowitz K, Schreiner H, Furgang D, Fine DH, Velliyagounder K. Lactoferrin knockout mice demonstrates greater susceptibility to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2013; 84:1690-701. [PMID: 23327622 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.120587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the innate defense mechanisms in the oral cavity, lactoferrin (LF) is a vital antimicrobial that can modify the host response against periodontopathogens. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is the main periodontopathogen of localized aggressive periodontitis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of LF during A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontitis. METHODS Differences in the expression levels of cytokines, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and bone loss markers between wild-type (WT) and LF knockout mice (LFKO(-/-)) were evaluated by real time-PCR. Serum IgG and LF levels were quantified by ELISA. Alveolar bone loss among the groups was estimated by measuring the distance from cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest (ABC) at 20 molar sites. RESULTS Oral infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans increased LF levels in periodontal tissue (P = 0.01) and saliva (P = 0.0004) of wild-type infected (WTI) mice compared to wild-type control mice. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 were increased in the infected LF knockout (LFKO(-/-)I) mice compared to the WTI mice, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were decreased. Chemokines and chemokine receptors showed different expression patterns between WTI and LFKO(-/-)I mice. The LFKO(-/-)I mice developed increased bone loss (P = 0.002), in conjunction with increased expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and decrease in osteoprotegerin, compared to WTI mice. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the infected LFKO(-/-) mice were more susceptible to A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced alveolar bone loss, with different patterns of immune responses compared to those of WTI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Velusamy
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ
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Yoshimaki T, Sato S, Tsunori K, Shino H, Iguchi S, Arai Y, Ito K, Ogiso B. Bone regeneration with systemic administration of lactoferrin in non-critical-sized rat calvarial bone defects. J Oral Sci 2013; 55:343-8. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.55.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Abstract
Iron metabolism has been intensively examined over the last decade and there are many new players in this field which are worth to be introduced. Since its discovery many studies confirmed role of liver hormone hepcidin as key regulator of iron metabolism and pointed out liver as the central organ of system iron homeostasis. Liver cells receive multiple signals related to iron balance and respond by transcriptional regulation of hepcidin expression. This liver hormone is negative regulator of iron metabolism that represses iron efflux from macrophages, hepatocytes and enterocytes by its binding to iron export protein ferroportin. Ferroportin degradation leads to cellular iron retention and decreased iron availability. At level of a cell IRE/IRP (iron responsive elements/iron responsive proteins) system allows tight regulation of iron assimilation that prevents an excess of free intracellular iron which could lead to oxidative stress and damage of DNA, proteins and lipid membranes by ROS (reactive oxygen species). At the same time IRE/IRP system provides sufficient iron in order to meet the metabolic needs. Recently a significant progress in understanding of iron metabolism has been made and new molecular participants have been characterized. Article gives an overview of the current understanding of iron metabolism: absorption, distribution, cellular uptake, release, and storage. We also discuss mechanisms underlying systemic and cellular iron regulation with emphasis on central regulatory hormone hepcidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leida Tandara
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnosis, University Hospital Center Split, Split, Croatia.
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Xin KW, Huimin Y, Alonso S. Enterovirus 71: pathogenesis, control and models of disease. Future Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major agents responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease. The increasing incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease outbreaks, epidemics due to EV71 infection in South East Asia and the propensity of EV71 strains to cause severe neurological complications in young children underscore the need to further our knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms involved in EV71 pathogenesis; such knowledge could then be translated to the identification of biomarkers of disease severity, and the development of effective therapeutics and vaccines. This article reviews the current knowledge of EV71 pathogenesis, control measures and models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khong Wei Xin
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Life Sciences Institute, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yeo Huimin
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Life Sciences Institute, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Life Sciences Institute, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Rocha DDM, Zenóbio EG, Van Dyke T, Silva KS, Costa FO, Soares RV. Differential expression of salivary glycoproteins in aggressive and chronic periodontitis. J Appl Oral Sci 2012; 20:180-5. [PMID: 22666834 PMCID: PMC3894760 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572012000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the pattern of secretion and the expression of mucin glycoprotein-2 (MG2) and lactoferrin in individuals with or without periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five individuals with aggressive periodontitis (APG), 5 with generalized chronic periodontitis (CPG) and 5 without periodontitis (CG) were enrolled after informed consent. Non-stimulated and stimulated submandibular and sublingual saliva was collected and samples analyzed by Western blot probed with specific antibodies. RESULTS Stimulated and non-stimulated salivary flow rates did not differ among groups. Western blot analysis revealed that stimulation led to: an increase in MG2 expression in all groups, and to lactoferrin expression in APG and CPG. In non-stimulated saliva, CG exhibited the highest expression of both glycoproteins. In stimulated saliva, CG exhibited the highest expression of MG2, whereas APG the highest of lactoferrin. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of secretion of MG2 and lactoferrin in health and disease is complex. Although the present study analyzed samples from a limited number of participants, the reduced expression of MG2 and lactoferrin in APG and CPG under non-stimulated condition, the predominant circumstance of salivary secretion during the day, suggests that these salivary constituents may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela de Morais Rocha
- School of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Wang R, Kaplan A, Guo L, Shi W, Zhou X, Lux R, He X. The influence of iron availability on human salivary microbial community composition. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012; 64:152-61. [PMID: 22318873 PMCID: PMC3376180 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-012-0013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
It is a well-recognized fact that the composition of human salivary microbial community is greatly affected by its nutritional environment. However, most studies are currently focused on major carbon or nitrogen sources with limited attention to trace elements like essential mineral ions. In this study, we examined the effect of iron availability on the bacterial profiles of an in vitro human salivary microbial community as iron is an essential trace element for the survival and proliferation of virtually all microorganisms. Analysis via a combination of PCR with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis demonstrated a drastic change in species composition of an in vitro human salivary microbiota when iron was scavenged from the culture medium by addition of the iron chelator 2,2'-bipyridyl. This shift in community profile was prevented by the presence of excessive ferrous iron (Fe(2+)). Most interestingly, under iron deficiency, the in vitro grown salivary microbial community became dominated by several hemolytic bacterial species, including Streptococcus spp., Gemella spp., and Granulicatella spp. all of which have been implicated in infective endocarditis. These data provide evidence that iron availability can modulate host-associated oral microbial communities, resulting in a microbiota with potential clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aida Kaplan
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lihong Guo
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Renate Lux
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xuesong He
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author. UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 20-118 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668. Phone: (310) 825-9748. FAX: (310) 794-7109.
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Lactoferrin-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding as key to antibacterial and antiendotoxic effects. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 12:1-9. [PMID: 22101278 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional protein of the innate immune response, seems to act as a permeabilizing agent of Gram negative bacteria, apparently due to its interaction with enterobacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the bacterial surface. In both human and bovine Lf, a six residue sequence lying in an 18-loop region of the lactoferricin domain is key to Lf-LPS binding. There is much evidence that, by its action on LPS, Lf destabilizes the bacterial membrane and therefore increases bacterial permeability. By itself, Lf is not an effective antibacterial agent, but it permits the penetration of the bacterial membrane by some antibacterial substances whose hydrophobicity otherwise limits their efficacy. Additionally, Lf neutralizes free LPS by keeping the latter from forming complexes that activate TLR-4 signaling pathways. Such pathways, when over-activated, lead to the abundant production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) with fatal consequences to the host. The effect of Lf in reducing inflammation and destabilizing Gram negative bacteria has clinical implications in the control of sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction and bacterial invasion.
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Ahmad G, Sial GZK, Ramadori P, Dudas J, Batusic DS, Ramadori G. Changes of hepatic lactoferrin gene expression in two mouse models of the acute phase reaction. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1822-32. [PMID: 21963450 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Ltf), an iron binding glycoprotein, is a pleiotropic molecule whose serum concentration increases under acute phase conditions. The physiological roles of this protein have been well elucidated, but the source and serum regulation of Ltf gene expression have not been investigated in detail as part of the acute phase reaction (APR). In the current work, the changes in hepatic Ltf-gene-expression during turpentine oil- (TO-) or LPS-induced APR were investigated. Ltf was upregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels in the liver of TO- and LPS-treated wild type (WT) mice. The pattern of induction however was different in both animal models indicating distinctive signalling patterns resulting in an acute phase reaction. Cytokines are the core regulators of APR. Among the major cytokines, IL-6 is an important signalling molecule, which also regulates iron homeostasis in response to an inflammatory situation. In this study, the administration of IL-6 induced Ltf gene expression in the liver of WT mice, in murine hepatocytes and in hepa 1-6 cells. Ltf-gene-expression was upregulated also in the liver of TO- and LPS-treated IL-6 knockout (KO) mice. The increase in serum Ltf after LPS injection was greater than after TO-injection both in WT and IL-6-KO mice. To evaluate the contribution of other acute phase cytokines in the regulation of Ltf-gene-expression in the liver, both in vitro and in vivo studies with IL-1β, TNF-α, or IFN-γ were performed. The results demonstrate that TNF-α and IFN-γ also upregulated Ltf-gene-expression, while IL-1β has no role in the regulation of Ltf-gene-expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghayyor Ahmad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany. ghayyor
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Nashida T, Sato R, Imai A, Shimomura H. Gene expression profiles of the three major salivary glands in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 31:387-99. [PMID: 21187650 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.31.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The protein components of saliva reflect the condition of the whole body as well as the salivary glands. The aim of this study is to characterize the gene expression profiles in each of the rat major salivary glands-the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Gene expression was analyzed using DNA microarrays, and observed differences in expression of representative genes were confirmed by quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction. Among the glands, the contribution to the high expression of genes encoding various proteins, specifically mucin 10, proline-rich glycoproteins, proline-rich protein 2, proline-rich proteoglycans, cystatin 10, amylase, deoxyribonuclease I, and von Ebner's gland protein, was significantly greater in the parotid gland than the other glands. The submandibular and sublingual glands had similar gene expression profiles that differed from profile of the parotid gland. For example, the genes encoding mucin 19 and ovomacroglobulin were highly expressed only in the submandibular and sublingual glands. In summary, we characterized gene expression in the rat major salivary glands and provided basic information on salivary gland marker proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nashida
- Department of Biochemistry, Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan.
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Heli H, Mirtorabi S, Karimian K. Advances in iron chelation: an update. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:819-56. [PMID: 21449664 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.569493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress (caused by excess iron) can result in tissue damage, organ failure and finally death, unless treated by iron chelators. The causative factor in the etiology of a variety of disease states is the presence of iron-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can result in cell damage or which can affect the signaling pathways involved in cell necrosis-apoptosis or organ fibrosis, cancer, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular, hepatic or renal dysfunctions. Iron chelators can reduce oxidative stress by the removal of iron from target tissues. Equally as important, removal of iron from the active site of enzymes that play key roles in various diseases can be of considerable benefit to the patients. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on iron chelators used as therapeutic agents. The importance of iron in oxidative damage is discussed, along with the three clinically approved iron chelators. EXPERT OPINION A number of iron chelators are used as approved therapeutic agents in the treatment of thalassemia major, asthma, fungal infections and cancer. However, as our knowledge about the biochemistry of iron and its role in etiologies of seemingly unrelated diseases increases, new applications of the approved iron chelators, as well as the development of new iron chelators, present challenging opportunities in the areas of drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Heli
- Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Department of Chemistry, Fars, 7348113111, Iran
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Serine protease PrtA from Streptococcus pneumoniae plays a role in the killing of S. pneumoniae by apolactoferrin. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2440-50. [PMID: 21422179 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00489-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that apolactoferrin, the iron-free form of human lactoferrin, can kill many species of bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae. Lactoferricin, an N-terminal peptide of apolactoferrin, and fragments of it are even more bactericidal than apolactoferrin. In this study we found that apolactoferrin must be cleaved by a serine protease in order for it to kill pneumococci. The serine protease inhibitors were able to block killing by apolactoferrin but did not block killing by a lactoferrin-derived peptide. Thus, the killing of pneumococci by apolactoferrin appears to require a protease to release a lactoferricin-like peptide(s). Incubation of apolactoferrin with growing pneumococci resulted in a 12-kDa reduction in its molecular mass, of which about 7 to 8 kDa of the reduction was protease dependent. Capsular type 2 and 19F strains with mutations in the gene encoding the major cell wall-associated serine protease, prtA, lost much of their ability to degrade apolactoferrin and were relatively resistant to killing by apolactoferrin (P < 0.001). Recombinant PrtA was also able to cleave apolactoferrin, reducing its mass by about 8 kDa, and greatly enhance the killing activity of the solution containing the apolactoferrin and its cleavage products. Mass spectroscopy revealed that PrtA makes a major cut between amino acids 78 and 79 of human lactoferrin, removing the N-terminal end of the molecule (about 8.6 kDa). The simplest interpretation of these data is that the mechanism by which apolactoferrin kills Streptococcus pneumoniae requires the release of a lactoferricin-like peptide(s) and that it is this peptide(s), and not the intact apolactoferrin, which kills pneumococci.
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Sunwoo H, Gujral N, Suresh M. COMPETITIVE AND DOUBLE ANTIBODY SANDWICH ELISA FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF LACTOFERRINS BY USING MONOCLONAL AND CHICKEN EGG YOLK IgY ANTIBODIES. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2011; 32:79-92. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2010.543218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Mizuno N, Niitani M, Shiba H, Iwata T, Hayashi I, Kawaguchi H, Kurihara H. Proteome analysis of proteins related to aggressive periodontitis combined with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:310-7. [PMID: 21226751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM Some patients suffering from aggressive periodontitis (Ag-P) also display neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction. In this study, we attempted to identify the proteins involved in Ag-P associated with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction using proteome analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis system was used to detect differences in protein expression between neutrophils from four patients suffering from Ag-P combined with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction and those from four controls. Moreover, the mRNA levels of the proteins identified by the above method were examined in neutrophils from four types of subjects using the real-time polymerase chain reaction: twenty patients suffering from Ag-P with or without the dysfunction, 15 patients with chronic periodontitis, and 15 controls. RESULTS Four proteins, lactoferrin, caldesmon, heat shock protein 70, and stac, displayed a higher protein expression level in the neutrophils from the patients suffering from Ag-P combined with the neutrophil dysfunction than in those from the control group. The caldesmon mRNA levels in the neutrophils from the patients suffering from Ag-P combined with the neutrophil dysfunction were high compared with those in the neutrophils from the patients suffering from the other two types of periodontitis and those from the control group. CONCLUSION Caldesmon may be a marker of Ag-P combined with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Mizuno
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Research Facility, Faculty of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Immunohistochemical evidence of lactoferrin in human embryo-fetal bone and cartilage tissues. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34:845-9. [PMID: 20443779 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lf (lactoferrin) is an 80-kDa iron-binding protein, which has been suggested to promote bone growth in murine models. In view of this, we aimed to analyse the immunohistochemical distribution of Lf in human embryonal and fetal bone and cartilaginous tissues at different gestational weeks in order to evaluate whether a role for this protein might be proposed also in human osteogenesis. Bone and cartilaginous specimens were taken at autopsy from 25 fetuses (8-34 weeks of gestation). Ten samples of human adult bone and cartilage were also submitted to the immunohistochemical procedures. Sections, 4-microm thick, were cut from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and stained with a monoclonal antibody against human Lf, following antigen retrieval procedures. Lf immunoreactivity was mainly localized in the mesenchymal cells forming the periosteum as well as in chondroblasts at the eighth gestational week; a strong Lf immunoexpression in immature osteocytes and osteoblasts was noted up to the 18th gestation week, with a considerable decrease by the 24th week. No Lf expression was found in any bone area after the 30th and up to the 34th week of gestation. Our data seem to suggest an important role for Lf as a bone growth regulator in the early phases of the human endochondral ossification, with an anabolic action similar to that previously reported in cell culture lines and in animal models.
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Ammons MCB. Anti-biofilm strategies and the need for innovations in wound care. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 5:10-7. [PMID: 19807676 DOI: 10.2174/157489110790112581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
With an aging and obese population, chronic wounds such as diabetic ulcers, pressure ulcers, and venous leg ulcers are of an increasingly relevant medical concern in the developed world. Identification of bacterial biofilm contamination as a major contributor to non-healing wounds demands biofilm-targeted strategies to treat chronic wounds. While the current standard of care has proven marginally effective, there are components of standard care that should remain part of the wound treatment regime including systemic and topical antibiotics, antiseptics, and physical debridement of biofilm and devitalized tissue. Emerging anti-biofilm strategies include novel, non-invasive means of physical debridement, chemical agent strategies, and biological agent strategies. While aging and obesity will continue to be major burdens to wound care, the emergence of wounds associated with war require investigation and biotechnology development to address biofilm strategies that manage multi-drug resistant bacteria contaminating the chronic wound. The article presents some of the recent patents related to anti-biofilm strategy in wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C B Ammons
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
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